Chapter 2 | Production and Printing

COMPUTER ARTS AND TECHNOLOGICAL COLLEGE-LIGAO CITY, INC.

Washington Street, Binatagan, Ligao city

JUNIOR HIGH
SCHOOL-G9
Visual Graphic
Design

Quarter 3 – Module 3
WEEK 3
Page 1

Randille Capili
([email protected])
Chapter 2:
Production and Printing
After completing this section, students will be able to: -
• define production and printing
• understand printing requirements
• define how to prepare files for printing
• learn about resolution.
• describe color management setting, image proofing on screen

1.1 Production and Printing

Production is the process of making, harvesting or creating something or the amount of
somethingthat was made or harvested while Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and
images using an image, copy or a template.There are two main things which are required for
printing; 1- A Print-Ready file which is a term used to describe a file that has all the specifications
necessaryto produce high-resolution printed output, without requiring any additional alteration or
intervention.2- A printer which suits the print you want which can be either Black and White or
Colored print.

1.2 Printing Requirements

There are two main things which are required for printing;
1- A Print-Ready file which is a term used to describe a file that has all the specifications
necessaryto produce high-resolution printed output, without requiring any additional alteration or
intervention.
2- A printer which suits the print you want which can be either Black and White or Colored print.

1.3 Preparing files for printing

1. Save files as PDF, TIF, JPG or EPS files.The preferred option is saving your file as a high
quality PDF. This preset will ensure optimumsettings for color, fonts and resolution management.
For EPS files, ensure all fonts and links are embedded. Fonts may be converted to outlines.When
working with an image file, TIF or JPG files are good choices. TIF files can be saved withou
tcompression for a slightly better resolution quality. JPG files are commonly used, but can
producea slightly blurry proof due to pixel compression.
2. Use CMYK instead of RGB. Professional presses produce full-color printing or CMYK
(cyan, magenta, yellow, and black) color, but computers use RGB (red, green and blue) on-screen.
This means that the colors on your screen will be RGB, but must be converted to CMYK
beforeprinting on an offset printing press. Many times this will not cause issues, but sometimes,
the twocolor systems will clash.We recommend starting off with a CMYK canvas to allow for the
least amount to color shift from your original to your proof.If you can’t do that, it is best to make

Section-I | Introduction to Production and Printing Page 2

Randille Capili
the switch to CMYK before submitting your artwork. This way you can verify that the colors
all transfer

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Randille Capili
Chapter 2 | Production and Printing

accurately. You can switch to a CMYK palette quite easily in Photoshop by changing the “Color
Mode” option to CMYK Color.
3. The colors on your monitor will not match exactly. The colors on your printed piece may
notexactly match the colors on your monitor. Color can vary for a number of reasons from
monitor to monitor, and will therefore vary from the final printed colors.If a precise color is
crucial to your final output, order a hard copy proof. This will not only put yourmind at ease, but
also give you the opportunity to make any necessary changes before the final printing.
4. Set the image resolution to 300 dots per inch. Your starting images should be 300 dpi at full
size. Enlarging an image will reduce the resolution which will result in poor image quality.

1.4 Resolution
Resolution is a measure used to describe the sharpness and clarity of an Do you know ?
image or picture. It is oftenused as a metric for judging the quality of
For small files always
monitors, printers, digital images and various other hardware and use higher resolution
software technologies Image resolution is typically described in PPI, such as visiting cards,
which refers to how many pixels are displayed per inch of an image. brochures, flyers etc. But
Higher resolutions mean that there are more pixels per inch (PPI), when the file size is
resulting in more pixel information and creating a high-quality, crisp larger then we can use
small resolution, it will
image. Images with lower resolutions have fewer pixels, and if those few
not effect quality of the
pixels are too large (usually when an image is stretched), they can file.
become visible like the image below.

1.5 Color Management

Working in prepress holds a unique
challenge. Even if your color workflow is
tight, everything can fall apart if the
customer’s file isn’t color managed.
We’ve all seen it. You receive a file that the
customer claims is ready to print, yet when
you open it on your computer, the colors
don’t look right at all. You can’t send it to
print without knowing for sure, because
you’re the one who will take the hit for
wasted time and materials if it’s wrong. Figure 2.1
How colors are managed
A color-managed workflow will help all of your devices speak the same color language so they
can share accurate color information.Each device you use to capture and create digital images
uses slightly different CMYK or RGB formulas to create the same color. Digital cameras,
scanners and displays use the additive color model, rely on different gamuts,and vary between
manufacturers. Printers can be RGB or CMYK and use a variety of different inks and papers.
When you’re using an application like AdobePhotoshop® or InDesign® to prepare images and
files, you need to set them up to handle color management, too.

