1.

I prayed hard and even said a prayer before i started my test and with the good
Lord's help I passed. Just remember this - God did not bring you through Nursing
school if he didnt want you to be one. Keep the faith and I in turn will pray for
you and anyone else who is attempting NCLEX. Thank you so much and
remember - KEEP THE FAITH AND KNOW YOU CAN DO IT ! ! ! !

A kid with Hepatitis A can return to school 1 week within the onset of jaundice.

2. After a patient has dialysis they may have a slight fever...this is normal due to the fact
that the dialysis solution is warmed by the machine.

3. Hyperkalemia presents on an EKG as tall peaked T-waves

4. The antidote for Mag Sulfate toxicity is ---Calcium Gluconate

5. Impetigo is a CONTAGEOUS skin disorder and the person needs to wash ALL linens
and dishes seperate from the family. They also need to wash their hands frequently and
avoid contact.

positive sweat test. indicative of cystic fibrosis
1. Herbs: Black Cohosh is used to treat menopausal symptoms. When taken with an
antihypertensive, it may cause hypotension. Licorice can increase potassium loss
and may cause dig toxicity.
2. With acute appendicitis, expect to see pain first then nausea and vomiting. With
gastroenitis, you will see nausea and vomiting first then pain.
3. If a patient is allergic to latex, they should avoid apricots, cherries, grapes,
kiwi, passion fruit, bananas, avocados, chestnuts, tomatoes and peaches.
4. Do not elevate the stump after an AKA after the first 24 hours, as this may
cause flexion contracture.
5. Beta Blockers and ACEI are less effective in African Americans than
Caucasians.

1. for the myelogram postop positions. water based dye (lighter) bed elevated. oil
based dye heavier bed flat.

2.autonomic dysreflexia- elevated bed first....then check foley or for impaction

3. any of the mycin's..check for tinnitus or hearing loss

4. cloudy dialysate...always futher assess and call doctor

5.osteoporosis prevention and mgt. choose weight bearing (walking) instead of
calcium if both are choices

1. Dilantin can cause gingival hypoplasia, advise good oral hygiene and freq. dental
visits, IVP 25-50 mg/min

2. Placentia Previa is painless, bright red bleed

3. Abruption is painful, board-like abdomen

4. Need MAP of 70-90 to perfuse organs

5. Vitamin C can cause false + occult blood

1. celiac disease cant have BROW! BARLEY RYE OAT WHEAT

2. any eye surgery place on pt on unaffected side

3. if pt has lung cancer, craniotomy, or some kinda pituitary surgery watch for
diabetes insipidus

4. sickle cell- hydration hydration important and treat pain if in crisis

5.dont palpate a wilm's tumor on the peds pt. can cause cancer cells to be
released!

oh one more:

6. terbutaline (Brethine) and mag sulfate- tx for preterm labor


Librium-antianxiety used to tx symptoms of acute alcohol withdrawal.
Cogentin-used to tx parkinsonian side effects of Thorazine (antipsychotic med)
Methadone hydrochloride-opiod analgesic; tx for narcotic withdrawal
Procardia-antianginal med (CCB) decreases myocardial O2 demand.
Digoxin-strengthens myocardial contractio0n & slows conduction thru AV node
Coumadin-inhiits prothrombin synthesis
Amicar-antifibrinolytic; prevents recurrence of subarachnoid hemorhage.
Lithium-tx manic phase of bipolar
Nimodipine-CCB; decreases spasm in cerebral blood vessels
diltiazem-CCB; inhibits Ca+ influx in vascular smooth muscle; reduces myocardial O2
demand & decreases force of ventricular contraction
clotrimazole-antifungal; treats rashes.

NEVER NEVER NEVER administer KCl via IV push.

The level in the water seal chamber (chest tubes) fluctuates with respiration- no
fluctuation indicates an obstruction and excessive bubbling indicates an air leak.

Stay with the client for 15 minutes at the start of a blood transfusion.

Nephrotic Syndrome leads to proteinuria while Glomerulonephritis leads to hematuria.

Goodell's Sign is the softening of the cervix at the start of the 2nd month of pregnancy

Nagele's Rule is First date of last menstrual period + 7 days - 3 months + 1year.

Vinca Alkaloids (Vincristine) lead to neurotoxicity and can present with numbness and
tingling in the legs or paralytic ileus.

Avoid herbal supps like ginsing, ginger, ginko, garlic (all the G's) if on any clotting
drugs/products (coumadin, platelets, ASA, Plavix)

High triglycerides may cause a false HIGH Hemoglobin A1C (normal is 2.6-6)

Deer ticks transmit Lyme Disease and it is most common in the NE Atlantic states. (Go
figure I thought it was down here in the South)

Think of pain last or as a psychosocial UNLESS: Burns, sickle cell crisis, or kidney
stones.

Anemia of pregnancy is common in the 2nd trimester due to rapid expanding blood
volume and is not a cause for concern. It can get as low as 10.5 and still be OK. 1st and
3rd trimesters can go as low as 11 and still be ok

Preterm labor--after 20 weeks and before 37

true labor INCREASES with activity and usually moves from the back to the front
(according to our instructors but from personal experiance IT HURT ALL OVER THE
DANG PLACE AND INCREASED WITH EVERYTHING ).

Recommended weight gain for pregnancy 1.5-16 kg or 25-35 lbs
HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAH yeah right. I myself classified as Shamu's little sister by
week 39 .

OK one more for 2nite....
normal newborn jaundice-- AFTER 24 hours of life
pathologic jaundice-- BEFORE 24 hours of life


If it come out your ass...its metabolic acidosis...
by vomitting...metabolic alkalosis...

1. priority unstable pt- words to look for: cyanotic, sudden, increasing
pain, hypoxic, restlessness

2. when left with two choices pick the one thing you can do to make pt.
comfortable, safe, and more stable

3. no narcotics to any head injury..wont be able to accurately assess
LOC. so pick the narcotic if you have an order to question.

4. fluid resus. burn formula: kg X 4ml/kg X %(burn area)= total
give half of total in first 8 hours

5. after thyroid surgery-maintain airway-keep emergency trach set
nearby, check for blood at sides and back of dressing, teach pt to
support neck

6. bucks traction-no pins tongs. skin traction

7. should not hear a bruit over anything except dialysis shunts. if so
this is the unstable pt

8. DVT- elevate extremity , bed rest, warm (not hot) compresses

Rubella- rash on face goes down to neck and arms then trunk and legs
pregnant women should avoid contact with any child who has Rubella or just recieved the
vaccine. if she does she has to get vaccine after she has delivered

mmr #1 @ 12- 15 months mmr #2 4-6 years old


before checking or measuring fundal height have the patient empty her bladder! A full
bladder can throw off the measurement by 3cm.
Meniers disease= ringing in the ears and hearing damage cause from HIGH sodium
levels. Need diuretics. Avoid caffeine, nicotine, and ETOH

Meningitis= look for nuchal rigidity, Kernigs sign(can't extend knee when hip is flexed)
and Brudinskis sign (flex neck and knee flexes too) petichial rash. People who have been
in close contact may need Rifampin as a prevention. Vaccine for meningitis after 65
years of age and every 5 years

MI=#1 pain relief, helps decrease 02 demand

Acute Asthma = diffuse expiratory wheezes

Cessation of wheeze omnimous

Infective endocarditis = murmur

Fluid overload = auscultate lungs 1st


24 hours after thyroidectomy, watch for s/s of thyroid storm not for decreased levels of
thyroid hormones

1.hypoglycemia= T.I.R.E.D

T-tachycardia
I- irritability
R- restless
E- excessive hunger
D- diaphoresis

2.posturing- deceberate(brainstem problem)- hands like an "e", decorticate
(cord problem)- hands pulled in toward the cord

3.tetralogy of fallot- have child squat to increase return to heart. just
remember fallot=squat

4. cant sign consent after preop meds are given...call doctor if not signed

5. rubella (german measles)-airbone contact precautions, 3 day rash

6. rubeola (red measles)- droplet contact precautions, koplik spots in mouth

Amphetamine= Depression , disturbed sleep, restlessness ,
disorientation

Barbituates= nausea & vomiting, seizures, course tremors,
tachy

Cocaine= Sever cravings, drpression , hypersomnia, fatigue

Heroin= Runny nose, Yawning , fever, muscle & joint pain, diarrhea
(Remember Flu like symptoms)

1. When using a cane to aid ambulation: Step up on the good extremity then place
the can and affected extremity on the step. Reverse when coming down. (Up with
the good, down with the bad)

2. In infants, pyloric stenosis = projectile vomiting

3. Croup: seal-bark cough, dyspnea, inspiratory stridor, irritable. In children
considered a medical emergency due to narrowed airway

4. Skull fracture: Battle's sign (bruising over mastoid bone) and raccoon eyes

5. Pheochromocytoma: catecholamine secreting tumor. Look for persistent
hypertension, pounding headache

1. peritoneal dialysis- if outflow slow check tube for patency, turn pt
side to side

2. pts with the same infection can room together or two clean non
contagious disorders can room together.

3. pulse parodoxus- pulse is weak on inspiration and strong on
expiration...could be a sign of CARDIAC TAMPONADE

4. fat embolism- high risk pt...fracture of long bone..greatest risk in
first 48 hrs.

5. pancreatitis-elevated amylase (cardinal lab value)

6. JP DRAIN- SQUEEZE=SUCK... squeeze the bottle to let air out
then repalce cap.

7.lymphocytic leukemia causes a decrease in all blood cells...hmmm i
got this wrong on a test once...i didnt know it causes rbcs to be low
also!

8. mannitol for ICP

Oxytocin is always given via an infusion pump and and can never be administered
through the primary IV.

One of the first signs of ICP (increased intracranial pressure) in infants is a high pitched
cry.

Regarding blood transfusions, a hemolytic reaction is the most dangerous kind of
reaction...S & S include
NAUSEA
VOMITING
PAIN IN LOWER BSCK
HEMATURIA Treatment is to STOP blood, get a urine specimen and maintain perfusion
and blood volume.

Febrile reaction S&S
FEVER
CHILLS
NAUSEA
HEADACHE

Narcan is given for to reverse respiratory depression...a rate of 8 or less is too low and
requires nursing action.

Miller abbott tube is used for decompressing intestine, which relieves the small intestine
by removing fluid and gas from small intestine.

If a client takes lithium the nurse should instruct the client to take in a good amount of
sodium, without it causes retention of lithium and in turn leads to toxicity.

Rinne test- a vibrating tuning fork is held against the mastoid bone till pt can't hear
sound...then moved to ear.

1) A subarachnoid (spinal block) for labor may cause a headache, a lumbar
epidrual will not since the dura mater is not penetrated

2) Tracheoesophageal fistula: 3 C's: coughing, choking, & cyanosis

3) Hypothyroidism: Decreased T3 +T4, but increased TSH
Hypertyroidism: Increased T3 + T4, but decreased TSH

4) NO tyramine containing foods if taking and MAO inhibitor ( smoked
meat, brewer's yeast, aged cheese, red wine)

5)Regular insulin is the only type that can be given IV

1. Dilantin can cause gingival hyperplasia, advise good oral hygiene and freq. dental
visits, IVP 25-50 mg/min

ESSR method of feeding (cleft palate)

ENLARGE nipple
STIMULATE sucking
SWALLOW
REST

1)Immunizations
Before 1 years old:
Hep B 3x):Only one that is given at birth and one month (3rd dose at 6 months)

IPV(4x), DTaP(5x), Hib(4x), PCV(4x): all given at 2, 4, & 6 months

Hib, PCV: again at 12-15month
DTaP: again at 12-18months
DTaP, IPV: last doses are given 4-6yrs

1yrs old and older:
MMR: (2x) 12-15months, then at 4-6 years* *if dose not given from 4-6 give from 11-
12yrs old

Varicella Zoster: (1x) 12-18months

Td: (1x): 11-12yrs old

2)Fundal height: pt supine, measure from symphysis pubis to top of fundus, if patients is
18+ wks pregnant the height in cm will be same as weeks pregnant give or take 2 cm

3)Isolation**:

STRICT Contact: use universal precautions, gown when contact with pt., single pt. room
in most situations

Used with: Any colonizing infections, MSRV, Fifths disease, RSV, infected wounds,
skin, or eyes

STRICTER Droplet: include all universal precautions, gown, goggles, masks on you, on
pt. if leaving room, single pt. rooms

Used with: Majority of infectious diseases

STRICTEST Airborne: include all universal precautions and negative pressure single
patient rooms, gown, goggles, mask on you, mask on pt. if leaving room which should
only be done if absolutely necessary

Used with:
Measles
Varicella
Disseminated Varicella Zoster
Tuberculosis

**Always check facilities policies when following isolation precautions/procedures

4) Self breast exams: do monthly, 7-10 days after menses

5) Pt's taking Monoamine Oxidase inhibitors (for depression usually) should avoid foods
containing tyramine which include
y Avocados, bananas
y Beef/chicken liver
y Caffeine
y Red wine, Beer
y Cheese (except cottage cheese)
y Raisins
y Sausages, pepperoni
y Yogurt, sour cream


1. dumping syndrome-tx no fluids with meals /no high carbs /lie down
after eating. they need a high fat high protien diet

2. multiple sclerosis- avoid hot showers and baths

3. parial thickness burns=blisters...... full thickness-charred, waxy

4 PKU- no nuts, meats, dry beans, eggs, dairy (basically no protein
stuff) give specially prepared formula to baby because they can digest
this protein well

5. introduce rice cereal to infant at 6 mos and strained veggies one at
a time

6. pt must keep taking prescribed insulin on sick days, drink plenty of
fluids and notify doctor. also insulin is also given when pt comes from
surgery on NPO status because trauma and infection makes sugar go
up!

In an infant of a diabetic mom, hypoglycemia 30-90 min after birth...then look for them
to also have hypocalcemia after 24 hours

Non Stress Test on a preggo....should be REACTIVE (rise of 15 bpm above baseline for
15 sec) if it's NOT reactive they need a contraction stress test and the result that you want
from it is NEGATIVE

With Diabetic Ketoacidosis don't give K+ until the patient has been hydrated and urine
output is adequate.

Post-op Total Hip replacement-- abduction (toes pointing in) or patient laying on non-
operative hip. Avoid adduction (letting the foot turn out)

mother/baby stuff

1. Rh negative mom gets Rhogam if baby Rh positive. Mom also gets Rhogam
after aminocentesis, ectopic preganancy, or miscarriages.

2. fetus L/S Ratio less than 2= immature lungs......2-3=borderline....greater
than 3=good lung maturity dude!! may give dexamethasone to speed up
maturity if baby needs to be delivered soon.

3. prolasped cord position knee chest or trend..call for help!! GET THAT
BOTTOM OFF THE CORD! SUPPORT CORD WITH YA HAND

4. decelerations early vs late----always good to be early but dont ever show
up late. early mirrors the contraction, late comes after the contraction

5. LOCHIA SEQUENCE...lochia rubra- red, clotty....lochia serosa...pink,
brown....lochia alba..white.........SHOULD NEVER HAVE A FOUL ODOR!

1. In prioritizing cardiac patients, check the pt with INDIGESTION first because
that could be a sign of MI.

2. ABG's need to be placed on ice and sent to the lab ASAP.

3. If active TB is suspected, a sputum culture for acid-fast bacillus is the only
metod to actually confirm active TB (NOT a mantoux skin test!)

4. Celebrex is contraindicted in pts with a history of cirrhosis.

5. In psych pts, the client most at risk for self-harm is always the pt that has
stopped taking their meds.

One more!
6. Change in resp rate in a pt receiving mag sulfate could indicate toxicity.

1. dont give atropine for glaucoma. it increases intraocular pressure!

2. drug abusers at risk for heart valve disease.

3. after a liver biopsy place pt. on right side to put pressure on site.

4. end stage cirrhosis the ammonia level is elevated. doctor may order
lactoluse to decrease levels.

5. dont do a vaginal exam on a pregnant cliet thats bleeding

Ulcerative colitis...3-30 stools per day WITH blood and mucus.

Pain in LLQ: relieved by defecation.

Crohns disease-NO obvious blood or mucus in stool.

Pain: Right lower quadrant pain that is steady or cramping...or pain could be in
periumbilical area, tenderness and mass in the RLQ.


Rheumatoid arthritis: Pain and stiffness is on arising, lasting less than an hour...can also
occur after long periods of inactivity. Joints red, hot swollen, boggy, and decreased
ROM.

Osteoarthritis: Pain and stiffness occurs during activity. Joints may appear swollen, cool,
and bony hard.

Hemodialysis: disequilibrium syndrome- N&V, headache, decreased LOC, rapid changes
in PH, bun...

Transfusion reaction: Chills, dyspnea, itching, uticaria, back or arm pain, fever.

Peritoneal dialysis: When more dialysate drains than has been given, more fluid has been
lost(output). If less is returned than given, a fluid gain has occured.

Slow dialysate instillation- increase height of container, reposition client.

Poor dialysate drainage-Lower the drainage, reposition.

If you give terbutaline and a corticosteroid together, a possible drug interaction is
pulmonary edema (Smeltzer)

Rapid: (Lispro) Onset: <15min Peak: 1hr Duration : 3hr

Short: (Regular) Onset: 1/2hr-1hr Peak: 2-3 hr Duration: 4-6 hr

Intermediate: (NPH or Lente) Onset: 2hr Peak: 6-12 Duration: 16-24

Long Acting: (Ultralente) Onse:t 4-6 hr Peak: 12-16hr Duration: >24 hrs

Very Long: (Lantus) Onset: 1 hr Peak: NONE Duration: 24 hr continuous


Mydriatic: with a D= Dilate pupils
Miotic:with an O= cOnstrict pupils


aniticholinergic SE:
can't see
can't pee
can't spit
can't sh*t

Hyperkalemia "MACHINE"- causes of incr serup K+
M-medications (ace inhibitors, Nsaids)
A-acidosis (Metabolic and respiratory)
C-cellular destrx-burns, traumatic injury
H-hypoaldosteronism, hemolysis
N-nephrons, renal failure
E- excretion-impaired

Signs and symptoms of incr serum K+= MURDER
M-muscle weakness
U-urine, oliguria, anuria
R-respiratory distress
D-decr cardiac contractility
E-ECG changes
R- reflexes, hyperreflexia, or flaccid

HYPERNATREMIA-you are fried
F-fever (low grade), flushed skin
R-restless (irritable)
I-incr fluid retention and incr BP
E-edema ( peripheral and pitting)
D-decr urinary output, dry mouth

Hypocalcemia-"CATS"
C-convulsions
A-arrythmias
T-tetany
S-spasms and stridor

For those of you who have trouble with mcg/kg/min problems.
try this solution.

Exp: 7mg of dopamine in 500ml in NS ; pt is 110lbs

first convert 110lbsto kg =110lbs/2.2 kg=50kg
then change 7 mg to mcg =7000 mcg

Now plug in the numbers. 7000* 50kg*60mins
------------------
500ml

answer is 16.8 mcg/kg/min

A way we were taught to remember which Beta Blockers are contra-indicated in patients
with Resp problems are easy....
Contra-Indicated- so think.... Coreg, Corgard, Inderal


Administering ear medication... pull the ear UP and back for OLD, and down for young
(<3 yo)

Fill for a thrill, listen for a bruit.

Assess your patient. not the monitor.... So, If a question asks what you do FIRST....
always, always go with assess the patient.


Carbamazepine therapeutic serum level is 4 - 12 mcg/dL

Cycloserine is an antituburculan and needs weekly drug levels

foscarnet (Foscavir) can be toxic to kidneys so creatinine is monitored.

Android Pelvis is wedge shaped, narrow and unfavorable for birth

Therapeutic serum digoxin is 0.5 - 2 mg/dL

No meperidine (Demerol)to pancreatitis pt. b/c is causes spasms in the Sphincter of Oddi

Hyperkalemia = narrow, peaked T waves on cardiac monitor

Hypokalemia = Peaked P, Flat T, Depressed ST and Prominent U

p24 Antigen Assay confirms HIV in an infant


MORPHINE IS CONTRAINDICATED IN ACUTE PANCREATITIS BECAUSE
IS CAUSES THE SPASMS BUT THE DEMEROL IS THE DRUG OF CHOICE.
AT LEAST THATS HOW I LEARNED IT.

if you see Mg/Ca, think MUSCLE first. Mg and Ca act like SEDATIVES.

HYPOCALCEMIA (not enough sedatives)
+ trouseau and + chovstek's sign
incr DTR
stridor, laryngospasm
swallowing problem=aspiration

BURN pt.
Carbon monoxide poisoning is the MOST COMMON airway injury.
Carboxyhemoglobin : blood test to determine carbon monoxide poisoning.

Treat burn pt with fluid replacement therapy;Check hourly to make sure you are not
overloading them with CVP= measures the right atrial pressure.

Rubella is spread by droplets....


The benefit of a venturi mask- oxygen can be regulated to deliver between 24 and 50%.

Shilling test is done to detect pernicious anemia.

Shift to the left in WBC differential reflects bacterial infection

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is caused by Protozoal infection.

Open-angle glaucoma is characterized by Halo and blurred vision

Detached retina- floater or sensation of a curtain or veil over the visual field


Good lung down- position a patient with right side pneumonia , with the left side
dependent

Atrial fibrillation might require synchronized cardioversion

Ventricular tachycardia require defribillation

Second degree heart block- needs a pace maker

Respiratory syncytial virus- contact precautions

systemic lupus erythematosus- butterfly rash on nose and cheek. avoid
sunlight

with DIC...get worried if you see blood oooze from the IV line. notify doctor

Tegratol- tx for seizures..watch for drowsiness, n/v, blurred vision, h/a.

kayexalate- may be ordered for a high potassium level

THERAPEUTIC LEVEL

10-20 mcg/ml

Theophylline
Acetaminophen
Phenytoin
Chloramphenicol

10-21 mmHg - normal intraocular pressure

1. nebulizers used by HIV patients are cleansed with warm water after each
treatment and allow it to air dry. soaked in wht vinegar and water for 30f min at
the end of the day
2.SHARE support group for parents who have experienced misscarriage
3. RESOLVE support grp for infertile clients
4. CANDLELIGHTERS families who have lost child to cancer
5 FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME child small head circumferance, low birth
wt, underdeveloped cheeks.

DO not radiate children under 8 y.o.
Insulin can be kept on room temp 1 month.

PARATHYROID PROBLEMS
hyperparathyroidism= hypercalcemia=hypophosphatemia

hypoparathyroidism=hypocalcemia=hyperphosphatemia

**calcium and phosphorus are inversely related**


THYROID PROBLEMS
hypothyroid (myxedema):no energy, depress pt. everything is slow

hyperthyroid (grave's): very ENERGETIC, manic pt., everything is high

**watch out for heart problems, rhythm changes**

Dantrium (dantroline) common drug kept in the OR for us with Malignant Hyperthermia.

some oncology

dont give methotrexate in the first trimester of pregnancy.

radioactive iodine- excreted in urine

sealed source implant- body fluids not radioactive- nursing care-limit total
time care provider with pt. limit distance around pt. no pregnant women in
room or children. keep forceps and lead container in room.

chemo drugs: in case of extravasation...stop infusion...remove any remaining
drug from tubing and aspirate the infiltrated area...do not remove
needle...notify doctor.

Prenatal Visits
q 4 weeks -28-32 weeks
q 2 weeks -32-36 weeks
q1 week -36-40 weeks


care of the NEWBORN

term infant -38-42 weeks
L-45-55 cm =18-22inches
W-2500-4300 kg=5.5-9.5lb

in males prepuce retractable on about 3 y.o. dont do that before->Adhesions
Normal Hyper- Bi-emia after 24 hr, if before pathological. (in premature it appears after
48 hr, if before Report)
Hyperbilirubinemia- DO normal Breast feeding,q2-4hr.

RDS-basically bcoz infant cant expand lungs->cant breath normally, because of luck of
surfactant in lungs.
s/s:cyanosis,increased RR, nasal flaring, grunting.
treatment-intratracheal surfactant, and supportive -O2-if on O2 worry about retinal
damage.

if Mother-DRUGS: NEWBORN -Irritable->Swaddle&reduce stimulation aside from
abcd.

FAS(fetal alcohol syndrome)-craniofascial abnormalities, growth retarded,, palmar
creases. IRRITABILITY.RNs goal-nutritional balance.
When BATHIN Newborn go from CLEAN to DIRTY -eyes, face...diaper area the last.

in Diabetic mother the newborn at risk for hypoglycemia, RDS, hypo Ca emia, congenital
anomal.
Diabetic mother during pregnancy-1st trimester insulin DECREASE. 2 and 3rd Trimester
INCREASE INSULIN (placental hormones produce insulin resistance)
BUT after PLACENTAL DELIVERY INSULIN REQUIREMENTS DECREASE.

about Scoring

Apgar measures HR,RR,Muscle tone, Reflexes,Skin color
each 0-2 point. 8-10 OK. 0-3 RESUSCITATE.

GLASGOW COMA SCALE. EYES, VERBAL,MOTOR!
It is similar to measuring dating skills...max 15 points -one can do it
if below 8 you are in Coma.

So, to start dating you gotta open your EYES first, if you albe to do
that spontaneously and use them correctly to SEE whom you dating you earn 4. But if she
has to scream on you to make you
open them it is only 3....and 1 you dont care to open even if she tries to hurt you.

if you get good EYE contact (4 points) then move to VERBAL.

talk to her/ him! if you can do that You are really ORIENTED in
situation she/he uncontiously gives you 4 points! if you like her try not to be
CONFUSED (3), and of cause do not use
INAPPROPRIATE WORDS (3), she will not like it)), try not to RESPOND WITH
INCOMPREHENSIBLE SOUNDS (2), if you do not like her-
just show no VERBAL RESPONSE(1)

Since you've got EYE and VERBAL contact you can MOVE now using your Motor
Response Points.
THis is VERY important since Good moves give you 6!

filgrastim (Neupogen) - increase NEUtrophil count

epoietin alfa (Epogen) - increase RBC/erythrocytes

Cholecystectomy due to cholelithiasis and colesysthitis, WATCH for BLEEDING
problems, because vit K FAT soulble, is poorly absorbed in the absence of bile. by the
way T-tube used for drainage-Reason for T tube to maintain patency of common bile
duct.

Chronic RF the best way to asses fluid status-WEIGHT the PATIENT daily

When NGT present mouth care ICE CHIPS but be aware not give that too much-> it
becames water->stomach->NGT suck it with K and other electrolites present in stomach.
LOST K

Heat cramps in hot weather-Sodium (Na) loses

Following Gastrectomy NGT drainage should NOT be BLOODY after 12 hr

Thyroid storm's main sign is FEVER

ALDOSTERONE insufficiency -Hypo-Na-emia, Hyper-K-emia, hypo-Volemia. WHEN
Na decrease, K increase

easy way to remember addisons and cushings

addisons= down, down down up down
cushings= up up up down up

addisons= hyponatremia, hypotension, decreased blood vol, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia
cushings= hypernatremia, hypertension, incrased blood vol, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia

everything else wouldnt be hard to remmenber> moon face, hirsutism, buffalo hump,
obesity


1. prozac, zoloft, paxil- tx of depression.

2. sodium nitroprusside- sheild from light. wrap in foil

3. cephalosporins- CHECK FOR ALLERGIES TO PENICILLINS. pt
could be hypersensitive.

4. pts recieving Lasix should be assessed for tinnitus and hearing loss

5. anticoagulants cant dissolve a formed thrombus but tPAs can.


1. Shock: BP <90/60 Pulse > 100

2. Fluid of choice in pt in shock are isotonic: NS, LR

3. PVCs: Always treat: >6 UNIFOCAL and/or >3 MULTIFOCAL with
LIDOCDAINE 75mg 4:1 drip

4. SIADH
Na <120
Hx of lung cancer
Specific gravity > 1.035

Diabetes Insipidus
Na> 160
head injury
Specific gravity <1.005

5. Pt with radium implants you can only stand at the head of their bed. When
performing bath remember: 'pits and crotch' ONLY

1. Verapamil (calan) - treatment of supraventricular tachycardias, check heart rate
2. clomid - inducesovulation by changing hormonal effect on the ovary
3. phobias include projection and displacement
4. blood glucose monitoring of glucose preferred over urine because the level of
glucose starts to appear in the urine increases, leading to false negative readings
5. corneal abrasion - unable to close the eye voluntarily, cranial nerve VII
affected, secretions unable to protect the eye, complication of CVA, prevented
with RN care

other randoms

- when the lungs re-expanded, the fluid in the water seal does not fluctuate with
respirations

- pacemaker- increases cardiac output, acts to regulate cardiac rhythm

NEVER examine a bleeding gravida vaginally

contractions > 90 seconds, FHR < after contraction peak. . .turn off the pitocin [oxytocin]
(if running) give O2 by tight face mask, reposition on left side, increase IV fluid rate,
notify caregiver, document

use reliable form of birth control for at least 4 weeks (8 is better) after rubella
immunization [of course this applies to women only]

abdominal pain, tender uterus, dark red or no bleeding = abruption

painless, bright red bleeding usually first episode in 2nd trimester = placenta previa

DO NOT give a pregnant laboring patient on methadone STADOL (precipitates
withdrawal)


KVO rate is 20ml/hr

MAOIs: Nardil, Marplan, Parnate
Of course, no tyramine because of hypertensive crisis, which is treated with Procardia.

Aminoglycosides (gentamycin, etc.) affect 8th cranial nerve function (hearing) and are
nephrotoxic.

Hyperparathyroid states can cause renal stones which can present with hematuria.

Bell's Palsy- facial paralysis, prevent corneal abrasions.


I teach APGARs this way

A= appearance (color all pink, pink and blue, blue [pale])
P= pulse (>100, < 100, absent)
G= grimace (cough, grimace, no response)
A= activity (flexed, flaccid, limp)
R= respirations (strong cry, weak cry, absent)

DO NOT delegate what you can EAT!

E - evaluate
A - assess
T - teach

only the RN should do this...hope that helps

macular degeneration: mac is in the middle (central vision loss)

digoxin toxicity: halos, nausea, vomiting

Fractured hip: shorter extremity and external rotation

hip replacement: teach pt not to cross legs; keep leg abducted to avoid dislocation of hip

Schillings test: measures % of B12 excreted in 24hr used to diagnose pernicious anemia

1. cardiac meds: -pine=calcium channel blockers
-olol=beta blockers
-pril=ACE inhibitors
-artan=angiotensin II receptor blockers

2. No pee no K+

3. Before treating BPH, must restore urinary flow

4. Sign of toxic ammonia leve's is asterixis (hands flapping)

5. Diuretics: Lasix and Bumex are K+ wasting Aldacton is K+ sparing


1 - Dopamine and Lasix are incompatible

2 - Hypoglycemic jitters can be stopped by holding the limb, seizure clonus can't

3 - Normal urine output in an infant is at least 1cc/kg/hr

4 - Septic babies will often DROP their temp

5 - SE of PGE1, used to keep the ductus arteriosus open, are hypotension, fever, and
apnea. The therapeutic effect is not necessarily dose-dependent, but the severity of SE is.

The adverse effects of Anti psychotics can be remembered using this: SHANCE
S-SUNLIGHT SENSITIVITY( Use hats and sunscreen)
H-HEPATOTOXICITY( Monitor LFT)
A-AGRANULOCYTOSIS( Characterised by fever and sore throat)
N-NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME( Characterised by fever and muscular
rigidity)
C-CIRCULATORY PROBLEMS( Leukopenia and orthostatic hypotension)
E-EXTRA PYRAMIDAL SYMPTOMS( Administer anticholinergics and anti
parkinsonian agents)

Now for some skin assessment!

ABCDEs of malignant melanoma:

A = Asymmetry;
B = Border;
C = Color;
D = Diameter;
E = Elevation

Antidote for Coumadin- Aquamephyton
Side effect of Aminophylline-head and irregular pulse
Treatment for Angina-sublingual nitro (given q5min X3)and rest
Anterior fontanel closes at-12-18mon
Posterior fontanel closes at-birth to 3mon
Classic sign of Diabetes-3 "p"s (polyuria, polydysia, polyphasia)
CVA pt with hemianopsia-approach from unaffected side
Discharge teaching after cataract surgery-avoid sneezing, coughing,
straining or bending
Lyme disease-wear long sleeves clothing
Post laminectomy -flat position
Diet for cirrhosis-low protein, high calorie
Fundus displaced to right side-ask pt to void
fundus is boggy-message fundus
Self breast exam-done 5-7 days after menses
SandS of Pyloric Stenosis-projectile vomit, metabolic alkalosis,olive size bulge unger
the ribcage
Position for Meneries-affected side
Raynards disease-wear gloves, keep hands warm


Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureax) - eat warm, soft foods

Preparing to breast feed - wash braest with water and rub with a towel everyday

Ventricular gallop is the earliest sign of heart failure

Levin tube - feedings at room temperature, do not clamp between feedings

position for liver biopsy - supine with arms raised above head

rheumatoid arthritis - heat, ROM, weight reduction

Bells Palsy: avoid cold temperatures: make sure pt. closes windows when they are
sleeping. Some even take eyes shut.

Nurses' priority intervention after a patient receives a skin graft is to prevent movement
of the graft.

Greatest risk for postpartum hemorrhage is from distended bladder.

Herpes zoster (shingles) is from reactivation of the varicella virus.

1 grain = 60mg (I always forget this one)

Risk factors for legionnaires disease: advanced age, immunosuppression, end stage renal
disease, and diabetes

Hepatitis

5 types
A,B, C, D, and E

Hep A-spread by drinking unsanitary water and uncooked foods
Hep B-spread by contact with blood or bodily fluids and is an STD
Hep C-spread by contact the same way as Hep B, can lead to cirrhosis (mostly seen with
alcoholism)
Hep D-only contracted if you already have Hep B
Hep E-usually spread by contact with contaminated water

In nursing school, my instructor taught us to remember the different types like this:

VOWEL = BOWEL

Hep A and E---if your infected you will have problems with bowels...

Some Therapeutic Drug Levels

Digoxin 05-2.0 ng/ml
Lithium 0.6-1.5 mEq/L
Dilantin 10-20 mcg/dl
Theophylline 10-20 mcg/dl
Lithium 0.5-1.5 mEq/L

Coumadin PT: 12-20 sec....therapeutic range 1.5-2 times the control
INR: 2-3
Heparin PTT: 30-60 sec...therapeutic range 1.5-2 times the control


CREATININE AND CREATININE CLEARANCE

With renal impairment, serum creatinine goes up,urinary clearance goes down.

Serum Creatinine-men 0.8-1.8mg/dl
women-0.5-1.5mg/dl

Urinary creatinine clearance-85-135ml/min--requires a 24 hour urine specimine.
Decreases with renal malfunction.

With a unilateral kidney disease, if one of the kidneys is healthy, a decrease in the
creatinine clearance is not to be expected.

ATROPINE OVERDOSE

Hot as a Hare(temperature)
Mad as a hatter(confusion, delirium)
Red as a Beet(flushed face)
Dry as a bone(decreased secretions, thirsty)

CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Diet: Low in fat and high in sodium
Meds: Antibiotics, liposoluable vitamins(A D E K) Aerosol Bronchodialators,
mucolytics, pancreatic enzymes.

5 A's to alzheimers
Anomia-unable to remember things
Apraxia-failure to identify objects
Agonsia-can't recognize sounds, tastes and other sensations, familiar objects.
Amnesia-memory loss
Aphasia-can't express SELF through speech.

GLOMEULONEPHRITIS-it's an antigen antibody complex from a recent strep infection
which causes inflammation/ decreased glomerular filtration rate.

BETA BLOCKERS
B1-affects the heart
B2-affects lungs

EMERGENCY DRUGS TO LEAN ON
Lidocain
Epinephrine
Atropine
Narcan

AUTONOMIC DYSREFLEXIA-triggered by sustained stimuli at T6 or below.
Vasodialation above injury,(flushed face, increased bp etc) vasoconstriction below
injury(pale, cool, no sweating.)

AIRBORNE
My - Measles
Chicken - Chicken Pox
Hez - Herpez Zoster
TB

Private Room - negative pressure with 6-12 air exchanges/hr
Mask, N95 for TB

DROPLET
think of SPIDERMAN!
S - sepsis
S - scarlet fever
S - streptococcal pharyngitis
P - parvovirus B19
P - pneumonia
P - pertussis
I - influenza
D - diptheria (pharyngeal)
E - epiglottitis
R - rubella
M - mumps
M - meningitis
M - mycoplasma or meningeal pneumonia
An - Adenovirus

Private Room or cohort
Mask

CONTACT PRECAUTION
MRS.WEE
M - multidrug resistant organism
R - respiratory infection
S - skin infections *
W - wound infxn
E - enteric infxn - clostridium difficile
E - eye infxn - conjunctivitis

SKIN INFECTIONS
VCHIPS
V - varicella zoster
C - cutaneous diphtheria
H - herpez simplex
I - impetigo
P - pediculosis
S - scabies

Private room or cohort
Gloves
Gown

Airborne
*keep door closed*

In addition to DROPLET PRECAUTION:
*Maintain spatial separation of 3 feet between infected patient and visitors. Door may
remain open.


1. Widening pulse pressure is a sign of increased ICP
2.Pt taking Digoxin should eat a diet high in potassium (hypokalemia-> dig toxicity)
3.Key sign of PUD... hematemesis which can be bright red or dark red with the
consistency of coffee grounds
4.Common symptom of Aluminium hydroxyde: constipation
5.In a child anemia is a the first sign of lead poisoning
6.Diuretic used for intracranial bleeding, hydrocephalus (Increased ICP,...) MANNITOL
(osmotic diuretic)
7.Treatment of celiac disease: gluten free diet
8.cystis fibrosis==> excessive mucus production, respiratory infection complications,...
9.Cholelithiasis causes enlarged edematous gallbladder with multiple stones and an
elevated bilirubin level.
10.Fat embolism is mostly seen in LONG BONES (femur,...)

