Grade: 11 Subject: Physical Science

Quarter/ Q4/2nd Week No: 3 Date February 27,

Semester: Sem 2025 @ 1pm
I. OBJECTIVES
Content Standard The learners identify light as a wave and a particle

Performance Standard The learners should be able to design and create a useful product for
practical purposes that uses mirrors and lenses

Learning Describe how the propagation of light, reflection, and refraction are
Competencies explained by the wave model and the particle model of light

S11/12PS-IVf-59

Knowledge Discuss the properties of light

Skills Describe the difference between the reflection and refraction through
simple experiment

Attitude Appreciate how reflection and refraction can be used in an everyday

object.

II. CONTENT Light: Reflection and Refraction

III. LEARNING
RESOURCES
References SLK in Physical Science Module

Other Learning Internet website

Resources

IV. PROCEDURES

A. Preparatory Prayer
Activities
Checking of attendance.

Review students on the previous lesson

B. Motivation

Identify the correct word from the given jumbled letters.

Prepared by: Arsenia V. Say-a Observer: Aileen D. Dagunan

C. Activity Group activity:

Group 1: (Reflection)

Try to look for an image of yourself

both in the inner and outer side of the
spoon. Adjust the distance of the spoon
from your face to see a clearer image.
Observe what happens as you move the
spoon closer or farther from your face.

Group 2: (Refraction)
Fill the glass 2/3 full of water.
Take a ballpen and let it lean against the side of the glass. Observe
what happens as you look through the glass at the ballpen?

D. Analysis Guide Question:

Reflection:

1. Can you see an image of yourself in your mirror spoon? Describe

the image.

2. In which side of the spoon can you see an upright image of

yourself? An inverted image of yourself?

3. Will adjusting the distance of the spoon from yourself varies the
image formed in the spoon? Why? Why not?

4. Can you think why this might be occurring?

Prepared by: Arsenia V. Say-a Observer: Aileen D. Dagunan

 Refraction:

1. What do you notice when the ballpen lean against the side of
the glass?
2. What do you notice when the ballpen place in the glass of water
and hold it straight up and down?
3. Can you think why this might be occurring?

E. Abstraction
Lesson Proper
Reflection and Refraction

What is Light? Light is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that can

be detected by the human eye. The electromagnetic spectrum has
other parts as we are going to find out later.

Rays and Beams of Light

What is a ray of light? Light travels in a straight lines. A Ray is the

direction of the path taken by light. A beam is a stream of light energy.
It is represented by number of rays that may be parallel, converging or
diverging

Sources of Light

The human eye can only see object if light from it enters the eye.
There are two types of objects: 1. Luminous sources – objects that
make their own light. Examples are the sun, lamps, fires and candles.
2. Non-luminous objects – objects that reflect the light from the
luminous sources. Example are books, mirrors, tables, you and the
moon.

The shape of a mirror changes the way light reflects off it. Scientists
classify mirrors based on shape. The three shapes of mirrors are plane,
concave, and convex

Plane Mirrors

• It is a mirror that has a flat surface.

• The image you see in a plane mirror is right side produced it.

• However, up. It looks the same size as the object that the
image in a plane mirror is reversed left to right.

Concave Mirror

• A concave mirror curves away from you in the middle.

Concave mirrors form different images than plane mirrors.

Prepared by: Arsenia V. Say-a Observer: Aileen D. Dagunan

 The figure below shows how light reflects off a concave mirror

Uses of concave mirrors

• Concave mirrors are used in torches, search lights and head

lights of vehicles to get parallel beams of light.

• They are used as shaving mirrors to see larger image of the

face.

• They are used by dentists to see larger images of the teeth.

• Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to

produce heat in solar furnaces.

Convex Mirror

• It curves toward you in the middle. All images formed by

convex mirrors are virtual, right-side-up, and smaller than the
original object.

• Convex mirrors let you see a large area all together by making
the image of the area smaller.

• Convex mirrors are used as rear-view mirrors in vehicles.

Convex mirrors give erect diminished images of objects. They
also have a wider field of view than plane mirror

Refraction is the bending of a wave when it passes from one medium

to another. The bending is caused due to the differences in density
between the two substances. Refraction of light is one of the most
commonly observed phenomena, but other waves like sound waves
and water waves also experience refraction. Refraction makes it
possible for us to have optical instruments such as magnifying glasses,
lenses and prisms. It is also because of the refraction of light that we
are able to focus light on to our retina.