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Chapter 2 | Production and Printing

There are four key steps in setting up a color-managed workflow, which we call the four Cs of
color management.
Step 1: Consistency First, you must ensure your devices are capable of producing consistent
colors. If your monitor’s color is brighter on the left side than the right, or your proofing printer
can’t produce consistent color from start to finish, then there’s not much color management can
do to help. You need a new one.
Step 2: Calibration Once you know your device is capable of reproducing consistent color, you
need to bring it back into specification. Device color will drift over time, and calibration re-
adjusts everything to achievethe best possible gamut.
Step 3: Characterization Next, you should use a color measurement instrument, such as a
colormeter or spectrophotometerto determine the device’s color reproduction characteristics. Even
identical devices built on thesame day from the same manufacturer will have slight variations in
color. Characterization will optimize the settings for the best image reproduction on that particular
device.When characterizing a monitor, software flashes a series of known RGB values on screen,
and thecolor measurement device measures them. To characterize a printer, print a test chart with
anywherefrom a few to thousands of color samples and measure them with the color measurement
device.
X-Rite printer profiling color management workflow Measuring a test chart to profile a printer
with X-Rite’s i1Pro 2.
The collected color data is compared with sample colors and used to create an ICC profile, which
is basically a three-dimensional map, or color space, of all of the colors the device can capture
display or print. It describes the specific characteristics of the device so that other devices know
which color language it is speaking.
Step 4: Conversion is the process of moving color data from the color space of one device to the
color space of another. These controlled conversions take place in a working space. Think of it
like an airline hub – a common place to connect workflows.
Do you know ?
1.6 Image proofing JPEG is a standadised lossy compression
Image proofing is the process of reviewing images mechanism for digital images. It is the most
to check their accuracy. It provides a simulation of common file format for photo storage. It became
the final print job so the color can be adjusted if popular as they save more storage compared to
older formats such as Bitmap. It is easy to share.
necessary. There are two methods of proofing:
Soft proof: it simulates the final print on a monitor, applying an ICC profile provided by the
printing bureau. Ideally, the monitors used for the soft proofing must comply with ISO 12646 and
be correctly calibrated. Also, the visualization environment must be lit according to ISO norm
3664 Hard proof: it consists of a test print, usually on the target format (size). This print is
then visualized on a CIE Standard Illuminant cabin, which provides an even daylight equivalent
light source.

Section-I | Introduction to Production and Printing Page 5

 Section-II
After completing this section, Students will be able to: -

• differentiate CMYK and RGB

• convert image to CMYK for commercial printing
• convert image to different formats

1.7 RGB vs CMYK

What is RGB?
RGB is all about seeing the light.
Computer screens show color in images, text, and designs with different combinations of red,
green, and blue light. This is where RGB comes from. Therefore, anything designed for a screen
from smartwatches to a jumbotron should be designed in RGB color mode. Screens display
images with hundreds of pixels. Each of those pixels has three sub-pixels: a red light, green light,
and blue light These sub-pixels light up in different intensities based on the color the pixel
ultimately displays to produce a result on a black monitor.
Pixels come together to display the words and images that you see.
RGB values are displayed in a range between 0 - 255,
meaning that there are 256 levels of each of the three colors
(red, green, and blue) that can be combined together to
create a color on the spectrum between black and white. This
means that there are over sixteen million possible colors in
the RGB color mode. That’s a lot of options.
For example, the RGB value for the color black is:
R:0 G: 0 B: 0
This means that there is 0% red light, 0% green light, and 0%
blue light. In other words, there is a complete absence of
light, resulting in black. To create white, a designer should
input: R:255 G: 255 B: 255
This is the highest possible value of each color, meaning that
red, green, and blue lights are 100% bright, resulting in the
maximum presence of light: white. Figure 2.2:
RGB Values for Common Colors
What is CMYK?
Not everything we design can be put in front of bright lights. Therefore, designs that are intended
for print should be designed in CMYK mode.
The name CMYK comes from the four colors that make up the model: cyan, magenta, yellow,
and key. Key represents the color black. Since “B” is taken by “blue” in the RGB model, the last
letter of the word “black” is used instead of the first.
Black is used in this color mode because even the purest combination of cyan, magenta, and
yellow (all lighter colors) cannot create a fully black color.