1. Abruptio placentae may be a complication of severe preeclampsia
2. Syrup if ipecac is not administered when the ingested substance is corrosive in
nature
3. Pt before liver biopsy is NPO 4-6 hours
4. Assess renal fct before giving an osmotic diuretic (mannitol)
5. Patient in addisonian crisis ecreased BP, Na, Blood glucose, Increased K
6. Amniocentesis is done as early as 14 weeks of gestation
7. Chorionic villi sampling is done as early as 10 weeks of gestation
8. Increased level of alpha fetoprotein in pregnant woman => neural tube defects
9. Insulin is safely given throughout pregnancy; oral hypoglycemic agents are
contraindicated
10. Phenobarbital (Luminal) is commonly used to treat and prevent recurrent seizures
in infants and young children
11. Aspirin is associated with Reye's syndrome in children with fever or viral
infection
12. Glycerin suppositories are preferred agents to treat constipation in children
13. Corticosteroids may produce an altered effect of a vaccine
14. Thiazide diuretics (HCTZ,...) may induce hyperglycemia
15. Anticonvulsants INCREASE the seizures THRESHOLD!!!!
16. Hyperbilirubinemia in newborn: bilirubin levels are greater than 13-15 mg/dl


1. Postpartum period: circulating hcG disappears within 8-24 hours
2. S/S opioid withdrawl: rhinorrhea, dilated pupils, abdominal cramps
3. S/S sedative withdrawl: Increased motor activity, tachycardia
4. S/S alcohol withdrawl: tremors, N/V, diaphoresis
5. S/S stimulant withdrawl: CNS depression, fatigue, depression, confusion,...
6. Hb values: neonates have Hb higher than those of older children to sustain them
until active erythropoiesis begins
7. Toclytic therapy: to arrest preterm labor
8. Child with chickenpox can be treated with oatmeal preparation baths and
calamine lotion at home to relieve the itching...
9. child with rheumatoid arthritis should sleep in bag to keep joints warm and
promote flexibility!!!! Wow...
10. When an eye patch is used to correct strabismus, the normal eye is patched. That
forces the child to use the "lazy" eye, thereby increasing that eye's muscle
strengths
11. If a chest tube accidently get disconnected, clamp it or place the open end of the
tube in a container of sterile water or saline solution
12. Women should avoid pregnancy for at least 3 months after a rubella vaccine
13. Most accurate method to detect TB: sputum culture!!!
A child with KAWASAKI disease might be given a high dose of aspirin to reduce the
risk of heart problems.

some respiratory

1. RSV- child in private room...CONTACT PRECAUTIONS..not droplet or
airbone. (sometimes i get this mixed up because its called respiratory synctical
virus..i used to pick droplet precautions but i have down now lol!

2. Elderly adults generally present with confusion rather than S/S of an illness.

3. pneumonia- droplet precautions

4. COPD pts should get low flow Oxygen b/c of the hypoxic drive. (1-3L/min)
teach pursed lip breathing.

5. ARDS- this pt doesnt respond to even 100% FiO2

6. TB- hemotysis (advanced stage) v/s pulmonary edema- frothy blood tinged
sputum

7. Allen's test- done b/f an ABG by applying pressure to the radial artery to
determine if adequate blood flow is present.

8. INH (Isoniazid)- tx of TB. give vit B6 to prevent peripheral neuritis

9. SIMV mode on vents commonly used for weaning pt off ventilator.

10. vent alarms: high alarm (increased secretions then suction......, biting tube-
need an oral airway,...... or coughing and anxiety- need a sedative)
low alarm- there is a leak or break in system...check all connectors and cuff.

11. if a trach becomes accidently dislodged try to replace it with an obturator..if
no luck keep the hole open with hemostats until physician arrives.


No Pee, no K (do not give potassium without adequate urine output)

Most common cause of SIADH is cancer, esp. lung cancer

IV KCL should infuse no faster than 20 mEq/hr

Valsalva maneuver is used for symptoms of SVT

Ototoxic drugs: loop diuretics (Lasix), NSAIDs, and cisplatin (Platinol-AQ)

And thank you whomever posted about Demerol being the DOC for pancreatitis! That
has already come in handy on my practice tests!

1. Profile of gallbladder disease: 5Fs: fair, fat, forty, five pregnancies,
flatulent(disease can occur in all ages and both sexes)
2. Hip fractures commonly hemorrhage, whereas femur fractures are at risk for fat
emboli
3. Religious beliefs: Hindu- No beef or items containing gelatin
4. Renal diet- High calorie, high carbohydrate, low protein, low K, low Na, and fluid
restricted to intake = output +500 ml
5. Treatment for sickle cell crises- HHOP: Heat, hydration, oxygen, pain meds
6. RN and MD institute seclusion protection
7. MD or hospice RN can pronounce the client dead
8. For hospital triage, care for the client with a life-threatening illness or injury first
9. For disaster triage, choose to triage first those clients who can be saved with the
least use of resources!
10. It is contraindicated to induce vomiting if the patient has ingested gasoline, acid
and alkaline!!!


MAOIs

Non-Popular Meds

Nardil
Parnate
Marplan


1. teach a pt with GERD after meals to remain upright for at least 20 min.

2.levodopa toxicity- notify physician if twitching develops.

3. Curling's ulcers or stress ulcers can cause sudden massive hemmorage.

4. 5 mm induration positive reaction (mantoux test) for HIV or immunosuppressd
pts

5. Schilling test done to see how well a pt can absorb vit b12. checking to see if
they have pernicious anemia.

6. Prednisone, Prograf, and Cellcept helps to prevent kidney rejection.

1. Air/Pulmonary Embolism (S&S: chest pain, difficulty breathing, tachycardia,
pale/cyanotic, sense of impending doom) --> turn pt to left side and lower the
head of the bed.

2. Woman in Labor w/ Un-reassuring FHR (late decels, decreased variability,
fetal bradycardia, etc) --> turn on left side (and give O2, stop Pitocin, increase IV
fluids)

3. Tube Feeding w/ Decreased LOC --> position pt on right side (promotes
emptying of the stomach) with the HOB elevated (to prevent aspiration)

4. During Epidural Puncture --> side-lying

5. After Lumbar Puncture (and also oil-based Myelogram)--> pt lies in flat
supine (to prevent headache and leaking of CSF)

6. Pt w/ Heat Stroke --> lie flat w/ legs elevated

7. During Continuous Bladder Irrigation (CBI) --> catheter is taped to thigh so
leg should be kept straight. No other positioning restrictions.

8. After Myringotomy --> position on side of affected ear after surgery (allows
drainage of secretions)

9. After Cataract Surgery --> pt will sleep on unaffected side with a night
shield for 1-4 weeks.

10. After Thyroidectomy --> low or semi-Fowler's, support head, neck and
shoulders.

11. Infant w/ Spina Bifida --> position prone (on abdomen) so that sac does not
rupture

12. Buck's Traction (skin traction) --> elevate foot of bed for counter-traction

13. After Total Hip Replacement --> don't sleep on operated side, don't flex hip
more than 45-60 degrees, don't elevate HOB more than 45 degrees. Maintain hip
abduction by separating thighs with pillows.

14. Prolapsed Cord --> knee-chest position or Trendelenburg

15. Infant w/ Cleft Lip --> position on back or in infant seat to prevent trauma to
suture line. While feeding, hold in upright position.

16. To Prevent Dumping Syndrome (post-operative ulcer/stomach surgeries) -->
eat in reclining position, lie down after meals for 20-30 minutes (also restrict
fluids during meals, low CHO and fiber diet, small frequent meals)

17. Above Knee Amputation --> elevate for first 24 hours on pillow, position
prone daily to provide for hip extension.

18. Below Knee Amputation --> foot of bed elevated for first 24 hours, position
prone daily to provide for hip extension.

19. Detached Retina --> area of detachment should be in the dependent position

20. Administration of Enema --> position pt in left side-lying (Sim's) with knee
flexed

21. After Supratentorial Surgery (incision behind hairline) --> elevate HOB 30-
45 degrees

22. After Infratentorial Surgery (incision at nape of neck)--> position pt flat
and lateral on either side.

23. During Internal Radiation --> on bedrest while implant in place

24. Autonomic Dysreflexia/Hyperreflexia (S&S: pounding headache, profuse
sweating, nasal congestion, goose flesh, bradycardia, hypertension) --> place
client in sitting position (elevate HOB) first before any other implementation.

25. Shock --> bedrest with extremities elevated 20 degrees, knees straight, head
slightly elevated (modified Trendelenburg)

26. Head Injury --> elevate HOB 30 degrees to decrease intracranial pressure


some GI/hepatic

hepatitis--all forms standard precautions

s/s of bowel perforation--sudden diffuse abdominal pain, no bowel sounds, resp. rapid
and shallow, rigid abdomen.

nursing care for undiagnosed abdominal pain--npo, no heat on stomach, no enemas, no
narcotics, no laxatives.

crohns-small intestine vs ulcerative colitis-large intestine..sulfasalzine used to treat both.

pyloric stenosis- olive shaped mass felt in R. epigastric area, projectile vomiting

if a pt requires TPN and it is temp. unavailable then give D10W OR 20% DW until
available.

before a Dx test of after 3 enemas, returns are not clear, notify physician

if diarrhea occurs with a colostomy. check meds (some cause diarrhea)..dont irrigate

as a general rule antacids should be taken 1-2 hours after other oral meds.

Symptothermal method of birth control - combines cervical mucus evaluation and basal
body temperature evaluation, non-prescription/drug

percipitus/rapid labor - risk factor for early postpartum hemmorhage and amniotic fluid
embolism

In elderly, change in mental status and confusion are often the presenting symptoms of
infection

antiseizure meds - notify anesthesia prior to surgery, may need to decrease the amount of
anesthetic given

neuroleptic malignant syndrome - increased temp, severe rigidity, oculogyric crises,
HTN, complication of antipsychotic meds, notify MD

Dilantin - pregnancy risk category D, should investigate possibility of pregnancy (LMP)
prior to administering

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) - used for localized pain (back pain,
sciatica) - use gel, place electrodes over, above or below painful area, adjust voltage until
pain relief/prickly "pins and needles"

1. S/S delusional thought patterns => suspiciousness and resistance to therapy
2. Use of neologism (new word self invented by a person and not readily understood
by another) =>associated with thought disorders
3. Age and weight are VERY important to know after a child has ingested a toxic
substance
4. Child with celiac disease can eat corn, rice, soybeans and patatoes (gluten free)
5. Anaphylactic rx => administer epinephrine first, then maintain an open airway.
(Not the other way around )
6. Client with asthma => monitor peak of airflow volumes daily. Pulse ox after!!!!
7. DKA pt => a HCT of 60 (way high...) (extreme dehydration) would be more
critical than a pH less than 3! (Fluids first...)
8. Assess for abdominal distention after placement of a VP shunt! (You know why
right? )
9. GFR is decreased in the initial response to severe burns, with fluid shift occuring.
Kidney fct must be monitored closely or renal failure may follow in a few days
10. Vomiting => metabolic alkalosis (loss of stomach acid content)
11. Diarrhea => metabolic acidosis (loss of bicarbonate)
12. COPD => respiratory acidosis (CO2 retention)
13. Anxious client => hyperventilation can cause respiratory alkalosis. A paper bag
will help. (Increase CO2) Right?
14. Client with low H&H after splenectomy => the initial priority is REST due to the
inability of RBCs to carry O2
15. Mild to moderate diarrhea in a child => maintain a NORMAL diet with fluids to
rehydrate the poor child



Don't forget Vancomycin can cause "Red man Syndrome" = decreased BP and flushing
of face and neck --> give antihistamine. Also watch for liver damage with this one.

Peripheral vascular disease - patient should sit with feet flat on floor to prevent
hypereflexion of the knee

Myelominigocele - baby should like on abdomen with head to the side

Tegretol - interferes with actino of hormonal contraceptives, should use alternate type of
birth control

Clozapine (Clozaril) - antipsychotic, treats schizophrenia, potential to suppress bone
marrow and cause agranulocytosis (look for sore throat and fever)

Bucks traction - remove foam boots 3x/day to inspect skin, turn client to unaffected side,
dorsiflex foot on affected side, elevate foot of bed

phlebitis - tenderness and redness at IV insertion site and redness proximally along the
vein. Remove the IV adn apply warm soaks

Cred e maneuver - apply mannual pressuer to bladder, aids in emptying the bladder
completely, results in reduced risk for infeciton; if performed every day can result in
bladder control for some SCI

Frequent use of nasal sprays to releive allergic symptoms can result in vasconstriction
that causes atrophy of nasal membranes (frequent nosebleeds)

Lung cancer is a common cause of SIADH (abnormal secretion of ADH, increase water
absorption and dilutional hyponatremia)

ginko - antiplatelet, CNS stimulant, given for dementia, increase risk of bleeding with
NSAIDS

Native Americans are present oriented and do not live by the clock (will be late for
appointments)

Pulmonic area - 2ICS, left of sternum

Chronic alcohol use is the most common cause of hypoMg, which ma result in cardiac
arrest (increase neuromuscular irritability, tremors, tetant, seizures)

SCD - two fingers between sleeve and leg, opening at the knee and popliteal pulse point,
antiembolism stockings can be applied under sleeve to decrease itching, sweating and
heat buildup


Peritoneal Dialysis when Outflow is Inadequate --> turn pt from side to side BEFORE
checking for kinks in tubing (according to Kaplan)


Timeouts for children - 1minute for each year of age

Temporal lobe - hearing
Frontal - personality changes
Occipital - visual
brain stem - bladder/bowel

Bulemia - susceptible to tracheosophageal fistula from esophageal tear, laryngitis is a
danger sign (hoarse voice that is barely audible)

mycins - if fever, notify MD

screening for HTN - two raedings, 5minutes apart

encourage geriatric patients to talk about life adn important thigns in his/her past,
especially with recent memory loss

NO morphine for pancreatitis and cholecystitis.... google for the reason

1 unit of packed RBCs = 220mL


if allergic to sulfonamides dont take acetazolamide (Diamox)

VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION: TREATMENT

"Shock, Shock, Shock, Everybody Shock, Little Shock, Big Shock, Momma Shock,
Poppa Shock":

Shock= Defibrillate

Everybody= Epinephine

Little= Lidocaine

Big= Bretylium

Momma= MgSO4

Poppa= Pocainamide

methotrexate- dont take supplemental folic acid and please dont take while
pregnant..can cause premature labor and bleeding.

oh dont take cytoxan while pregnant or dont handle the drug while pregnant.

infections that occur with AIDS clients are called opportunistic infections.

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is not contagious unless you are
immunocomprimised. this infections occurs mostly with AIDS pts.

infant with HIV should NOT recieve chickenpox or oral polio vaccine. can
give inactivated polio vaccine though.


Priority...
if patient having allergic reaction or going into anaphilactic BUT still consious... what
you do 1st action:
1. call immideately MD
2. Ensure Airway
3. Give O2 by mask
4. Epinephrine as prescribed
****

by the way who took NCSBN questions online. What score may say that you likely to
pass NCLEXRN
______
answer 4


After Lumbar Puncture (and also oil-based Myelogram)--> pt lies in flat supine (to
prevent headache and leaking of CSF)

not very correct. The head is usually ELEVATED if an OIL-based or water -soluble
contrast agent is used.


lumbar puncture - flat

OIL based - flat

WATER soluble contrast - elevate 15-30 degrees



palpating the carotid pulses together can cause a vagal response and slow the clients heart
rate

adrenal insufficiency - steroids increased prior to surgery

thyroidectomy - acess for numbness from decreased Ca

Bactrim - mild to moderate rash the most common SE

If when removing a PICC a portion of the catheter breaks - apply tournaquet to the upper
arm, feel radial pulse

emptying a drainage evacuator - wash hands, don gloves, elevate bed, pour drainage itno
measuring cup, compress the evacuator and replace the plug

Percodan - oxycodone and aspirin
Percocet - oxycodone and acetaminophen


low back pain, h/a and restless...cardinal of hemolytic transfusion
reaction..stop transfusion..change tubing...infuse NS.

initate a blood transfusion w/i 30 min of recieving blood.

fresh frozen plasma administerd to DIC because of the clotting factors in it

cryoprecipitate given in hemophilia...also with hemophilia they tend to bleed
into the joints so they may have joint problems.

Myasthenia Gravis: worsens with exercise and improves with rest.
Myasthenia Crisis: a positive reaction to Tensilon--will improve symptoms
Cholinergic Crisis: caused by excessive medication-stop med-giving Tensilon will make
it worse

Head injury medication: Mannitol (osmotic diuretic)-crystallizes at room temp so
ALWAYS use filter needle

Prior to a liver biospy its important to be aware of the lab result for prothrombin time
(PT)


Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: The nurse would be MOST concerned if the patient
complained of epigastric pain and a HA.

COPD: Administer low flow Oxygen! We never administer: 5L NC


1. Watery vaginal discharge and painless bleeding => endometrial cancer
2. Frothy vaginal discharge => trichomonas infection
3. Thick, white vaginal discharge => candida albicans
4. purulent vaginal discharge => PID
5. Approximately 99% of males with cystic fibrosis are sterile due to obstruction of
the vas deferens
6. Lyme's disease is transmitted by ticks found on deer and mice in wooded areas
7. Children 18-24 months normally have sufficient sphincter control necessary for
toilet training
8. Complications of TPN therapy are osmotic diuresis and hypovolemia!!!
9. L/S ratio => fetal lung maturity
10. Kava-kava can increase the effects of anesthesia and post-op analgesia
11. NEVER give chloride potassium by IV push
12. GINKGO interacts with many meds to increase the risk of bleeding; therefore,
bruising or bleeding should be reported to MD
13. Vanco therapeutic range 10-20 mcg/mL
14. Client with disseminated herpes zoster (shingles) => AIRBORNE precautions
15. The client taking methotrexate should avoid multivitamins b/c multivitamins
contain folic acid. Methotrexate is a folic acid antagonist!!!
1. Pt with increased ICP => Lumbar puncture is contraindicated b/c
risk of brain herniation
2. If pt states "I have a constant throbbing headache! This is the
worst headache I ever had" => may be having ICB (Intracranial
bleeding); assess pt for increased ICP, and of course notify MD
3. Cardinal sign of increased ICP => change in LOC (level of
consciousness)
4. Diabetes insipidous => dilute urine, concentrated plasma
5. SIADH => concentrated urine , dilute plasma


Hypovolemia and osmotic diuresis that are complications of
TPN result from hyperglycmia!

Let's recapitulate TPN => Hyperglycemia => osmotic diuresis
& hypovolemia...


Drooling - 4 months
Responds to own name 6-8months
deliberate steps when standing 9-10months
picks up bite size peices of cereal 11months

24months: kick ball w/o falling, build tower of 6blocks, 2-3 word phrases, 300 word
vocab

30months: jump with both feet, run, say first and last name

36months: tricycle

Left CVA - speech, math skills, analytical thinking
Right CVA - behavior, disorientation to person, place and time

Ectopic pregnancy - LLQ pain, vaginal spotting

tricuspid valve: 5ICS left sternal border

Here are some that help me and hope they help you guys too.

1. Always identify the topic and assess before anything else!!!

2. Dont ask open ended questions and never ask a patient why!

3. With removal of the thyroid, elevated vital signs signify thyroid storm, give Inderal,
PTU, and oxygen!

4. With renal calculi, sickle cell, and pancreatitis: Pain is priority...or IV hydration in
sickle cell laboring patients.

5. With otitis media, a complication can be meningitis.

6. To determine HR, count the small boxes between R waves and divide by 1500.

7. For dumping syndrome: lay patient flat for an hour after meals and dont give fluids
after meals.

8. Never remove traction weights!

9. For hypothermia, monitor for VFIB

10. PICC LINE complications: air embolism s/s: pale, SOB, tachy. Place pt. in
trendelenberg and to their Left!


compartment syndrome...significant increase in pain not responsive to pain meds.

Plaquenil-tx of Rhem Arthritis...recommend eye exam every 3 mo.

Statins- tx of high cholesterol...ASSESS FOR MUSCLE PAIN...moniter liver enzymes.

Nicotinic Acid (Niacin)-tx of high cholesterol- flushing occurs in most pt. will diminish
over several weeks.

stages of shock (its more but i made it simple "KISS" keep it simple stupid lol!)
early- increase in pulse...normal urine output
intermediate-RAS (renin-angioten system), low urine output, cool skin, pallor
late-no urine output, low BP irreversible stage!


Myxedema/hypothyroidism: slowed physical and mental function, sensitivity to
cold, dry skin and hair
Graves disease/hyperthyroidism: accelerated physical and mental function;
sensitivity to heat, fine/soft hair
Thyroid storm: increased temp, pulse and HTN
Post-thyroidectomy: semi-Fowlers, prevent ncek flexion/hyperextension, trach
at bedside

Hypo-parathyroid: CATS convulsions, arrhythmias, tetany, spasms, stridor
(decreased calcium), high Ca, low phosphorus diet
Hyper-parathyroid: fatigue, muscle weakness, renal calculi, back and joint pain
(increased calcium), low Ca, high phosphorus diet

Hypovolemia incrased temp, rapid/weak pulse, increase respiration,
hypotension, anxiety, urine specific gravity >1.030
Hypervolemia bounding pulse, SOB, dyspnea, rares/crackles, peripheral
edema, HTN, urine specific gravity <1.010; Semi-Fowlers

Diabetes Insipidus (decreased ADH): excessive urine output and thirst,
dehydration, weakness, administer Pitressin
SIADH (increased ADH): change in LOC, decreased deep tendon reflexes,
tachycardia, n/v/a, HA; administer Declomycin, diuretics

Hypokalemia: muscle ewakness, dysrhythmias, increase K (raisins, bananas,
apricots, oranges, beans, potatoes, carrots, celery)
Hyperkalemia: MURDER muscle weakness, urine (oliguria/anuria), respiratory
depression, decreased cardiac contractility, ECG changes, reflexes

Hyponatremia: nausea, muscle cramps, increased ICP, muscular twitching,
convulsion; osmotic diuretics, fluids
Hypernatremia: increased temp, weakness, disorientation/delusions,
hypotension, tachycardia; hypotonic solution
Hypocalcemia: CATS convulsions, arrhythmias, tetany, spasms and stridor
Hypercalcemia: muscle weakness, lack of coordination, abdominal pain,
confusion, absent tendon reflexes, sedative effect on CNS

HypoMg: tremors, tetany, seizures, dyrshythmias, depression, confusion,
dysphagia; dig toxicity
HyperMg: depresses the CNS, hypotension, facial flushing, muscle ewakness,
absent deep tendon reflexes, shallow respirations, emergency

Addisons: hypoNa, hyperK, hypoglycemia, dark pigmentation, decreased
resistance to stress, fractures, alopecia, weight loss, GI distress
Cushings: hyperNa, hypoK, hyperglycemia, prone to infection, muscle wasting,
weakness, edema, HTN, hirsutism, moonface/buffalo hump
Addisonian crisis: n/v, confusion, abdominal pain, extreme weakness,
hypoglycemia, dehydration, decreased BP

Pheochromocytoma: hypersecretion of epi/norepi, persistent HTN, increased
HR, hyperglycemia, diaphoresis, tremor, pounding HA; avoid stress, frequent
bating and rest breaks, avoid cold and stimulating foods, surgery to remove
tumor


--In complete heart block, the AV node blocks all impulses from the SA node, so the atria
and ventricles beat independently, b/c Lidocaine suppresses ventricular irritability, it
may diminish the existing ventricular response, cardiac depressant are contraindicated
in the presence of complete heart block.
--administrate Glucagon when pt is hypoglycemia and unresponsive
--Bromocriptine (Parlodel) or Dantrolene (Dantrium) is used for CNS toxicity
--Ibuprofen (Motrin) S/E includes epigastric distress, nausea, occult blood loss, peptic
ulceration, use cautiously with history of previous gastrointestinal disorders.
--Aminophylline (Truphylline) use with Propranolol (Inderal) may decrease metabolism
and lead to toxicity
--Antianxiety medication is pharmacologically similar to alcohol, is used effectively as a
substitute for alcohol in decreasing doses to comfortably and safely withdraw a client
from alcohol dependence
-- Tagamet decrease gastric secretion by inhibiting the actions of histamine at the H2-
receptor site, constipation is a common side effect of this med, should increase fiber in
diet. Take with meals and at bedtime.
--elderly clients and clients with renal problems are most susceptible to CNS side effects
(confusion, dizziness) of the medication


Ultrasound screening -can be vaginal or Abdominal (in latter make Her drink
water to fill bladder)
-Confirms viability
-Indicates fetal presentation
-Confirms multiple gestation
-Identifies placental location
-Measurements can be taken to confirm/estimate gestational age
-Identify morphologic anomalies

Chorionic villis sampling
8-12 weeks
for early diagnosis of genetic, metabolic problems

Amniocentesis -13-14 weeks
Is done under US scan to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid for direct analysis of
fetal chromosomes, development, viability and lung maturity

AFP
15-18 weeks-Maternal Blood Drawn
AFP also called =Quad marker screening:
-maternal serum alpha fetoprotein (MSAFP),
-human chorionic gonadotropin (HcG),
-unconjugated estriol (UE),
-and inhibin A
low AFP-Down syndrome
high-Spina bifida
it is not an absolute test if it is abnormal -further investigation is recommended

Kick counts (tests Uretro placental capability)
Same time every day mother records how often she feels the fetus move
if mininum 3 movements are not noted within an hour's time, the mother is
encouraged to call her physician immediately!

Nonstress Test
checks FHR and mother detects Fetal movements.
Contraction Stress Test -tests perfusion between Placenta and Uterus (basically
O2 and CO2 exchange)
-IV accessed and performed in a labor and deliver unit under electronic fetal
monitoring
contractions initiated by Pitocin or nipple stimulation
the desired result is a "negative" test which consists of three contractions of
moderate intensity in a 10 minute period without evidence of late decelerations
the test is done to detect problems so if it is Positive (persistent late
decelerations
) then-CS

how is done:
The electronic fetal monitor is placed on the maternal abdomen for 20-30
minutes
Each time the fetus moves, FHR should accelerate 15 beats/min above the
baseline for 15 seconds
A reactive (good) test =>2 accelerations in FHR occur with associated fetal
movement
Biophysical Profile (BPP)
identification of a compromised fetus and consists of 5 components:
-fetal breathing movement
-fetal movement of the body or limbs
-fetal tone (extension or flexion of the limbs)
-amniotic fluid volume index (AFI) visualized as of fluid around the fetus
-reactive non-stress test
each component 0-2, 8-10-desirable.

Percutaneous Umbilical Blood sampling -like amniocentesis but cord
punctured
-chromosomal anomalies, feta karyotyping, and blood disorders

Evrywhere where woman's abdomen is punctured informed consent is needed,
and risks like amnionitis spontaneous abortion, preterm labor/delivery, and
premature rupture of membranes must be explained. If she Rh--she may be
RHoGAM given.


Determination of lung maturity through amniocentesis is done at the last trimester of
pregnancy


"Amniocentesis may be done after 13-14 week of pregnancy. Performed to determine
genetic disorders, metabolic defects, and FETAL LUNG MATURITY"


echocardiogram-used to assess heart valves.

valve disorders require prophylactic antibiotics before invasive procedures.

avoid IM injections when suspecting MI can affect CK levels

hemodynamic measurements-transducer placed @ the midaxillary line at the
fourth or fifth intercostal space phlebostatic axis.

calcium channel blockers-assess for constipation

1. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS):
-NMS is like S&M;
-you get hot (hyperpyrexia)
-stiff (increased muscle tone)
-sweaty (diaphoresis)
-BP, pulse, and respirations go up &
-you start to drool

2. I kept forgetting which was dangerous when you're pregnant; regular measles
(rubeola), or German measles (rubella), so remember:
-never get pregnant with a German (rubella)

3. When drawing up regular insulin & NPH together, remember:
-RN (regular comes before NPH)

4. Tetralogy of fallot; remember HOPS
H- hypertrophy of right ventricle
O- over-riding aorta
P- pulmonary stenosis
S- septal defect

5. MAOI's that are used as antidepressants:
weird way to remember, I know. pirates say arrrr, so think; pirates take MAOI's
when they're depressed.
- explanation; MAOI's used for depression all have an arrr sound in the middle
(Parnate, Marplan, Nardil)


Autonomic dysreflexia: potentially life threatening emergency
- elevate head of bed to 90 degree
- loosen constrictive clothing
- assess for bladder distention and bowel impaction (triger)
- Administer antihypertensive meds (may cause stroke, MI, seisure )

Normal ICP : 0 - 15mmHg

Pulmonary embolus: S/S
- pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, low-grade fever, tachycardia, blood-tinged sputum.

COPD : S/S
- dyspnea on exertion, barrel chest, clubbed fingers and toes, tachypneic with prolonged
expiratory phase.

Tension pneumothorax - tracheal shift to opposite side, decreased venous return, neck
vein bulge, tachycardia and tachypnea.


allopurinol - for chronic gout
colchicine - for acute gout attack

easy way to remember MAOI'S!

think of PANAMA!
PA - parnate
NA - nardil
MA marplan

the laxative step-ladder....to manage constipation
1. bulk-forming laxatives are first
2. stool softners
3. osmotics
4. stimulants
5. suppositors
6. enemas are last


atropine is contraindicated in paralytic ileus, ulcerative colitits, obstructive GI disorders,
benign prostatic hypertrophy, myasthenia gravis and narrow angle glaucoma

withdrawal s/s of benzos: agitation, nervousness, insominia, anorexia, sweating, muscle
cramps.....basically about the same as alcohol withdrawal s/s.

thrombophlebitis s/s: redness, warmth, and induration along the vein, tenderness on
palpation of the vein.

hypokalemia-prominent U WAVE (u is down hypo), hyperkalemia-tall T wave (T is tall
hyper)

superior vena cava syndrome s/s: nosebleeds, edema in the eyes, edema of hands,
dyspnea, mental status changes.

s/s of rheumatic fever: painful swollen joints, jerky movements, enlarged heart, heart
murmur, nontender lumps on bony areas, white painful lesions on the trunk

s/s of vit B12 deficiency: pallor, slight jaundice, smooth beefy red tongue, tingling hands
and feet, and difficulty with gait

good pasture syndrome affects the lungs and kidneys so expect pulmonary symptoms and
kidney symptoms (failure symptoms)


Metronidazole (Flagyl)- antiviral: no alcohol (unless you planning on vomiting for
awhile)...this drug has a metallic bitter taste.

Digoxin-check pulse, less than 60 hold, check dig levels and potassium levels.

Amphojel: tx of GERD and kidney stones....watch out for contipation.

Vistaril: tx of anxiety and also itching...watch for dry mouth. given preop commonly

Versed: given for conscious sedation...watch for resp depression and hypotension

PTU and Tapazole- prevention of thyroid storm

Sinemet: tx of parkinson...sweat, saliva, urine may turn reddish brown
occassionally...causes drowsiness

Artane: tx of parkinson..sedative effect also

Cogentin: tx of parkinson and extrapyramidal effects of other drugs

Tigan: tx of postop n/v and for nausea associated with gastroenteritis

Timolol (Timoptic)-tx of gluacoma

Bactrim: antibiotic..dont take if allergic to sulfa drugs...diarrhea common side
effect...drink plenty of fluids

Gout Meds: Probenecid (Benemid), Colchicine, Allopurinol (Zyloprim)

Apresoline(hydralazine)-tx of HTN or CHF, Report flu-like symptoms, rise slowly from
sitting/lying position; take with meals.

Bentyl: tx of irritable bowel....assess for anticholinergic side effects.

Calan (verapamil): calcium channel blocker: tx of HTN, angina...assess for constipation

Carafate: tx of duodenal ulcers..coats the ulcer...so take before meals.

Theophylline: tx of asthma or COPD..therap drug level: 10-20

Mucomyst is the antedote to tylenol and is administered orally

Diamox: tx of glaucoma, high altitude sickness...dont take if allergic to sulfa drugs

Indocin: (nsaid) tx of arthritis (osteo, rhematoid, gouty), bursitis, and tendonitis.


Synthroid: tx of hypothyroidism..may take several weeks to take effect...notify doctor of
chest pain..take in the AM on empty stomach..could cause hyperthyroidism.

Librium: tx of alcohol w/d...dont take alchol with this...very bad nausea and vomiting can
occur.

Oncovin (vincristine): tx of leukemia..given IV ONLY

kwell: tx of scabies and lice...(scabies)apply lotion once and leave on for 8-12
hours...(lice) use the shampoo and leave on for 4 minutes with hair uncovered then rinse
with warm water and comb with a fine tooth comb

Premarin:tx after menopause estrogen replacement

Dilantin: tx of seizures. thera drug level: 10-20

Navane: tx of schizophrenia..assess for EPS

Ritalin: tx of ADHD..assess for heart related side effects report immediately...child may
need a drug holiday b/c it stunts growth.

dopamine (Intropine): tx of hypotension, shock, low cardiac output, poor perfusion to
vital organs...monitor EKG for arrhythmias, monitor BP

1. Terbutaline a beta-2 agonist is given for preterm delivery to relaxe
smooth muscle and halt contractions
2. High circulating levels of progesterone released by the "corpus
luteum" are thought to be responsible for the immediate post-
ovulation rise in body temperature
3. Geriatrics pts may increase consumption of salt and sweets b/c
change in test perception... Watch for health problems that may
result from that!
4. 8 month infant => Recognizes but is fearful of strangers
5. 10-12 months infant => 3-words vocabulary1!!!
6. 12 months infant => stands alone
7. 8-12 weeks infant => can hold head up
8. Pregnant woman with "Charley horse" pain (pain in the "gastrocnemius
muscle" =>the muscle in the back part of the leg that forms the greater part
of the calf; responsible for the plantar flexion of the foot) is relieved by
dorsiflexing the foot, which reduces the muscle spasm
9. The criteria used to distinguish TRUE from FALSE labor is "evidence
of cervical change"... Wow!
10. Pediatrics... Lead poisoning primarly affects the CNS, causing
increased ICP. This results in irritability and change of LOC, as well as
seizure disorders, hyperactivity and learning disabilities
11. 4 months infant => palmar grasp
12. 7-9 months infant => can bang 2 cubes together
13. 9-12 months infant => can put a block in a cup
14. 10-12 months infant => can demonstrate pincer grasp
15. Hydatidiform mole => increased HCG levels, marked nausea and
vomiting


A possible complication of impetigo is posstreptococcal glomerulonephritis and
periorbital edema is indicative of postreptocccal glomerulonephritis.

client should weight themselves daily when taking lithium-- and after the first dose, client
should have his/her levels checked within 8-12 hours and two times a week for the first
month. Lithium also causes polyuria and dehydration. S&S of toxicity are, ataxia,
vomiting, diarrhea, muscular weakness and drowsiness.

Gurie blood test helps determine PKU for neonate.

child can return to school with Hep A, a week after onset of jaundice

bulge test is a test for confirming fluid in the knee

it's important not to touch the bed when using defibrilator in order to prevent accidental
countershock!!


Extrusion reflex means is the same meaning as tongue thrust which disappears between
3- 4mos of age.

Administer oral steroids in the morning with food to prevent ulcerogenic effects!

Increased abdominal distention, nausea and vomiting are signs of paralytic ileus that
should be reported to the physician!

It's important for a client with an internal radium implant to be on a low residue diet in
order to prevent many bowel movements because stool can dislodge it.

Heparin is not transmitted to infant from breastfeeding.

Haldol is effective for reducing assaultive behavior, for example, a pt threatening to hurt
another.

Narcotic analgesics are contraindicated for pt's with ICP because it can mask symptoms.

Pt's with SLE(lupus) should be in remission for 5 months before becoming pregnant.

Fixed and DIALATED pupil are signs of ICP and should be reported, it is an emergency.

For stabismus, the brain receives two images.

Vomiting is contraindicated for a pt/child who swallows lighter fluid(hydrocarbons)
because there's a risk of aspiration.

Change IV tubing every 48-72hourse(every time I want to choose every 24 hours!)

Extreme tearing and redness are signs of viral conjunctivits and if there is a worker with
these signs, make sure they are sent home because it is contagous!

For amputations after wound has healed..., assess for skin breakdown, wash, rinse and
dry stump daily, alcohol dries so don't apply DARN IT! , no lotion. Elevate stump 24-
48 hours after surgery, discourage semi fowler's position to prevent contractures of the
hip.

Flush NG tube with 30ml of air before aspirating fluid.

Turp(transurethral resection of the prostate)--hemorrhage is a complication, bleeding
should gradually decrease to light pink in 24 hrs.

DVT: tx with compression stockings, low dose heparin, discourage sitting for prolonged
periods.

Hot and dry=sugar high(symp of hyperglycemia)
cold and clammy=need some candy(hypoglycemia)

Type one diabetes is diagnosed usually before age 15. NO insulin produced

Type 2 diabetes--INSUFFICIENT insulin production. Keto acidosis not common. Affects
adults over 40 mostly.

Diabetes insipidus--history of head injury or pituitary tumor or
craniotomy...HYPOsecretion of ADH. Polyruria,
decreased specific gravity, decreased osmolarity, HYPOvolemia, increased thirst,
tachycardia, decreased bp.

SIADH--excess ADH is released. HYPERvolemia, weightgain, administer
diuretics...Declomycin could be prescribed.

Adrenal crisis: Profound fatigue, dehydration, vascular collapse, renal shut down,
decreased NA, increased K.

Good ol' Maslow:
1st Physiologic needs
2 Security and safety
3 Love and belonging
4 Self actualization

Sterile field and procedure facts...
For sterile field--never turn your back, avoid talking , moisture barriers carries bacteria,
open pack away from field, do not reach over sterile field.

Sterile procedures--Surgical procedures, biopsies, caths, injections, infusions, dressing
changes.

In regards to surgery, aspirin, antidepressants, steroids, nsaids are drugs that put clients at
risk!

The consent for surgery--Dr. gives client explanation, consent signed by Dr., client and
witness. Signed prior to pre op meds, remains a permanent part of client chart.

For pain: PQRST
Provoking
Quality
Region
Severity
Timing

Ask if pain is stabbing, burning crushing.

Narcotics---MORPHINE, MEPERIDINE(DEMEROL),
HYDROMORPHONE(DILAUDID), OXYCODONE(OXYCOTIN).
Non-narcotics--ACETOMINOPHEN(TYLENOL), SALICYLATES.
Non steroidal(NSAIDS) TYLENOL, IBPROFEN, NAPROSYN, INDOCIN.

Clozapine(Clozaril) is used for schizophrenic patient's who don't respond to other
antipsychotic drugs.

(Benztropin)Congentin is used for the extrapyramidal effects associated with
antipsychotic agents.

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) is used to treat hallucinations, agitation, and thought
disorders.

Adenosine(Adenocard) is an antiarrhythmic drug, this drug is good for paroxysmal atrial
tachycardia...it slows conduction from av node.