Refraction of Light in Real Life

• optical illusions which are a result of refraction of light. • A

swimming pool always looks shallower than it really is because the
light coming from the bottom of the pool bends at the surface due to
refraction of light. • Formation of a rainbow is an example of
refraction as the sun rays bend through the raindrops resulting in the
rainbow. • When white light passes through a prism it is split into its
component colors – red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet due to
refraction of light

F. Application Group activity:

Group 1: Can You See Through Me?

Prepared by: Arsenia V. Say-a Observer: Aileen D. Dagunan

 Let the students’ place the 3 materials are labelled as translucent,
transparent, or opaque in a dark area. Put a light on it. Observe how
much light passes through a material. Explain the findings.

Group 2: TEXT me here.

Write a word on a piece of paper, and place it in between the mirrors

at 60 degrees. Look closely at the second reflection (the reflection of
the reflection). Can you read the text? Why do you think this is
happening?

Group 3: Arrow Direction

Step 1 – Get a sheet of paper and draw two arrows on it. One arrow
near the top and one arrow near the bottom. Make the arrows point
in the same direction.

Step 2 – Fill a glass with water

Step 3 – Slowly lower the piece of paper behind the glass of water.

Step 4 – Look through the glass of water and watch what happens.

Do you know why the arrow appears to change directions? How does
this experiment work

Group 4: Ruler Changes Size Science Experiment

Step 1 – Pour water into a tall clear glass. Fill it about 1/3 of the way
full.

Step 2 – Next, carefully pour in cooking oil into the glass until the glass
is a little less than 2/3 of the way full.

Step 3 – Slowly pour rubbing alcohol into the glass until the glass is
almost full of liquid.

Step 4 – Wait for about 30 seconds to allow the liquids to settle. You
will notice three layers of liquid, first water at the bottom, then
cooking oil in the middle and finally rubbing alcohol at the top.

Step 5 – Observe the ruler in the glass as it enters the liquid within the
glass cup. Notice that the width of the ruler appears to change
depending on the liquid it is in.

How does this experiment work

G. Generalization How do you differentiate reflection from refraction?

H. Assessment Paper pencil test. 10 item quiz.

1. Light bouncing off a mirror is an example of..

Prepared by: Arsenia V. Say-a Observer: Aileen D. Dagunan

 a. reflection b. refraction
2. Light bending as it passes from one medium (object) to another
is...

a. reflection b. refraction

3. What happens to the speed of light as it passes through a

different medium?
a. it changes speed b. the speed stays the same
4. A prism separating white light is an example of...
a. reflection b. refraction
5. Light is a form of _______ that is needed to support life on Earth.
a. vibration b. energy c. motion d.
compression
6. Light bending as it passes through a rain drop is an example of

a. reflection b. refraction

7. Why does the lower part of the child appear so much different in
size from the upper part?

a. The light rays that travel through water and then into air are
refracted.

b. The light rays that travel through air and then into water are
reflected

c. The light rays that travel through water and then air into air
are enlarged

d. The light rays that travel through air and then into water are
reduced.

8. How does light travel

a. in a wavy path b. in a zigzag path c. in a straight

path

9. When light passes through a denser medium it speeds up

a. true b. false

10. The law of reflection states that

a. angle of incidence=angle of reflection

b. angle of reflection= angle of translucence

c. angle of incidence=angle of incidence

d. angle of reflection=angle of refraction

I. Additional Study about the types of lenses.

activities for
application or
remediation
(Assignment)

Prepared by: Arsenia V. Say-a Observer: Aileen D. Dagunan

 Group 1: Refraction
Step 1 – Get a sheet of paper and draw two arrows on it. One arrow near the top and one arrow near the
bottom. Make the arrows point in the same direction.
Step 2 – Fill a glass with water
Step 3 – Slowly lower the piece of paper behind the glass of water.
Step 4 – Look through the glass of water and watch what happens.
Do you know why the arrow appears to change directions? How does this experiment work?

The scientific concept that is at work in this experiment is called

refraction. Refraction is the bending of light. Refraction occurs when light travels
from one medium to another (ie. air to water, water to air).

During the experiment, the light traveled from the image through the air, then
through the glass cup into the water, and finally out of the glass cup and into the
air once more before it reached our eyes. Light refracts as it passes from one
medium to the next because it travels at different speeds through those
mediums. Light travels fastest through air, a little slower through water, and even
slower through glass.

This means that the light bends once when it travels through the glass cup into
the water, and then it bends again when it travels out of the glass cup and into
the air. As a result, the light paths cross and the image appears to be flipped
horizontally (left/right).