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Chapter 2 | Production and Printing

CMYK uses subtractive colors, not additive. Adding

colors together in CMYK mode has the opposite effect
on the result as RGB does; the more color added, the
darker the results. Therefore, colors are taken away, or
subtracted, to create a light result.
This is because the CMYK colors absorb light,
meaning that more ink results in less light.
Combining cyan, magenta, and yellow will create a deep
brown.
It isn’t until key (black) is added that color is removed
completely.
The CMYK values are measured in percentages, referr to
the image below. For example, to make the CMYK color
white, the values should be entered into the design
software as:
C: Figure 2.3:
100% M: 100% Y: 100% K: 100%
CMYK Values for Common Colors
1.8 Converting an Image to CMYK
CMYK Printing is an additive color process utilizing ink
or toner. RGB is a subtractive color process that is based
on light. When you add physical layers of colored ink on
top of each other, they mix one way. When you add layers
of colored light together, they mix in a completely different
way. For example in the image below you can see that
when all of the RGB colors add together in the middle of
the RGB diagram, white is created. When all of the
CMYK colors add together, they create Key (Black).
Illustrator
You must ensure that you are setting the color mode to
CMYK while creating a new document. To create a new
document, navigate to File > New.
Before saving your PDF, download and install Printing
Center USA’s Color Profile and Adobe PDF Preset here.
Instructions are included in the download. After doing
this, navigate to File > Save As. In the Save As window,
name your file and change the file type to PDF. Click
Save. This will ensure that your PDF is coming with
PrintingCenterUSA’s specific G7-Certified ICC Profile,
which is the most you can do to maintain color accuracy.

Figure 2.4

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Chapter 2 | Production and Printing

Photoshop
Photoshop is not only good for saving your PDF files in
CMYK, but also for converting your images to CMYK. To
create a new CMYK document in Photoshop, go to File >
New. In the New Document window, simply switch the
color mode to CMYK (Photoshop defaults to RGB). If
you’re wanting to convert an image from RGB to CMYK,
then simply open the image in Photoshop. Then, navigate to
Image > Mode > CMYK.

1.9 Converting Image to different formats

To convert a file in different formats you need to open the
file in any graphics software e.g illustrator,
then: -
1- Click Save As…. The Save Image window will pop up.
2- In the name field, change the file extension to the file
format you want to convert your image to The file
extension is the part of the file name after the period.
For example, to convert a JPEG (.jpg) file into a Bitmap file
(.bmp):
original file: image.jpg
new file: image.bmp Figure 2.5
3- Click Save, and a new file will be saved in the new format. The old file (in the old format)
will remain where it was, and will not be deleted.
The image viewer tries to guess which file format to save a picture in based on the file extension
you

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 Section-III
After completing this section, Students will be able to: -

• define types of papers.

• size of paper for different print media.
• learn about paper weightage used for different print media.
• learn about color printing papers (matte, glossy).

1.10 Types of Paper

Paper, the types, sizes, thickness and finish; it can all become a little complicated.
Deciding on the paper type can sometimes be the hardest choice for this whole process, so to help you we’ve
provided a list of types along with a description of each.

Bond paper
This type of paper is stronger and more durable than the average sheet of
paper. Instead of being made from low grade wood pulp, it is mostly
made up of rag pulp. It’s perfect for letter heads, typed reports and
envelopes As can be seen in figure.

Figure 2.6

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Chapter 2 | Production and Printing

Gloss coated paper

Gloss paper is typically used for flyers and brochures as it has
a high shine. As the ink dries well there is no need for a seal
varnish as the ink does not rub off, As shown in figure.
Matt coated paper
Matt paper is the opposite to gloss – it is coated with a matt
finish to produce a paper that isn’t shiny, preventing glare.
This type of paper is perfect for reports, flyers and leaflets.
As can be seen in figure.

Figure 2.7

Do you know ?
Pen ink will not smear on matte coating,
which makes the ideal choice for journels
and calenders. Matte sheets are good for
enhancing visual designs.

Figure 2.8
Recycled paper
Made from re-used paper products, recycled
paper is perfect for those who are trying to
reduce their environmental impact. It can be
used for most documents including reports,
memo paper and forms. As can be seen in
Figure 2.9

Figure 2.9

Watermarked paper
Used in high quality paper watermarked paper give a feel of
luxury and high quality. To create its desired effect an
impression is pressed into the paper by attaching a wire pattern.
This type of paper is commonly used as a security feature for
important documents, including exam certificates, refer to the
figure.
Figure 2.10
Page 10
 Chapter 2 | Production and Printing

1.11 Sizes of Paper

The table below provides the dimensions of each paper size. So whether you just need to know the size,
name or measurements, use the below chart for a quick reference.