Atropine for symptomatic bradycardia.

Digoxin for atrial fibrillation.

Lidocaine for ventricular ectopy.

For assessing the abdomen, correct order is INSPECTION, AUSCUTATION,
PERCUSSION, PALPATION "I Am Peed PAAAAA!" )

Cheyne strokes respirations are periods of apnea for 10-60 seconds then slowly
increasing rate and depth... occur typically with heart failure and cerebral depression.

Bulls eye rash is classic in lymes disease.

To relieve breast engorgement, pt should pump each breast for 10 minutes every 3-4
hours and during the night if she's awake.

Anticholinergic effects(drugs that block acetylcholine) cause dry mouth, constipation,
urine retention.

5 rights of delegation
Right task
Right circumstance
Right communication
Right person
Right feed back

Cystic fibrosis is a recesssive trait, there is a one in four chance that each offspring will
have the trait or disorder.

Cushings triad is something to look out for in patient's with increased ICP which is
decreased heart rate, decreased respiratory rate BUT increased blood pressure.


Withdrawal from stimulants results in depression, fatigue and confusion.

Withdrawal from alcohol results in vomiting, nausea, tremors and diaphoresis.

Withdrawal from sedatives results in increased motor activity and tachycardia.

Withdrawal from opioids results in rhinorrhea, abdominal cramps and DIALATED
pupils.

Inflammation: HIPER
Heat
Induration
Pain
Edema
Redness

Hallucinations--sensory perceptions without external stimuli.

Illusions--real stimuli is misinterpreted.

Delusions--falsed fixed belief('I am the queen of England!" for example)

Ok here is for TB drugs
Think SPRITE
S- Streptomycin (Monitor for ototoxic, nephrotoxic and neurotoxic rxn)
P-Pyrazinamide ( Photosensitivity-- so avoid sunlight or UV rays)
R- Rifampin ( Red orange urine is normal.. think about R for rifampin and R for red
urine)
I- INH ( SE is Vit B6 deficiency so pt needs inj. and avoid tyramine containing foods)
T- Tubasal aka Aminosalicylate sodium ( avoid aspirin with this med)
E- Ethambutol ( E for eye problems- assess visual acuity and color discrimination esp to
green)

Also for ventilator alarms
HOLD
High alarm- Obstruction due to incr. secretions, kink, pt. coughs, gag or bites
Low press alarm- Disconnection or leak in ventilatior or in pt. airway cuff, pt. stops
spontaneous breathing

to remember blood sugar:
hot and dry-sugar high (hyperglycemia)
cold and clammy-need some candy (hypoglycemia)

2. ICP AND SHOCK HAVE OPPOSITE V/S
ICP-increased BP, decreased pulse, decreased resp.
shock- decreased BP, increased pulse, increased resp.

3. cor pulmonae: right sided heart failure caused by left ventricular failure
(so pick edema, jvd, if it is a choice.)

4. herion withdrawal neonate: irratable poor sucking

5. Jews: no meat and milk together

6. Brachial pulse: pulse area cpr on an infant.

7. Test child for lead poisioning around 12 months of age

8. bananas, potatoes, citrus fruits source of potassium

11. Cultures are obtained before starting IV antibiotics

12. a pt with leukemia may have epitaxis b/c of low platelets

13. best way to warm a newborn: skin to skin contact covered with a blanket
on mom.

14. when a pt comes in and she is in active labor...nurse first action is to
listen to fetal heart tone/rate

15. phobic disorders...use systematic desensitiztion.


1. Clients of the islam religious group might want to avoid jello, pork and alcohol
2. Most common side effect of daunorucibin (cerubidine) for a client with leukemia
is cardiotoxicity
3. Patient having a surgery on the lower abdomen should be placed in the
trendelenburg position
4. Flumazenil (Romazicon) is the antidote for versed (Needless to remind you that
versed is used for conscious sedation... Say thank you Jean LOL)
5. Patients taking isoniazid (INH) should avoid tuna, red wine, soy sauce, and yeast
extracts b/c of the side effects that can occur such as headaches and hypotension
6. A Patient with gout who is placed on a low-purine diet should avoid spinach,
poultry, liver, lobster, oysters, peas, fish and otmeal
7. A patient who needs a high-iron diet should eat: sliced veal, spinach salad, and
whole-wheat roll
8. Pegfilgastrin (Neulasta) is a chemotherapeutic drug given to patients to increase
the white blood cells count
9. Amphoteracin B (Fungizone) should be mixed with D5W ONLY!!!
10. Pt with leukemia taking doxorubicin (Adriamycin) should be monitored for toxic
effects such as rales and distended neck veins (carditoxicity manifested by change
in ECG and CHF)
11. Cardidopa/levodopa (Sinemet) is given to clients with Parkinson's disease. Watch
for toxic effects such as spasmodic eye winking
12. Nimotop (Nimodipine) is calcium channel blocker that is given to patients with
ruptured cerebral aneurysm. Do you know why? Look it up! Vasospasm...


hope this discussion is moved to Sticky Threads soon, it is so awesome.
1. A conductive hearing loss involves interference in the transmission of sound waves to
the inner ear.
2. A sensorineural hearing loss is the result of nerve impairment.
3. An acoustic neuroma is a benign Schwann cell that adversely impacts the 8th cranial
nerve.
4. DKA is an acute insulin deficiency followed by a decrease in glucose in body cells and
an increase production of glucose by the liver.
5. Lymphedema results from an obstruction of lymph circulation and can be aquired or
can be secondary to other disorders.
6. The Reed-Sternberg cell is the malignant cell type associated with Hodgkin's Disease.
7. The incidence if Hodgkins and non - Hodgkins lymphomas are increased in those
taking drugs such as phenytoin ( Dilantin ).


Necrosis is "tissue death " whereas gangrene is necrosis on a larger scale.
Gangrene usually results from interruption of blood flow/supply to large
areas of tissue or bone. Commonly affected areas are the extremeties (
fingers, toes, lower legs, etc ) or the bowel.
Dry Gangrene= occurs when the necrotic tissue has little blood supply and is
relatively aseptic.
Wet Gangrene= is potentially life threatening due to release of toxins into
the bloodstream.
Gas Gangrene= is gangrene infected with a gas bacillus, most commonly,
Colstridium Perfringens.
Treatment is usually debridement of the wound, cleansing the area with an
antibacterial or antiseptic, removal of the affected tissue, and possibly a
course of antibiotics.

1. S/S croup (child) => hoarse voice, inspiratory stridor, barking cough
2. Client with hepatic encephalopathy => Neomycin decreases serum ammonia
concentration by decreasing the number of ammonia producing bacteria in the GI
tract
3. A 2 year old can remove one garment
4. A 2 and half year old can build a tower of eight cubes and point out a picture
5. A 3 year old can wash and dry his/her hands
6. S/S perforated colon => severe abdominal pain, fever, decreasing LOC
7. Hyperglycemia => b/c polyuria assess for signs of deficit fluid volume such as
rapid, thready pulse, decreased BP, and rapid respirations
8. A child with nephrotic syndrome is at risk of skin breakdown from generalized
edema
9. Tetracycline should be taken on an empty stomach. Avoid dairy products, Ca,
Mg, Al and Fe (Iron)
10. Upper GI series => NPO 6-8 hrs b/f procedure
11. Mumps is the childhood infectious disease that most significantly affects male
fertility
12. Client allergic to penicillin may be also allergic to cephalosporins
13. Infants and children up to age 7 are abdominal breathers
14. Placental transport of substances to/from the fetus begins in the 5th week
15. Duration of contractions => period from the onset of uterine tightening to uterine
relaxation
16. Frequency of contractions => period b/t one contraction and the beginning of the
next contraction
17. Erbs point => 3rd L ICS; pulmonic and aortic murmurs are best heard there


1. One of the CHF symptoms is S3 ventricular gallop
2. Hypertensive crisis => Priority in the first hour is brain damage due to rupture of
the cerebral blood vessels. Neurologic status must be closely monitored
3. Client with A-fib => a cold, pale lower leg suggests the presence of an embolus.
Peripheral pulses should be checked immediately
4. S/S anemia in a 10 months old infant => pale mucosa of eyelids and lips
5. S/S dehydration in 2 years old => sunken eyes, dry tongue, lethargy, irritability,
dry skin, decreased play activity, and increased pulse
6. Pt with anaphylaxis => The entire body may turn bright red b/c massive
vasodilation
7. Teaching pt with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome => Report promptly to his/her
healthcare provider any finding of peptic ulcer (night time awakening with
burning, cramp-like abdominal pain, vomiting and even hematemesis, and change
in appetite)
8. Infant with epiglottitis : 4 D's => Drooling, Dysphagia, Dysphonia and Distress
inspiratory efforts
9. Niacin (Vit B) is a lipid lowering agent. Foods high in Niacin are meats, eggs,
milk, dairy products
10. Child with 3 C's (Cough-Choke-Cyanosis) should be assessed for
tracheoesophagial fistula
11. Gastric lavage is a priority for an infant who has been identified as suffering from
botulism
12. Viral meningitis usually does not require protective measures


Myasthenia gravis--muscle weakness that occurs mostly in the throat and face as results
from the deficits of the nerve impulses conducting at the myoneural junction.
Pancuronium and succinylcholine are neromuscular agents that should be used with
caution because of the chance of prolonging recovery.

Clients with CRF are to be on a high carbohydrate diet to prevent protein metabolism.
Pt's must limit protein, sodium and potassium and fluids because the kidneys cannot
excrete an adequate amount of urine.

ABG's is the best way to monitor pulmonary status by analyzing the level of hypoxia
caused by pulmonary edema and for monitoring effects of treatment.

Cardiogenic shock--there is low cardiac output from heart pump failure such as in heart
failure, sever cardiomyopathy, acute MI.

Pancreatitis-high carb, low fat diet.

IV cimetidine(Tagamant) given as treatment for a bleeding peptic ulcer may experience
hyptotention if given too rapidly

Watch for cardiac arrythmias when suctioning pt from an ET because of the loss of
oxygen.

Chest pain and dypnea are classic signs of pulmonary embolism, typically they may have
a cough with blood tinged sputum.

1. Larngotracheobronchitis: inspiratory stridor and restlessness
2. Thorazine: antidote cogentine SE: akathisia(motor restlessness)
dystonia(tongue protrusion, abnormal posture) and diskinesia(stiff neck, difficulty
swallowing)
3. Toddlers- parrallel play; infants enjoy company but self play.
4. IV infiltraton D/C IV and apply warm compress.
5. Urticaria= hives.
6. Graves disease: enlarged thyroid, increased metoblism and of course weight
loss.
7. The goal for COPD is to improve ventilation.
8. From birth to 18 months Trust vs Mistrust
9 HbA1C- indicates BS for past 6-8 weeks(time varies with source) 2.5-6%
normal.
10. myasthemia gravis: autoimmune disease of neuro jnx. destroys Acetylecholine
receptors.
11. Meniere's: Inner ear disease: vertigo, tinnitus, sensorineuro hearing loss, N/V
12. Use play therapy for children d/t inability to verbalize emotions.
13. Phenergan: Check vein patency (very important)
14. Visine: contraindicated in glaucoma d/t vasocontriction

1. Autonomic Dysreflexia--asses Bladder, Bowel, Skin
2. GIVE Dantrolene to treat pt. in MH crisis
3. JOMACS (mini mental status exam)= Judgement, Orientation, Memory,
Affect, Consciousness, Speech
4. -ostomy- make opening
5. -oscopy- look into or at
6. -otomy- cutting into
7. -ectomy- removal of
9. Colporrhaphy- surgical repair of the vagina (Very random )
10. Do not Palpate WILM's tumor
11. Albumin is the best indicator of nutritional status
12. In V-fib always look at pt first anything can mimic the pattern on EKG
13. V-tach is usually caused by an underlying cause treat cause
14. Percipitous delivery may cause amniotic emboli
15. Hct: Hgb approx 3:1
16. WBC= 5-10 (thousand)
17. Platlets= 150-400 (thousand)
18. PPI's stop gastric acid secretion (permanantly)
19. Vasoconsrtiction stops itching and inflamation (give cool bath)
20. Anticholinergic effects- Cant SEE, Cant PEE, Cant POOP, and dry mouth
21. Trauma to frontal may casuse Frontal Lobe disinhibition
22. Creatinine is the best indicator of renal funtion
23. Every drop of urine counts during 24hr creatinine clearence (if one sample is
thrown out must start over) First void of the morning is not included but the first
pee of the next morning is (because it is considered Last nights urine)
24. Best position to improve resp. effort = Left Lateral, Folwer & modifications
of it

1. When getting down to two answers, choose the assessment answer (assess,
collect, auscultate, monitor, palpate) over the intervention except in an
emergency or distress situation. If one answer has an absolute, discard it.
Give priority to answers that deal directly to the patients body, not the
machines/equipments.
2. Key words are very important. Avoid answers with absolutes for example:
always, never, must, etc.
3. with lower amputations patient is placed in prone position.
4. small frequent feedings are better than larger ones.
5. Assessment, teaching, meds, evaluation, unstable patient cannot be
delegated to an Unlicensed Assistive Personnel.
6. LVN/LPN cannot handle blood.
7. Amynoglycosides (like vancomycin) cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.
8. IV push should go over at least 2 minutes.
9. If the patient is not a child an answer with family option can be ruled
out easily.
10. In an emergency, patients with greater chance to live are treated first
.
11. ARDS (fluids in alveoli), DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulaton)
are always secondary to something else (another disease process).
12. Cardinal sign of ARDS is hypoxemia (low oxygen level in tissues).
13. in pH regulation the 2 organs of concern are lungs/kidneys.
14. edema is in the interstitial space not in the cardiovascular space.
15. weight is the best indicator of dehydration
16. wherever there is sugar (glucose) water follows.
17. aspirin can cause Reyes syndrome (encephalopathy) when given to
children
18. when aspirin is given once a day it acts as an antiplatelet.
19. use Cold for acute pain (eg. Sprain ankle) and Heat for chronic (
rheumatoid arthritis)
20. guided imagery is great for chronic pain.
21. when patient is in distress, medication administration is rarely a good
choice.
22. with pneumonia, fever and chills are usually present. For the elderly
confusion is often present.
23. Always check for allergies before administering antibiotics (especially
PCN). Make sure culture and sensitivity has been done before adm. First dose
of antibiotic.
24. Cor pulmonale (s/s fluid overload) is Right sided heart failure caused
by pulmonary disease, occurs with bronchitis or emphysema.
25. COPD is chronic, pneumonia is acute. Emphysema and bronchitis are
both COPD.
26. in COPD patients the baroreceptors that detect the CO2 level are
destroyed. Therefore, O2 level must be low because high O2 concentration
blows the patients stimulus for breathing.
27. exacerbation: acute, distress.
28. epi always given in TB syringe.
29. prednisone toxicity: cushings syndrome= buffalo hump, moon face, high
glucose, hypertension.
30. 4 options for cancer management: chemo, radiation, surgery, allow to
die with dignity.
31. no live vaccines, no fresh fruits, no flowers should be used for
neutropenic patients.
32. chest tubes are placed in the pleural space.
33. angina (low oxygen to heart tissues) = no dead heart tissues. MI=
dead heart tissue present.
34. mevacor (anticholesterol med) must be given with evening meal if it is
QD (per day).
35. Nitroglycerine is administered up to 3 times (every 5 minutes). If
chest pain does not stop go to hospital. Do not give when BP is < 90/60.
36. Preload affects amount of blood that goes to the R ventricle.
Afterload is the resistance the blood has to overcome when leaving the heart.

37. Calcium channel blocker affects the afterload.
38. for a CABG operation when the great saphenous vein is taken it is
turned inside out due to the valves that are inside.
39. unstable angina is not relieved by nitro.
40. dead tissues cannot have PVCs(premature ventricular contraction. If
left untreated pvcs can lead to VF (ventricular fibrillation).
41. 1 t (teaspoon)= 5 ml
1 T(tablespoon)= 3 t = 15 ml
1 oz= 30 ml
1 cup= 8 oz
1 quart= 2 pints
1 pint= 2 cups
1 gr (grain)= 60 mg
1 g (gram)= 1000 mg
1 kg= 2.2 lbs
1 lb= 16 oz
* To convert Centigrade to F. F= C+40, multiply 9/5 and substract 40
* To convert Fahrenheit to C. C= F+40, multiply 5/9 and substract 40.
42. angiotensin II in the lungs= potent vasodialator. Aldosterone attracts
sodium.
43. REVERSE AGENTS FOR TOXICITY
heparin= protamine sulfate
coumadin= vitamin k
ammonia= lactulose
acetaminophen= n-Acetylcysteine.
Iron= deferoxamine
Digitoxin, digoxin= digibind.
Alcohol withdraw= Librium.
- methadone is an opioid analgesic used to detoxify/treat pain in
narcotic addicts.
- Potassium potentiates dig toxicity.
44. heparin prevents platelet aggregation.
45. PT/PTT are elevated when patient is on coumadin
46. cardiac output decreases with dysrythmias. Dopamine increases BP.
47. Med of choice for Vtach is lidocaine
48. Med of choice for SVT is adenosine or adenocard
49. Med of choice for Asystole (no heart beat) is atropine
50. Med of choice for CHF is Ace inhibitor.
51. Med of choice for anaphylactic shock is Epinephrine
52. Med of choice for Status Epilepticus is Valium.
53. Med of choice for bipolar is lithium.
54. Amiodorone is effective in both ventricular and atrial complications.
55. S3 sound is normal in CHF, not normal in MI.
56. give carafate (GI med) before meals to coat stomach
57. Protonix is given prophylactically to prevent stress ulcers.
58. after endoscopy check gag reflex.
59. TPN(total parenteral nutrition) given in subclavian line.
60. low residue diet means low fiver
61. diverticulitis (inflammation of the diverticulum in the colon) pain is
around LL quadrant.
62. Appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix) pain is in RL quadrant with
rebound tenderness.
63. portal hypotension + albuminemia= Ascites.
64. beta cells of pancreas produce insulin
65. Morphine is contraindicated in Pancreatitis. It causes spasm of the
Sphincter of Oddi. Therefore Demerol should be given.
66. Trousseau and Tchovoski signs observed in hypocalcemia
67. with chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic enzymes are given with meals.
68. Never give K+ in IV push.
69. mineral corticoids are give in Addisons disease.
70. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)= when body is breaking down fat instead of
sugar for energy. Fats leave ketones (acids) that cause pH to decrease.
71. DKA is rare in diabetes mellitus type II because there is enough
insulin to prevent breakdown of fats.
72. Sign of fat embolism is petechiae. Treated with heparin.
73. for knee replacement use continuous passive motion machine.
74. give prophylactic antibiotic therapy before any invasive procedure.
75. glaucoma patients lose peripheral vision. Treated with meds
76. cataract= cloudy, blurry vision. Treated by lens removal-surgery
77. Co2 causes vasoconstriction.
78. most spinal cord injuries are at the cervical or lumbar regions
79. autonomic dysreflexia ( life threatening inhibited sympathetic response
of nervous system to a noxious stimulus- patients with spinal cord injuries
at T-7 or above) is usually caused by a full bladder.
80. spinal shock occurs immediately after spinal injury
81. Multiple sclerosis= myelin sheat destruction, disruption in nerve
impulse conduction.
82. myasthenia gravis= decrease in receptor sites for acetylcholine. Since
smallest concentration of ACTH receptors are in cranial nerves, expect fatigue
and weakness in eye, mastication, pharyngeal muscles.
83. Tensilon test given if muscle is tense in myasthenia gravis.
84. Guillain-Barre syndrome= ascending paralysis. Keep eye on respiratory
system.
85. parkinsons = RAT: rigidity, akinesia (loss of muscle mvt), tremors.
Treat with levodopa.
86. TIA (transient ischemic attack) mini stroke with no dead brain tissue
87. CVA (cerebrovascular accident) is with dead brain tissue.
88. Hodgkins disease= cancer of lymph is very curable in early stage.
89. Rule of NINES for burns
Head and Neck= 9%
Each upper ext= 9%
Each lower ext= 18%
Front trunk= 18%
Back trunk= 18%
Genitalia= 1% ?

90. Birth weight doubles by 6 month and triple by 1 year of age.
91. if HR is <100 do not give dig to children.
92. first sign of cystic fibrosis may be meconium ileus at birth. Baby is
inconsolable, do not eat, not passing meconium.
93. heart defects. Remember for cyanotic -3Ts( Tof, Truncys arteriosus,
Transposition of the great vessels). Prevent blood from going to heart. If
problem does not fix or cannot be corrected surgically, CHF will occur
following by death.
94. with R side cardiac cath=look for valve problems
95. with L side in adults look for coronary complications.
96. rheumatic fever can lead to cardiac valves malfunctions.
97. cerebral palsy = poor muscle control due to birth injuries and/or
decrease oxygen to brain tissues.
98. ICP (intracranial pressure) should be <2. measure head circonference.
99. dilantin level (10-20). Can cause gingival hyperplasia
100. for Meningitis check for Kernigs/ Brudzinskis signs.
101. Wilms tumor is usually encapsulated above the kidneys causing flank
pain.
102. hemophilia is x-linked. Mother passes disease to son.
103. when phenylalanine increases, brain problems occur.
104. Bucks traction= knee immobility
105. Russell traction= femur or lower leg
106. Dunlap traction= skeletal or skin
107. Bryants traction= children <3y, <35 lbs with femur fx.
108. place apparatus first then place the weight when putting traction
109. placenta should be in upper part of uterus
110. eclampsia is seizure.
111. a patient with a vertical c-section surgery will more likely have
another c-section.
112. perform amniocentesis before 20 weeks gestation to check for cardiac
and pulmonary abnormalities.
113. Rh- mothers receive rhogam to protect next baby.
114. anterior fontanelle closes by 18 months. Posterior 6 to 8 weeks.
115. caput succedaneum= diffuse edema of the fetal scalp that crosses the
suture lines. Swelling reabsorbs within 1 to 3 days.
116. pathological jaundice= occurs before 24hrs and last7 days.
Physiological jaundice occurs after 24 hours.
117. placenta previa = there is no pain, there is bleeding. Placenta
abruption = pain, but no bleeding.
118. bethamethasone (celestone)=surfactant. Med for lung expansion.
119. dystocia= baby cannot make it down to canal
120. pitocin med used for uterine stimulation
121. Magnesium sulfate(used to halt preterm labor) is contraindicated if
deep tendon reflexes are ineffective. If patient experiences seizure during
magnesium adm. Get the baby out stat (emergency).
122. Do not use why or I understand statement when dealing with patients
123. milieu therapy= taking care of patient/environment
124. cognitive therapy= counseling
125. crisis intervention=short term.
126. FIVE INTERVENTIONS FOR PSYCH PATIENTS
-safety
-setting limits
-establish trusting relationship
-meds
-leas restrictive methods/environment.
126. SSRIs (antidepressants) take about 3 weeks to work.
127. Obsession is to thought. Compulsion is to action
128. if patients have hallucinations redirect them. In delusions distract
them.
129. Thorazine, haldol (antipsychotic) can lead to EPS (extrapyramidal side
effects)
130. Alzheimers disease is a chronic, progressive, degenerative cognitive
disorder that accounts for more than 60% of all dementias


For a nurse to treat chest pain with standing orders for the nurse to implement before
notifying the physican, heres how the order goes....

Give O2 2L/min(nasal canula)
Check vital signs(particularly blood pressure)
Administer sublingual nitro
Evaluate the client's response

Codeine's onset of action is 30 minutes.

Couple quick laboratory values:
Potassium--normal 3.5-5.5mEq/L( side note: hypokalemia depresses the release of
insulin and also results in glucose intolorance)

Chloride--normal--100-110mEq/L

Bun--normal--8-26 mg/dl

Creatinine--normal--0.8-1.4mg/dl

The client with a laryngectomy should keep his house humidified to prevent irritation of
the stoma that can occur during low humidity---of course avoid swimming.

Lymphedema is the result of removing or irradiating the axillary lymph
nodes.

The primary signs of breast cancer are a painless mass in the breast, usually
in the upper outer quadrant.

Tamoxifen may help to prevent breast cancer.

After a mastectomy, patients should be advised to sleep on the unaffected
side.

Simmond's disease is a rare disorder that results from destruction of the
pituitary gland.

Diabetes insipidus results from a lack of antidiuretic hormone.

Aldactone is used to treat ascites, as it specifically antagonizes aldosterone.


Delirium is a sudden transient state of confusion that may be brought on by high fever,
head trauma or other disorders.
In dementia, there is a gradual and irreversible loss of intellectual abilities.



Arterial disorders
Buerger's disease- males
Raynaud's disease - females

S/S- cold, numbness, decrease peripheral pulses, skin/nail changes classic sign-
Intermittent claudication (pain while walking because O2 demand incr)

Causes of Buerger and Raynaud's disease
-smoking, cold, emotions--causes VASOCONSTRICTION!!
-affects lower extremities and fingers

Treatment- Avoid smoking, avoid cold- Wear gloves and shoes that fit well and avoid
trauma to foot

Never elevate legs because aterial blood (oxygenated blood) is having difficulty
getting to tissue. Instead we dangle leg at side of bed to promote circulation!!!


Radioactive iodine precautions- stay distance of 1 arm length from babies/ preggo within
24 hour period, avoid sharing foods and utensils.


Hemophilia A is caused by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII.

No conduction between the atria and ventricles would be a third degree
block.

A patient who gets an organ transplant is a t risk for graft-vs-host disease.

Eczema, recurrent bloody diarrhea, and thrombocytopenia are characteristic
of Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome.

ACE-I exert their effect by reducing preload.

Digitalis and related cardiac glycosides act by directly inhibiting the Na/K
pump in the cell membranes.

In the unconscious patient, a doll's eye reflex indicates intact brain stem
function.

Just a couple I just thought of, not sure if anyone posted it already

1. To remember how to draw up INSULIN think:
Nicole Richie RN (a teacher taught us this is school, thought it was
funny and never forgot it!!!)
Air into NPH, then air into regular, draw up regular then draw up NPH

2. HYPERthyroidism think of MICHAEL JACKSON in THRILLER!
SKINNY, NERVOUS, BULDGING EYES, Up all night, heart beating fast

There is just a couple I thought of...i'll try to think of some more!

Atropine used to decrease secretions
Phenergan an antiemetic used to reduce nausea
Diazepam is a commonly used tranquilizer given to reduce anxiety before OR
Demerol is for pain control

Do not give demerol to pts. with sickle cell crisis.

Iron injections should be given Z-track so they don't leak into SQ tissues.

tay sach's disease - cherry-red spots in the macula

down's syndrome - white flecks in the iris

osteogenesis imperfecta - blue tinged sclera


Types of partial seizures
y Simple partial: symptoms confined to one hemisphere
y Complex partial: begins in one focal area; spreads to both hemispheres.
Types of generalized seizures
y Abscense (petit mal): loss of responsiveness, but continued ability to maintain
posture control and not fall.
y Myoclonic: movement disorder (not a seizure)
y Clonic: opposing muscles contract and relax alternately in rhythmic pattern.
y Tonic: muscles are maintained in continuous contracted state (rigid posture)
y Tonic-clonic: (grand mal, major motor); violent total body seizure
y Atonic: drop and fall attack
y Akinetic: suddenr brief loss of muscle tone or posture.


y Terbutaline: Medication given to stop pre-term labor
y Methergine: Given for postpartum hemorrhage.
y Cervidil: Cervical ripening agent
y Mag Sulfate: Pregnancy Induced Hypertension - prevents seizure. Absence of
deep tendon reflex is sign of toxicity
y Pitocin: Used for induction of labor and postpartum to help the uterus contract.
y Early Decelerations are okay, follow the contraction.
y Late Decelerations are a sign of fetal distress and continue after contraction.
Reposition client (left side)
y 3- 5 beat Variability in FHR is good sign, you want to see that.
y Stop pitocin if contractions longer than 90 seconds and closer than 2 minutes.
y Once the membranes rupture, important to monitor temperature hourly as risk for
infection increases.
y First thing to do after rupture is to auscultate fetal heart tones! Assessing for cord
prolapse if decels occur.
y Analgesics are typically not given during the transitional phase of labor as
delivery is imminent and could lead to decreased respiratory rate in neonate.
y If patient has boggy uterus - place the infant to nipple, it causes release of natural
pitocin
y If uterus deviated to one side - encourage client to void.
y Rhogam given to Rh negative mothers with Rh positive babies.




1. S/s of a perforated peptic ulcer include: sudden, severe upper abd pain, vomiting,
and a very tender rigid abdomen.

2. After a cardiac cath--the site is monitored for bleeding and hematoma
formation, the pulses palpated distal to the site q 15 min for at least an hour,
patient is on bedrest with lower extremities extended for 8 hrs.

3. Cullen's sign (the bluish discoloration around the umbilicus) is often seen with
with a perforated pancreas.

4. The 6 F's are causes of abd distention: flatus, feces, fetus, fluid, fat, and fatal
neoplasm.

5. An elevated serum amylase level is a cardinal sign of pancreatitis.

6. S/s of digitalis toxicity: blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, light flashes, and
yellowish-green halos around dark objects.


Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled with a normal breath.
Insiratory reserve volume is the maximum volume of air inspired at the end
of normal inspiration.
Expiratory reserve volume is the maximum volume of air exhaled after a
normal respiration.
Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air expired after maximal
inspiration.
Pleurisy is an inflammation of the visceral and parietal pleura.
A collection of fluid between the visceral and parietal pleura is a pleural
effusion.

1.Versedgiven before cardioversion/ hypnotic/sedative hold digitalis 48 before
cardioversion to prevent ventricular fibrillation.

2. Plasmapheresis similar to hymodialysis/ done to remove antibodies that may be
causing symptoms
- warm blankets to prevent chills and hypothermia that may occur during plasmapheresis
3. Cholsetyramine (Questran)-- for hypercholesterolemia -- comes in gritty powder that
must be mixed thoroughly in juice or water before administration
Monitor for s/sx of peptic ulcer
Taken with sufficient liquids.
4. Lovastin (Mevaco) shld not be administered with anti coagulant
Caution immunosuppressive medications
Monitor liver enzymes
Instruct pt to have eye exam bec the med causes cataract formation
5. Gemfibrozil (Lopid should not be taken with anticoagulants, and if client is taking
anticoagulant, the anticoagulant shld be reduced and the INR shld be monitor closely
Do not administer Lopid with lovastin

1. Levophed infuse with dextrose solution
Client should be attended at all times

2. Dopamine - headache is an early symptom of drug excess/ use infusion pump

3. Isuprel do not t give at hs interrupts sleep patterns

4. Sudafed S/E dry mouth, palpitations, difficulty urinating. Do not take at hs/
dont combine with MAOI

5. Dobutrex incompatible with alkaline sol (Sodium Bicarb) / administer thru
Central Venous Cath or large peripheral vein using an infusion pump
Monitor EKG, BP, I and O, K+



1. Before administering lidocaine, always check the vial label to prevent
administering a form that contains epi or preservatives because these solutions are
used for local anesthesia only
1:100 only for inhalation
1:1000 for parenteral admin (SC or IM)

2. Do not administer antidysrthmics with food or antacids to reduce gastro stress
Always administer IV antidysrthymics via an infusion pump

3. Amiodarone hydrochloride may cause pulmonary fibrosis, photosensitivity,
bluish skin discoloration, corneal deposits, peripheral neuropathy, tremor, poor
coordination, abnormal gait, and hypothyroidism.
Instruct client taking amiodarone to use sunscreen and protective clothing to
prevent photosensitivity rxn

4. Bretylium tosylate may cause vertigo, syncope, and dizziness
After administering bretylium, keep the client supine and monitor for
hypotension.
.
5. Sodium Nitroprusside (Nitropress) Direct Acting Vasodilator
Monitor cyanide and thiocyanate levels
Protect from light because the medication decomposes
When administering, solution must be wrapped in aluminum foil and is stable for
24 hrs. Discard medication when it turns red or blue.


Myocardial Infarction: Think MONA: Morphine, O2, Nitro, ASA

When palpating a fundus on a postpartum patient, always have them void first

When Brethine is given for preterm labor, tachycardia is always the problem

Epiglottiditis: priority is having a trach set at the bedside and NEVER inspect the throat!
It causes spasms and can occlude the airway

Veinous occlusion (DVT) think warm and red...increase venous RETURN by RAISING
the leg
Arterial occlusion think cold and pale..increase arterial outflow by keeping the leg in a
flat or slightly dependent position

Newborn infant with tuft of hair: spina bifida occulta

White spots on a babys gums are normal..called epsteins pearls

Fundal height > # of weeks pregnant = always suspect hydatiform mole

1 oz= 30 mL 1 tsp= 5mL 1 tbsp= 15 mLs

Patients taking antipsychotics are at risk for Neuroleptic Maligant Syndrome which is a
medical emergency characterized by hyperthermia


uncuffed endotracheal tubes are used in children up to age 8
1.epidural anesthesia is placed outside the dura
2.give 1 cc of epi of it enters the vessels to combat vascular collaspe
3.spinal anesthesia is placed in the subaracnoid space
4.children 1yr and older are NPO 8-hours prior to surgery
5.children under 1yr are given formula 6-hours prior to surgery and clear liquids 4-hours
before

1. S/S lithium toxicity: lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea
2. When giving rectal suppository, advance approximatively 3 inches into the
rectum
3. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) inhibits methotrexate excretion, which increase the
risk of methotrexate toxicity
4. Glucagon interacts adversely with oral anticoagulants, increasing the
anticoagulant effects
5. Amitriptyline (Elavil) is an antidepressant that can have an additive effect when
used with other CNS depressants (antihistamines, antpsychotics,...)
6. Concomitant use of corticosteroids and terbutaline (Bricanyl) may cause
pulmonary edema
7. Tetracycline should be taken on an empty stomach
8. Tricyclic antidepressants can have anticholinergic adverse effects whith dry
mouth being the most common
9. Metronidazole (Flagyl) commonly causes a metallic taste
10. Meteprolol masks the common signs of hypoglycemia; therefore glucose level
should be monitored closely in diabetics
11. A cholinergic blocking agent may delay the sublingual absorption of nitroglycerin
because of dry mouth


spantaneous abortion most commonly present Pain followed by bleeding

Medications that are contrindicated in breast-feeding
mothers
y Tetracyline inhibition of bone growth
y Warfin * safe to use? Hand out
y Chloramphenicol bone marrow suppression
Magnesium Sulfate becomes toxic at:
y Loss of reflexes
Levels > 8 meq/L
y Respiratory arrest
Level > 12 meq/L


Two drugs are used to treat Eclampsia
y Magnesium Sulfate 4-6q IV bolus

Followed by a: 2 g/h infusion:
y Hydralazine 10-20 mg IV
Staphylococcus aureus common cause mastitis
y 1st week of postpartum not present (mastitis)
Seen:
3-4 weeks post partum

SX:
y Fever
y Chills
y swollen red breast
normal fetal heart rates

120-160 Bpm

Abnormal
If bradycardia is detected, position the mother on her left side
y give O2
y IV fluid Bolus.


when giving Bronchodilator & Glucocorticoids at the same time, give the
bronchodilator first. remember B before G!


Acute blood loss ( hemorrhuge ) ls llkely to cuuse slnus tuchycurdlu.

:hen the heurt rute lncreuses wlth lnsplrutlon und decreuses wlth explrutlon lt ls
culled slnus urrythmlu.

:hen someones heurt "sklps u beut" thls ls most tlmes culled premuture utrlul
complex.

The person who hyperventllutes ls most llkely to experlence resplrutory ulkulosls.

:hen u pleurul effuslon recurs wlthln duys or weeks followlng u thorucentesls, thls
usuully lndlcutes the underlylng cuuse ls u mullgnuncy.

Estrogen lnfluences flbrocystlc breust chunges.

In the TNM clusslflcutlon system, the "N" stunds for node.

Edemu, uscltes, und heputomeguly ure churucterlstlc of rlght-slded curdluc fullure.

:hen ussesslng for heurt fullure the echocurdlogrum ls the most lmportunt test.

Lower extremlty rubor lndlcutes urterlul dumuge.


The patient who is neutropenic from chemotherapy should not eat fresh produce or have
fresh flowers in their room. Visitors should be cautioned to wash their hands extra well
before entering the room.

The most frequent cause of increased platelet destruction is DIC ( disseminated
intravascular coagulation ).

With Hirschprung's disease the infant presents with failure to thrive, abdominal
distention, and ribbon like stools.

Dopamine is used to treat hypotension.

Nitroprusside is used for hypertensive emergencies.

Tumor lysis syndrome is a potential complication of leukemia.

A deficiency of vitamin A is linked to lung cancer.

Following an angiogram, the nurse should watch for bleeding at the femoral insertion
site.

y Greatest threat to a pedi pt recovering from a bone marrow transplant is infection
b/c of non-functioning WBCs.

* Clinical manifestations of intracranial tumor: Ha, vomit, papilladema, sz
activity.

* Toxic effects of vincristine are: N/V/A, urinary retention, neurotox, alopecia

* A chemo agent that crosses the blood-brain barrier is cytarabine (Cytosar)

* Kids w/ Cerebal Palsy are at risk for nutritional deficits b/c they have difficulty
chewing and swallowing.

* DUH -- how did I NOT get this question right -- Prednisone suppresses
immunity!

* Pts with nephrotic syndrome require good skin care and frequent position
changes d/t edema.

* Myelomeningocele involves a protruding, sac-like structure that contains:
meninges, spinal fluid and neural tissue.

* When a 2 year old has 3 dolls and won't share w/ another child, the best way to
deal w/ situation is to go find another doll for the other kid -- once the kid is 3
y.o., they can begin to share toys (interesting factoid for me -- a single girl w/out
kids).

* Therapeutic management for a kid with ringworm is oral griseofulvin.

* Increased physical exercise will increase the use of glucose and decrease the
body's need for insulin.

* After leukemia, brain tumors cause the most deaths in peds.

Ready for cardio?... Note: decr = decrease; incr = increase

*CVP will be increased in CHF; decr CVP is shock (vasodilation) or hemorrhage.

* Decr Na+ levels could be a development of dig toxicity.

* Newborn w/ sickle cell anemia will not have s/s b/c of incr Hgb in fetal blood
(could go back up to peds, I know).