Light Refraction Examples

Ruler Changes Size Science Experiment Instructions
Step 1 – Pour water into a tall clear glass. Fill it about 1/3 of the way full.
Step 2 – Next, carefully pour in cooking oil into the glass until the glass is a little less than 2/3 of the way full.
Step 3 – Slowly pour rubbing alcohol into the glass until the glass is almost full of liquid.
Step 4 – Wait for about 30 seconds to allow the liquids to settle. You will notice three layers of liquid, first
water at the bottom, then cooking oil in the middle and finally rubbing alcohol at the top.
Step 5 – As you observe the ruler in the glass, first notice that the ruler appears to get wider as soon as it
enters the liquid within the glass cup. Immediately remove the ruler from the liquid to show that it really
isn’t wider, it just appears to be when observed in the liquid.
Next, place the ruler back into the liquid and look very closely through the side of the cup. As you look
closer, you will notice that the width of the ruler appears to change depending on the liquid it is in.
Do you know why the arrow appears to change directions? How does this experiment work?

Prepared by: Arsenia V. Say-a Observer: Aileen D. Dagunan

 How Does the
Science Experiment Work
When the ruler is placed in the liquid it appears to get wider, but once we remove
the ruler we see that it isn’t really wider at all. This is because of
refraction. Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium into
another (ie. air to water, water to air).

As light travels through a given medium, it travels in a straight line. However,

when light passes from one medium into a second medium, the light bends. Light
refracts (bends) as it passes from one medium to the next because it travels at
different speeds through those mediums.

When we look at the portion of the ruler that is outside the glass of water, light
from the ruler travels in a straight path to the eye. However, when we look at the
ruler within the water, the light is refracted as it passes from the liquid into the air.
This causes the ruler to look wider even though it truly isn’t.

Furthermore, the type of liquid impacts refraction. This is because different

materials have different indexes of refraction. A material’s index of refraction is
a measure of how much light rays bends when they enter the material. Let’s look
at the index of refraction in terms of water and air. Objects in water appear larger
than objects in the air. The index of refraction for air is 1.00. The index of
refraction for water is 1.33. This larger index of refraction for water means that
the angle the rays of light reach your eyes is larger in water than the angle would
be in the air. This increase in the angle size of light to your eyes makes the
object look larger in water than how it looks in the air. The ruler looks larger still
in rubbing alcohol and especially in cooking oil because the index of refraction
for rubbing alcohol is 1.36 and the index of refraction for cooking oil is 1.47.

1. Transparent, Translucent, or Opaque?

In the Can You See Through Me? lesson, students experiment with materials to see how
they absorb, scatter, transmit, or reflect light. As they observe how much light passes
through a material, students correlate their findings with whether a material is labeled as
translucent, transparent, or opaque. Questions: Are there any materials that allow all light
through? Are there any materials that absorb all light?

Prepared by: Arsenia V. Say-a Observer: Aileen D. Dagunan

 Matter can be sorted into
three types based on how
light interacts with it. Matter can be transparent, translucent,
or opaque.
Light is easily transmitted through transparent matter.
You can see objects clearly when you view them
through something that is transparent. Glass, air, and
pure water are all examples of transparent matter.
Translucent matter transmits some light but scatters
other light as it passes through. Objects seen through
translucent matter look blurry. Tissue paper, muddy
water, and wax paper are examples of translucent matter.
Opaque matter does not transmit any light. You cannot
see through something that is opaque. Metal, wood,
and books are examples of opaque matter.

Write a word on a piece of paper, and place it in between the mirrors at 60 degrees. Look closely at
the second reflection (the reflection of the reflection). Can you read the text? Why do you think this
is happening?

Prepared by: Arsenia V. Say-a Observer: Aileen D. Dagunan

 When you look at the reflection of a
reflection you will be able to read the text in the mirror, as if you pointed a camera at the
object. The reflections should get dimmer (more silvery) as the number of times they are
reflected increases

Why?
The mirrors reflect the reflections of other mirrors within 180 degrees of the mirror’s face.
When mirrors reflect, the reflected image will be backwards, but if you reflect something
twice, it will look normal.

Prepared by: Arsenia V. Say-a Observer: Aileen D. Dagunan

 In the Mirror, Mirror on the
Wall... lesson, students experiment to see how reflective surfaces like mirrors change
the direction of light. Using what they learn, students experiment with bouncing light from a
flashlight off of reflective surfaces and then see if they can redirect light in a series of mirror
bounces to reach from a starting point to a target location in the room.