Table 1.0
Finally once you’ve decided on the type and size of paper, the thickness is the final stage. Weight value of
paper is measured in gsm (grams per square metre). The higher the gsm the better quality and feel of the
paper.

1.12 Paper Weight Descriptions

Standard paper weights are between 75gsm and
100gsm for common business applications;
photo paper is much higher and goes up to
280gsm in weight.

Table 1.1
Chapter 2 | Production and Printing
 Section-IV
After completing this section, Students will be able to: -

• learn about portfolio

• learn about branding
1.13 Portfolio
A portfolio is a purposeful collection of a
person work that exhibits a person’s effort,
progress, achievements and competencies.
A portfolio may include a reflective
account of a practice placement,
presentation, learning experience or group
experience. The person is able to:
Accumulate and store evidence (in one
central online area) of the many
transferable skills persons develop.
Self assess and monitor their own learning
and development.
Develop and present a portfolio of work or
reflective account on an aspect of person’s
learning as part of course assessment. Figure 2.11
Build a resume for employment applications and as evidence of learning achievements for a
professional body.
Apply for jobs by showing evidence of relevant work experience and suitable 21st century skills.
We can referr the below figure as an example of portfolio:

1.14 Branding
According to American Marketing
Association, Brand is a name, term,
design, symbol, or any other feature that
identifies one seller’s good or service as
distinct from those of other sellers.
To illustrate the definition of a product
and the role it occupies in defining
branding, we will use the example of
water:
Water is a free resource that every human
being needs to live and survive. Yet it Figure 2.12
became a product the day humans and
companies started to commercialize it, for example by selling mineral water in glass and plastic bottles as
can be seen in figure.
But water always looks the same, isn’t it? It is liquid and transparent. So, how can different companies
sell the same product but still convince people to purchase their bottled water instead of the one from the
competitor.
 Chapter 2 | Production and Printing

The answer is: by creating a brand.

Let’s illustrate this again with our water
example. The products being sold is
water, but in order to convince people to
purchase a particular water, companies
developed different water brands.
And each one of these brands provides a
different meaning to the product water:
1– Evian makes you feel young
2– Perrier is refreshing, bubbling
3– Fiji Water is pure, healthy and natural Figure 2.13

EXERCISE
Select the most suitable option.

1. What is the preferred file extension to prepare a file for printing

a) TIF b) JPG c) ESP d) PDF

2. file ensure all fonts and links are embedded

a) TIF b) JPG c) ESP d) none

3. professional presses produce file in

a) RGB b) CMYK c) Gradient d) none

4. A starting image resolution should be dots per inch

a) 100 b) 200 c) 300 d) 400

5. Image resolution typically described in

a) DPI b) PPI c) Pixels d) sharpness

6. Resolution is used to describe the of an image

a) Sharpness b) Clarity c) Size d) none

7. image with lower resolution have

a) Fewer pixels b) Crispiness c) Low quality d) none

8. Black color RGB Value is

a) 0, 0, 0 b)255, 255, 255 c) 150, 150 ,150 d)100, 100, 100

9. CMYK uses colors

a) Additive b) Subtractive c) Multiplicative d) none
Chapter 2 | Production and Printing

10. What is the best paper for letterheads and typed reports ?
a) Bond paper b)Matt coated paper c) Gloss CoatedPaper d)
Watermarked Paper

11. What is the preferred file extension to prepare a file for printing ?
a) TIF b) JPG c) ESP d)
PDF

12. According to American Marketing Association, brand identifies .

a) service b)seller c) price d)
both a and c

13. Water becomes a product when companies it.

a) waste b) drink c) sell
d)commercialize

14. Portfolio includes reflective amount of .

a) purchases b)skills c) practice d)
both b and c

15. Portfolio is a purposeful collection of a person’s .

a) food b) work c) profile d)
purachses

Answer the following questions briefly.

1. Why is resolution important?
2. Describe image spoofing with its types.
3. What are it’s uses of watermarked paper.
4. Write down atleast 4 types of paper sizes along with their measurments?
5. What is Bond paper, for what purpose it is used ?
6. Define portfolio.7. Define matte coated paper.

Write answers of the following questions in detailp.

1. What is meant by Production and Printing ? also describe how to prepare a file
for printing.
2. What is color management and how do you manage the colors.
3. Differentiate the RGB and CMYK in detail.
4. What are different types of papers?
5. Describe Portfolio.
6. Describe Branding.

ACTIVITIES
1. Prepare a brochure for printing using CMYK mode.
2. Design a letterhead for a company.
3. Prepare PS file for printing and for uploading on social media as per required
color mode..