* S/S of pulmonary embolism: sharp, stabbing chest pain that worsens on
inspiration; incr pulse, dyspnea; productive cough;tachycardia; hemoptysis

* Diltiazin (Cardizem) a calcium-channel blocker, inhibits Ca++ transport in heart
and vasculary muscle cells therefore inhibiting excitation and subsequent
contraction.

* 1st sign of digoxcin tox is decreased pulse.

* An AE for hyperstat which is given for hypertensive crisis is incr blood
glucose.

* PVCs could lead to v. fib.

* DOC (drug of choice) for controlling vedntricular arrhythmias is lidocaine.

* Early sign of lidocaine OD is: bradycardia, decr BP, confusion, severe
dizziness or faint.

* In aortic stenosis, CO will decrease

* S/S of angina: pain; tachy/bradyarrhythmia

* Contractility of myocardium decr in late stage of MI due to acidosis.

* In ventricular tachycardia, atria and ventricles usually beat independently.

* A mitral murmur can best be heard at the apex (bottom) of the heart -- I'd
always gone by the mneumonic tri-right; mitral -left, but it didn't get me very far
on this question...



Epiglottitis often = kiddo in tripod position

Acid-Base

Check first for pH: If increase =alkalosis
If decrease =acidosis
If: Resp acidosis- ph= below 7.35 / PaC02 =above 100 (resp. depression)
Resp alkalosis-ph= above 7.45 / PaC02 =below 80mmHG(hypervent)

If: Metab acidosis- ph=below 7.35 / HC03 = below 21mEqL
Metab alkalosis-ph=above 7.45/HC03 = above 27mEqL


Niacin can produce negative effects ( when taken to excess as vitamin supp ). Reactions
include a reddened flush on the skin of the face,arms,and chest, accompanied by burning,
tingling and itching.

Vitamin A is for vision, tissue growth ( skin and mucous membranes ),reproduction, and
immune function.

Meconium ileus is a sign of cystic fibrosis.

" Blue spells " or "tet spells" is characteristic of tetrology of fallot.

An important pharmacologic regimine for cystic fibrosis is pancreatic enzymes.


Naturally aquired active immunity: results from having the disease and recovering
successfully.

Naturally aquired passive immunity: antibodies received from placenta or breast milk.

Artificially aquired active immunity: from immunizations.

Artificially aquired passive immunity: antibodies transfered from sensitized person as in
immune serum globulin ( gamma globulin ).


Altered direction of the urinary stream is indicative of hypospadias.

A gluten-free diet is needed in celiac disease.

The development of the fetus is directly related to the diet of the mother.

Egg protein has a higher biological value than meat protein.


1. Ace Inhibitors can cause hyperkalemia and chronic cough- pt's should
not use salt substitutes because they are mostly made from K+ which
will further increase the K+

2. Valium- suppresses non-rem sleep. Overdose Antidote is flumazenil.

3. There is no antidote for barbiturates which suppress REM sleep. S/S of
allergy to barbiturates is Barbs=prickly sensation ,edema of
membranes in mouth.

4. Tylenol = Liver toxic (no more than 4 g/day) Give Mucomyst for
overdose. Whereas, Ibuprofen = kidney toxic

5. Vancomycin- treats MRSA; Adverse Effects- Red man syndrome-
flushing from quick admin of this Rx can be prevented with benadryl before
admin of RX.


Ileostomy is an opening of the ileum onto the abdominal surface; most frequently done for
treatment of ulcerative colitis, but may also be done for Crohn's disease.

Continent ileostomy ( Kock's Pouch ) is an intra-abdominal reservoir with a nipple valve
formed from the distal ileum. The pouch acts as a reservoir for feces and is cleaned at
regular intervals by insertion of a catheter.

Morphine causes spasms of the Sphincter of Oddi, which will result in worsening an
episode of acute pancreatitis.

Oliguria is a primary sign of hypovolemic shock related to hemorrhage.



When teaching pt. with UTI priority teaching for home care is to take all prescribed
antibiotics because sign and symptoms of UTI usually disappear within several days
of antibiotic therapy so pt has tendency to stop meds. Also, sexual intercourse is
permitted during treatment for UTI.


Four point gait is best for stability for pt. with arthritis since the client can bear
weight on both legs.

Pt with rheumatoid arthritis who take prednisone( corticosteroids) for long period
of time has complication of brittle bones and breaking their bones with even a minor
injury.




Carbidopa/Levodopa ( Sinemet )- tx for Parkinson's, carbidopa prevents metabolism of
levodopa and allows more levodopa for transport to brain. Levodopa ( Larodopa ) should
be d/c'd 8 hours before statring Sinemet.

Bromocriptine ( Parlodel ) - tx of Parkinson's, amenorrhea, galactorrhea, female
infertility, suppression of postpartum lactation, acromegaly.

Ropinirole ( Requip ) - tx of idiopathic Parkinson's disease.

Quinidine - give with food, monitor electrolytes, monitor liver and kidney function,
encourage patient to report dizziness or faintness immediately.
Used in a-fib and a-flutter.



Practice universal precautions when caring for all clients regardless of their diagnosis in
order to minimize contact with blood and body fluids and to prevent the transmission of
specific infections such as HIV and Hep.B:
1.Hands MUST always be washed before and after client contact.
2.Hands must be washed before and after gloves have been worn.
3.If hands come in contact with blood or body fluids or human tissue they should be
immediately washed with soap and water. ( 20-30 seconds )
4.Gloves should be worn before touching mucous membranes or non-intact skin.
5.Gloves should be changed between each client contact and if torn.
6.Wear masks and protective eyewear during procedures that are likely to get splashed
with body fluids.
7.Wear gowns during procedures that are likely to generate splashes of blood or other
body fluids and when cleaning spills from incontinent clients or changing soiled linen.
8.Disposible masks should be worn when performing CPR.
9.Dispose of used needles properly in designated sharps containers. They should not be
recapped, bent, broken,or removed from syringes.



Hypovolemic shock- decreased circulating blood volume-caused by blood loss,
plasma loss as in burns, or fluid loss as in from excess vomiting or diarrhea.

The concentration of dextrose in TPN solutions is usually at least 30%.

The patient receiving regional anesthesia has nerve impulses blocked but does
not lose consciousness.


Calcium functions in development of bones and teeth, transmission of nerve impulses,
muscle contraction,permeability of cell membranes, catalyze thrombin formation, and
maintenance of normal heart rhythm.

Trental is used for intermittent claudication.

Atropine sulfate would be given to a client with a dangerously slow heart rate.

Digitalis is used to slow and strengthen the heart in clients with heart failure.

Lidocaine is given to clients who have episodes of premature ventricular contractions.



Seven Warning Signs of Cancer! Caution!
C=change in bowel habits
A=a sore that does not heal
U=unusual bleeding or discharge
T=thickening or lump in breast ( or elsewhere )
I=indigestion or dysphagia
O=obvious change in wart or mole
N=nagging cough or hoarseness

TNM classification:
T=primary growth.1-4 with increasing size; T1s indicates carcinoma in situ
N=lymph node involvment.0-4 indicates progressively advancing nodal disease
M=metastasis.1 indicates presence of metastasis
Stages 0-IV: all cancers divided into 5 stages incorporating size, nodal involvement, and
spread



Low Sodium diet for pt. with menieres disease
--HYPOkalemia= TPN, Steroid tx, Diarrhea
--HYPERkalemia= DKA, ACE inhibitors
--Finger foods for preschoolers, NO cooked veggie (raw instead)
--Dont encourage (force) to eat all food on plate
--Lyme disease test not reliable for 4-6wk post exposer
DO NOT BURN TICK why you ask? because it will spread the
disease (who knew ) instead flush down the potty
--avoid salt substitutes when taken dig and k-supplements
because many are potassium based
--use portable X-RAY for pt with MRSA
--Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Vaccine used to promote
active immunity to TB (may give false positive on PPD)
--Pt. taking Dig and Lasix shoould increase Potassium intake (bc of
Lasix)
--Airborne= Mask, gloves
--Contact= Gown, glove
--Flail Chest= FX of 2 or more adjacent ribs with paradoxical
movement of chest during respiration


Autonomic dysreflexia - caused by bladder and bowel distention, patients often complain
of a pounding headache and profuse sweating.

Addison's disease (need to "add" hormone)
Cushing's syndrome (have extra "cushion" of hormones)

The cuff of an ED tube is for preventing aspiration and sealing the airway to prevent
leaks. When the cuff deflates, aspiration is the greatest risk (due to secretions)

Dumping syndrome: increase fat and protein, small frequent meals, lie down after meal to
decrease peristalsis, wait 1 hr after meals to drink.

Use DISTRACTION methods with toddlers and manic patients only.

For radiologic procedures: if dye will be used, always check for shellfish allergy.

For blood types: "O" is the universal donor (remember "o" in donor)
"AB" is the universal receipient



Disseminated Herpes Zoster is AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS, as to Localized Herpes
Zoster is CONTACT PRECAUTIONS. A nurse with a localized herpes zoster CAN care
for patients as long as the patients are NOT immunosuppressed and the lesions must be
covered!

ADHD, antipsychotics, and corticosteroids can stunt growth in children.

Give NSAIDS, Corticosteroids, drugs for Bipolar, Cephalosporins, and Sulfanomides
WITH food.

Fat soluble vitamins are Vitamins A, D, E, K


IPV is given PO
Most live vaccines (rebulla, MMR) are given SQ
Non-live vaccines (Hep B, DTaP) are given IM


Coartication of the aorta is characterized by upper extremity hypertension and diminished
pulses in the extremities.

Do not mix dilantin with dextrose as crystallization can occur. ( IV ) Flush IV line with
normal saline before & after giving. Do not give with other drugs.

Verapamil reduces afterload and with concurrent use of nitroglycerine can cause (
increase ) hypotension.




Menieres disease: vertigo, tinnitus, impaired hearing (menieres...in the ear)


Tuberculosis- assessment findings: cough ( yellow mucoid sputum ) , dyspnea,
hemoptysis, rales or crackles, anorexia, malaise, wt.loss, afternoon low grade temp.,
pallor, fatigue, pain, night sweats.
Diagnostic Tests used in TB - Chest x-ray indicates presence and extent od disease but
cannot show if active or inactive. Skin test (PPD) positive;area of induration 10mm or
more in diameter after 48 hrs. Sputum positive for bacillus ( 3 samples is diagnostic for
TB ). Culture will be positive. WBC & ESR will be elevated.


Trach care should be prvided once every 8 hours and prn.

A major goal for the pt with COPD is that the pt. will use a breathing pattern that does
not lead to tiring and to plan activities so that he/she does not become overtired. Care
should be spaced, allowing frequent rest periods, and preventing fatigue.

Ethambutol, isonazid, streptomycin, and rifampin are first-line drugs in the treatment of
TB.


With antibiotics:
Peak and Trough levels--each drug has their own peak/trough therapeutic index to
tell us whether the drugs are working therapeutically.

Peak: draw 45min to 1 hr after drug is administered -- highest peak
Trough: draw before administering next dose -- lowest level


Lidocaine is the drug of choice for reducing pvc's.

Colchicine relieves inflammation and is used to treat gout.

IV Valium and Dilantin are used to treat status epilepticus.

Solu-medrol is a 1st line drug used to control edema after spinal cord trauma.


Alprazolam ( Xanax )- antianxiety agent, usual dose is
0.25-0.5 mg two to three times daily. Side effects:
drowsiness, dizziness, lethargy, confusion.

Amlodipine ( Norvasc )- CCB used for systemic vasodilation
and decreased blood pressure. Coronary vasodilation and
decreased frequency and severity of angina.
CONTRAINDICATION BP <90mmHg.

Fosinopril ( Monopril )- tx of hypertension and CHF; dosage
is 5-40 mg once daily max dose in a day is 80mg

Rosiglitazone ( Avandia )-tx type 2 diabetes; dosage is 4-8
mg as a single daily dose or in 2 divided doses ( use
cautiously if edema or CHF )


Drugs with these endings........ usually are in this class
-caine ;local anesthetics
-cillin; antibiotic
-dine ;anti-ulcer ( H2 blocker )
-done; opioid analgesic
-ide; oral hypoglycemics
-lam; antianxiety
-mide ;diuretic
-mycin ;antibiotic
-nium; neuromuscular blocking
-olol; beta blocker
-oxacin ;antibiotic
-pam ;antianxiety
-pril ;ACE inhibitor
-sone ;steroids
-statin ;cholesterol
-vir; antiviral
-zide; diuretic


Ativan is the treatment of choice for status epilepticus

When using a bronchodilator inhaler inconjuction with a glucocorticoid inhaler,
administer the bronchodilator first

Theophylline increases the risk of digoxin toxicity and decreases the effects of lithium
and Dilantin

Intal, an inhaler used to treat allergy induced asthma may cause bronchospasm

Isoniazid causes peripheral neuritis

Axid, Zantac, Pepcid, are H2 receptor antagonist used to treat active ulcer disease.

Tagamet, Nexium, Prevacid, are proton pump inhibitors

Peptic ulcers caused by H. pylori are treated with Flagyl, Prilosec and Biaxin. This
treatment kills bacteria and stops production of stomach acid, but does not heal ulcer.

Patients in the acute care setting are often given protonx to prevent stress ulcers.



For delegating : LVN / Float RN = with stable pt with predictable outcome
enteral feeding= check ph
never leave the pt.
review compartment syndrome
choice betwee mother and fetus... focus on fetus first unless mom is dying
observing not usually the answer
hydrocephalus child-- do not elevate head, do provide frequent feedings
to prevent subdural hematoma-- lie flat
pku- no meat,fish,vegis and whole grains
cystic fibrosis= no fats, increase protein
renal failure look at creat clearance.. ability to clear meds
psychosocial.. "I" and "why" question not usually the answer
dead pt... remain with the family
"restlessly" a key word=hypoxia
"sometimes" not usually the answer
Head injury--look for DI
Burns =if to the fron of the body.. think AIRWAY
IV lasix.. think check the BP
wbc<500= reverse isolation
Rhinoplasty--place on side



Glycopyrrolate ( Robinul )-tx preanethestic agent, adjunct in peptic ulcer disease
therapy, reverse neuromuscular blockade. * has less CNS effects than atropine.
Do not mix with barbituates or alkaline drugs.

Atropine sulfate causes dry mouth & decreases secretions, which is why it is
given as a preanethestic.

Atropine can cause constipation; high fiber foods and fluids should be
encouraged.



Cancers that origionate from blood forming organs are leukemias.

A characteristic of a malignant tumor is that it will have a greater than normal blood
supply.

One expected side effect of radiation therapy is stomatitis which is an inflammatory
reaction in the mouth.

Interferons are used to treat hairy cell leukemis, chronic myelogenous leukemia,
melanoma, and Kaposi's sarcoma.


You have to know these common disease in NCLEX:

hypertension
provide for physical and emotional rest
provide for special safety needs
health teaching (client and family)

dysrhythmias
provide for emotional and safety needs
prevent thromboemboli
prepare for cardioversion with atrial fibrillation if indiated
provide for physical and emotional needs with pacemaker insertion

cardiac arrest
prevent irreversible cerebral anoxic damage
establish effective circulation, respiration

angina pectoris
provide relief from pain
provide emotional support
health teaching

myocardial infarction
reduce pain, discomfort
maintain adequate circulation, stabilize heart rhythm
decrease oxygen demand/promote oxygenation, reduce cardiac workload
maintain fluid electrolyte, nutritional status
facilitate fecal elimination
provide emotional support
promote sexual functioning
health teaching

cardiac valvular defects
reduce cardiac workload
promote physical comfort and psychological support
prevent complications
prepare for surgery

cardiac catheterization & percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
precatheterization:
provide for safety, comfort
health teaching
postcatheterization:
prevent complications
provide emotional support
health teaching
cardiac surgery
cardiopulmonary bypass
preoperative:
provide emotional and spiritual support
health teaching
postoperative:
provide constant monitoring to prevent complications
promote comfort, pain relief
maintain fluid, electrolyte, nutritional balance
promote emotional adjustment
promote early mobilization
health teaching

heart failure (HF)
provide physical rest / reduce emotional stimuli
provide for relief of respiratory distress; reduce cardiac workload
provide for special safety needs
maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, nutritional status
health teaching

pulmonary edema
promote physical, psychological relaxation measures to relieve anxiety
improve cardiac function, reduce venous return, relieve hypoxia
health teaching (include family or significant other)

shock
promote venous return, circulatory perfusion

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
prevent and detect further bleeding

pericarditis
promote physical and emotionl comfort
maintain fluid, electrolyte balance

chronic arterial occlusive disease
promote circulation; decrease discomfort
prevent infection, injury

aneurysms
provide emergency care before surgery for dissection or rupture
prevent complications postoperatively
promote comfort
health teaching
Raynauds phenomenon
Maintain warmth in extremities
Increase hydrostatic pressure, and therefore circulation
Health teaching
Varicose veins
Promote venous return from lower extremities
Provide for safety
Health teaching

Vein ligation and stripping
Prevent complications after discharge
Health teaching to prevent recurrence

Deep vein thrombosis (thrombophlebitis)
Provide rest, comfort, and relief from pain
Prevent complications
Health teaching

Iron deficiency anemia & Hemolytic anemia
Promote physical and mental equilibrium
Health teaching

Pernicious anemia
Promote physical and emotional comfort
Health teaching

Polycythemia vera
promote comfort and prevent complications
health teaching

leukemia (acute and chronic)
prevent, control, and treat infection
assess and control bleeding, anemia
provide rest, comfort, nutrition
reduce side effects from therapeutic regimen
provide emotional/spiritual support
health teaching

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
prevent complications from bleeding tendencies
health teaching

splenectomy
prepare for surgery
prevent postoperative complications
health teaching

fluid volume deficit
restore fluid and electrolyte balance-increase fluid intake to hydrate client
promote comfort
prevent physical injury

fluid volume excess
maintain oxygen to all cells
promote excretion of excess fluid
obtain/ maintain fluid balance
prevent tissue injury
health teaching

common electrolyte imbalances
hyponatremia
obtain normal sodium level
prevent further sodium loss
prevent injury

hypernatremia
obtain normal sodium level

hypokalemia
replace lost potassium: increase potassium in diet
prevent injury to tissues
prevent potassium loss

hyperkalemia
decrease amount of potassium in body

hypocalcemia
prevent tetany
prevent tissue injury
prevent injury related to mediction administration
in less acute condition

hypercalcemia
reduce calcium intake: decrease foods high in calcium
prevent injury

hypomagnesemia
provide safety
health teaching

hypermagnesemia
obtain normal magnesium level

respiratory adidosis
assist with normal breathing
protect from injury
health teaching

metabolic acidosis
restore normal metabolism
prevent complications
health teaching

respiratory alkalosis
increase carbon dioxide level
prevent injury
health teaching

metabolic alkalosis
obtain, maintin acid-base blance
prevent physical injury
health teaching

pneumonia
promote adequate ventilation
control infection
provide rest and comfort
prevent potential complications
health teaching

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
infection control
supportive care

atelectasis
relieve hypoxia
prevent complications
health teaching


pulmonary embolism
monitor for signs of respiratory distress
health teaching

histoplasmosis
relieve symptoms of the disease
health teaching

tuberculosis
reduce spread of disease
promote nutrition
promote increased self-esteem
health teaching

emphysema
promote optimal ventilation
employ comfort measures and support other body systems
improve nutritional intake
provide emotional support for client and fmily
health teaching

asthma
promote pulmonary ventilation
facilite expectoration
health teaching to prevent further attacks

bronchitis
assist in optimal respirations
minimize bronchial irritation
improve nutritional status

acute adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
assist in respirations
prevent complications
health teaching

pneumothorax & hemothorax
prevent damage until medical intervention available
protect against injury during thoracentesis
promote respirations
prepare client for closed chest drainage, physically and psychologically
prevent complications with chest tubes
health teaching

chest trauma
Flail chest
restore adequate ventilation and prevent further air from entering pleural cavity

thoracic surgery
preoperative care:
minimize pulmonary secretions
preoperative teaching
postoperative care:
maintain patent airway
promote gas exchange
reduce incisional stress and discomfort
prevent complications related to respiratory function
maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
postoperative teaching

tracheostomy
preoperative care
relieve anxitety and fear
postoperative care
maintain patent airway
alleviate apprehension
improve nutritional status
health teaching

burns
alleviate pain, relieve shock, and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
prevent physicl complications
promote emotional adjustment and provide supportive therapy
promote wound healing wound care
health teaching

rheumatoid arthritis
prevent or correct deformities
health teaching

lupus erythematosus
minimize or limit immune response and complications
health teaching

infectious diseases
Lyme disease
minimize irreversible tissue damage and complications
alleviate pin, promote comfort
maintain physical and psychological well-being
health teaching

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
reduce risk of infection; slow disease progression
prevent the spread of disease
provide physical and psychological support
health teaching

The perioperative experience
Preoperative preparation
reduce preoperative and intraoperative anxiety and prevent postoperative
complications
instruct in exercises to reduce complications
reduce the number of bacteria on the skin to eliminate incision contamination
reduce the risk of vomiting and aspiration during anesthesia; prevent
contamination of abdominal operative sites by fecal material
promote rest and facilitate reduction of apprehension
protect from injury;ensure final preparation for surgery
intraoperative preparation
prevent complications
promote comfort
observe for indications of malignant hyperthermia
postoperative experience
promote a safe, quiet, nonstressful environment
promote lung expansion and gss exchange
prevent aspiration and atelectasis
promote and maintain cardiovascular function
promote psychological equilibrium
maintain proper function of tubes and appatatus

general postoperative nursing care
promote lung expansion
provide relief of pain
promote adequate nutrition and fluid and electrolyte balance
assist client with elimination
facilitate wound and prevent infection
promote comfort and rest
encourage early movement and ambulation to prevent complications of
immobilization

general nutritional deficiencies
prevent complications of specific deficiency
health teaching

celiac disease
altered nutrition, less than body requirements
diarrhea
fluid volume deficit related to loss through excessive diarrhea
knowledge deficit

hepatitis
prevent spread of infection to others
promote comfort

pancreatitis
control pain
rest injured pancreas
prevent fluid and electrolyte imbalance
prevent respirtory and metabolic complications
provide adequate nutrition
prevent complications
health teaching

cirrhosis
provide for special safety needs
relieve discomfort caused by complications
improve fluid and electrolyte balance
promote optimum nutrition within dietary restrictions
provide emotional support
health teaching

esophageal varices: life-threatening hemorrhage
provide safety measures related to hemorrhage
promote fluid balance
prevent complications of hepatic coma
provide emotional support
health teaching

diaphragmatic (hiatal) hernia
presurgical: promote relief of symptoms
postsurgical:
provide for postoperative safety needs
promote comfort and maintain nutrition
health teaching
gastroesophgel reflux disease(GERD)
promote comfort and reduce reflux episodes
health teaching

peptic ulcer disease
promote comfort
prevent/ recognize signs of complications
provide emotional support
health teaching

gastric surgery
promote comfort in the postoperative period
promote wound healing
promote adequate nutrition and hydration
prevent complications

dumping syndrome
health teaching

total parenteral nutrition
prevent infection
preent fluid and eclectrolyte imbalance
prevent complications

diabetes
obtain and maintain normal sugar balance
health teaching

nonketotic hyperglycemic hyperosolar coma (NKHHC)
promote fluid and electrolyte balance

cholecystits/ cholelithiasis
nonsurgical interventions romote comfort
preoperative: prevent injury
postoperative romote comfort
prevent complications
health teaching

obesity
decrease weight, initially 10% from baseline

appendicitis
promote comfort

hernia
prevent postoperative complications
health teaching

diverticulosis
bowel rest during acute episodes
promote normal bowel elimination
health teaching

ulcerative colitis & Crohns disease
prevent disease progression and complications
reduce psychological stress
health teaching

intestinal obstruction
obtain and maintain fluid balance
relieve pain and nausea
prevent respiratory complications
postoperative nursing care

fecal diversion-stomas
preoperative period:
prepare bowel for surgery
relieve anxiety and assist in adjustment to surgery
postoperative period:
maintain fluid balance
prevent other postoperative complications
initiate ostomy care
promote psychological comfort

hemorrhoids
reduce anal discomfort
prevent complications related to surgery
health teaching-avoid constipation

pyelonephritis (PN)
combat infection, prevent recurrence, alleviate symptoms
promote physical and emotional rest

acute glomerulonephritis
monitor fluid balance, observing carefully for complications
provide adequate nutrition
provide reasonable measure of comfort
prevent further infection & health teaching
acute renal failure (ARF)
maintain fluid and electrolyte balance and nutrition
use assessment and comfort measures to reduce occurrence of complications
maintain continual emotional support
health teaching

chronic renal failure
maintain fluid/ electrolyte balance and nutrition
employ comfort measures that reduce distress and support physical function
health teaching

dialysis
reduce level of nitrogenous waste
correct acidosis, reverse electrolyte imbalances, remove excess fluid

kidney transplantation
preoperative:
promoe physical and emotional adjustment
encourage expression of feelings
health teching
postoperative:
promote uncomplicated recovery of recipient
observe for signs of rejection-most dangerous complication
maintain immunosuppressive therapy



nephrectomy
preoperative ptimize physical and psychological functioning
postoperative
promote comfort and prevent complications

renal calculi (urolithiasis)
reduce pain and prevent complications
health teaching

lithotripsy
enourage ambulation and promote diuresis through forcing fluids

benign prostatic hyperplasia
relieve urinary retention
health teaching

prostatectomy
promote optimal bladder function and comfort
assist in rehabilitation
urinary diversion
prevent complications and promote comfort
health teaching

laryngectomy
preoperative care: provide emotional support and optimal physical preparation
health teaching
postoperative care
maintain patent airway and prevent aspiration
promote optimal physical and psychological function
health teaching

aphasia
assist with communication

Menieres disease
provide safety and comfort during attacks
minimize occurrence of attacks
health teaching

otosclerosis & stapedectomy
preoperative health teaching
postoperative
promote physical and psychological equilibrium
health teaching

deafnessmaximize hearing ability and provide emotional support.health teaching
glaucoma
reduce intraocular pressure
provide emotional support
health teaching

cataract & cataract removal
preoperative
prepare for surgery
postoperative
reduce stress on the sutures and prevent hemorrhage
promote psychological well-being
health teaching

retinal detachment
preoperative:
reduce anxiety and prevent further detachment
health teaching
postoperative
reduce intraocular stress and prevent hemorrhage
support coping mechanisms
health teaching

blindness
promote independence and provide emotional support
health teaching

traumatic injuries to the brain
sustain vital functions and minimize or prevent complications
provide emotional support and use comfort measures

increased inrcranial pressure
promote adequate oxygenation and limit further impairment

craniotomy
preoperative btain baseline measures
provide psychological support
prepare for surgery
postoperative
prevent complications and limit further impairment

epilepsy
prevent injury during seizure
postseizure care
prevent or reduce recurrences of seizure activity
health teaching

transient ischemic attacks
reduce cerebral anoxia
promote cerebrovascular function and maintain cerebral perfusion
provide for emotional relaxation
client safety
health teaching
pain


immobility


complications of fractures


types of traction


teaching crutch walking


compartment syndrome
recognizes early indications of ischemia
prevent complications

osteoarthritis
promote comfort: reduce pain, spasms, inflammation, swelling
health teaching to promote independence

total hip replacement
preoperative:
prevent deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary emboli
prevent infection: antibiotics
health teaching
postoperative
prevent respiratory complications
prevent complications of shock or infection
prevent contractures, muscle atrophy
promote early ambulation and movement
prevent constipation
prevent dislocation of prosthesis
promote comfort
health teaching

total knee replacement
achieve active flexion beyond 70 degrees
amputation
prepare for surgery,physically and emotionlly
promote healing postoperatively

gout
decrease discomfort
prevent kidney damage
health teaching

primary hip arthroplasty

herniated/ reptured disk
relieve pain and promote comfort
health teaching

laminectomy
relieve anxiety
prevent injury postoperatively
promote comfort
prepare for early discharge
health teaching

spinal cord injuries
maintain patent airway
prevent further damage
relieve edema:anti-inflammatory medications,corticosteroids
relieve discomfort,analgesics,sedatives,muscle relaxants
promote comfort
prevent complications
health teaching

posterior spinal fusion (PSF)

spinal shock
prevent injury related to shock

autonomic dysreflexia
decrease symptoms to prevent serious side effects
maintain patency of catheter
promote regular bowel elimination
prevent decubitus ulcers

hyperthyroidism
protect from stress
promote physical and emotional equilibrium
prevent complications
health teaching

thyroid storm


thyroidectomy
promote physical and emotional equilibrium
prevent complications of hypocalcemia and tetany
promote comfort measures

hypothyroidism
provide for comfort and safety
health teaching

cushings disease
promote comfort
prevent complications
health teaching

pheochromocytoma
prevent paroxysmal hypertension
prepare for surgical removal of tumor

adrenalectomy
preoperative:reduce risk of postoperative complications
postoperative promoe hormonal balance
prevent postoperative complications
health teaching

Addisons disease
decrease stress
promote adequate nutrition
Health teaching

Multiple sclerosis
maintain normal routine as long as possible
decrease symptoms-medications as ordered

Myasthenia gravis
promote comfort
decrease symptoms
prevent complications
promote increased self-concept
health teaching

Parkinsons disease
promote maintenance of daily activities
protect from injury

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
maintain independence as long as possible
health teaching

Guillain-Barre syndrome
prevent complications during recovery from paralysis
monitor for signs of autoimmune dysfunction
prevent tachycardia
assess cranial nerve function
maintain adequate ventilation
in acute phase:check for progression of muscular weakness
maintain nutrition
prevent injury and complications
support communication

Chemotherapy
assist with treatment of specific side effect
health teaching

Radiationtherapy
External radiation:
prevent tissue breakdown
decrease side effects of therapy
health teaching
internal radiation : sealed
assist with cervical radium implantation
health teaching
internal radiation: unsealed
reduce radiation exposure of others

Immunotherapy
decrease discomfort associated with side effects of therapy
health teaching

Palliative care
make client as comfortable as possible
assist client to maintain self-esteem and identity
assist client with psychological adjustment

Types of cancer:
Lung cancer
Make client aware of diagnosis and treatment options
Prevent complications related to surgery
Assist client to cope with alternative therapies
colon and rectal cancer
assist through treatment protocol
surgery reoperative
preparefor surgery
promote comfort
postoperative :
facilitate healing
prevent complications
facilitate rehabilitation
health teaching

breast cancer
assist client through treatment protocol
prepare client for surgery
reduce anxiety and depression
prevent postoperative complications
support coping mechanisms
health teaching

uterine cancer
prostate cancer
assist client through treatment protocol
prepare client for surgery
assist with acceptance diagnosis and treatment
prevent complication during postoperative period

bladder cancer

laryngeal cancer

additional typers of cancer,etc.


when taking cyclosporine (Sandimmune) to prevent graft rejection, remember that these
GEAK, increase cyclosporine level...
G - grapefruit
E - erythromycin
A - amphotericin B
K ketokonazole


Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory condition involving a skin reaction to irritants or
allergens.
*Clinical features of SLE involve multiple body systems.When the musculoskeletal
system is involved, the client has joint tenderness, edema, and morning stiffness.
*Eyes that are red,burning,or tearing are commonly associated with allergic rhinitis ( hay
fever ).
*Psoriasis is marked by profuse,erythmatous scales or plaques, often covering large areas
of the body. The client may complain of itching, pain and possibly of arthritic symptoms
such as joint stiffness.
*Restasis is for dry eyes. ( as seen on tv )
*Boniva is for osteoporosis ( taken once a month )
Does anyone remember the side effects of Boniva? If you do could you please list them?
I have not seen the commercial in a while. Thanks!


1. UAP (Unlincensed Assisitive Personnel) should be able to perform "routine" trach
care
2. Only RN & PN can delegate to UAPs. One UAP can not delegate task to another
UAP
3. Antihistamines can aggravate urinary incontinence. Teach pt accordingly
4. Atropine is contraindicated for a client with angle-closure glaucoma b/c it can
cause pupillary dilation with an increase in acqueous humor, leading to a resultant
increase in optic pressure
5. Warn asthma pt about using aspirin. It can induce an asthma attack
6. Assess mood change in pt taking Aldomet for HTN
7. It is critical to assess weight of a 10 years old starting heparin therapy
8. Demerol is contraindicated in clients with sickle cell disease. It may cause
seizures
9. Silvadene (used for severe burns) may cause a transient neutropenia as well as
renal fct changes with sulfa crystals production & kernicterus
10. A pt with C4 spinal cord injury may still have an erection (reflex rx)
11. Normal serum albumin in elderey (3.0-5.0 g.dl)
12. Pt taking ACE inhibitors (Lisinopril, Captopril,...) may avoid foods high in K and
salt substitutes (risk of hyperkalemia)
13. Malignant hypertheremia is a rare potentially fatal adverse rx to inhalated
anesthetics. There is a great genetic predisposition to this disorder
14. Anticholinergics may exacerbate symptoms of GERD
15. The eldery are at risk for developing confusion when taking Cimetidine
(Tagamet)


Thiazide diuretics increase blood sugar.
*Diabetics need food high in potassium like oranges, bananas, and broccoli.
*Vitamin K is a natural coagulant, so should be avoided if using blood thinners.
*ACE-Inhibitors are the primary drug of choice for vasodilation in heart failure.
*Vitamin B12 is essential for nervous system function. Neurological manifestations of
B12 deficiency can include paresthesias.
*Immobility can cause stores of calcium in the bone to enter the bloodstream which can
result in hypercalcemia.
*Aldosterone conserves sodium and promotes potassium excretion which helps to control
sodium and water balance.
*Low blood volumes stimulates the pituitary to secrete antidiuretic hormone.


1. Normal total serum protein level is 6.0-8.0 g/dL
2. Xanax is a short term benzo useful in controlling panic symptoms quickly
3. Prozac (a SSRI) side effects are diarrhea, dry mouth, weight loss, reduced libido
4. Succinylcholine (Anectine) is given before ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy)
5. Cardioversion is contraindicated if the pt received digoxin during the preceding
24 hours
6. The most common problem associated with enteral feedings is atelectasis
7. Infant with intussusception => "Currant jelly" stools (blood and mucus stools)
8. Infant with pyloric stenosis => projectile vomiting
9. Child with Hirschsprungs disease => Ribbonlike stools
10. Child with Wilms tumor => Palpable mass over the flank ... FYI NEVER
PALPATE THE ABDOMEN IF YOU SUSPECT WILMS TUMOR...
11. Infant with biliary atresia => abdominal distention, poor weight gain , clay-
colored stools
12. A severe complication of Kawasaki disease is the creation of a giant aneurysm
13. Desferal (deferoxamine) is used to treat iron toxicity


Immunization schedule

Hep B - birth,2, 4, 6 months
Hep A- after 1st bday and 6 months later
Rotavirus- 3 doses total at 2, 4, 6 months ( must be given before 32 weeks of age)
Dtap 2, 4, 6, 12, months, age 4 or before school
Pneumococcal - 2,4, 6, 12 months
Inactivated poliovirsu - 2, 4, 6, 12, months and 4th dose at age 4
Infleunza after 6 months and yearly thereafter
Haemophilus influenza- 2, 4, 6 months & another dose after 1st birthday
MMR- after age 1, age 4
varicella 12 months, age 4
HPV- 9-25 years, 3 doses total give first dose, 2 months later give second dose, 6
months later give 3rd dose



When giving Kayexalate we need to worry about dehydration ( K ha ineverse
relationship with Na)

Impetigo- ok to care by pregnant nurse, need to wear gloves and gowns

Yogurt has live cultures- dont give to immunosuppressed pt

Pneumonectomy- no chest tube reqd

Itching under cast area- cool air via blow dryer, ice pack for 10- 15 minutes.
NEVER use qtip or anything to scratch area


PS: What is the antidote for digoxin and opioid analgesics? I am sure you know...


Antidote for digoxin is digibind

antidote for opiod analgesic is narcan

antidote for lovenox is protamin sulfate and NO labs reqd for lovenox


My way of understanding the ABGs:
pH=7.35-7.45 (below 7.35 is acidosis)
PCO2= 35-45 (above 45 is acidosis)
O2= 80-100%
HCO3= 22-26 (Below 22 is acidosis)
The value parameters are the opposite for alkalosis

If the pH is increased (>7.40) and the pCO2 is decreased (<35)...Resp alkalosis

If the pH is decreased (<7.40) and the pCO2 is increased (>45)...Resp acidosis

If the pH is increased (>7.40) and the HCO3 is increased (>26)...Met Alkalosis

If the pH is decreased (<7.40) and the HCO3 is decreased (<22)...Met Acidosis



Re: Anyoone up for random FACT THROWING??
Some more Nursing Nuggets ....

- Suction for an NG shouldn't exceed 25 mm Hg
- Serum Protein 6 - 8
- Ammonia 35 - 65 (increases hepatic disease, enceph, NO PROTEIN if eleveated
- Amylase - 25 - 151 (increases with pancreatitis, levels are higher in acute pancreatitis
than with chronic pancreatitis. ETOH most common reason for chronic Panc.)
- Lipase 10 - 140
- Kosher meals : NO dairy and meat in same meal. No shrimp/shellfish b/c fish must have
scales.
- Low residue diet for ileostomy. NO stool softners or laxatives (no docusate or Milk of
Mag, cuz might lead to fluid / electrolyte imbalances)
- Pork is good source of thiamine
- If pt coughs/resp distress while putting in NG, pull back and wait until coughing/resp.
distress is resolved then attempt again. Remember pt should be in High Fowlers, when
tube reaches orophar., neck must be flexed to cover airway and swallow sips of h20 to
facilitate tube).
- Pancreatitis pain: epigastric pain radiate to back (remember that pancreas is
retroperitoneal (behind). Afterall, Turner's sign, seen with panc. is grayish/bluish around
the flanks.
- Prolapsed stoma - protrusion of stoma
- Retracted stoma - sunken, hidden
- Ischemic stoma - dusky
- Normal stoma - beefy red, may bleed a lil when washed/irrigated, normal
- Red Meat / Turnips / Hoarseradish may give false + for guaiac.
- When given an adult dose and asked about the kids dose you take the ADULT DOSE X
Kids weight in POUNDS / 150 = childs dose.
- No sunscreen for infants < 6 mo old.
- Normal responses to dye : feeling warm, face flushin, salty taste . URTICARIA IS NOT
NORMAL - indicative of serious rxn
- ASA often is a trigger for an asthma attack
- Koch/Kock Pouch- is continent, doesn't nec need a drainage bag, use absorbent dressing
on it. Drain with catheter Q 3-4.


y PE prevention= Turn pt. Left side for 20-30 min allows air enter R atrium and
Pulmonary artery
y Ethambutol ADR =Optic Neuritis color blind for green is initially.
y Pyrazinamide (PZA) = DC if big toe pain; means Hyperuricemia ;Gout.
y Rifampin body fluids orange;contact lenses permanently stained.
y Immediately after a pt is put on mech ventilator check BP (Hypotension)
y Most important after ileostomy surgerycheck ileostomy output
y Epiglottisinflamation of epiglotis, life threatning, NO tongue blade. Determine
need for O2 by Pulse OX and start IV. Tx : Moist O2 & antibiotics
y Humera tx Rheumatoid arthritis, Chrohns if other meds no help, psoriasis
prevent further damage to bones/joints. get a TB test done before starting
humera.
y Adriamycin= bone marrow suppression =notify doctor if s/s infection (fever,sore
throat)hematuria ok for 1-2 days of start stomatitis(ulceration of mouth) ok
after 10-15 days start =rinse mouth with water, sponge brush for teeth.
y Dislocation of prosthesis for hip surgery leg outwardly rotated, shortening,
pain, inability to move.
y NO tongue blade for tonic clonic seizures ,can chip teeth.
y Paracentisis provide a BP cuff. Check BP s/s of shock.
y NO Tetrahydrolazine (Visine ) for Open Angle Glaucoma Ophtalmic
vasoconstrictor used as gtt in the eye. Caution with HTN.