1. Transparent, Translucent, or Opaque?

In the Can You See Through Me? lesson, students experiment with materials to see how
they absorb, scatter, transmit, or reflect light. As they observe how much light passes
through a material, students correlate their findings with whether a material is labeled as
translucent, transparent, or opaque. Questions: Are there any materials that allow all light
through? Are there any materials that absorb all light?

Prepared by: Arsenia V. Say-a Observer: Aileen D. Dagunan

 Activity Name: How
Light reflects in Reflection of Light
Activity Description:

In this experiment, the reflection of light is explored using two mirror strips and a sheet of
paper. The setup involves placing the paper on the ground so that one part is in sunlight
and the other part in the shadow.

A mirror strip with a slit is held facing the sun to direct a ray of light onto the paper. Another
mirror strip is positioned in the path of this light ray, causing the ray to be reflected.

Required Items:
1. Blank sheet of paper
2. Two mirror strips

Step by Step Procedure:

1. Place the blank sheet of paper on the ground, ensuring that one portion is in direct sunlight,
and the other is in the shadow.
2. Hold one mirror strip with the slit facing the sun, allowing a ray of light to pass through the
slit and fall onto the paper.
3. Take the second mirror strip and position it in the path of the light ray that is coming from
the first mirror strip.
4. Observe the reflection of the light ray on the paper.

Prepared by: Arsenia V. Say-a Observer: Aileen D. Dagunan

Experiment Observations:
 The ray of light falling on the paper from the first mirror strip is observed.
 The reflected ray of light from the second mirror strip is observed.

Precautions:
1. Handle the mirror strips carefully to avoid breakage or injury from sharp edges.
2. Do not look directly into the sun or the reflected sunlight to protect your eyes from damage.

Lesson Learnt from Experiment:

This experiment illustrates the concept of reflection of light. When light falls on a reflective
surface like a mirror, it bounces back and is called the reflected ray. The incident ray is the
incoming light, and the angle of incidence (the angle between the incident ray and the
normal) is equal to the angle of reflection (the angle between the reflected ray and the
normal).

How does the angle of two mirrors change the reflection of an object?

Materials
 Protractor
 Two identical, small plane mirrors
 Modeling clay
 Small object (coin, small figure, etc.)
 Strip of paper
 Pen
 Plastic packing tape

Procedure
1. Tape your mirrors together so that they can be opened and closed like a hinge. You want to
leave a slight gap between the two edges (around 1/16th of an inch) to do this.

Prepared by: Arsenia V. Say-a Observer: Aileen D. Dagunan

2. Mark angles of 30, 36, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 180 degrees on a piece of paper using your
protractor.
3. Place the hinge of your mirrors at the vertex of your marked angles.
4. The first angle you will test will be 180 degrees.
5. Place your object (you can embed it in modeling clay if it won’t stand up on its own) in the
middle of the mirrors and look at the reflection. How many objects do you see, including
both reflected and real?
6. Keeping the object equally between the two mirrors, move the mirrors together into the
other angles you marked out with your protractor. How many objects do you see at each
angle? Is there something about the angle can help you predict how many objects you will
see? Is every reflected image the same brightness?

Prepared by: Arsenia V. Say-a Observer: Aileen D. Dagunan

Results
You will see an ever-increasing number of objects as you move the mirrors closer together
(reducing the angle between them). Whenever you can see a whole number of images
reflected, the angle of the mirrors will perfectly divide into 360 degrees. When you look at
the reflection of a reflection you will be able to read the text in the mirror, as if you pointed a
camera at the object. The reflections should get dimmer (more silvery) as the number of
times they are reflected increases

Prepared by: Arsenia V. Say-a Observer: Aileen D. Dagunan

 Why?
The mirrors reflect the reflections of other mirrors within 180 degrees of the mirror’s face.
When mirrors reflect, the reflected image will be backwards, but if you reflect something
twice, it will look normal.
Because light is traveling in a straight line to and from each mirror, the light will bounce a
number of times back and forth between the mirrors before it travels from the object to your
eye. The number of times the light bounces (and the number of objects that you see) will
correlate to the number of times the angle divides into 360. As the mirrors get closer and
closer to having zero angle between them, more and more images appear. At an angle of 0
degrees, or when the two mirrors are facing each other, there are an infinite number of
reflections.
So, how are you going to accomplish your trick? You can make the text appear by lining up
your mirrors and your projector so that the light bounces an even number of times before it
gets to your eyes. Using multiple mirrors will also dim the image before it hits the glass
plate for the trick.

Prepared by: Arsenia V. Say-a Observer: Aileen D. Dagunan