1. Fifth disease (erythema infectiosum) is caused by human parvovirus B19
(droplet precautions right?...). It is found in respiratory secretions. It is NOT
CONTAGIOUS after the rash develops
2. Morphine toxicity => Patient's pupils are pinpoint
3. Neostigmine (Prostgmin) is a cholinergic and can cause bronchoconstriction in
asthmatic patients
4. Native Americans have the highest incidence of cleft lip and palate
5. Prolapsed cord => Put pt in trendelenburg position
6. Latex allergies => Assess for allergies to bananas, apricots, cherries, grapes,
kiwis, passion fruit, avocados, chestnuts, tomatoes, peaches
7. Pt with glaucoma => The priority is to prevent deterioration of the vision; vision
can not be improved
8. Myelogram => Meds that lower the seizure threshold (phenothiazines,
thorazine), MAO inhibitors (Marplan, Nardil, Parnate), tricyclic
antidepressants (Tofranil, Elavil), CNS stimulants, psychoacive drugs
(Ritalin) should be held for 48 hrs before and 24 hrs after test
9. In panic level anxiety, the pt is unable to see, hear or function
10. Double-bind communication => emotions communicated verbally are opposite
of emotions communicated physically
11. Depressed client => help client to identify unrealistic behaviors
12. Benztropine (Cogentin) => treat parkinsonian side-effects of anitpsychotics
meds
13. Imipramine (Tofranil) => tricyclic antidepressant used to treat panic attacks
14. CPR adults => depress sternum 1.5 to 2 inches; rescue breaths 12 times per
minute
15. Pt with a dislodged trach => Priority is to hyperextend the pt neck (patent
airway...) Not 100% sure about that one but you can look it up or give additional
inputs...
16. Pt allergic to sulfa drugs should take Cipro
17. Vecuronium (Norcuron) (neuromuscular blocking agent) is given to a pt who
is fighting the ventilator... => Pt is unable to blink! Administer complete eye care
18. Pt on dilantin => Urine may turn pink, red or brown...


Here's my share:
y BRAT (Banana, rice, apple, toast/tea) - NOT recommended for a child with acute
diarrhea (has low nutritional value, low protein/energy, high carbs)
y SHOCK - elevate lower extremities to improve circulation to the brain and vital
organs
y Ct with dementia - reinforce ROUTINE, talk to ct face-to-face
y Barium enema - take slow deep breaths, tell ct stool will be light-colored for 2-3
days after test
y DIC - oozing blood; sepsis is most frequent cause
y hospitalized school-age child = greatest fears are perceived loss of control and
separation to friends/peers
y Licorice - increases K+ loss, DONT take to prevent Digoxin toxicity
y epiglottitis - NEVER insert a tongue blade - gag reflex can obstruct airway
y Dilantin comes in a suspension, SHAKE it!!


So Many Wonderful Tips! Thanks to all who have contributed to this
thread!!!!!
* Active aquired immunity consists of immunologic responses that develop as
the body is being defended.
* Rheumatic endocarditis results from rheumatic fever caused by group A
streptococcal infection.
* People with type O blood are more susecptible to peptic ulcers.
* Tagamet is used in tx of peptic ulcers because it inhibits acid secretion.
* Diverticulitis is most often tx with diet and meds.
*The ideal tx for UTI is an antibacterial agent such as trimethoprim-
sulfamethoxazole.
* A positive antibody test for HIV means you have been infected with the
HIV virus & your body has produced antibodies.
* AZT ( Zidovudine ) works to fight against AIDS by inhibiting new virus
production.
* Herpes Simplex Type I is the virus that causes cold sores on the lips.
* Signs of meningitis include a positive Kernig's sign, a positive Brudzinski's
sign , headache , fever and nuchal rigidity.
* Varicella Zoster is transmitted by airborne contact.
* Ceftriaxone and doxycycline are used to tx gonorrhea.
* Wear gloves when in contact with excretions, secretions, blood, or any
other body fluids.
* Complications of chlamydial infections significantly contributes to the
incidence of ectopic pregnancy.


The secondary stage of syphilis is when the rash appears.

The medication of choice for syphilis is penicillin G benzathine.

Staphylococcous is the organism responsible for most skin infections.

The drug of choice for MRSA is vancomycin.

When assessing a pt. with diarrhea, the nurse should first determine hydration status.

Legionaire's disease is treated most often with ethromycin.

Signs & symptoms of wound sepsis include elevated pulse and temperature, elevated
WBCs , swelling, warmth, and tenderness.

Lesions at the midbrain result in decerebrate posturing.

The motor cortex governs voluntary motion.

Upper motor neurons refer to motor pathways from the brain to the spinal cord.

Destruction or dysfunction of the basal ganglia leads to muscle rigidity.

Most important indicator of increased ICP is a change in LOC.

In adults, most brain tumors origionate from glial cells.



More facts:
* Tensilon is used in myesthenia gravis to confirm the diagnosis.
* Myesthenia gravis is caused by a disorder in the transmission of impulses from nerve to
muscle cell.
* Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) is a condition in which there is a degeneration of
motor neurons in both the upper & lower motor neuron systems.
* The trend in tx of rheumatoid arthritis is with COX-2 that acts as an anti-inflammatory.
* Paget's disease is characterized by excessive bone destruction, skeletal deformities, and
cortical thickening.

Chicken Pox-tx with Acylovir
Diptheria-tx with diptheria antitoxin, penicillin; erythromycin
Lyme Disease-tx with tetracycline;penicillin
Typhoid Fever-tx with chloramphenicol; ampicillin; sulphatrimethoprim

Expected patient outcomes for a patient with osteoporosis include: has positive self-
esteem, experiences no new fractures, understands factors that contribute to potential
injury.


Nursing management of pt.with cerebral aneurysm or intracranial hemorrhage:
use gentleness in moving pt.
keep room darkened
keep pt. on bedrest, HOB at 30 degrees
give no ice water
initiate bowel program to prevent straining at stool
only a few visitors at a time
decrease stimuli, no tv no radio in severe cases
no rectal temperatures, no enemas, no suppositories


Tips on answering nclex-rn questions

Decide What the Question is Dealing With:

Which part of the Nursing Process: Assessment; Analysis; Planning; Implementation or
Evaluation?

Next, Decide the Order of Priority First you must decide what part of the nursing process
the question is connected with:

ANALYSIS--is the process of identifying potential and actual health problems. Most
identify pertinent assessment information and assimilate it into the nursing diagnosis.
Prioritize the needs that have been identified during analysis. Some common words that
are associated with ANALYSIS questions: diagnose; contrast; compare; analyze; order;
prioritize; define; classify; catagorize; synthesize; sort; arrange;

ASSESSMENT--consists of a collection of data. Baseline information for pre and post
procedures is included. Also included the recognition of pertinent signs and symptoms of
health problems both present and potential. Verification of data and confirmation of
findings are also included. Assess a situation before doing an intervention. Some
common words that are associated with ASSESSMENT questions: observe; gather;
collect; differentiate; assess; recognize; detect; distinguish; identify; display; indicate;
describe; PLANNING--Involves formulating goals and outcomes. It also involves various
members of the health care team and the patient's family. All outcome criteria must be
able to be evaluated with a specific time frame. Be sure to establish priorities and modify
according to question. Some common words that are associated with.

PLANNING questions: rearrange; reconstruct; determine; outcomes; formulate; include;
expected; designate; plan; generate; short/long term goal; develop;

IMPLEMENTATION--Addresses the actual/direct care of a patient. Direct care entails
pre, intra and postoperative management, preforming procedures, treatments, activities of
daily living. Also includes the coordination of care and referral on discharge. It involves
documentation and therapeutic response to intervention and patient teaching for health
promotion and helping the patient maintain proper health. Some common words that are
associated with IMPLEMENTATION questions: document; explain; give; inform;
administer; implement; encourage; advise; provide; perform;

EVALUATION--Determines if the interventions were effective. Were goals met? Was
the care delivered properly? Are modification plans needed. Addresses the effectiveness
of patient teaching and understands and determines in proper care was offered.
Evaluation can involve documentation, reporting issues, evaluates care given and
determine the appropriateness of delegating to others. Most significantly, it finds out the
response of the patient to care and the extent to which the goals we met. Some common
words that are associated with EVALUATION questions: monitor; expand; evaluate;
synthesize; determine; consider; question; repeat; outcomes; demonstrate; reestablish;
After determining what part of the nursing process the question is concerned with, next
focus your attention on determining the category of priority: Safe and effective care
environment is always first. Patient safety is related to the proper preparation and
delivery of nursing techniques and procedures as part of the nursing practice. It relates to
every aspect of the delivery of care. Physiologic integrity is the ability to provide
competent care Information that may be described as traditionally medical- surgical and
pediatric nursing falls into this category. Specific questions in this area can be related to
many direct-care aspects of nursing practice. The importance of this area is highlighted
because it is one in which planning, implementation and evaluation of care needs can
easily be identified and tested. Physiologic integrity is always a slight lower priority than
safety unless it involves airway, breathing and circulation. "ABC's" always comes first!
Psychosocial integrity tests the knowledge about a patients response to a disease or
disorder. An understanding of stress, anxiety and ways to cope are essential. This is a
lower priority the physiological integrity. Health maintenance deals with health
promotion, health teaching, disease prevention and assessment of risk factors for health
problems. Normal growth and development is a major theme in this category. This
however, is a low priority.

In Summary, when choosing the right answer for you NCLEX exam question: 1) ask
yourself, "what part of the nursing process is this question dealing with: analysis,
assessment, planning, implantation or evaluation? and 2) Remember to prioritize your
choices: safety always being first, second physiological integrity, third,psychosocial
integrity and health maintenance always has the lowest priority when choosing an
answer.

Other tidbits: avoid choices with the answers "all" "always" "never" or "none". Nothing is
ever a definite in Science. look for answers that are different. If three answers say the
same thing but in different words, choose the answer that is different. when given choices
that are pharmacologically based or non pharmacologically based, choose the non
pharmacological intervention. It is more often then not, the correct answer.


the decelerations during pregnancy get confused in my head. this is what I use to keep
them straight. note the bold text.

early deceleration - fetal head compression (the ear is a part of the head)

late deceleration - uteroplacental insuffiency

variable deceleration - umbilical cord compression

y with urolithiasis avoid wearing synthetic underwear and pantyhoses.
y salt substitutes shouldnt be used by clients with chronic renal failure due to risk of
hyperkalemia.
y s/s of epididymitis- scrotal pain and edema, n/v, and chills



SPINAL NERVES cross tracts as opposed to CRANIAL NERVES if you are
paralyzed on the left, your right brain is screwed up. HOWEVER, if your left eye doesnt
constrict its your LEFT BRAIN thats screwed up (Get it? Cuz the cranial nerves dont
cross tracts but the spinal nerves that innervate your skeletal muscles do..)

Most likely for things to go down the Right Bronchus cuz its shorter, fatter and more
vertical. If after intubation, there are decreased breath sounds/ decreased lung expansion
on the left, its probably b/c the person who intubated put the ETTube down too far, past
the carina (where its supposed to be) and its in the right bronchus.

Kids with spina bifida are more prone to latex allergies

Pregnant women can not administer Ribavarin (for RSV)

Mumps can lead to male infertility

BNP (B type natriuretic peptide) should be <100, used to diagnose CHF

RAST radioallergosorbent test measures Ig E for latex allergy

6L Nasal Cannula is the most you can give, anything above that really doesnt improve
oxygenation. 1L NC = 24% Fi02, 2 L = 28%, 3 L = 32% get it? Keep adding four until
you get to 6L = 44% Fi02

Nonrebreather give you the most Fi02, Venturi allows you to give the most precise
amount, Face tent is use with facial trauma/burns

Incentive spirometer tell patient to inspire, hold, get floater-thing to about 600-900 then
exhale.. 10X per hour awake. Pt must be able to breathe spontaneously and make a tight
seal around the mouthpiece.

Yearly Occult blood tests are good to catch colon cancer (I would be hesitant to pick
colonoscopy over occult blood tests).

With Hepatitis, early signs include bone pain (arthalgia) and flu like symptoms

T tube to drain bile. Normal output/day = 500 1000cc. Clamp before meals so pt can
use bile to digest food.

With pneumonia, you will hear BRONCHIAL sounds in areas of consolidation.

BiPAP = CPAP and PEEP

ARDS is often unresponsive to increased 02 intubate. Placing prone may help.

Pancreatitis is a painful inflammatory condition where it's enzymes are prematurely
activated and results in autodigestion. Some of the most common causes are: gallstones,
alcoholism, trauma, viral infection, genetics, etc.
Nursing Priorities:
1. control pain and promote comfort
2. treat/prevent fluid & electrolyte imbalance
3. reduce pancreatic stimulation while maintaining adequate nutrition
4. prevent complications
5. provide client teaching re: disease process, prognosis, treatment needs
Give meds as ordered which usually include: narcotic analgesics, sedatives ( valium,
antispasmodics like atropine ), antacids ( maalox ), may also give Prevacid or Tagamet,
etc.

Here are some more:

Levothyroxine (Synthroid)thyroid preparation. Give at breakfast to prevent insomnia.

Carbamazepine (Tegretol)interferes with contraceptives. SE: photosensitivity.

Isoniazid (INH)SE: peripheral neuropathy (administer pyridoxine Vit. B6), rash,
urticaria, and swelling of the face, lips, and eyelids.

Carbamazepine (Tegretol)prevention of seizures and relief of pain in trigeminal
neuralgia. Trigeminal neuralgia (Tic douloureux) is an agonizing pain that may result in
severe depression and suicide.

Clonidine (Catapres-TTS)a centrally acting alpha-adrenergic for HTN; SE: drowsiness,
sedation, orthostatic hypotension, heart failure. If patch used be cautious around
microwaves results in burns, dispose of carefully, and heat will increase medication
absorption leading to toxicity.
Autologous bloodmay give blood 5 weeks before surgery; can give 2 to 4 units of
blood; may have to take iron pills

Carbidopa/Levodopa (Sinemet)used to treat symptoms of Parkinsons disease. Take
immediately before meals and high-protein meals may impair effectiveness of
medication. Reduces rigidity and bradykinesis and facilitates clients mobility.

Doxycycline (Vibramycin)a tetracycline taken at regular intervals but not within 1 hour
of bedtime because it may cause esophageal irritation. Use another method of birth
control, do not take antacids within 1-3 hours of taking medication, and may cause
photosensitivity.

Albuterol (Proventil)a bronchodilator. SE: tremors, headache, hyperactivity,
tachycardia. Use first before steroid medication so opens up bronchioles for steroid to
get in. Wait one minute between puffs of the inhalers for best effect.

Beclomethasone (Vanceril)a steroid . SE: fungal infections, dry mouth, throat
infections.

Topiramate (Topamax) an anticonvulsant. Should drink 2000-3000ml of fluid daily to
prevent kidney stones. Side effects: orthostatic hypotension, ocular symptoms,
blindness, and decrease effects of hormonal contraceptives.

Propranolol (Inderal)a beta-blocker may mask symptoms of hypoglycemia

Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)acts on urinary tract mucosa to produce analgesic or local
anesthetic effects. SE: bright orange urine, yellowish discoloration of skin or sclera
indicates drug accumulation due to renal impairment.

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)most common SE : mild to moderate rash
(urticaria)
Aminoglycosides are ototoxic.

Butorphanol Tartrate (Stadol)analgesic for moderate/ severe pain; SE: change in BP,
bradycardia, respiratory depression.


y Onchyomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail plate.
* Hirsutism is a male pattern of hair growth in women that may be normal or the
result of excessive secretion of androgenic hormones.
* Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease with thickening of both the epidermis and
dermis, with scaly, pruritic, erythmatous plaques.
* A furnucle is an infection of the hair follicle that extends to the surrounding
tissue.
* A carbuncle is a collection of infected hair follicles that forms a draining abcess.
* Cellulitis is a diffuse infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.

Some more nuggets:
1) Oligomenorrhia/Amenorrhia - Thyroid Storm/Thyrotoxicosis
2) Menorrhagia - Hypothyroidism
3) PTU, used to tx hyperthy causes leukopenia, agranulocytosis - watch out for sore
throat and other signs of dec. immune sys
4) Addison's pts may need more glucocorticoids (sugar) in times of stress: ie before
dental surgery/oral procedure / surgery
5) Excessive Prolactin causes galactorrhea (excessive milk flow), decreased libido in
men, impotence. Hypophysectomy can help.
6) Incision in a transphenoidal hypophysectomy is made between the gingival mucosa of
the upper teeth and upper lip area. (So btw upper gum and upper lip)
7) S/S Disulfram rxn - flushing, angina, palpitations, vertigo,
8) It is the OCULOMOTOR (CN III) not OPTIC that causes the pupillary changes in
increased ICP.
9) Loss of central vision is a sign of macular degeneration


y Macrocytic/megaloblastic anemias are most commonly caused by vitamin B12
deficiency. Pernicious anemia can be fatal unless vitamin B12 replacement is
given.

* Microcytic-hypochromic anemias are characterized by small red cells with
insufficient hemoglobin content. The most common cause is iron-deficiency.

Always taper steroids if taking chronically --> never stop abruptly!

Earliest sign of larynx cancer is hoarseness or change in vocal quality.

If in doubt whether a patient is hyper or hypoglycemic, treat pt for hypoglycemia.

CSF leakage through the nose (rhinorrhea) or through the ear (otorrhea) = increased ICP -
-> DO NOT SUCTION!

Positioning for Cleft lip and Cleft palate
Cleft lip - on side or upright in infant seat (not prone)
Cleft palate - on side or abdomen

Transesophageal Fistula (TEF) - esophagus doesn't fully develop (this is a surgical
emergency)
The 3 C's of TEF in the newborn:
1) Choking
2) Coughing
3) Cyanosis

Pyloric stenosis - projectile vomiting

Intussusception - "currant jelly" stools (blood and mucus mixed)

Here's One....

A person with eczema is at greatest risk for latex allergy!

Two...

Always see difficulty breathing, swallowing, or person with pain after giving pain med an
hour ago FIRST

Three...

When getting pt out of bed have open end of chair facing the foot of the bed.

Four...

Ausculate S3 and S4 extra heart sounds by turning pt on the left side and using the bell of
stethoscope to listen at apex.

Five...

The more babies out.. its get loose... more prone to hemorrhage

Some pharm stuff I typed from before using the ATI review:
(hope it helps)....

yHallmark signs of digoxin toxicity blurred and double vision
yGuaifenesin can cause drowsiness, so ct should avoid drivingthat requires alertness
yAnticholinergic effect urinary retention
ySafe to take with albuterol (Proventil) for a ct with cardio disease spironolactone
(aldactone) =>K+ sparing diuretic that decreases risk of hypokalemia & ECG changes)
ySupplemental thyroid hormone (Levothyroxine) for hypothyroidism will be required
throughout the childs LIFETIME.
ySevere allergic rxn to Cephalosporins ct have high incidence of allergic rxns to
PENICILLINS (avoid penicillins)
yCt receiving Phenobarbital IV for anticonvulsant therapy, interventions include:
Observing the ct for RR depression
Monitoring the ct for excessive sedation
Avoiding extravasation of the parental soltn
ySumatriptan (Imitrex) SQ therapy take medication AS SOON AS MIGRAINE SXS
APPEAR/ATTACK
yIntravenous fastest, most effective route; deliver the medication directly into the
bloodstream, allowing rapid distribution throughout the body
yOpioid antagonist (Naloxone, narcan) increase RR, improvement of RR
yBaclofen improved ability to perform ADLs in spinal cord injury pts (decreases
frequency & severity of MUSCLE SPASMS)
yErythromycin (Erythrocin) contraindicated with chronic alcoholism & cirrhosis who
has resp infection (liver toxicity)
yReview insulin drawing in syrine (units)
yCts taking K+-sparing diuretics should avoid consuming foods that contain high levels
of K+. Salt substitutes are high in K+ chloride content.
yA ct dx with acute MI is tx in an emergency dept with alteplase (Activase) which has a
short half-life must administer drug concurrently with alteplase => heparin (short half-
life opens an occluded artery quicky, reduce risk of reocclusion with heparin)
y17 yr old ct receiving testosterone (Depo-Testosterone) injections monthly to correct
delayed puberty, monitor use x-rays of the hand & wrist q 6 mos. (determine rate of
bone maturation, drug can help bone mature w/o producing a compensating gain in
liner growth)
yWith renal impairment, there is decreased elimination of atropine => [FONT='Times
New Roman','serif'][/font] anticholinergic effects of atropine = confusion
yA diuretic Acetazolamide (Diamox) contraindicated with SULFONAMIDES
yHold Metoprolol (Lopressor) dose if client develops DYSPNEA (sign of exacerbation of
congestive heart failure, might precipitate it)
yProgestins (oral contraceptive) can cause WT GAIN can increase appetite
yHow to use a metered-dose inhaler to administer albuterol (Proventil)
Hold the inhaler so that drugs metal canister is inverted
Release 1 or more test sprays into the air if its a new inhaler
Shake the inhaler before administering a dose
Rinse mouth with water p the last inhalation
yA pplying a cool, damp cloth to persons forehead, neck, wrists helps promote
comfort for pts who are N & V
yCt taking Allopurinal (Zyloprim) to reduce uric acid level for secretion, must avoid
CORN tends to acidify urine and might increase the risk of URIC ACID STONE
formation.
yDry persistent cough common during 1st wk of ACE inhibitor therapy d/t
accumulation of bradykinin from inhibition of angiotension-converting enzymes
yGiving 2 antiHTNs together interact synergistically (potentiation) => the effect of
giving both drugs should be greater than that of either administered alone
yLasix/furosemide check BP (can cause a substantial drop in BP by decreasing
circulatory volume and by relaxing venous smooth muscle => reduce venous bld return
to the heart)
yCollagenase (Santyl) to tx leg ulcers within about a week, this ointment will remove
dead tissue so that ulcers can heal
yImmunizations with live vaccines long-lasting active immunity
yCt receiving Epoetin (Procrit) to tx anemia, rxn r/t this drug HA (if hct rises too
quickly, HTN & seizure can result HA is early sign)
y2nd cycle of Fertinex for fertility txment verifies that todays dose is based on the
cts response in the preceding cycle
yBronchospasm SOB and hypoxia
yInteraction between Reglan & Morphine increased SEDATION
yMANNITOL MUST BE USED WITH EXTREME CAUTION IN CTS WHO HAVE HEART
DISEASE => CHF AND PULMONARY EDEMA
yBenadryl DONT USE SLEEPING PILL (avoid CNS depressants to could increase
sedation)
yLife-threatening rxn to GAMMA GLOBULIN = chest tightness, bronchoconstriction,
angioedema, hypoTN anaphylaxis
yNurse to apply sulfamylon to burn injury:
o Administer the PRN analgesic 30mins before applying (for pain, b/c it is painful)
o Apply p daily tubbing (to remove old previously applied cream)
o Monitor f&e & acid base balance
o Sched wound care at least 1hr before meals (time to recover)
yThrombocytopenia = platelet count <150,000/microleter
yCyclosporine (Neoral) mix the drug with milk/juice to increase taste/palatability
yHexachlorophene (phisohex) harmful for breastfeeding
yReview PEDS calculations (with kg)
yGold salt therapy on rheumatoid arthritis slows progression of disease
yUric acid should be monitored prior to and periodically throughout therapy with
thiazides and related diuretics (hyperuricemia is one or more common SE of thiazides)
ySimvastatin (Zocor) required lab test during therapy Creatine kinase


Ct who has most risk factors for depression 35 yr old single FEMALE (living alone, ages:
25-44)
yThe public health nurse provides health care to a single population of ppl. The primary
difference between PHN & Occupational & School health nsg is that O&S are limited to
one geographic setting and one subpopulation (type) of ct
yAdult day care centers provide temporary care for elders who live at home with
family/friends, but need supervision & help during workday
yLBW Baby consumed cows milk before 6 months of age iron deficiency anemia =>
get hgb level
yTo achieve complete eradication of Hepatitis B required immunization of all infants
& children
yFamily 1 or more individuals possess some common emotional bond
yEthnicity group of ppl who share common, distinctive characteristics such as race,
ancestry, nationality, language, religion, food preferences, hx
yMedicaid administration falls to STATE govts
yHealthy ppl 2010 set of health goals for aggregates; rationale is that our society can
little afford the cost of tx preventable diseases and injuries
yEarly crisis w/c can last from moments to days, rxn is primarily emotional;cts express
shock, disbelief, numb, panicky, cant cope
yPublic Health Dept PHN focus is the health of the community. During a home visit,
will provide education & referrals for specified problems that impact the health of the
community
yOccupational health nurse work for businesses & industries to support employee
health (eg; job related injury)
yBreast self-exam 14-19yrs (must begin in high school)
yThe most basic and important action for nurses in providing culturally competent care
confront own racism & ethnocentrism (if the nurse isnt aware of his/her own culture,
biases and prejudices, its not possible to competently assess and communicate with
indiv of other cultures)
yWhen designing maternal-infant programs and services in a community, most
important consideration developmental level of the groups being served (to identify
needs of specific aggregates for whom services are intended (adolescents, career
women, migrants).
yUnderstanding of the developmental tasks & psychosocial issues of each population
should be the cornerstone of a well-developed program.
yCompared to younger ppl, it is even more important for interventions targeted to the
elderly to promote physical exercise (People aged 65yrs and older are less likely than
younger ppl to exercise)
yA female student comes to the school nurses office to express concern about a
friend who induces vomiting in the BR p lunch q day. nurse must continue to assess
for other signs that might indicate a mental disorder.
yThe best way to evaluate the success of a campaign to increase the # of immunizations
in a school district is to compare the # of children in the district who were immunized
during the past year to the # immunized in the preceding year.
yCommon aspect of both elder abuse & child abuse victims are usually dependent on
the abuser
yRural American group have an uninsured or underinsured status
ySingle most prevalent health problem among the homeless ALCOHOLISM
yDenver II test overall devt status can be appropriately screened during bith to 6 yrs
(revision of the classic Denver Devtal Screening Test)
yHighest risk of dying from severe burn injury toddlers (1-9yrs)
yAn intervention to address alcohol/drug abuse at the level of subgroups within a
community would be to provide a support group for employees who are recovering
from alcohol or drug abuse (the support group constitutes a sub-group within the
community; the intervention is targeted for just those ppl)
yEMPOWERMENT CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
yWomen expected to live 6yrs longer than men b/c Men are less likely than women to
obtain preventive physical exam (women more likely to engage in health maintenance)
yOSHA regulation of potential hazards in the workplace
ySalmonella properly store & thoroughly cook eggs and poultry
yE coli raw beef; wash hands
C.jejuni drink only chlorinated drinking water


ere's some more Community Facts: (sorry if they're too long.....)

yEriksons Generativity vs. Stagnation middle adults (>40y) guide and care for the
younger generation and assist the older one
yNeonate should gain 0.5-1 oz (15-30g/day)
ySerum lead [c] = 16mg/dL and been above 10mg/dL for several months investigate
the childs environment
y(+) reaction to tuberculin skin test induration (hardening) larger or equal to 15mm in
a person >4yrs who has not risk factors for TB
yPertussis vaccine composed of INACTIVATED bacteria
yDisaster cannot be relieved without assistance (thats why disaster preparedness is
important)
o OUTSIDE AREA area not directly affected by the disaster but can offer assistance
yCommunity competence parts of community (org, groups, aggregates) collaborate
effectively in identifying the problems & needs of a community, achieving similar goals
and priorities
yBehavior or lifestyle greatest effect on the health of a community as a whole. This
underscores the importance of primary prevention.
yNursing strategy for HOMELESS:
o Using reflective statements that convey an understanding of situation
o Accepting the political commitments essential for advocacy for homeless cts
o Focus on primary prevention (identify other educational, placement, and legal
services that they cant access)
yHospice focus of care is COMFORT for individual facing death
yEvaluation in community assessment barrier setting goals that are unrealistic or
inappropriate tend to break down progress rapidly
yMorbidity stats reflect the extent and distribution of illness and disability in the
community
yPrevalence rate # of old & new cases of specified disease
yIncidence rate # of NEW cases of a specified disease within a pop
yOlder smokers who try to quit smoking are MORE LIKELY to stay off cigarettes.
yOlder adults might be at risk for POOR NUTRITION loss of dentition (or poor fitting
dentures interfere with biting/chewing)
yNurse refers client to inappropriate health care provider making negligent referral
ySecondary prevention working with person in affected pop (ppl experiencing effects
of violence and ensuring safety)
yProviding doc of physical evidence in a case of suspected physical/sexual abuse use
body mapping & photographs in addition to written doc
yBoy fell forward in the ground Fracture of the forearm
yPhysical exercise greater energy reserve
o Does NOT change persons perception of stress
yImmunization in order:
o Hepatitis B
o DTaP, Hib, IPV, PCV
o Influenza
o MMR and varicella
yHIPAA to protect workers from losing health care coverage with a job change or loss
yNicotine GATEWAY for substance abuse
ySIDS "back to sleep"
yTertiary prevention helping a ct with asthma use an inhaler (long-term & chronic)
ySecondary prevention giving first aid for injuries sustained during activities
yEnviro-mechanical hazards in the workplace:
o Inadequate lifting device (risk for injury)
o Excessively cluttered work areas
o Slippery floors
o Poor workstation-worker fit
yEthnocentrism belief that ones own ways are the best, most superior


Ok for those of you who did not take Kaplan, this is their infamous Decision
Tree
(Can't say I use it a lot, but some swear by it)

1. Can you identify the Topic?
Yes= proceed to step 2
No= read answers for clues, read stem, re word question
identify and proceed to step 2

2. Are all answers Assessments or Implementations?
Yes= proceed to step 3
No= determine from stem if assessment needed, validation needed; if so
assess
*if no assess in stem then you need to assess
*if assess in stem, do you need validation?
*if assess or validation required and there are no right assess answers, then
implement

3. Does Maslows fit?
Yes= Do they make sense? Apply ABC's.
*eliminate psychosocial/pain (consider pain psychosocial for nclex)
*don't always pick airway
No= are all physical? yes..then proceed to step 4
are all psychosocial? yes..then proceed to step 5

4. Are all answers physical?
Yes= apply ABC's
No= proceed to step 5

5. What is outcome of each?
do they make sense?
why?

and yes folks then you should have your answer!!!!


INFECTION CONTROL

Airborne Precautions:
Varicella
TB
Rubeola

pt must wear mask when transporting
what else?!?

Droplet Precautions:
Mennigittis
Pneumonia
Pertussis
Rubella
Mumps

private room unless other pt has same organism
maintain 3 feet distance unless giving care
anything else??


Contact Precautions:
RSV
Synctial virus
C Diff
MRSA
Ecoli
Scabies
Impetigo
Room needs to be private unless same organism
gloves/gown when in contact with secretions
anything else??

Standard Precautions:
CF
Bronchitis
Hantavirus
Tonsillitis
Cutaneous Anthrax


For airborne, make sure the patient is in a room that has negative air pressure
with at least 6-12 exchanges an hour, and N95 mask for TB.

Also remember MTV Cd for airborne: Measles (Rubeola), TB, Varicella (Shingles),
Chickenpox, Disseminated varicella zoster.

Piaget is known for cognitive development.

Freud veiws anxiety as a warning to the person of impending danger.

Vitamin B1 deficiency is linked to Korsakoff's syndrome.

Korsakoff's syndrome is associated with ataxia, confabulation, and myopathy.

A liver that is tender on palpation is suggestive of viral hepatitis.

The inability of diseased liver cells to clear normal amounts of bilirubin from the blood is
found in hepatocellular jaundice.

Hepatitis B has an incubation period of 2-5 months.

Patients with renal disease need to be monitored for potassium imbalances especially
hyperkalemia. The primary method of treating hyperkalemia is with hemodialysis.

Here are some I've found while studying:

Approximately 2 weeks after starting pt on antidepressants, assess for increased energy,
could be sign of suicidal ideation

If you believe pt to be in respiratory detress, assess lung sounds first, LOC, retractions,
skin color, etc would all be late signs

if dealing with a pt that is hallucinating, ask pt what voices in head are saying to assess
for presence of command hallucinations

Bi-polar pt in mania phase will be full of energy, difficulty sitting still, provide finger
foods as well as private room

Chest tube water seal chamber should fluctuate with breaths, this is normal

Chest tube should not bubble, this could be sign of air leak

Trach balloon should be inflated any time there is any risk of pt aspirating (ie eating,
increased secreations, when getting tube feeds, on vent, and 30 min after eating)

When changing trach ties, remove old ties with non-sterile gloves, then put on sterile
gloves to apply clean ties

With a pt receiving tube feeds, only fill bag with enough feeds for 4 hrs, and assess for
residuals every 4 hours

Cystic Fybrosis pt---Contact and Droplet precautions, pt must wear mask if leaving room

Avoid asking "why"

After administering Fosamax, instruct pt to remain sitting up for 30 min

Never palpate a Wihlm's Tumor, could cause cancer cells to break off

When doing adominal assessment, auscultate, then palpate, Palpating first will alter
bowel sounds


When instilling eye drops into the lower conjunctival sac hold the dropper 1 to 2 cm ( 0.4
to 0.8 inches ) above the sac.

Discolored amniotic fluid such as green is a sign of fetal distress.

Placenta previa = painless bleeding. No vaginal exams.

After the rupture of membranes, the babies heart is checked then rechecked a few
minutes later or after next contraction.

In the apgar score, the first time done reflects the transitional score, the second apgar
score reflects the planning of care for the newborn.
Score over 7, baby is ok but score under 5 needs recussitation or intensive care.

Hep.B vaccine given within 12 hours of birth.

Anterior fontanelle closes at 12 to 15 months.

At 7-12 months they are aware of themselves and can imitate. Be sure toys have no small
pieces. Should be weaning from bottle to sippy cup by 12 months ( 1 year ).

At 10 to 13 months walks while holding on to furniture and can stand ok. According to
my kids pediatrician, " They are supposed to entertain themselves for periods of time ".
YEAH RIGHT! Mine were calling mommy all the time.

At 2-3 months they should be able to smile and follow objects.


Anaphylactic reaction to baker's yeast is contraindication for Hep B vaccine.

** Ask for allergy to eggs before Flu shot
** Ask for anaphylactic rxn to eggs or neomycin before MMR
** When on nitroprusside, monitor thiocynate (cyanide). Normal value should be 1, >1 is
heading toward toxicity
**If kid has cold, can still give immunizations
**SARS (severe acute resp syndrome) airborne + contact (just like varicella)
** Hepatitis A is contact precautions
** Tetanus, Hepatitis B, HIV are STANDARD precautions
** William's position - Semi Fowlers with knees flexed (inc. knee gatch) to relieve lower
back pain.
** SIGNS of a Fractured hip: EXTERNAL ROTATION, SHORTENING,
ADDUCTION
** Fat Embolism: Blood tinged sputum (r/t inflammation), inc ESR, respiratory alkalosis
(not acidosis r/t tachypnea), hypocalcemia,increased serum lipids, "snow storm" effect on
CXR.
**Complications of Mechanical Ventilation: Pneumothorax, Ulcers
** Paget's Disease - tinnitus, bone pain, enlargement of bone, thick bones.
** NO VITAMIN C with Allopurinol
** IVP requires bowel prep so they can visualize the bladder better
**Acid Ash diet - cheese, corn, cranberries, plums, prunes, meat, poultry, pastry, bread
** Alk Ash diet- milk, veggies, rhubarb, salmon
** Orange tag in triage is non emergent Psych
** Greenstick fractures, usually seen in kids bone breaks on one side and bends on the
other


Gout- a build up of crystals of uric acid (Kidney stones) depositing in tissues of the body.
Tx: adequate fluid intake, reduce alcohol, medications that reduce hyperuricemia, and
diet changes like decrease in foods that contain purines( organ meats, seafood etc.)


Moxifloxacin, can cause inflamed and ruptured tendons, so assess for tendon swelling
and pain

Steroids can increase gastric secretions, increasing your risk of gastric ulcers and GI
bleeds, so try to avoid asprin

Letrozole is used to treat advanced breast cancer, skeltal and bone pain is a common side
effect

Lopressor and other Beta Adernergic blockers can commonly cause impotence

When administering chemotherapy, remember to wear gloves, eye protection, and a mask
that covers both your mouth and nose

Mg toxicity, assess for loss of deep tendon reflexes, respiratory depression, drop in heart
rate and blood pressure, and a sudden drop in fetal heart rate

Klonopin, pt will experience clumsiness and unsteadiness early in therapy, should
disappear with long term use

Rifampin and INH, take together on empty stomach for maximum absorption

Administer Haldol and anti-Parkinson medications at same time to decrease risk of
extrapyramidal effects of the Haldol

When instructing a pt on how to hold a cane, it should be at the level of the greater
trochanter and femur, on the good side

When administering an enema, position the pt in a left Sims position. Do not elevate the
head of bed

Tinnitus, most common symptom pts experience with inner ear disorders

Administering ear drops in a child, pull down and back on ear lobe
In adult, pull up and back on auricle. Instruct pt to keep head up for 10-15 min after
administering drops

An isolated warmer area in the middle of a cast could be indicative of infection

PVC's are concerning of there are greater than 6 per min, if they occur in pairs, are
multifocal, or if the fall on the T wave

Niacin, used to treat hyperlipidemia

Antiparkinson drugs, monitor for urinary retention, hypotension

Synthroid (for hypothyroidism), should only be given in the morning because of it's risk
of causing insomnia if given at bedtime

Hyperthyroidism (Grave's Disease)---things speed up, monitor for tachycardia,
nervousness, insomnia, weight loss, bulging eyes, diarrea, sensitive to heat

Hypothyroidism (Myexedma)--things slow down, weight gain, constipation, decreased
activity level, bradycardia



Incontinence is normal with aging--not a prob

Lymes is found mostly in Conneticut

Cervical cancer--hx of many sexual partners--risk factor

Breast cancer--hx of young menstural age and oral contraceptives for 8yrs

Asthma and Arthritis--swimming best

Asthma has intercostal retractions--be concerned

Braxton hick contractions in pregnancy are normal--it's when the stomach is tensed and
relaxes

Post pituitary hormones--oxytocin, vasopressin, and ADH
Ant pituitary hormones--growth, TSH, ACTH, LH, and FSH

Water heater temp should be set no higher then--120 degrees--children precautions

DKA--300-600
HHNKS--600-1200 Blood sugars

CVP normal range 3-12

Transition phase of labor--shallow resperation (pant)

PCA--patient controlled analgesics--itching is common side effect

S3 vetricular gallop is early sign of HF

Inflow and Intake recorded seperately

Cystic fibrosis--both parents carry recessive trait, an autosomal recessive trait

Nephrotic syndrome--complication--venous thrombosis

placenta previa--c-section

FVO-fluid vol overload--rales and inc Pulse

Cystic fibrosis--pos sweat test=replace enzymes and inc salt intake
a resp and GI disease

Hartavirus Pulm syndrome--assess for s/s of thrombocytopenia
--caused by rodents

IOP--intra ocul pressure--10-21mm/hg

Vitamin
B-12 ==anemia
B-1 ==alcohol
B-9 == folic acid
B-6 ==TB

Synthroid in morning to prevent insomnia


Tardive Dyskinesia - irreversible - involuntary movements of the tongue, face
and extremities, may happen after prolonged use of antipsychotics

Akathisia - motor restlessness, need to keep going, tx with antiparkinsons meds,
can be mistaken for agitation.

Schizophrenia - disturbances in affect, mood, behavior, & thought processes. "
do not go along with the delusions or hallucinations", set limits on the persons
behavior when it interferes with others & becomes disruptive.


3roteln und vltumln C ure necessury for wound heullng.

3oultry und mllk ure good sources of proteln. ( to nume u few )

Broccoll und struwberrles ure good sources of vltumln C. ( to nume u few )

Normul serum creutlnlne level ls 0.6 to 1.3 mg/dl. The person wlth mlld renul
lnsufflclency would huve u sllghtly lncreused level. Levels of 3.5mg/dl meuns
posslble ucute or chronlc renul fullure.


Theophylline increases risk of digoxin toxicity and it decreases effects of both
lithium and dilantin. Barbituates decrease the effects of theophylline.

If the question asks for an immediate action/response, all options might be
correct so select the answer based on priorities.

Capsules & sustained release meds are not to be crushed.

After cataract surgery the person should not sleep on the operative side.

After liver biopsy the person is instructed to lay on their right side.

When giving an enema place the patient in left laying Sim's position so the
enema can flow by gravity in the natural direction of the colon.

After a craniotomy keep head of bed ( HOB ) elevated 30 degrees to 45
degrees.

When drawing an ABG, you need to put the blood in a heparinized tube, make sure there
are no bubbles, put on ice immediately after drawing, with a lable indicating if the pt was
on room air or how many liters of O2.

Remember to preform the Allen's Test prior to doing an ABG to check for sufficient
blood flow

Before going for Pulmonary Fuction Tests (PFT's), a pt's bronchodilators will be with-
held and they are not allowed to smoke for 4 hrs prior

For a lung biopsy, position pt lying on side of bed or with arms raised up on pillows over
bedside table, have pt hold breath in midexpiration, chest x-ray done immediately
afterwards to check for complication of pneumothorax, sterile dressing applied

For a lumbar puncture, pt is positioned in lateral recumbent fetal position, keep pt flat for
2-3 hrs afterwards, sterile dressing, frequent neuro assessments

EEG, hold meds for 24-48 hrs prior, no caffine or cigarettes for 24 hrs prior, pt can eat, pt
must stay awake night before exam, pt may be asked to hyperventilate and watch a bright
flashing light, after EEG, assess pt for seizures, pt's will be at increased risk

Diamox, used for glaucoma, can cause hypokalemia

Dexedrine, used for ADHD, may alter insulin needs, avoid taking with MAOI's, take in
morning (insomnia possible side effect)

Cytovene, used for retinitis caused by cytomegalovirus, pt will need regular eye exams,
report dizziness, confusion, or seizures immediately

INH, used to treat and prevent TB, do not give with dilantin, can cause phenytonin
toxicity, monitor LFT's, give B6 along with, hypotension will occur initially, then resolve

Rifampin, for TB, dyes bodily fluids orange

If mixing antipsychotics (ie Haldol, Throazine, Prolixin) with fluids, med is incompatible
with caffine and apple juice

Haldol preferred anti-psychotic in elderly, but high risk extrapyramidal side effects
(dystonia, tarditive dyskinesia, tightening of jaw, stiff neck, swollen tongue, later on
swollen airway), monitor for early signs of reaction and give IM Benadryl

Risperdal, antipsychotic, doses over 6mg can cause tarditive dyskinesia, first line
antipsychotic in children

Levodopa, for parkinsons, contraindicated in pts with glaucoma, avoid B6

Sinemet, for parkinsons, contraindicated with MAOI's

Hydroxyurea, for sickle cell, report GI symptoms immediately, could be sign of toxicity

Zocor, for hyperlipidemia, take on empty stomach to enhance absorption, report any
unexplained musle pain, especially if fever

Cushing Syndrome:
salt, sugar, stress is UP

Addison's:
salt, sugar, stress is down

Hypocalemia, Hypomagnesia, and Hypokaleia, all increase risk of digoxin toxicity

Ulcerative colitis, frequent liquid stools, contain blood, affects rectum and left colon

Chrohn's---diarrhea, contains fat, affects ileum and right colon

Remember McBurney's Point (pain between umbilicus and right iliac crest) when
assessing pts with appendicitis

Appendicitis, no hot packs, may have ice to alleviate pain, no pain meds (may mask
rupture)

Hirschsprung's disease, infant fails to pass meconium, abd distention, caused by
obstruction in intestine, will get colostomy, that is usually reversed when child is 17-22
lbs.


Aside from monitoring the vital signs of a pt. post-tonsillectomy check for
frequent swallowing which could be a sign of post-op bleeding.

Trach cuffs should be deflated & reinflated periodically to prevent necrosis of
trachial tissues.

Post tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy no straws!

Monitor the daily weight if pt. taking Lasix.


Post-thyroidectomy, monitor for s/s of airway obstruction; hemmorhage (be sure to
check behind client's neck, as bandage may appear clean when severe bleeding may be
draining underneath); thyroid storm; tetany; and recurrent laryngeal nerve damage



Chvostek's Sign - Test which reveals spasm of the facial muscle when the face is tapped
over the facial nerve, in the area of the parotid gland - positive results may indicate
hypocalcemia, acid-base imbalance, or reaction to a blood transfusion

Trousseau's Sign - A carpopedal spasm that occurs when a blood pressure cuff is
inflated above the client's SBP and left in place 2-3 minutes - an indication of latent
tetany, which may indicate hypocalcemia (although it is a less sensitive test than
Chvostek's)


Mannitol (Osmitrol): A hyperosmotic agent that increases intravascular pressure by
drawing fluid frin the interstitial spaces and from the brain cells (monitor renal function)

Corticosteroids: Stabilize the cell membrane, reduce the leakiness in the blood-brain
barrier, and decrease cerebral edema (clients must be withdrawn slowly from
corticosteroids to prevent adrenal crisis)

Antihypertensives: May be required to maintain cerebral perfusion at a normal level
(notify physician if BP range below 100 or above 150)

Antipyretics and Muscle Relaxants: Temperature reduction decreases metabolism,
cerebral blood flow, thus ICP; muscle relaxants prevent shivering

Anticonvulsants: May be given prophylactically to prevent seizures, which increase
metabolic requirements, thus increasing ICP

IV Fluids: Administered via IV infusion pump to control the amount of fluid
administered (NO HYPERTONIC SOLUTIONS are given, due to the risk of promoting
additional cerebral edema)


Erikson's Stages
birth to 18 months = trust vs. mistrust
18 months to 3 yrs = autonomy vs. shame & doubt
3 yrs to 6 yrs = initiative vs. guilt
6yrs to 12 yrs = industry vs. inferiority
12 yrs to 20 yrs = identity vs. role confusion
20 yrs to 35 yrs = intimacy vs. isolation
35 yrs to 65 yrs = generativity vs. stagnation
65 yrs to death = integritiy vs. despair



Dumping syndrome happens most often after gastric resection. s/s occur
approx. 30 minutes after eating, nausea & cramping, feeling of fullness,
diarrhea, palpitations, tachycardic, sweaty, weak & dizzy, gas!
Diet 4 this is: high protein, high fat, & low carbs, tell pt to eat small frequent
meals and lay down after eating & avoid sugar and salt.

Poisoning
Prevention is the key! Treat the patient, then the posion!

Contraindications to vomiting: danger of aspiration or aspiration pneumonia
(diminished gag reflex), decreased LOC, ingested lighter fluid or kerosene,
ingested drain cleaner

Aspirin poisoning: symptoms include tinnitus, change in mental status, increased
temp, hyperventilation (resp. alkalosis), bleeding issues (decreased platelet
aggregation)

Tylenol poisoning: symptoms include n/v, hypothermia (if NO treatment -->
major danger-liver damage). Mucomyst is the antidote for tylenol poisoning.

Lead toxicity (AKA plumbism): symptoms include lethargy, decreased activity,
increased ICP (seizures), diagnostic tests include blood lead level (>9 mcg =
toxic), xray of long bones (will show lead deposits)
Lead can be ingested --> pica-eating of non-food items such as chalk, dirt, lead,
paint

Hazardous wastes: if chemical poses a threat to the patient, decontaminate first!
If chemical poses no threat or patient is contaminated, then begin care. If
immediate threat to life, put on PPE and stabalize patient!

Disaster Planning: do greatest good for greatest number of people
Resources used for patients w/ greatest probability of survival
Triage-order treated:
Red-unstable (SOB, bleeding)
Yellow-stable, can wait (brooken bone, burn)
Green-stable can wait longer ("walking wounded"-sore back, hang nail)
Black-unstable, probably fatal (fatal injury, less likely to survive)
DOA -dead on arrival


External radiation:
Leave markings on skin, avoid use of creams, lotions, check skin for redness,
cracking


Internal radiation:
Sealed source --> lead container and long-handled forceps in room, save all
dressings, bed linen until radiation removed; urine and feces not radioactive,
don't stand close or in line with source, patient is on bedrest while implant is in
place

Unsealed source of radiation --> all bodily fluids are contaminated --> greatest
danger 1st 24-96 hours. Time and distance is important, private room, sign on
door, nurse wears dosimeter film badge at all times, limit visitors and time spent
in patient's room, rotate staff


For an ear exam:
adult --> pull up and back
child --> pull back and down
(remember it like the alphabet --> b, child, d)


Cranial Nerve Disorders
Trigeminal Neuralgia--stabbing, burning facial pain, facial muscle twitching
Bell's Palsy--(7th cranial nerve)-inability to close eye, increased lacrimation,
distorted side of face
Acoustic Neuroma--deafness, dizziness




Tetrology of Fallot
Tetra means four so it consists of four defects:
pulmonary artery stenosis
hypertrophy of right ventricle
venticular septal defect
overriding of aorta
Dx of Tetrology of Fallot is done by chest x-ray that shows a typical boot
shaped heart. An echocardiogram, 3 dimentional echocardiography, &
cardiac cath help to confirm diagnosis.
s/s of TOF include: " blue spells or tet spells " relieved by having child squat.
Murmur may be present. Poor growth, clubbing of fingers.


1) Detached Regina - curtain being drawn over field, floaters, must patch
BOTH EYES !

2) Cataracts - decreased Color vision, Cloudy, better vision with dim light
(pupil dilation)

3) Glaucoma - halo around lights, decrease peripheral vision, intraocular
pressure > 22mmHg. They see better with light. COAG (chronic open
angle glaucoma has little to no symptoms, pressure in the eye gradually
increases 30-50mmHg), while acute closed angle glaucoma has sudden
pain and the pressure in the eye is usually higher ( 50 - 70).

4) Ishihara chart - to assess color vision (specifically red -green blindness)

5) Post op stapedectomy - vertigo, nausea, vomitting is expected

Contraindications to immunizations:
Flu-= allergy to eggs
MMR=allergy to neomycin, pregnancy
HepB= allergy to yeast
IPV= allergy to strptomycin,polymycin,neomycin
Varicella=allergy to gelatin, untreated TB, HIV, pregnancy
Hep A= allergy to alum

SOme more.......
PT to be put on streptokinase ask if they had a recent strep infections, med won't be as
effective

Caution with the "Mycins" for pt with Multiple Sclerosis, Myasthenia Gravis, THESE
EXACERBATE MUSCLE WEAKNESS


Management for sprain:

R- Rest
I - Ice
C -Compression
E - Elevate


Management for Sickle Cell Crisis: (In order of PRIORITY)

H - Hydration
H - Heat
O - Oxygen (why? coz if you give oxygen before hydration it doesn't make sense at all
since hydrating the client would prevent further clumping of RBC's thus increasing
oxygenation)
P Pain

Renal Function:Norms
BUN = 8 to 25 mg/dl
Serum Creatinine = 0.6 to 1.3 mg/dl
Creatinine Clearance = 100 to 120 mL per minute
Serum Uric Acid = 2.5 to 8.0 mg/dl
Urine Uric Acid = 250 to 750 mg/ 24 hours

Normal activated partial thromboplastin time ( APTT ) is 20-36 seconds
At theraputic levels, heparin will increase this by 1.5 to 2.5 times the normal
If the APTT is over 80, dosage needs to be reduced
Heparin is for prevention of DVT/thromboembolism

Coumadin monitored with PT & INR
Average PT is 9.6 to 11.8 seconds coumadin makes these numbers longer
The higher the number the greater the chances of bleeding
Normal INR is 1.3 to 2.0 a theraputic INR for most patients will be 2 to 3.
Some pts. it may be ok to go higher

When performing a heel stick, put thumb over walking surface of the heal, strike later
aspect of heal, wipe of 1st drop, don't smear, streak or sqeeze area (due to high ECF in
infants)

~ Before infant feeds, insert gloved hand into mouth to assess palate.

~ Head circumference should be 2cm > than chest when born, but equal by 1 year.

~ Skin tags and low set ears in infants - suspect chromosomal abnormalities

~ Circumoral cyanosis in infants - see if it improves with crying. If it doesn't , report it
cuz it might indicate cardiac pathology.

~ Toilet Training - when kid can communicate need to go (non verbal or verbal), holds
on to please mom and doesn't let go to please self, sphincter control 18 months - 24
months (myelination of the cord is complete now), motor skill. Ability to stay dry for
2hours, can sit still on toilet for 5 - 10 mins without fussing, curiousity about older
people's habits. No right or wrong time !

~ 1 TABLESPOON per year of age = a serving (so 2 year old's serving is 2 tablespoons
or an ounce)

~ Toddlers should be drinking 3-4 cups of milk max, need to make sure they get nutrients
from other foods.

~ Infants need 110kcal/kg/day

~ Breast milk has 20 kcals per ounce (so 20 kcal per 30 cc)

~ Breast milk has everything BUT slightly deficient in Vitamin D



Pleural Drainage System:
Bottle 1 = Drainage= No bubbles
Bottle 2 = Water Seal = Intermittent bubbles
Bottle 3 = Suction= Continuous bubbles

Mental Health:
Language & Communication
NEOLOGISM = a new word made up that has meaning only to the patient
ECHOLALIA = repeating of words or phrases they heard someone else say
WORD SALAD = form of speech in which words & phrases are connected without
any meaning
MUTISM = absense of verbal speech
CLANG ASSOCIATION = repeating of words & phrases that are similar in sound
but not in any other way ( Dr. Seuss type of speech )

Defense Mechanisms:
Compensation = putting extra effort to achive in areas of real or not-real
weaknesses
Sublimation = replacing of an unacceptable need, attitude or emotion with one
that is more accepted


1. Widening pulse pressure is a sign of increased ICP
2.Pt taking Digoxin should eat a diet high in potassium (hypokalemia->
dig toxicity)
3.Key sign of PUD... hematemesis which can be bright red or dark red
with the consistency of coffee grounds
4.Common symptom of Aluminium hydroxyde: constipation
5.In a child anemia is a the first sign of lead poisoning
6.Diuretic used for intracranial bleeding, hydrocephalus (Increased ICP,...)
MANNITOL (osmotic diuretic)
7.Treatment of celiac disease: gluten free diet
8.cystis fibrosis==> excessive mucus production, respiratory infection
complications,...
9.Cholelithiasis causes enlarged edematous gallbladder with multiple
stones and an elevated bilirubin level.
10.Fat embolism is mostly seen in LONG BONES (femur,...) HIV QUICK
NOTES:
Transmission thru contact with body and oral fluids
Primary symptoms: Flu like, progressive weight loss, decreased CD4 count
High risk: IV drug users,multiple sexual partners,contaminated blood prdcts,
perinatal transmission

Diagnostics:
1. ELISA detects dvpt of antibodies. test is positive or negative
2. Western blot detects HIV infection and viral load. It confirms positive or
negative
CD4 and viral load levels indicate response to treatment.
Management:
Antiretroviral- taken daily and on time to avoid replication and mutation
megace for apetite stimulation
immunization against disease is encouraged
small frequent high calori meals. PLASTIC UTENSILS USED instaed of metal
ones to avoid altered food perception not to prevent spread of disease.
Confidentiality a must, periodic evaluations, lab works always

Paracentisis is most commonly used to drain peritoneal fluid caused by ascites,
they check the fluid for microorganisms, cell count, specific gravity, and protein.
Ascites can cause abdominal discomfort/pain and may also cause some
respiratory distress so the paracentisis can help alleviate that as well.

Care of T-tubes:
make sure it is closed to gravity drainage system. avoid any kinks, clamping, or
pulling of tube. expect 300-500 ml of bile during first 24 hours. monitor color of
urine & stools which will be light colored changing gradually to normal coloring ).
assess for s/s of peritonitis, assess skin around t-tube; clean often & keep dry.

Nursing mgt/teaching for home care;
1. wash hands before and after
2.use humidifier/nebulizer for extra moisture.Drink lotsa fluid
3. Avoid OTC cough meds as they dry out airway
4.For suctioning: 4-5 deep breaths before inserting sucionng catheter. do not suction more
than 10 sec. Do not suction more than 3 times per session. Wait 5-10 minutes between
sessions

5. CAtheter care: clean catheter in hot soapy water,rinse with tap water. soak in 50:50
water and vinegar for 1 hr and rinse with saline solution. Dry in clean covered container.
Wash suction tube daily with hot,soapy water.
6. May use thin vaseline coat outside stoma t prevent crusting.
7. Stoma can be covered with ccarf, gauze when bathin, no swimming.
8. pt loses sense of smell and taste, so dental care and smoke detector are a must.

And....
Esophageal speech 101: Pt swallows air into her esophagus and she burps up the air at the
moment of articulation.

Cast Care:
Nursing Assessment:
Neuro check to areas below/distal to cast and above, compare
report absent or diminished pulses, cyanosis, blanching, coldness, lack of
sensation, unable to move toes or fingers, any swelling
check for odor that may indicate infection
report all complaints of numbness/tingling or burning sensations
check for bleeding and " hot spots " that can signal inflammation under the cast
teach pt. to wriggle fingers/toes
elevate affected extremity to reduce swelling and for pain control
apply ice if ordered

The first step in decontamination is the removal of the pts
clothing & jewelry & rinsing the pt with water very well.

Those with symptoms of anthrax who have been in a hot zone
should be given 60 days of prophylactic antibiotic therapy.

The pt who is returning to the unit post-lumbar spinal
fusion should be kept flat in bed.

Pituitary Gland = Master Gland ; the anterior lobe
secretes, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH or somatotropin and LTH or
prolactin.

Amputation Care:
* provide routine post op care
* prevent contractures,i.e in above the knee amps, do not
keep leg up after 24 hrs
* avoid letting pt sit too long with hips flexed
* have pt lay prone several time a day & position hip in
extension, unless otherwise ordered
* do not elevate stump longer than 24 hrs unless otherwise
ordered
* give pain meds
* stump bandages should be tight to promote prothesis
fitting
* initiate active ROM when ordered
* provide stump care: look daily for signs of skin
irritation, wash daily with warm water and bacteriocide
soap then rinse and dry well, do not use irritating stuff
like lotions, powders or alcohol.

PACEMAKER TEACHING:
*fundamental cardiac physiology
*daily pulse check for 1 full minute
*report any sudden slowing/speeding up of the heart rate
*importance of following up with weekly monitoring during first 1-2 months
after placement & at anticipated battery depletion time
*wear loose fitting clothing around area with pacemaker
*call doctor if develop pain/redness over site
*no heavy contact sports
*carry ID card/medic alert braclette with info on model of pacemaker, rate
set at, and manufacturer
*remind of need for periodic hospitalization for battery changes or possible
unit replacement

Blood Transfusion Reactions:
* chills * sweating * thready, rapid pulse * pallor *
cyanosis * muscle aches, back pain * chest pain * headache
* rash/hives * aprehension * n/v and diarrhea
Reactions that are not immediate include:
* fever, jaundice, low Hct level
If a reaction happens the pt. should be closely monitored
for life-threatening symptoms. The infusion is stopped
immediately & the doctor is called!!!! The blood bag and
the tubing must be returned to blood bank with an
explaination of the reaction. Nurse must stay with pt.
during first 15 minutes of transfusion. Also, if the
temperature goes up by 2 degrees from the baseline during
an infusion this could be a reaction.




1) Gout : low purine diet, avoid organ meat e.g. liver.
2) Hypertension : low sodium diet.
3) Renal calculi, calcium kidney stones : follow alkaline ash diet e.g. spinach,
milk, banana. Aim is to increase pH.

Before start INH for TB, usually a baseline live function test is recommended.
TB skin positive, normal 10mm, if HIV, 5mm is positive

Corticosteroids can cause stomach ulcers.
Isoniazid can cause drug induced hepatitis-look for yellow color of the
skin,nausea,vomitting.

Re: Anyoone up for random FACT THROWING??
14. 1. for the myelogram postop positions. water based dye (lighter) bed elevated. oil
based dye heavier bed flat.

2. autonomic dysreflexia- elevated bed first....then check foley or for impaction

3. any of the mycin's..check for tinnitus or hearing loss

4. cloudy dialysate...always further assess and call doctor

5. osteoporosis prevention and mgt. choose weight bearing (walking) instead of
calcium if both are choices.

1. Dilantin can cause gingival hyperplasia, advise good oral hygiene and freq.
dental visits, IVP 25-50 mg/min

2. Placentia Previa is painless, bright red bleed

3. Abruption is painful, board-like abdomen

4. Need MAP of 70-90 to perfuse organs

5. Vitamin C can cause false + occult blood

MAP= diastolic x 2 + systolic
___________________
divided by 3
1. celiac disease cant have BROW! BARLEY RYE OAT WHEAT

2. any eye surgery place on pt on unaffected side

3. if pt has lung cancer, craniotomy, or some kinda pituitary surgery watch for
diabetes insipidus

4. sickle cell- hydration hydration important and treat pain if in crisis

5.dont palpate a wilm's tumor on the peds pt. can cause cancer cells to be
released!

oh one more:

6. terbutaline (Brethine) and mag sulfate- tx for preterm labor

Librium-antianxiety used to tx symptoms of acute alcohol withdrawal.
Cogentin-used to tx parkinsonian side effects of Thorazine (antipsychotic med)
Methadone hydrochloride-opiod analgesic; tx for narcotic withdrawal
Procardia-antianginal med (CCB) decreases myocardial O2 demand.
Digoxin-strengthens myocardial contractio0n & slows conduction thru AV node
Coumadin-inhibits prothrombin synthesis
Amicar-antifibrinolytic; prevents recurrence of subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Lithium-tx manic phase of bipolar
Nimodipine-CCB; decreases spasm in cerebral blood vessels
diltiazem-CCB; inhibits Ca+ influx in vascular smooth muscle; reduces
myocardial O2 demand & decreases force of ventricular contraction
clotrimazole-antifungal; treats rashes.

The level in the water seal chamber (chest tubes) fluctuates with respiration- no
fluctuation indicates an obstruction and excessive bubbling indicates an air leak.

Stay with the client for 15 minutes at the start of a blood transfusion.

Nephrotic Syndrome leads to proteinuria while Glomerulonephritis leads to
hematuria.

Goodell's Sign is the softening of the cervix at the start of the 2nd month of
pregnancy

Nagele's Rule is First date of last menstrual period + 7 days - 3 months + 1year.

Vinca Alkaloids (Vincristine) lead to neurotoxicity and can present with
numbness and tingling in the legs or paralytic ileus.
A few more.... and forgive the spelling it is way late and my brain is turning to
MUSH.

Avoid herbal supps like ginseng, ginger, ginkgo, garlic (all the G's) if on any
clotting drugs/products (coumadin, platelets, ASA, Plavix)

High triglycerides may cause a false HIGH Hemoglobin A1C (normal is 2.6-6)

Deer ticks transmit Lyme Disease and it is most common in the NE Atlantic
states. (Go figure I thought it was down here in the South)

Think of pain last or as a psychosocial UNLESS: Burns, sickle cell crisis, or
kidney stones.

Anemia of pregnancy is common in the 2nd trimester due to rapid expanding
blood volume and is not a cause for concern. It can get as low as 10.5 and still be
OK. 1st and 3rd trimesters can go as low as 11 and still be ok

Preterm labor--after 20 weeks and before 37

true labor INCREASES with activity and usually moves from the back to the
front (according to our instructors but from personal experience IT HURT ALL
OVER THE DANG PLACE AND INCREASED WITH EVERYTHING ).

Recommended weight gain for pregnancy 1.5-16 kg or 25-35 lbs
normal newborn jaundice-- AFTER 24 hours of life
pathologic jaundice-- BEFORE 24 hours of life
*feed orally ASAP because if it gets too high Kernicterus
5. after thyroid surgery-maintain airway-keep emergency trach set nearby, check
for blood at sides and back of dressing, teach pt to support neck

6. bucks traction-no pins tongs. skin traction

7. should not hear a bruit over anything except dialysis shunts. if so this is the
unstable pt

8. DVT- elevate extremity , bed rest, warm (not hot) compresses
Menieres disease= ringing in the ears and hearing damage cause from HIGH
sodium levels. Need diuretics. Avoid caffeine, nicotine, and ETOH

Meningitis= look for nuchal rigidity, Kernings sign(can't extend knee when hip is
flexed) and Brudinskis sign (flex neck and knee flexes too) petichial rash. People
who have been in close contact may need Rifampin as prevention. Vaccine for
meningitis after 65 years of age and every 5 years
MI=#1 pain relief, helps decrease 02 demand

Acute Asthma = diffuse expiratory wheezes

Cessation of wheeze ominous

Infective endocarditis = murmur

Fluid overload = auscultate lungs 1st
1.hypoglycemia= T.I.R.E.D

T-tachycardia
I- irritability
R- restless
E- excessive hunger
D- diaphoresis

2.posturing- deceberate(brainstem problem)- hands like an "e", decorticate (cord
problem)- hands pulled in toward the cord

3.tetralogy of fallot- have child squat to increase return to heart. just remember
fallot=squat

4. cant sign consent after preop meds are given...call doctor if not signed

5. rubella (German measles)-airborne contact precautions, 3 day rash

6. rubeola (red measles)- droplet contact precautions, koplik spots in mouth

Withdrawl Symptoms:

Amphetamine= Depression , disturbed sleep, restlessness , disorientation

Barbiturates= nausea & vomiting, seizures, course tremors,
tachy

Cocaine= Sever cravings, depression , hypersomnia, fatigue

Heroin= Runny nose, Yawning , fever, muscle & joint pain, diarrhea (Remember
Flu like symptoms)
1. When using a cane to aid ambulation: Step up on the good extremity then place
the can and affected extremity on the step. Reverse when coming down. (Up with
the good, down with the bad)

2. In infants, pyloric stenosis = projectile vomiting

3. Croup: seal-bark cough, dyspnea, inspiratory stridor, irritable. In children
considered a medical emergency due to narrowed airway

4. Skull fracture: Battle's sign (bruising over mastoid bone) and raccoon eyes

5. Pheochromocytoma: catecholamine secreting tumor. Look for persistent
hypertension, pounding headache

Oxytocin is always given via an infusion pump and can never be administered
through the primary IV.

One of the first signs of ICP (increased intracranial pressure) in infants is a high
pitched cry.

Regarding blood transfusions, a hemolytic reaction is the most dangerous kind of
reaction...S & S include
NAUSEA
VOMITING
PAIN IN LOWER BSCK
HEMATURIA Treatment is to STOP blood, get a urine specimen and maintain
perfusion and blood volume.

Febrile reaction S&S
FEVER
CHILLS
NAUSEA
HEADACHE

Narcan is given for to reverse respiratory depression...a rate of 8 or less is too low
and requires nursing action.

Miller abbott tube is used for decompressing intestine, which relieves the small
intestine by removing fluid and gas from small intestine.

If a client takes lithium the nurse should instruct the client to take in a good
amount of sodium, without it causes retention of lithium and in turn leads to
toxicity.

Rinne test- a vibrating tuning fork is held against the mastoid bone till pt can't
hear sound...then moved to ear.
1) A subarachnoid (spinal block) for labor may cause a headache, a lumbar
epidural will not since the dura mater is not penetrated

2) Tracheoesophageal fistula: 3 C's: coughing, choking, & cyanosis

3) Hypothyroidism: Decreased T3 +T4, but increased TSH
Hyperthyroidism: Increased T3 + T4, but decreased TSH

4) NO tyramine containing foods if taking and MAO inhibitor ( smoked meat,
brewer's yeast, aged cheese, red wine)

5)Regular insulin is the only type that can be given IV

1)Immunizations
Before 1 years old:
Hep B 3x):Only one that is given at birth and one month (3rd dose at 6 months)

IPV(4x), DTaP(5x), Hib(4x), PCV(4x): all given at 2, 4, & 6 months

Hib, PCV: again at 12-15month
DTaP: again at 12-18months
DTaP, IPV: last doses are given 4-6yrs

1yrs old and older:
MMR: (2x) 12-15months, then at 4-6 years* *if dose not given from 4-6 give
from 11-12yrs old

Varicella Zoster: (1x) 12-18months

Td: (1x): 11-12yrs old

2)Fundal height: pt supine, measure from symphysis pubis to top of fundus, if
patients is 18+ wks pregnant the height in cm will be same as weeks pregnant
give or take 2 cm

3)Isolation**:

STRICT Contact: use universal precautions, gown when contact with pt., single
pt. room in most situations

Used with: Any colonizing infections, MSRV, Fifths disease, RSV, infected
wounds, skin, or eyes

STRICTER Droplet: include all universal precautions, gown, goggles, masks on
you, on pt. if leaving room, single pt. rooms

Used with: Majority of infectious diseases

STRICTEST Airborne: include all universal precautions and negative pressure
single patient rooms, gown, goggles, mask on you, mask on pt. if leaving room
which should only be done if absolutely necessary

Used with:
Measles
Varicella
Disseminated Varicella Zoster
Tuberculosis

**Always check facilities policies when following isolation
precautions/procedures

4) Self breast exams: do monthly, 7-10 days after menses

5) Pt's taking Monoamine Oxidase inhibitors (for depression usually) should
avoid foods containing tyramine which include
Avocados, bananas
Beef/chicken liver
Caffeine
Red wine, Beer
Cheese (except cottage cheese)
Raisins
Sausages, pepperoni
Yogurt, sour cream
1. dumping syndrome-tx no fluids with meals /no high carbs /lie down after
eating. they need a high fat high protein diet

2. multiple sclerosis- avoid hot showers and baths

3. partial thickness burns=blisters...... full thickness-charred, waxy

4 PKU- no nuts, meats, dry beans, eggs, dairy (basically no protein stuff) give
specially prepared formula to baby because they can digest this protein well

5. introduce rice cereal to infant at 6 mos and strained veggies one at a time

6. pt must keep taking prescribed insulin on sick days, drink plenty of fluids and
notify doctor. also insulin is also given when pt comes from surgery on NPO
status because trauma and infection makes sugar go up!
1. In prioritizing cardiac patients, check the pt with INDIGESTION first because
that could be a sign of MI.

2. ABG's need to be placed on ice and sent to the lab ASAP.

3. If active TB is suspected, a sputum culture for acid-fast bacillus is the only
method to actually confirm active TB (NOT a mantoux skin test!)

4. Celebrex is contraindicated in pts with a history of cirrhosis.

5. In psych pts, the client most at risk for self-harm is always the pt that has
stopped taking their meds.

One more!
6. Change in resp rate in a pt receiving mag sulfate could indicate toxicity.

1. Cushing's Triad = HTN (widening pulse pressure, systolic rises), Bradycardia,
irregular resp.

2. Tx of DIC = Heparin

3. Assessment for Cancer =
C: Change in bowel or bladder habits
A: A sore that doesnt heal


U: Unusual bleeding or discharge
T: Thickening or lump
I: Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O: Obvious changes in a wart or mole
N: Nagging cough or hoarseness.

4. Acid Base =
Respiratory
Opposite
Metabolic
Equal

5. For Injuries such as twisted ankles use RICE acronym
Rest
Ice
Compress
Elevate

Ulcerative colitis...3-30 stools per day WITH blood and mucus.

Pain in LLQ: relieved by defecation.

Crohns disease-NO obvious blood or mucus in stool.

Pain: Right lower quadrant pain that is steady or cramping...or pain could be in
periumbilical area, tenderness and mass in the RLQ.


Rheumatoid arthritis: Pain and stiffness is on arising, lasting less than an hour...can also
occur after long periods of inactivity. Joints red, hot swollen, boggy, and decreased
ROM.

Osteoarthritis: Pain and stiffness occurs during activity. Joints may appear swollen, cool,
and bony hard.

Hemodialysis: disequilibrium syndrome- N&V, headache, decreased LOC, rapid changes
in PH, bun...

Transfusion reaction: Chills, dyspnea, itching, uticaria, back or arm pain, fever.

Peritoneal dialysis: When more dialysate drains than has been given, more fluid has been
lost(output). If less is returned than given, a fluid gain has occurred.

Slow dialysate instillation- increase height of container, reposition client.

Poor dialysate drainage-Lower the drainage, reposition.
INSULIN:

Rapid: (Lispro) Onset: <15min Peak: 1hr Duration : 3hr

Short: (Regular) Onset: 1/2hr-1hr Peak: 2-3 hr Duration: 4-6 hr

Intermediate: (NPH or Lente) Onset: 2hr Peak: 6-12hr Duration: 16-24

Long Acting: (Ultralente) Onset: 4-6 hr Peak: 12-16hr Duration: >24 hrs

Very Long: (Lantus) Onset: 1 hr Peak: NONE Duration: 24 hr continuous
Mydriatic: with a D= Dilate pupils
Miotic:with an O= cOnstrict pupils

aniticholinergic SE:
can't see
can't pee
can't spit
can't sh*t

Hyperkalemia "MACHINE"- causes of incr serum K+
M-medications (ace inhibitors, Nsaids)
A-acidosis (Metabolic and respiratory)
C-cellular destrx-burns, traumatic injury
H-hypoaldosteronism, hemolysis
N-nephrons, renal failure
E- excretion-impaired


Signs and symptoms of incr serum K+= MURDER
M-muscle weakness
U-urine, oliguria, anuria
R-respiratory distress
D-decr cardiac contractility
E-ECG changes
R- reflexes, hyperreflexia, or flaccid

HYPERNATREMIA-you are fried
F-fever (low grade), flushed skin
R-restless (irritable)
I-incr fluid retention and incr BP
E-edema ( peripheral and pitting)
D-decr urinary output, dry mouth

Hypocalcemia-"CATS"
C-convulsions
A-arrhythmias
T-tetany
S-spasms and stridor

V-FIB=DEFIB
DONT SHOCK ASYSTOLE!

EEG- MUST BE SLEEP DEPRIVED FOR THE PROCEDURE

Albumin best indicator of nutrition normal range 3.5 - 5.5

altered LOC- earliest sign of ICP

to check dehydration in an infant (inner thigh)...elderly (on top of forehead or sternum)

shift to the left when number of immature cells are increasing in the bloodstream to fight
an infection
Respiratory syncytial virus- contact precautions

systemic lupus erythematosus- butterfly rash on nose and cheek. avoid sunlight

with DIC...get worried if you see blood oooze from the IV line. notify doctor

Tegratol- tx for seizures..watch for drowsiness, n/v, blurred vision, h/a.

kayexalate- may be ordered for a high potassium level


THERAPEUTIC LEVEL
10-20 mcg/ml

Theophylline
Acetaminophen
Phenytoin
Chloramphenicol

10-21 mmHg - normal intraocular pressure

1. nebulizers used by HIV patients are cleansed with warm water after each treatment and
allow it to air dry. soaked in white vinegar and water for 30f min at the end of the day

2. SHARE support group for parents who have experienced miscarriage

3. RESOLVE support group for infertile clients

4. CANDLELIGHTERS families who have lost child to cancer

5 FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME child small head circumference, low birth wt,
underdeveloped cheeks.

here is a quick one.... Dantrium (dantroline) common drug kept in the OR for us with
Malignant Hyperthermia.

No birth control pills with antiseizure meds....lowers the BCP's effects
filgrastim (Neupogen) - increase NEUtrophil count

epoietin alfa (Epogen) - increase RBC/erythrocytes


Apgar measures HR, RR, Muscle tone, Reflexes, Skin color
each 0-2 point. 8-10 OK. 0-3 RESUSCITATE.

GLASGOW COMA SCALE. EYES, VERBAL,MOTOR!
It is similar to measuring dating skills...max 15 points -one can do it
if below 8 you are in Coma.

Cholecystectomy due to cholelithiasis and cholesysthitis, WATCH for BLEEDING
problems, because vit K FAT soluble, is poorly absorbed in the absence of bile. by the
way T-tube used for drainage-Reason for T tube to maintain patency of common bile
duct.

Chronic RF the best way to asses fluid status-WEIGHT the PATIENT daily

When NGT present mouth care ICE CHIPS but be aware not give that too much-> it
becomes water->stomach->NGT suck it with K and other electrolytes present in stomach.
LOST K

Heat cramps in hot weather-Sodium (Na) loses

Following Gastrectomy NGT drainage should NOT be BLOODY after 12 hr

Thyroid storm's main sign is FEVER

ALDOSTERONE insufficiency -Hypo-Na-emia, Hyper-K-emia, hypo-Volemia. WHEN
Na decrease, K increase

Addisons= hyponatremia, hypotension, decreased blood vol, hyperkalemia,
hypoglycemia
Cushings= hypernatremia, hypertension, increased blood vol, hypokalemia,
hyperglycemia
1. Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil- tx of depression.

2. sodium nitroprusside- shield from light. wrap in foil

3. cephalosporins- CHECK FOR ALLERGIES TO PENICILLINS. pt could be
hypersensitive.

4. pts receiving Lasix should be assessed for tinnitus and hearing loss

5. anticoagulants cant dissolve a formed thrombus but tPAs can.
A= appearance (color all pink, pink and blue, blue [pale])
P= pulse (>100, < 100, absent)
G= grimace (cough, grimace, no response)
A= activity (flexed, flaccid, limp)
R= respirations (strong cry, weak cry, absent)

1. cardiac meds: -pine=calcium channel blockers
-olol=beta blockers
-pril=ACE inhibitors
-artan=angiotensin II receptor blockers

2. No pee no K+

3. Before treating BPH, must restore urinary flow

4. Sign of toxic ammonia levels is asterixis (hands flapping)

5. Diuretics: Lasix and Bumex are K+ wasting Aldacton is K+ sparing

The adverse effects of Anti psychotics can be remembered using this: SHANCE
S-SUNLIGHT SENSITIVITY( Use hats and sunscreen)
H-HEPATOTOXICITY( Monitor LFT)
A-AGRANULOCYTOSIS( Characterized by fever and sore throat)
N-NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME( Characterized by fever and muscular
rigidity)
C-CIRCULATORY PROBLEMS( Leukopenia and orthostatic hypotension)
E-EXTRA PYRAMIDAL SYMPTOMS( Administer anticholinergics and anti
parkinsonian agents)
acute renal failure-abrupt loss of kidney function, usually reversible, with minor
functioning loss

prerenal (renal ischemia)
intrarenal (any kidney tissue disease)
postrenal (obstruction...i.e calculi, prostatic hypertrophy)


chronic renal failure- progressive, irreversible loss of renal function.

-statin = lipid lowering agents
-mycin= antibiotics; watch for oto and nephrotoxicity
-vir=antivirals
-zine=can be antipsychotics or antiemtics; watch for agranulocytosis and eps effects
-tidine=H2 blockers
-prazole=proton pump inhibitors

Bells Palsy: avoid cold temperatures: make sure pt. closes windows when they are
sleeping. Some even take eyes shut.

Nurses' priority intervention after a patient receives a skin graft is to prevent movement
of the graft.

Greatest risk for postpartum hemorrhage is from distended bladder.

Herpes zoster (shingles) is from reactivation of the varicella virus.

1 grain = 60mg (I always forget this one)

Risk factors for legionnaires disease: advanced age, immunosuppression, end stage renal
disease, and diabetes

Heart Arrhythmias:

SVT - Adenosine
Atrial Flutter - Anticoagulants
Atrial Fibrillation - Beta Blockers, Digoxin
PVC - Amiodarone
Ventricular Tachycardia - Amiodarone
Ventricular Fibrillation - Defibrillation
Torsades de Pointes - Magnesium Sulfate
1st Degree AV Block - No treatment usually
2nd Degree AV Block Type I - Atropine
2nd Degree AV Block Type II - Pacemaker
3rd Degree AV Block Complete - Emergent Pacemaker, Atropine, Epinephrine,
Dopamine
Sinus Bradycardia - Atropine or Epinephrine
Sinus Tachycardia - Beta Adrenergic or Calcium Channel Blocker
Hepatitis

5 types
A,B, C, D, and E

Hep A-spread by drinking unsanitary water and uncooked foods
Hep B-spread by contact with blood or bodily fluids and is an STD
Hep C-spread by contact the same way as Hep B, can lead to cirrhosis (mostly seen with
alcoholism)
Hep D-only contracted if you already have Hep B
Hep E-usually spread by contact with contaminated water

In nursing school, my instructor taught us to remember the different types like this:

VOWEL = BOWEL

Hep A and E---if your infected you will have problems with bowels...
Some Therapeutic Drug Levels

Digoxin 0.5-2.0 ng/ml
Lithium 0.6-1.5 mEq/L
Dilantin 10-20 mcg/dl
Theophylline 10-20 mcg/dl
Lithium 0.5-1.5 mEq/L

Coumadin PT: 12-20 sec....therapeutic range 1.5-2 times the control
INR: 2-3
Heparin PTT: 30-60 sec...therapeutic range 1.5-2 times the control
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Diet: Low in fat and high in sodium
Meds: Antibiotics, liposoluble vitamins(A D E K) Aerosol Bronchodilators, mucolytics,
pancreatic enzymes.

5 A's to Alzheimers
Anomia-unable to remember things
Apraxia-failure to identify objects
Agonsia-can't recognize sounds, tastes and other sensations, familiar objects.
Amnesia-memory loss
Aphasia-can't express SELF through speech.

GLOMEULONEPHRITIS-it's an antigen antibody complex from a recent strep infection
which causes inflammation/ decreased glomerular filtration rate.

BETA BLOCKERS
B1-affects the heart
B2-affects lungs

EMERGENCY DRUGS TO LEAN ON
Lidocaine
Epinephrine
Atropine
Narcan

AUTONOMIC DYSREFLEXIA-triggered by sustained stimuli at T6 or below.
Vasodilation above injury,(flushed face, increased bp etc) vasoconstriction below
injury(pale, cool, no sweating.)

4.Common symptom of Aluminum hydroxide: constipation
5.In a child anemia is a the first sign of lead poisoning
6.Diuretic used for intracranial bleeding, hydrocephalus (Increased ICP,...) MANNITOL
(osmotic diuretic)
7.Treatment of celiac disease: gluten free diet
8.cystis fibrosis==> excessive mucus production, respiratory infection complications,...
9.Cholelithiasis causes enlarged edematous gallbladder with multiple stones and an
elevated bilirubin level.
10.Fat embolism is mostly seen in LONG BONES (femur,...)
TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTIONS:
Remember ADC - airborne, droplet, contact

AIRBORNE
My - Measles
Chicken - Chicken Pox
Hez - Herpes Zoster
TB

Private Room - negative pressure with 6-12 air exchanges/hr
Mask, N95 for TB

DROPLET
think of SPIDERMAN!
S - sepsis
S - scarlet fever
S - streptococcal pharyngitis
P - parvovirus B19
P - pneumonia
P - pertussis
I - influenza
D - diphtheria (pharyngeal)
E - epiglottis
R - rubella
M - mumps
M - meningitis
M - mycoplasma or meningeal pneumonia
An - Adenovirus

Private Room or cohort
Mask

CONTACT PRECAUTION
MRS.WEE
M - multidrug resistant organism
R - respiratory infection
S - skin infections *
W - wound infxn
E - enteric infxn - clostridium difficile
E - eye infxn - conjunctivitis

SKIN INFECTIONS
VCHIPS
V - varicella zoster
C - cutaneous diphtheria
H - herpes simplex
I - impetigo
P - pediculosis
S - scabies

Private room or cohort
Gloves
Gown


1. Abruptio placentae may be a complication of severe preeclampsia
2. Syrup if ipecac is not administered when the ingested substance is corrosive in nature
3. Pt before liver biopsy is NPO 4-6 hours
4. Assess renal fct before giving an osmotic diuretic (mannitol)
5. Patient in addisonian crisis decreased BP, Na, Blood glucose, Increased K
6. Amniocentesis is done as early as 14 weeks of gestation
7. Chorionic villi sampling is done as early as 10 weeks of gestation
8. Increased level of alpha fetoprotein in pregnant woman => neural tube defects
9. Insulin is safely given throughout pregnancy; oral hypoglycemic agents are
contraindicated
10. Phenobarbital (Luminal) is commonly used to treat and prevent recurrent seizures in
infants and young children
11. Aspirin is associated with Reye's syndrome in children with fever or viral infection
12. Glycerin suppositories are preferred agents to treat constipation in children
13. Corticosteroids may produce an altered effect of a vaccine
14. Thiazide diuretics (HCTZ,...) may induce hyperglycemia
15. Anticonvulsants INCREASE the seizures THRESHOLD!!!!
16. Hyperbilirubinemia in newborn: bilirubin levels are greater than 13-15 mg/dl

PVD if it's arterial they are hairless dry scaly and dependent ruber; venous is edematous,
weepy, and dependent cyanosis



1. Postpartum period: circulating hcG disappears within 8-24 hours
2. S/S opioid withdrawl: rhinorrhea, dilated pupils, abdominal cramps
3. S/S sedative withdrawl: Increased motor activity, tachycardia
4. S/S alcohol withdrawl: tremors, N/V, diaphoresis
5. S/S stimulant withdrawl: CNS depression, fatigue, depression, confusion,...
6. Hb values: neonates have Hb higher than those of older children to sustain them until
active erythropoiesis begins
7. Toclytic therapy: to arrest preterm labor
8. Child with chickenpox can be treated with oatmeal preparation baths and calamine
lotion at home to relieve the itching...
9. child with rheumatoid arthritis should sleep in bag to keep joints warm and promote
flexibility!!!! Wow...
10. When an eye patch is used to correct strabismus, the normal eye is patched. That
forces the child to use the "lazy" eye, thereby increasing that eye's muscle strengths
11. If a chest tube accidently get disconnected, clamp it or place the open end of the tube
in a container of sterile water or saline solution
12. Women should avoid pregnancy for at least 3 months after a rubella vaccine
13. Most accurate method to detect TB: sputum culture!!!

1. RSV- child in private room...CONTACT PRECAUTIONS..not droplet or airborne.
(sometimes i get this mixed up because its called respiratory synctical virus..i used to
pick droplet precautions but i have down now lol!

2. Elderly adults generally present with confusion rather than S/S of an illness.

3. pneumonia- droplet precautions

4. COPD pts should get low flow Oxygen b/c of the hypoxic drive. (1-3L/min) teach
pursed lip breathing.

5. ARDS- this pt doesnt respond to even 100% FiO2

6. TB- hemolysis (advanced stage) v/s pulmonary edema- frothy blood tinged sputum

7. Allen's test- done b/f an ABG by applying pressure to the radial artery to determine if
adequate blood flow is present.

8. INH (Isoniazid)- tx of TB. give vit B6 to prevent peripheral neuritis

9. SIMV mode on vents commonly used for weaning pt off ventilator.

10. vent alarms: high alarm (increased secretions then suction......, biting tube-need an
oral airway,...... or coughing and anxiety- need a sedative)
low alarm- there is a leak or break in system...check all connectors and cuff.

11. if a trach becomes accidently dislodged try to replace it with an obturator..if no luck
keep the hole open with hemostats until physician arrives.


Dupuyten contracture - slow, progressive contracture of the palmar fascia causing flexion
on the 4th and 5th fingers. Risk factors include men over 50, diabetes, gout, arthritis,
alcoholism

Condom cath- remove hair on penis, apply tape in a spiral manner, 1-2in space between
end of the condom and tip of the glans penis

Bulge test - confirms presence of fluid in the knee, legs should be extended and supported
on the bed

Lofenalac formula - for PKU
1. Profile of gallbladder disease: 5Fs: fair, fat, forty, five pregnancies, flatulent(disease
can occur in all ages and both sexes)
2. Hip fractures commonly hemorrhage, whereas femur fractures are at risk for fat emboli
3. Religious beliefs: Hindu- No beef or items containing gelatin
4. Renal diet- High calorie, high carbohydrate, low protein, low K, low Na, and fluid
restricted to intake = output +500 ml
5. Treatment for sickle cell crises- HHOP: Heat, hydration, oxygen, pain meds
6. RN and MD institute seclusion protection
7. MD or hospice RN can pronounce the client dead
8. For hospital triage, care for the client with a life-threatening illness or injury first
9. For disaster triage, choose to triage first those clients who can be saved with the least
use of resources!
10. It is contraindicated to induce vomiting if the patient has ingested gasoline, acid and
alkaline!!!
MAOIs

Non-Popular Meds

Nardil
Parnate
Marplan

avoid Tyramine

teach a pt with GERD after meals to remain upright for at least 20 min.

2.levodopa toxicity- notify physician if twitching develops.

3. Curling's ulcers or stress ulcers can cause sudden massive hemorrhage.

4. 5 mm induration positive reaction (mantoux test) for HIV or immunosuppressd pts

5. Schilling test done to see how well a pt can absorb vit b12. checking to see if they have
pernicious anemia.

6. Prednisone, Prograf, and Cellcept helps to prevent kidney rejection.

Positioning Facts:

1. Air/Pulmonary Embolism (S&S: chest pain, difficulty breathing, tachycardia,
pale/cyanotic, sense of impending doom) --> turn pt to left side and lower the head of the
bed.

2. Woman in Labor w/ Un-reassuring FHR (late decels, decreased variability, fetal
bradycardia, etc) --> turn on left side (and give O2, stop Pitocin, increase IV fluids)

3. Tube Feeding w/ Decreased LOC --> position pt on right side (promotes emptying of
the stomach) with the HOB elevated (to prevent aspiration)

4. During Epidural Puncture --> side-lying

5. After Lumbar Puncture (and also oil-based Myelogram)--> pt lies in flat supine (to
prevent headache and leaking of CSF)

6. Pt w/ Heat Stroke --> lie flat w/ legs elevated

7. During Continuous Bladder Irrigation (CBI) --> catheter is taped to thigh so leg should
be kept straight. No other positioning restrictions.

8. After Myringotomy --> position on side of affected ear after surgery (allows drainage
of secretions)

9. After Cataract Surgery --> pt will sleep on unaffected side with a night shield for 1-4
weeks.

10. After Thyroidectomy --> low or semi-Fowler's, support head, neck and shoulders.

11. Infant w/ Spina Bifida --> position prone (on abdomen) so that sac does not rupture

12. Buck's Traction (skin traction) --> elevate foot of bed for counter-traction

13. After Total Hip Replacement --> don't sleep on operated side, don't flex hip more
than 45-60 degrees, don't elevate HOB more than 45 degrees. Maintain hip abduction by
separating thighs with pillows.

14. Prolapsed Cord --> knee-chest position or Trendelenburg

15. Infant w/ Cleft Lip --> position on back or in infant seat to prevent trauma to suture
line. While feeding, hold in upright position.

16. To Prevent Dumping Syndrome (post-operative ulcer/stomach surgeries) --> eat in
reclining position, lie down after meals for 20-30 minutes (also restrict fluids during
meals, low CHO and fiber diet, small frequent meals)

17. Above Knee Amputation --> elevate for first 24 hours on pillow, position prone daily
to provide for hip extension.

18. Below Knee Amputation --> foot of bed elevated for first 24 hours, position prone
daily to provide for hip extension.

19. Detached Retina --> area of detachment should be in the dependent position

20. Administration of Enema --> position pt in left side-lying (Sim's) with knee flexed

21. After Supratentorial Surgery (incision behind hairline) --> elevate HOB 30-45
degrees

22. After Infratentorial Surgery (incision at nape of neck)--> position pt flat and lateral on
either side.

23. During Internal Radiation --> on bedrest while implant in place

24. Autonomic Dysreflexia/Hyperreflexia (S&S: pounding headache, profuse sweating,
nasal congestion, goose flesh, bradycardia, hypertension) --> place client in sitting
position (elevate HOB) first before any other implementation.

25. Shock --> bedrest with extremities elevated 20 degrees, knees straight, head slightly
elevated (modified Trendelenburg)

26. Head Injury --> elevate HOB 30 degrees to decrease intracranial pressure some
GI/hepatic

hepatitis--all forms standard precautions

s/s of bowel perforation--sudden diffuse abdominal pain, no bowel sounds, resp. rapid
and shallow, rigid abdomen.

nursing care for undiagnosed abdominal pain--npo, no heat on stomach, no enemas, no
narcotics, no laxatives.

crohns-small intestine vs ulcerative colitis-large intestine..sulfasalzine used to treat both.

pyloric stenosis- olive shaped mass felt in R. epigastric area, projectile vomiting

if a pt requires TPN and it is temp. unavailable then give D10W OR 20% DW until
available.

before a Dx test of after 3 enemas, returns are not clear, notify physician

if diarrhea occurs with a colostomy. check meds (some cause diarrhea)..dont irrigate

as a general rule antacids should be taken 1-2 hours after other oral meds.

Symptothermal method of birth control - combines cervical mucus evaluation and basal
body temperature evaluation, non-prescription/drug

percipitus/rapid labor - risk factor for early postpartum hemmorhage and amniotic fluid
embolism

In elderly, change in mental status and confusion are often the presenting symptoms of
infection

antiseizure meds - notify anesthesia prior to surgery, may need to decrease the amount of
anesthetic given

neuroleptic malignant syndrome - increased temp, severe rigidity, oculogyric crises,
HTN, complication of antipsychotic meds, notify MD

Dilantin - pregnancy risk category D, should investigate possibility of pregnancy (LMP)
prior to administering

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) - used for localized pain (back pain,
sciatica) - use gel, place electrodes over, above or below painful area, adjust voltage until
pain relief/prickly "pins and needles"


1. S/S delusional thought patterns => suspiciousness and resistance to therapy
2. Use of neologism (new word self invented by a person and not readily understood by
another) =>associated with thought disorders
3. Age and weight are VERY important to know after a child has ingested a toxic
substance
4. Child with celiac disease can eat corn, rice, soybeans and potatoes (gluten free)
5. Anaphylactic rx => administer epinephrine first, then maintain an open airway. (Not
the other way around )
6. Client with asthma => monitor peak of airflow volumes daily. Pulse ox after!!!!
7. DKA pt => a HCT of 60 (way high...) (extreme dehydration) would be more critical
than a pH less than 3! (Fluids first...)
8. Assess for abdominal distention after placement of a VP shunt! (You know why right?)
9. GFR is decreased in the initial response to severe burns, with fluid shift occurring.
Kidney fct must be monitored closely or renal failure may follow in a few days
10. Vomiting => metabolic alkalosis (loss of stomach acid content)
11. Diarrhea => metabolic acidosis (loss of bicarbonate)
12. COPD => respiratory acidosis (CO2 retention)
13. Anxious client => hyperventilation can cause respiratory alkalosis. A paper bag will
help. (Increase CO2) Right?
14. Client with low H&H after splenectomy => the initial priority is REST due to the
inability of RBCs to carry O2
15. Mild to moderate diarrhea in a child => maintain a NORMAL diet with fluids to
rehydrate the poor child
Clozapine (Clozaril) - antipsychotic, treats schizophrenia, potential to suppress bone
marrow and cause agranulocytosis (look for sore throat and fever)

Bucks traction - remove foam boots 3x/day to inspect skin, turn client to unaffected side,
dorsiflex foot on affected side, elevate foot of bed

phlebitis - tenderness and redness at IV insertion site and redness proximally along the
vein. Remove the IV adn apply warm soaks

Cred e maneuver - apply manual pressure to bladder, aids in emptying the bladder
completely, results in reduced risk for infection; if performed every day can result in
bladder control for some SCI

Frequent use of nasal sprays to relieve allergic symptoms can result in vasoconstriction
that causes atrophy of nasal membranes (frequent nosebleeds)

Lung cancer is a common cause of SIADH (abnormal secretion of ADH, increase water
absorption and dilutional hyponatremia)

ginkgo - antiplatelet, CNS stimulant, given for dementia, increase risk of bleeding with
NSAIDS

Native Americans are present oriented and do not live by the clock (will be late for
appointments)

Pulmonic area - 2ICS, left of sternum

Chronic alcohol use is the most common cause of hypoMg, which may result in cardiac
arrest (increase neuromuscular irritability, tremors, tetany, seizures)

SCD - two fingers between sleeve and leg, opening at the knee and popliteal pulse point,
antiembolism stockings can be applied under sleeve to decrease itching, sweating and
heat buildup

if allergic to sulfonamides dont take acetazolamide (Diamox)
methotrexate- dont take supplemental folic acid and please dont take while pregnant..can
cause premature labor and bleeding.

oh dont take cytoxan while pregnant or dont handle the drug while pregnant.

infections that occur with AIDS clients are called opportunistic infections.

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is not contagious unless you are immunocompromised.
this infection occurs mostly with AIDS pts.

infant with HIV should NOT receive chickenpox or oral polio vaccine. can give
inactivated polio vaccine though.

Erb's point - 3ICS left of the sternum

Ambulatory electrocardiography - continuously records cardiac activity during a 24hour
period, should not use electric devices, bathe or shower, no diet changes, record
everything in daily log

Demerol -crosses the placenta which decreases FHR variability

Ascites management - albumin given to pull fluid back into blood vessels then diuretic
given to excrete excess fluid

TB - need vitamin B6

bloody dyalasate (spelling?) - assess if patient is menstruating

placing an abductor pillow between patients legs after hip replacement prevents
dislocation of the hip while turning, important especially when the client is confused

palpating the carotid pulses together can cause a vagal response and slow the clients heart
rate

adrenal insufficiency - steroids increased prior to surgery

thyroidectomy - access for numbness from decreased Ca

Bactrim - mild to moderate rash the most common SE

If when removing a PICC a portion of the catheter breaks - apply tourniquet to the upper
arm, feel radial pulse

emptying a drainage evacuator - wash hands, don gloves, elevate bed, pour drainage into
measuring cup, compress the evacuator and replace the plug

Percodan - oxycodone and aspirin
Percocet - oxycodone and acetaminophen
Myasthenia Gravis: worsens with exercise and improves with rest.
Myasthenia Crisis: a positive reaction to Tensilon--will improve symptoms
Cholinergic Crisis: caused by excessive medication-stop med-giving Tensilon will make
it worse

Head injury medication: Mannitol (osmotic diuretic)-crystallizes at room temp so
ALWAYS use filter needle

Prior to a liver biopsy its important to be aware of the lab result for prothrombin time
(PT)

1. Watery vaginal discharge and painless bleeding => endometrial cancer
2. Frothy vaginal discharge => trichomonas infection
3. Thick, white vaginal discharge => candida albicans
4. purulent vaginal discharge => PID
5. Approximately 99% of males with cystic fibrosis are sterile due to obstruction of the
vas deferens
6. Lyme's disease is transmitted by ticks found on deer and mice in wooded areas
7. Children 18-24 months normally have sufficient sphincter control necessary for toilet
training
8. Complications of TPN therapy are osmotic diuresis and hypovolemia!!!
9. L/S ratio => fetal lung maturity
10. Kava-kava can increase the effects of anesthesia and post-op analgesia
11. NEVER give chloride potassium by IV push
12. GINKGO interacts with many meds to increase the risk of bleeding; therefore,
bruising or bleeding should be reported to MD
13. Vanco therapeutic range 10-20 mcg/mL
14. Client with disseminated herpes zoster (shingles) => AIRBORNE precautions
15. The client taking methotrexate should avoid multivitamins b/c multivitamins contain
folic acid. Methotrexate is a folic acid antagonist!!!
Hypovolemia and osmotic diuresis that are complications of TPN result from
hyperglycemia!

Let's recapitulate TPN => Hyperglycemia => osmotic diuresis & hypovolemia...

Drooling - 4 months
Responds to own name 6-8months
deliberate steps when standing 9-10months
picks up bite size pieces of cereal 11months

24months: kick ball w/o falling, build tower of 6blocks, 2-3 word phrases, 300 word
vocab

30months: jump with both feet, run, say first and last name

36months: tricycle

Left CVA - speech, math skills, analytical thinking
Right CVA - behavior, disorientation to person, place and time
Ectopic pregnancy - LLQ pain, vaginal spotting
tricuspid valve: 5ICS left sternal border
Meconium should be passed within 12-24 hrs
transitional stools - 3rd day - thin greenish brown
breastfed baby - golden yellow stools with sour milk odor
compartment syndrome...significant increase in pain not responsive to pain meds.

Plaquenil-tx of Rhem Arthritis...recommend eye exam every 3 mo.

Statins- tx of high cholesterol...ASSESS FOR MUSCLE PAIN...monitor liver enzymes.

Nicotinic Acid (Niacin)-tx of high cholesterol- flushing occurs in most pt. will diminish
over several weeks.

stages of shock (its more but i made it simple "KISS" keep it simple stupid lol!)
early- increase in pulse...normal urine output
intermediate-RAS (renin-angioten system), low urine output, cool skin, pallor
late-no urine output, low BP irreversible stage!
Myxedema/hypothyroidism: slowed physical and mental function, sensitivity to cold, dry
skin and hair
Graves disease/hyperthyroidism: accelerated physical and mental function; sensitivity to
heat, fine/soft hair
Thyroid storm: increased temp, pulse and HTN
Post-thyroidectomy: semi-Fowlers, prevent neck flexion/hyperextension, trach at
bedside

Hypo-parathyroid: CATS convulsions, arrhythmias, tetany, spasms, stridor (decreased
calcium), high Ca, low phosphorus diet
Hyper-parathyroid: fatigue, muscle weakness, renal calculi, back and joint pain
(increased calcium), low Ca, high phosphorus diet

Hypovolemia increased temp, rapid/weak pulse, increase respiration, hypotension,
anxiety, urine specific gravity >1.030
Hypervolemia bounding pulse, SOB, dyspnea, rales/crackles, peripheral edema, HTN,
urine specific gravity <1.010; Semi-Fowlers

Diabetes Insipidus (decreased ADH): excessive urine output and thirst, dehydration,
weakness, administer Pitressin
SIADH (increased ADH): change in LOC, decreased deep tendon reflexes, tachycardia,
n/v/a, HA; administer Declomycin, diuretics

Hypokalemia: muscle weakness, dysrhythmias, increase K (raisins, bananas, apricots,
oranges, beans, potatoes, carrots, celery)
Hyperkalemia: MURDER muscle weakness, urine (oliguria/anuria), respiratory
depression, decreased cardiac contractility, ECG changes, reflexes

Hyponatremia: nausea, muscle cramps, increased ICP, muscular twitching, convulsion;
osmotic diuretics, fluids
Hypernatremia: increased temp, weakness, disorientation/delusions, hypotension,
tachycardia; hypotonic solution
Hypocalcemia: CATS convulsions, arrhythmias, tetany, spasms and stridor
Hypercalcemia: muscle weakness, lack of coordination, abdominal pain, confusion,
absent tendon reflexes, sedative effect on CNS

HypoMg: tremors, tetany, seizures, dyrshythmias, depression, confusion, dysphagia; dig
toxicity
HyperMg: depresses the CNS, hypotension, facial flushing, muscle weakness, absent
deep tendon reflexes, shallow respirations, emergency

Addisons: hypoNa, hyperK, hypoglycemia, dark pigmentation, decreased resistance to
stress, fractures, alopecia, weight loss, GI distress
Cushings: hyperNa, hypoK, hyperglycemia, prone to infection, muscle wasting,
weakness, edema, HTN, hirsutism, moonface/buffalo hump
Addisonian crisis: n/v, confusion, abdominal pain, extreme weakness, hypoglycemia,
dehydration, decreased BP

Pheochromocytoma: hypersecretion of epi/norepi, persistent HTN, increased HR,
hyperglycemia, diaphoresis, tremor, pounding HA; avoid stress, frequent bating and rest
breaks, avoid cold and stimulating foods, surgery to remove tumor
Screenings for Fetal Problems
1st TRIMESTER (Chorionic villis sampling, US scan)
2nd TRIMESTER (AFP screening or Quad Screening,Amniocentesis)
3rd TRIMESTER (kick counts,Nonstress Test, Biophysical Profile, Percutaneous
Umbilical Blood sampling, Contraction Stress Test )

Ultrasound screening -can be vaginal or Abdominal (in latter make Her drink water to fill
bladder)
-Confirms viability
-Indicates fetal presentation
-Confirms multiple gestation
-Identifies placental location
-Measurements can be taken to confirm/estimate gestational age
-Identify morphologic anomalies

Chorionic villis sampling
8-12 weeks
for early diagnosis of genetic, metabolic problems

Amniocentesis -13-14 weeks
Is done under US scan to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid for direct analysis of fetal
chromosomes, development, viability and lung maturity

AFP
15-18 weeks-Maternal Blood Drawn
AFP also called =Quad marker screening:
-maternal serum alpha fetoprotein (MSAFP),
-human chorionic gonadotropin (HcG),
-unconjugated estriol (UE),
-and inhibin A
low AFP-Down syndrome
high-Spina bifida
it is not an absolute test if it is abnormal -further investigation is recommended

Kick counts (tests Uretro placental capability)
Same time every day mother records how often she feels the fetus move
if minimum 3 movements are not noted within an hour's time, the mother is encouraged
to call her physician immediately!

Nonstress Test
checks FHR and mother detects Fetal movements.
Contraction Stress Test -tests perfusion between Placenta and Uterus (basically O2 and
CO2 exchange)
-IV accessed and performed in a labor and deliver unit under electronic fetal monitoring
contractions initiated by Pitocin or nipple stimulation
the desired result is a "negative" test which consists of three contractions of moderate
intensity in a 10 minute period without evidence of late decelerations
the test is done to detect problems so if it is Positive (persistent late decelerations
) then-CS

how is done:
The electronic fetal monitor is placed on the maternal abdomen for 20-30 minutes
Each time the fetus moves, FHR should accelerate 15 beats/min above the baseline for 15
seconds
A reactive (good) test =>2 accelerations in FHR occur with associated fetal movement

Biophysical Profile (BPP)
identification of a compromised fetus and consists of 5 components:
-fetal breathing movement
-fetal movement of the body or limbs
-fetal tone (extension or flexion of the limbs)
-amniotic fluid volume index (AFI) visualized as of fluid around the fetus
-reactive non-stress test
each component 0-2, 8-10-desirable.

Percutaneous Umbilical Blood sampling -like amniocentesis but cord punctured
-chromosomal anomalies, feta karyotyping, and blood disorders

Everywhere where woman's abdomen is punctured informed consent is needed, and risks
like amnionitis spontaneous abortion, preterm labor/delivery, and premature rupture of
membranes must be explained. If she Rh--she may be RHoGAM given.
--In complete heart block, the AV node blocks all impulses from the SA node, so the atria
and ventricles beat independently, b/c Lidocaine suppresses ventricular irritability, it may
diminish the existing ventricular response, cardiac depressant are contraindicated in the
presence of complete heart block.
--administrate Glucagon when pt is hypoglycemia and unresponsive
Bromocriptine (Parlodel) or Dantrolene (Dantrium) is used for CNS toxicity
Ibuprofen (Motrin) S/E includes epigastric distress, nausea, occult blood loss, peptic
ulceration, use cautiously with history of previous gastrointestinal disorders.
Aminophylline (Truphylline) use with Propranolol (Inderal) may decrease metabolism
and lead to toxicity
Antianxiety medication is pharmacologically similar to alcohol, is used effectively as a
substitute for alcohol in decreasing doses to comfortably and safely withdraw a client
from alcohol dependence
Tagamet decrease gastric secretion by inhibiting the actions of histamine at the H2-
receptor site, constipation is a common side effect of this med, should increase fiber in
diet. Take with meals and at bedtime.
elderly clients and clients with renal problems are most susceptible to CNS side effects
(confusion, dizziness) of the medication
atropine is contraindicated in paralytic ileus, ulcerative colitis, obstructive GI disorders,
benign prostatic hypertrophy, myasthenia gravis and narrow angle glaucoma

withdrawal s/s of benzos: agitation, nervousness, insomnia, anorexia, sweating, muscle
cramps.....basically about the same as alcohol withdrawal s/s.

thrombophlebitis s/s: redness, warmth, and induration along the vein, tenderness on
palpation of the vein.

hypokalemia-prominent U WAVE (u is down hypo), hyperkalemia-tall T wave (T is tall
hyper)

superior vena cava syndrome s/s: nosebleeds, edema in the eyes, edema of hands,
dyspnea, mental status changes.

s/s of rheumatic fever: painful swollen joints, jerky movements, enlarged heart, heart
murmur, nontender lumps on bony areas, white painful lesions on the trunk

s/s of vit B12 deficiency: pallor, slight jaundice, smooth beefy red tongue, tingling hands
and feet, and difficulty with gait

good pasture syndrome affects the lungs and kidneys so expect pulmonary symptoms and
kidney symptoms (failure symptoms)
For donning: Got my free gold: gown, mask, face shield (goggles), gloves
For removing: Google for glad Molly: gloves, face shield (goggles), gown, mask

Also gloves are the last thing you put on and the first thing that you take off.
Metronidazole (Flagyl)- antiviral: no alcohol (unless you planning on vomiting for
awhile)...this drug has a metallic bitter taste.

Digoxin-check pulse, less than 60 hold, check dig levels and potassium levels.

Amphojel: tx of GERD and kidney stones....watch out for constipation.

Vistaril: tx of anxiety and also itching...watch for dry mouth. given preop commonly

Versed: given for conscious sedation...watch for resp depression and hypotension

PTU and Tapazole- prevention of thyroid storm

Sinemet: tx of Parkinson...sweat, saliva, urine may turn reddish brown
occasionally...causes drowsiness

Artane: tx of Parkinson..sedative effect also

Cogentin: tx of Parkinson and extrapyramidal effects of other drugs

Tigan: tx of postop n/v and for nausea associated with gastroenteritis

Timolol (Timoptic)-tx of glaucoma

Bactrim: antibiotic..dont take if allergic to sulfa drugs...diarrhea common side
effect...drink plenty of fluids

Gout Meds: Probenecid (Benemid), Colchicine, Allopurinol (Zyloprim)

Apresoline(hydralazine)-tx of HTN or CHF, Report flu-like symptoms, rise slowly from
sitting/lying position; take with meals.

Bentyl: tx of irritable bowel....assess for anticholinergic side effects.

Calan (verapamil): calcium channel blocker: tx of HTN, angina...assess for constipation

Carafate: tx of duodenal ulcers..coats the ulcer...so take before meals.

Theophylline: tx of asthma or COPD..therap drug level: 10-20

Mucomyst is the antidote to Tylenol and is administered orally

Diamox: tx of glaucoma, high altitude sickness...dont take if allergic to sulfa drugs

Indocin: (nsaid) tx of arthritis (osteo, rheumatoid, gouty), bursitis, and tendonitis.
Synthroid: tx of hypothyroidism..may take several weeks to take effect...notify doctor of
chest pain..take in the AM on empty stomach..could cause hyperthyroidism.

Librium: tx of alcohol w/d...dont take alcohol with this...very bad nausea and vomiting
can occur.

Oncovin (vincristine): tx of leukemia..given IV ONLY

kwell: tx of scabies and lice...(scabies)apply lotion once and leave on for 8-12
hours...(lice) use the shampoo and leave on for 4 minutes with hair uncovered then rinse
with warm water and comb with a fine tooth comb

Premarin:tx after menopause estrogen replacement

Dilantin: tx of seizures. thera drug level: 10-20

Navane: tx of schizophrenia..assess for EPS

Ritalin: tx of ADHD..assess for heart related side effects report immediately...child may
need a drug holiday b/c it stunts growth.

dopamine (Intropine): tx of hypotension, shock, low cardiac output, poor perfusion to
vital organs...monitor EKG for arrhythmias, monitor BP
IF it is a depression med,
AND it look likes it's been in a commercial / you know someone on it (e.g. Prozac, Paxil,
Celexa, zoloft)
then it is an SSRI.

IF not,
then it is either a tricylic OR a MAOI...

... common tricylics USUALLY have 3 syllables (pamelor, elavil). (remember: tri = 3)
... common MAOI's USUALLY have two (nardil marplan)

If ya can't remember, go with the syllables.

Serotonin syndrome is a risk for all depression meds, it is marked by vasoconstrictive
crisis (hypertension, temp increase, mentation).
Remember: serum toner (serotonin)... the first discovered role of serotonin was in
vasoconstriction!
This is a medical emergency, similar to NMS.

MAOI drugs have a specific risk for tyramine ingestion. Aged cheeses and wine are high
in it, fermented / moldy foods. M for munchies, A for aged
Respiratory Rate:
Newborn35-40
Infant 30-50
Toddler 25-35
School Age 20-30
Adolescent/Adult 14020
Adult 12 -20

Heart Rate
Infant 120-160 (110 at rest)
Toddlers 90-140
Preschool/School Age 75-110
Adolescent/Adult 60-100 (max 120 before concern)

Pulse
Bounding 4+
Normal 3+
Difficult to palpate 2+
Weak 1+
None 0
Have trouble remembering fhr patterns in OB? Think VEAL CHOP

V C
E H
A O
L P

V = variable decels; C = cord compression caused
E = early decels; H = head compression caused
A = accels; O = okay, not a problem!
L = late decels P = placental insufficiency, can't fill


For cord compression, place the mother in the TRENDELENBERG position because this
removes pressure of the presenting part off the cord. (If her head is down, the baby is no
longer being pulled out of the body by gravity)
If the cord is prolapsed, cover it with sterile saline gauze to prevent drying of the cord
and to minimize infection.

For late decels, turn the mother to her left side, to allow more blood flow to the placenta.

For any kind of bad fetal heart rate pattern, you give O2, often by mask...

When doing an epidural anesthesia hydration before hand is a priority.

Hypotension and bradypnea / bradycardia are major risks and emergencies.

NEVER check the monitor or a machine as a first action. Always assess the patient first;
for example listen to the fetal heart tones with a stethoscope in NCLEX land. Sometimes
it's hard to tell who to check on first, the mother or the baby; it's usually easy to tell the
right answer if the mother or baby involves a machine. If you're not sure who to check
first, and one of the choices involves the machine, that's the wrong answer.


If the baby is a posterior presentation, the sounds are heard at the sides.
If the baby is anterior, the sounds are heard closer to midline, between the umbilicus and
where you would listen to a posterior presentation.

If the baby is breech, the sounds are high up in the fundus near the umbilicus. If the baby
is vertex, they are a little bit above the symphysis pubis

A possible complication of impetigo is poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis and
periorbital edema is indicative of postreptocccal glomerulonephritis.

client should weight themselves daily when taking lithium-- and after the first dose, client
should have his/her levels checked within 8-12 hours and two times a week for the first
month. Lithium also causes polyuria and dehydration. S&S of toxicity are, ataxia,
vomiting, diarrhea, muscular weakness and drowsiness.

Gurie blood test helps determine PKU for neonate.

child can return to school with Hep A, a week after onset of jaundice

bulge test is a test for confirming fluid in the knee

it's important not to touch the bed when using defibrillator in order to prevent accidental
countershock!!


Extrusion reflex means is the same meaning as tongue thrust which disappears between
3- 4mos of age.

Administer oral steroids in the morning with food to prevent ulcerogenic effects!

Increased abdominal distention, nausea and vomiting are signs of paralytic ileus that
should be reported to the physician!

It's important for a client with an internal radium implant to be on a low residue diet in
order to prevent many bowel movements because stool can dislodge it.

Heparin is not transmitted to infant from breastfeeding.

Haldol is effective for reducing assaultive behavior, for example, a pt threatening to hurt
another.

Narcotic analgesics are contraindicated for pt's with ICP because it can mask symptoms.

Pt's with SLE(lupus) should be in remission for 5 months before becoming pregnant.

Fixed and DIALATED pupil are signs of ICP and should be reported, it is an emergency.

For strabismus, the brain receives two images.

Vomiting is contraindicated for a pt/child who swallows lighter fluid(hydrocarbons)
because there's a risk of aspiration.

Change IV tubing every 48-72hourse(every time I want to choose every 24 hours!)

Extreme tearing and redness are signs of viral conjunctivitis and if there is a worker with
these signs, make sure they are sent home because it is contagious!

For amputations after wound has healed..., assess for skin breakdown, wash, rinse and
dry stump daily, alcohol dries so don't apply DARN IT! , no lotion. Elevate stump 24-48
hours after surgery, discourage semi fowler's position to prevent contractures of the hip.

Flush NG tube with 30ml of air before aspirating fluid.

Turp(transurethral resection of the prostate)--hemorrhage is a complication, bleeding
should gradually decrease to light pink in 24 hrs.

DVT: tx with compression stockings, low dose heparin, discourage sitting for prolonged
periods.

Hot and dry=sugar high(symp of hyperglycemia)
cold and clammy=need some candy(hypoglycemia)

Type 1 diabetes is diagnosed usually before age 15. NO insulin produced

Type 2 diabetes--INSUFFICIENT insulin production. Keto acidosis not common. Affects
adults over 40 mostly.

Diabetes insipidus--history of head injury or pituitary tumor or
craniotomy...HYPOsecretion of ADH. Polyruria,
decreased specific gravity, decreased osmolarity, HYPOvolemia, increased thirst,
tachycardia, decreased bp.

SIADH--excess ADH is released. HYPERvolemia, weight gain, administer
diuretics...Declomycin could be prescribed.

Adrenal crisis: Profound fatigue, dehydration, vascular collapse, renal shut down,
decreased NA, increased K.

Good ol' Maslow:
1st Physiologic needs
2 Security and safety
3 Love and belonging
4 Self actualization

Sterile field and procedure facts...
For sterile field--never turn your back, avoid talking , moisture barriers carries bacteria,
open pack away from field, do not reach over sterile field.

Sterile procedures--Surgical procedures, biopsies, caths, injections, infusions, dressing
changes.

In regards to surgery, aspirin, antidepressants, steroids, nsaids are drugs that put clients at
risk!

The consent for surgery--Dr. gives client explanation, consent signed by Dr., client and
witness. Signed prior to pre op meds, remains a permanent part of client chart.

For pain: PQRST
Provoking
Quality
Region
Severity
Timing

Ask if pain is stabbing, burning crushing.

Narcotics---MORPHINE, MEPERIDINE(DEMEROL),
HYDROMORPHONE(DILAUDID), OXYCODONE(OXYCOTIN).
Non-narcotics--ACETOMINOPHEN(TYLENOL), SALICYLATES.
Non steroidal (NSAIDS) TYLENOL, IBPROFEN, NAPROSYN, INDOCIN.

Clozapine (Clozaril) is used for schizophrenic patient's who don't respond to other
antipsychotic drugs.

Cogentin (Benztropin) is used for the extrapyramidal effects associated with
antipsychotic agents.

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) is used to treat hallucinations, agitation, and thought
disorders.

Adenosine(Adenocard) is an antiarrhythmic drug, this drug is good for paroxysmal atrial
tachycardia...it slows conduction from av node.

Atropine for symptomatic bradycardia.

Digoxin for atrial fibrillation.

Lidocaine for ventricular ectopy.

For assessing the abdomen, correct order is INSPECTION, AUSCUTATION,
PERCUSSION, PALPATION "I Am Peed PAAAAA!" )

Cheyne strokes respirations are periods of apnea for 10-60 seconds then slowly
increasing rate and depth... occur typically with heart failure and cerebral depression.

Bulls eye rash is classic in lymes disease.

To relieve breast engorgement, pt should pump each breast for 10 minutes every 3-4
hours and during the night if she's awake.

Anticholinergic effects(drugs that block acetylcholine) cause dry mouth, constipation,
urine retention.

5 rights of delegation
Right task
Right circumstance
Right communication
Right person
Right feedback

Cystic fibrosis is a recessive trait, there is a one in four chance that each offspring will
have the trait or disorder.

Cushings triad is something to look out for in patient's with increased ICP which is
decreased heart rate, decreased respiratory rate BUT increased blood pressure.
Withdrawal from stimulants results in depression, fatigue and confusion.

Withdrawal from alcohol results in vomiting, nausea, tremors and diaphoresis.

Withdrawal from sedatives results in increased motor activity and tachycardia.

Withdrawal from opioids results in rhinorrhea, abdominal cramps and DIALATED
pupils.

to remember blood sugar:
hot and dry-sugar high (hyperglycemia)
cold and clammy-need some candy (hypoglycemia)

2. ICP AND SHOCK HAVE OPPOSITE V/S
ICP-increased BP, decreased pulse, decreased resp.
shock- decreased BP, increased pulse, increased resp.

3. cor pulmonae: right sided heart failure caused by left ventricular failure (so pick
edema, jvd, if it is a choice.)

4. heroin withdrawal neonate: irritable poor sucking

5. Jews: no meat and milk together

6. Brachial pulse: pulse area cpr on an infant.

7. Test child for lead poisoning around 12 months of age

8. bananas, potatoes, citrus fruits source of potassium

11. Cultures are obtained before starting IV antibiotics

12. a pt with leukemia may have epitaxis b/c of low platelets

13. best way to warm a newborn: skin to skin contact covered with a blanket on mom.

14. when a pt comes in and she is in active labor...nurse first action is to listen to fetal
heart tone/rate

15. phobic disorders...use systematic desensitization.

1. Clients of the Islam religious group might want to avoid jello, pork and alcohol
2. Most common side effect of daunorucibin (cerubidine) for a client with leukemia is
cardiotoxicity
3. Patient having a surgery on the lower abdomen should be placed in the trendelenburg
position
4. Flumazenil (Romazicon) is the antidote for versed (Needless to remind you that versed
is used for conscious sedation... Say thank you Jean LOL)
5. Patients taking isoniazid (INH) should avoid tuna, red wine, soy sauce, and yeast
extracts b/c of the side effects that can occur such as headaches and hypotension
6. A Patient with gout who is placed on a low-purine diet should avoid spinach, poultry,
liver, lobster, oysters, peas, fish and oatmeal
7. A patient who needs a high-iron diet should eat: sliced veal, spinach salad, and whole-
wheat roll
8. Pegfilgastrin (Neulasta) is a chemotherapeutic drug given to patients to increase the
white blood cells count
9. Amphoteracin B (Fungizone) should be mixed with D5W ONLY!!!
10. Pt with leukemia taking doxorubicin (Adriamycin) should be monitored for toxic
effects such as rales and distended neck veins (carditoxicity manifested by change in
ECG and CHF)
11. Cardidopa/levodopa (Sinemet) is given to clients with Parkinson's disease. Watch for
toxic effects such as spasmodic eye winking
12. Nimotop (Nimodipine) is calcium channel blocker that is given to patients with
ruptured cerebral aneurysm.

A conductive hearing loss involves interference in the transmission of sound waves to the
inner ear.
2. A sensorineural hearing loss is the result of nerve impairment.
3. An acoustic neuroma is a benign Schwann cell that adversely impacts the 8th cranial
nerve.
4. DKA is an acute insulin deficiency followed by a decrease in glucose in body cells and
an increase production of glucose by the liver.
5. Lymphedema results from an obstruction of lymph circulation and can be acquired or
can be secondary to other disorders.
6. The Reed-Sternberg cell is the malignant cell type associated with Hodgkin's Disease.
7. The incidence if Hodgkins and non - Hodgkins lymphomas are increased in those
taking drugs such as phenytoin ( Dilantin ).
On the ECG or EKG:
P wave = atrial depolarization
P-R interval = represents atrial,AV node, & Purkinje depolarization
Q wave = septal depolarization
R wave = apical depolarization
S wave = depolarization of lateral walls
QRS complex = spread of excitation through the muscle of the ventricles
T wave = ventricular repolarization

Starling's Law = the greater the strength of the myocardium as the ventricles fill with
blood, the stronger the contraction.
Cardiac output = the amount of blood that is pumped out of the LV each minute.
The mitral valve is the most common site for vegetations.

1. S/S croup (child) => hoarse voice, inspiratory stridor, barking cough
2. Client with hepatic encephalopathy => Neomycin decreases serum ammonia
concentration by decreasing the number of ammonia producing bacteria in the GI tract
3. A 2 year old can remove one garment
4. A 2 and half year old can build a tower of eight cubes and point out a picture
5. A 3 year old can wash and dry his/her hands
6. S/S perforated colon => severe abdominal pain, fever, decreasing LOC
7. Hyperglycemia => b/c polyuria assess for signs of deficit fluid volume such as rapid,
thready pulse, decreased BP, and rapid respirations
8. A child with nephrotic syndrome is at risk of skin breakdown from generalized edema
9. Tetracycline should be taken on an empty stomach. Avoid dairy products, Ca, Mg, Al
and Fe (Iron)
10. Upper GI series => NPO 6-8 hrs b/f procedure
11. Mumps is the childhood infectious disease that most significantly affects male
fertility
12. Client allergic to penicillin may be also allergic to cephalosporins
13. Infants and children up to age 7 are abdominal breathers
14. Placental transport of substances to/from the fetus begins in the 5th week
15. Duration of contractions => period from the onset of uterine tightening to uterine
relaxation
16. Frequency of contractions => period b/t one contraction and the beginning of the next
contraction
17. Erbs point => 3rd L ICS; pulmonic and aortic murmurs are best




PE ( Pulmonary Embolism )
Risk factors:
* venous thrombosis * immobility * post-op pts. * trauma * pregnancy * CHF * obesity *
oral contraceptives
Signs/Symptoms:
* pleuritic chest pain
* severe dyspnea
* feeling of doom
* tachypnea & tachycardic
* hemoptysis
* shock ( if huge )
* low pCO2, increased pH ( from hyperventilating )
* fever
* rales/crackles

RISK for DIABETES:
* genetics/family hx
* obesity
* race ( African-American, Native American, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islanders )
* over 40 yrs
* had an impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance before
* HTN
* High cholesterol and triglycerides
* hx of gestational diabetes

Lithium
therapeutic range is small watch closely, 0.6 to 1.2 mEq/L.
Check Lithium level every 1-2 months or with behavior change.
Some side effects:
* polyuria
* polydipsia
* mild thirst
* hand tremors
* bloating of abdomen
* weight gain
* lethargy
* headache

Watch salt intake & ensure pt getting enough.
monitor renal function
don't give diuretics with lithium
no alcohol
maintain good oral fluid intake

CRUTCHES:
The three point gait is the most commonly used. It is used when the pt can only have
weight on 1 extremity.
* advance the crutches together first along with the affected leg all at same time.
* bring the unaffected leg up to the crutches, supporting the weight of the body on the
hands.
* ensure proper length of the crutches, when pt is standing as upright as possible position
the top of crutch 2 inches below armpit, and tip of each crutch is 6 in. to the front and
side of the feet. Pts. elbows should be slightly flexed when the hand is on the grip.


EGD is an invasive diagnostic test to see into the esophagus & stomach to accurately
diagnose an ulcer & evaluate the effectiveness of the patient's tx.

An occult blood test shows the presence of blood but does not show where it is coming
from.

Gastric ulcer pain usually happens 30-60 minutes after a meal & not at night. A duodenal
ulcer has pain during the night that is often relieved by eating food. So, gastric ulcer
food=pain. Duodenal ulcer food eases pain.

Sharp pain in the upper stomach ( abdomen ) after eating a heavy meal is a symptom of
gallbladder disease.


Hirschsprung's disease, infant fails to pass meconium, abd distention, caused by
obstruction in intestine, will get colostomy, that is usually reversed when child is 17-22
lbs.

Naturally acquired active immunity: results from having the disease and recovering
successfully.

Naturally acquired passive immunity: antibodies received from placenta or breast milk.

Artificially acquired active immunity: from immunizations.

Artificially acquired passive immunity: antibodies transferred from sensitized person as
in immune serum globulin ( gamma globulin ).

1. Ace Inhibitors can cause hyperkalemia and chronic cough- pt's should
not use salt substitutes because they are mostly made from K+ which
will further increase the K+

2. Valium- suppresses non-rem sleep. Overdose Antidote is flumazenil.

3. There is no antidote for barbiturates which suppress REM sleep. S/S of
allergy to barbiturates is Barbs=prickly sensation ,edema of
membranes in mouth.

4. Tylenol = Liver toxic (no more than 4 g/day) Give Mucomyst for
overdose. Whereas, Ibuprofen = kidney toxic

5. Vancomycin- treats MRSA; Adverse Effects- Red man syndrome-
flushing from quick admin of this Rx can be prevented with Benadryl before admin of
RX.

Terbutaline: Medication given to stop pre-term labor
Methergine: Given for postpartum hemorrhage.
Cervidil: Cervical ripening agent
Mag Sulfate: Pregnancy Induced Hypertension - prevents seizure. Absence of deep
tendon reflex is sign of toxicity
Pitocin: Used for induction of labor and postpartum to help the uterus contract.
Early Decelerations are okay, follow the contraction.
Late Decelerations are a sign of fetal distress and continue after contraction. Reposition
client (left side)
3- 5 beat Variability in FHR is good sign, you want to see that.
Stop pitocin if contractions longer than 90 seconds and closer than 2 minutes.
Once the membranes rupture, important to monitor temperature hourly as risk for
infection increases.
First thing to do after rupture is to auscultate fetal heart tones! Assessing for cord
prolapsed if decels occur.
Analgesics are typically not given during the transitional phase of labor as delivery is
imminent and could lead to decreased respiratory rate in neonate.
If patient has boggy uterus - place the infant to nipple, it causes release of natural
pitocin
If uterus deviated to one side - encourage client to void.
Rhogam given to Rh negative mothers with Rh positive babies.

Therapeutic Ranges
PACT of 10-20
-Phenytoin
-Acetaminophen
-Chloramphenicol
-Theophylline

...amine=150-300 ng/ml
-Imipramine
-Desipramine

...LOL Valproic 50-100!
-propranoLOL ng/ml
-Valproic Acid mcg/ml

MgSO4 = 4-7

**************

Phenobarbital =10-30

Therapeutic range of these drugs are CODED in their names; Di=2(means two) Amide-5
letters,
the rest in CAPITAL Letters (lower range) and total number of letters (higher range).

DIsopyrAMIDE 2-5
GENTAmicin 5-10
TOBRAmycin 5-10

CARBAmazepin (e) 5-12

*************
EthoSUXemide 40-100, it is just suxs))

I dont gave LITHIUM, Digoxin, lidocain since we already must know them!
Li =0.5-1.3 mEq/L
Di=0.5-2 ng/ml

Lido 1.5-5 mcg/ml

1. Autonomic Dysreflexia--asses Bladder, Bowel, Skin
2. GIVE Dantrolene to treat pt. in MH crisis
3. JOMACS (mini mental status exam)= Judgement, Orientation, Memory, Affect,
Consciousness, Speech
4. -ostomy- make opening
5. -oscopy- look into or at
6. -otomy- cutting into
7. -ectomy- removal of
9. Colporrhaphy- surgical repair of the vagina (Very random )
10. Do not Palpate WILM's tumor
11. Albumin is the best indicator of nutritional status
12. In V-fib always look at pt first anything can mimic the pattern on EKG
13. V-tach is usually caused by an underlying cause treat cause
14. Precipitous delivery may cause amniotic emboli
15. Hct: Hgb approx 3:1
16. WBC= 5-10 (thousand)
17. Platelets= 150-400 (thousand)
18. PPI's stop gastric acid secretion (permanently)
19. Vasoconstriction stops itching and inflammation (give cool bath)
20. Anticholinergic effects- Cant SEE, Cant PEE, Cant POOP, and dry mouth
21. Trauma to frontal may cause Frontal Lobe disinhibition
22. Creatinine is the best indicator of renal function
23. Every drop of urine counts during 24hr creatinine clearance (if one sample is thrown
out must start over) First void of the morning is not included but the first pee of the next
morning is (because it is considered Last nights urine)
24. Best position to improve resp. effort = Left Lateral, Folwer & modifications of it

1. When getting down to two answers, choose the assessment answer (assess,
collect, auscultate, monitor, palpate) over the intervention except in an
emergency or distress situation. If one answer has an absolute, discard it.
Give priority to answers that deal directly to the patients body, not the
machines/equipments.
2. Key words are very important. Avoid answers with absolutes for example:
always, never, must, etc.
3. with lower amputations patient is placed in prone position.
4. small frequent feedings are better than larger ones.
5. Assessment, teaching, meds, evaluation, unstable patient cannot be
delegated to an Unlicensed Assistive Personnel.
6. LVN/LPN cannot handle blood.
7. Amynoglycosides (like vancomycin) cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.
8. IV push should go over at least 2 minutes.
9. If the patient is not a child an answer with family option can be ruled
out easily.
10. In an emergency, patients with greater chance to live are treated first
.
11. ARDS (fluids in alveoli), DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
are always secondary to something else (another disease process).
12. Cardinal sign of ARDS is hypoxemia (low oxygen level in tissues).
13. in pH regulation the 2 organs of concern are lungs/kidneys.
14. edema is in the interstitial space not in the cardiovascular space.
15. weight is the best indicator of dehydration
16. wherever there is sugar (glucose) water follows.
17. aspirin can cause Reyes syndrome (encephalopathy) when given to
children
18. when aspirin is given once a day it acts as an antiplatelet.
19. use Cold for acute pain (eg. Sprain ankle) and Heat for chronic (
rheumatoid arthritis)
20. guided imagery is great for chronic pain.
21. when patient is in distress, medication administration is rarely a good
choice.
22. with pneumonia, fever and chills are usually present. For the elderly
confusion is often present.
23. Always check for allergies before administering antibiotics (especially
PCN). Make sure culture and sensitivity has been done before adm. First dose
of antibiotic.
24. Cor pulmonale (s/s fluid overload) is Right sided heart failure caused
by pulmonary disease, occurs with bronchitis or emphysema.
25. COPD is chronic, pneumonia is acute. Emphysema and bronchitis are
both COPD.
26. in COPD patients the baroreceptors that detect the CO2 level are
destroyed. Therefore, O2 level must be low because high O2 concentration
blows the patients stimulus for breathing.
27. exacerbation: acute, distress.
28. epi always given in TB syringe.
29. prednisone toxicity: Cushings syndrome= buffalo hump, moon face, high
glucose, hypertension.
30. 4 options for cancer management: chemo, radiation, surgery, allow to
die with dignity.
31. no live vaccines, no fresh fruits, no flowers should be used for
neutropenic patients.
32. chest tubes are placed in the pleural space.
33. angina (low oxygen to heart tissues) = no dead heart tissues. MI=
dead heart tissue present.
34. mevacor (anticholesterol med) must be given with evening meal if it is
QD (per day).
35. Nitroglycerine is administered up to 3 times (every 5 minutes). If
chest pain does not stop go to hospital. Do not give when BP is < 90/60.
36. Preload affects amount of blood that goes to the R ventricle.
Afterload is the resistance the blood has to overcome when leaving the heart.

37. Calcium channel blocker affects the afterload.
38. for a CABG operation when the great saphenous vein is taken it is
turned inside out due to the valves that are inside.
39. unstable angina is not relieved by nitro.
40. dead tissues cannot have PVCs(premature ventricular contraction. If
left untreated pvcs can lead to VF (ventricular fibrillation).
41. 1 t (teaspoon)= 5 ml
1 T(tablespoon)= 3 t = 15 ml
1 oz= 30 ml
1 cup= 8 oz
1 quart= 2 pints
1 pint= 2 cups
1 gr (grain)= 60 mg
1 g (gram)= 1000 mg
1 kg= 2.2 lbs
1 lb= 16 oz
* To convert Centigrade to F. F= C+40, multiply 9/5 and substract 40
* To convert Fahrenheit to C. C= F+40, multiply 5/9 and substract 40.
42. angiotensin II in the lungs= potent vasodilator. Aldosterone attracts
sodium.
43. REVERSE AGENTS FOR TOXICITY
heparin= protamine sulfate
coumadin= vitamin k
ammonia= lactulose
acetaminophen= n-Acetylcysteine.
Iron= deferoxamine
Digitoxin, digoxin= digibind.
Alcohol withdraw= Librium.
- methadone is an opioid analgesic used to detoxify/treat pain in
narcotic addicts.
- Potassium potentiates dig toxicity.
44. heparin prevents platelet aggregation.
45. PT/PTT are elevated when patient is on coumadin
46. cardiac output decreases with dysrythmias. Dopamine increases BP.
47. Med of choice for Vtach is lidocaine
48. Med of choice for SVT is adenosine or adenocard
49. Med of choice for Asystole (no heart beat) is atropine
50. Med of choice for CHF is Ace inhibitor.
51. Med of choice for anaphylactic shock is Epinephrine
52. Med of choice for Status Epilepticus is Valium.
53. Med of choice for bipolar is lithium.
54. Amiodorone is effective in both ventricular and atrial complications.
55. S3 sound is normal in CHF, not normal in MI.
56. give carafate (GI med) before meals to coat stomach
57. Protonix is given prophylactically to prevent stress ulcers.
58. after endoscopy check gag reflex.
59. TPN(total parenteral nutrition) given in subclavian line.
60. low residue diet means low fiver
61. diverticulitis (inflammation of the diverticulum in the colon) pain is
around LL quadrant.
62. Appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix) pain is in RL quadrant with
rebound tenderness.
63. portal hypotension + albuminemia= Ascites.
64. beta cells of pancreas produce insulin
65. Morphine is contraindicated in Pancreatitis. It causes spasm of the
Sphincter of Oddi. Therefore Demerol should be given.
66. Trousseau and Tchovoski signs observed in hypocalcemia
67. with chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic enzymes are given with meals.
68. Never give K+ in IV push.
69. mineral corticoids are give in Addisons disease.
70. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)= when body is breaking down fat instead of
sugar for energy. Fats leave ketones (acids) that cause pH to decrease.
71. DKA is rare in diabetes mellitus type II because there is enough
insulin to prevent breakdown of fats.
72. Sign of fat embolism is petechiae. Treated with heparin.
73. for knee replacement use continuous passive motion machine.
74. give prophylactic antibiotic therapy before any invasive procedure.
75. glaucoma patients lose peripheral vision. Treated with meds
76. cataract= cloudy, blurry vision. Treated by lens removal-surgery
77. Co2 causes vasoconstriction.
78. most spinal cord injuries are at the cervical or lumbar regions
79. autonomic dysreflexia ( life threatening inhibited sympathetic response
of nervous system to a noxious stimulus- patients with spinal cord injuries
at T-7 or above) is usually caused by a full bladder.
80. spinal shock occurs immediately after spinal injury
81. Multiple sclerosis= myelin sheat destruction, disruption in nerve
impulse conduction.
82. myasthenia gravis= decrease in receptor sites for acetylcholine. Since
smallest concentration of ACTH receptors are in cranial nerves, expect fatigue
and weakness in eye, mastication, pharyngeal muscles.
83. Tensilon test given if muscle is tense in myasthenia gravis.
84. Guillain-Barre syndrome= ascending paralysis. Keep eye on respiratory
system.
85. parkinsons = RAT: rigidity, akinesia (loss of muscle mvt), tremors.
Treat with levodopa.
86. TIA (transient ischemic attack) mini stroke with no dead brain tissue
87. CVA (cerebrovascular accident) is with dead brain tissue.
88. Hodgkins disease= cancer of lymph is very curable in early stage.
89. Rule of NINES for burns
Head and Neck= 9%
Each upper ext= 9%
Each lower ext= 18%
Front trunk= 18%
Back trunk= 18%
Genitalia= 1% ?

90. Birth weight doubles by 6 month and triple by 1 year of age.
91. if HR is <100 do not give dig to children.
92. first sign of cystic fibrosis may be meconium ileus at birth. Baby is
inconsolable, do not eat, not passing meconium.
93. heart defects. Remember for cyanotic -3Ts( Tof, Truncys arteriosus,
Transposition of the great vessels). Prevent blood from going to heart. If
problem does not fix or cannot be corrected surgically, CHF will occur
following by death.
94. with R side cardiac cath=look for valve problems
95. with L side in adults look for coronary complications.
96. rheumatic fever can lead to cardiac valves malfunctions.
97. cerebral palsy = poor muscle control due to birth injuries and/or
decrease oxygen to brain tissues.
98. ICP (intracranial pressure) should be <2. measure head circumference.
99. dilantin level (10-20). Can cause gingival hyperplasia
100. for Meningitis check for Kernings/ Brudzinskis signs.
101. Wilms tumor is usually encapsulated above the kidneys causing flank
pain.
102. hemophilia is x-linked. Mother passes disease to son.
103. when phenylalanine increases, brain problems occur.
104. Bucks traction= knee immobility
105. Russell traction= femur or lower leg
106. Dunlap traction= skeletal or skin
107. Bryants traction= children <3y, <35 lbs with femur fx.
108. place apparatus first then place the weight when putting traction
109. placenta should be in upper part of uterus
110. eclampsia is seizure.
111. a patient with a vertical c-section surgery will more likely have
another c-section.
112. perform amniocentesis before 20 weeks gestation to check for cardiac
and pulmonary abnormalities.
113. Rh- mothers receive rhogam to protect next baby.
114. anterior fontanelle closes by 18 months. Posterior 6 to 8 weeks.
115. caput succedaneum= diffuse edema of the fetal scalp that crosses the
suture lines. Swelling reabsorbs within 1 to 3 days.
116. pathological jaundice= occurs before 24hrs and last7 days.
Physiological jaundice occurs after 24 hours.
117. placenta previa = there is no pain, there is bleeding. Placenta
abruption = pain, but no bleeding.
118. bethamethasone (celestone)=surfactant. Med for lung expansion.
119. dystocia= baby cannot make it down to canal
120. pitocin med used for uterine stimulation
121. Magnesium sulfate(used to halt preterm labor) is contraindicated if
deep tendon reflexes are ineffective. If patient experiences seizure during
magnesium adm. Get the baby out stat (emergency).
122. Do not use why or I understand statement when dealing with patients
123. milieu therapy= taking care of patient/environment
124. cognitive therapy= counseling
125. crisis intervention=short term.
126. FIVE INTERVENTIONS FOR PSYCH PATIENTS
-safety
-setting limits
-establish trusting relationship
-meds
-leas restrictive methods/environment.
126. SSRIs (antidepressants) take about 3 weeks to work.
127. Obsession is to thought. Compulsion is to action
128. if patients have hallucinations redirect them. In delusions distract
them.
129. Thorazine, haldol (antipsychotic) can lead to EPS (extrapyramidal side
effects)
130. Alzheimers disease is a chronic, progressive, degenerative cognitive
disorder that accounts for more than 60% of all dementias

Fluids:
0.45% NaCl - best for dehydration - hypotonic
D5NS - contraindicated in dehydratoin - hypertonic
Lactated ringers - isotonic, used to replace electrolytes
0.9% NaCl - Isotonic
Pregnancy r/t:
Add 300 Calories to diet when pregnant, 500 when breastfeeding.
Calcium Gluconate can cause severe chemical burns - most important to check patency
of veins when giving (given to a patient experience magnesium sulfate toxicity)
Take prenatal vitamins in the morning with orange juice - acid aids in absorption.
Misc:
If a tracheostomy tube falls out, replace it immediately (maintain airway) then check for
breath sounds.
If patient in Buck's traction is sliding down in bed, elevate the foot of bed with blocks.
Keeps leg straight, doesn't alter pull of traction.
When Charting Chief Complaint it should be written in pt's own words.
Pharmacology:
Artane and Cogentin - Tx for acute extrapyramidal symptoms from antipsychotics
INH - Tx for TB may cause peripheral neuropathy - tingling
Flagyl and Alcohol causes an Antabuse like reaction - n/v, flushed skin



Larngotracheobronchitis: inspiratory stridor and restlessness
2. Thorazine: antidote cogentine SE: akathisia(motor restlessness) dystonia(tongue
protrusion, abnormal posture) and diskinesia(stiff neck, difficulty swallowing)
3. Toddlers- parallel play; infants enjoy company but self play.
4. IV infiltration D/C IV and apply warm compress.
5. Urticaria= hives.
6. Graves disease: enlarged thyroid, increased metabolism and of course weight loss.
7. The goal for COPD is to improve ventilation.
8. From birth to 18 months Trust vs Mistrust
9 HbA1C- indicates BS for past 6-8 weeks(time varies with source) 2.5-6% normal.
10. myasthenia gravis: autoimmune disease of neuro jnx. destroys Acetylcholine
receptors.
11. Menieres: Inner ear disease: vertigo, tinnitus, sensorineuro hearing loss, N/V
12. Use play therapy for children d/t inability to verbalize emotions.
13. Phenergan: Check vein patency (very important)
14. Visine: contraindicated in glaucoma d/t vasoconstriction

1. One of the CHF symptoms is S3 ventricular gallop
2. Hypertensive crisis => Priority in the first hour is brain damage due to rupture of the
cerebral blood vessels. Neurologic status must be closely monitored
3. Client with A-fib => a cold, pale lower leg suggests the presence of an embolus.
Peripheral pulses should be checked immediately
4. S/S anemia in a 10 months old infant => pale mucosa of eyelids and lips
5. S/S dehydration in 2 years old => sunken eyes, dry tongue, lethargy, irritability, dry
skin, decreased play activity, and increased pulse
6. Pt with anaphylaxis => The entire body may turn bright red b/c massive vasodilation
7. Teaching pt with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome => Report promptly to his/her healthcare
provider any finding of peptic ulcer (night time awakening with burning, cramp-like
abdominal pain, vomiting and even hematemesis, and change in appetite)
8. Infant with epiglottitis : 4 D's => Drooling, Dysphagia, Dysphonia and Distress
inspiratory efforts
9. Niacin (Vit B) is a lipid lowering agent. Foods high in Niacin are meats, eggs, milk,
dairy products
10. Child with 3 C's (Cough-Choke-Cyanosis) should be assessed for tracheoesophagial
fistula
11. Gastric lavage is a priority for an infant who has been identified as suffering from
botulism
12. Viral meningitis usually does not require protective measures
When using an inhaler, instruct the patient to exhale forcefully, use lips to form a tight
seal around the inhaler, press top of inhaler and inhale deeply, hold breath as long as
possible, wait 3-5 mins before taking another inhalation of the drug.

-Munchausen Syndrome is a psychiatric disorder that causes an individual to self-inflict
injury or illness or to fabricate symptoms of physical or mental illness, in order to receive
medical care or hospitalization. In a variation of the disorder, Munchausen by proxy
(MSBP), an individual, typically a mother, intentionally causes or fabricates illness in a
child or other person under her care.

-Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic, progressive disease with demyelinating lesions in the
CNS which affect the white matter of the brain and spinal cord.
Motor S/S: limb weakness, paralysis, slow speech
Sensory S/S: numbness, tingling, tinnitus
Cerebral S/S: nystagmus, ataxia, dysphagia, dysarthria

Huntington's Chorea: 50% genetic, autosomal dominant disorder
S/S: chorea --> writhing, twisting, movements of face, limbs and body
-gait deteriorates to no ambulation
-no cure, just palliative care

-WBC shift to the left in a patient with pyelonephritis (neutrophils kick in to fight
infection)

-Definitive diagnosis for abd. aortic aneurysm (AAA) --> CT scan

-Don't use Kayexalate if patient has hypoactive bowel sounds.

-Uremic fetor --> smell urine on the breath

-Hirschsprungs --> bile is lower obstruction, no bile is upper obstruction; ribbon like
stools.

-Pancreatic enzymes are taken with each meal! Not before, not after, but WITH each
meal.
Leukemia - the main affected are: Blood, Bone mArrow, Spleen, & Lymph. The biggest
problem of leukemia is the big "ANT" Anemia, Neutrepenia, and Thrombocytopenia.

ALL- problem of B & T-lymphocyte (more in children)
AML- problem of macrophage, granulocytes, RBC, & platelets (more in children)
CML & CLL - more in elderly

Note: there's 2 types- Acute and Chronic
and 2 category- myeloid (myelocitic) & lymphoid (lymphocytic)

Bioterrorism

Level I- local emergency

Level II- regional aid from surrounding counties

Level III- local and regional assets are overwhelmed state or federal assistance is needed

Disaster tagging tags are numbered and identify the triage priority; includes the name,
address, age, location and description of injuries and treatment and meds given

Ethical conflicts- they arise because of the perspective of disaster nursing.


There are 4 levels of protective equipment

Level A highest priority covered from head to toe


Level B RESP covered but less skin and eye precautions


Level C- requires air purified respirator chemical- resistant coverall with splash hood,
gloves and boots

Level D work uniform

Decontamination is a 2 step process
1.removal of clothing and jewelry and rinsing with water
2.thorough soap and water wash and rinse


ALL OF THESE BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENTS CAN BE MADE!

Anthrax can be topical, inhaled or ingested
topical contact precautions
inhaled standard precautions
ingested standard precautions

Smallpox on contact precautions

Botulism - standard precautions

Tularemia- standard precautions


Types of radiation

Alpha particles - cannot penetrate the skin but can enter through inhalation, ingestion.
Localized damage
Beta particles- can moderately penetrate the skin and cause cell damage or internal injury
if penetrates the skin * exposure time is a key factor
Gamma radiation - is penetrating and is difficult to shield against

Exposure to radiation time, distance and shielding

Three types of radiation induced injury can occur
1.external -pt is not radioactive does not require isolation
2.contamination from gases, liquids or solids *requires immediate intervention to
prevent incorporation
3.incorporation - uptake of radioactive material into every cell, tissue, organ

Acute radiation syndrome-
N/V
Bloody diarrhea
Fever
Cerebral edema
Increased ICP- poor outcome and imminent death
HA
Skin may be red and become necrotic within day to months

Airborne Precautions


Airborne Precautions


Patients who have or may have an infectious disease that is spread by the airborne route
must be placed on Airborne Precautions in addition to Standard Precautions. Airborne
Precautions (formerly respiratory isolation) applies to most infections which were
previously classified as requiring "Strict," "AFB," and "Respiratory" isolation under the
old category-specific system of isolation precautions.

Diseases Requiring Airborne Precautions




Tuberculosis, Pulmonary (or laryngeal)
-suspected or confirmed


Criteria for Using Airborne Precautions for a Patient Suspected or Confirmed to Have
Pulmonary Mycobacterium Tuberculosis




Varicella (chickenpox)
[requires use of Contact Precautions as well]


Herpes Zoster (shingles) - in an immunocompromised patient
[requires use of Contact Precautions as well]


Herpes Zoster (shingles) - disseminated
[requires the use of Contact Precautions as well]


Rubeola (Measles)


Note: Airborne Precautions require a negative pressure room in addition to a private
room. Negative pressure rooms are specially designed to prevent the flow of air from the
room into the corridors and common areas where susceptible persons may be exposed.
This is accomplished through fans and vents that direct the airflow outside of the building
and/or through HEPA filters.

Droplet Precautions




Droplet Precautions are designed to reduce the risk of droplet transmission of infectious
agents. Droplet transmission involves contact of the conjunctivae or the mucous
membranes of the nose or mouth of a susceptible person with large particle droplets
containing microorganisms generated from a person who exhibits a clinical disease or
who is a carrier of the microorganism. The patient can generate these droplets from
coughing, sneezing, and talking, as well as during certain procedures such as suctioning
and bronchoscopy. Transmission via large droplets requires close contact (within 3 feet
or less) between the source patient and the susceptible individual. Droplets (due to their
large size) do not remain suspended in air and travel short distances - three feet or less.
Thus, Droplet Precautions require the use of a standard surgical mask within three feet of
the patient. However, it is prudent to wear a mask upon entering the room of a patient on
Droplet Precautions to avoid any inadvertent exposure.
Bacterial:

Invasive Hemophilus influenzae disease:
meningitis, pneumonia (in infants and small children), epiglottitis.


Invasive Neisseria meningitidis disease:
meningitis, pneumonia, and bacteremia.


Mycoplasma pneumonia


Group A Streptococcal pharyngitis, pneumonia, or scarlet fever in infants and young
children


Viral

Influenza





Adenovirus
(requires Contact Precautions in addition)


Mumps


Parvovirus B19


Rubella

Contact Precautions




Contact Precautions are designed to reduce the risk of transmission of organisms and
specific diseases by direct or indirect contact.
Direct contact transmission involves skin to skin contact and physical transfer of
microorganisms to a susceptible host from an infected or colonized person, such as
occurs when personnel turn patients, bathe patients or perform other patient care
activities that require physical contact. Direct contact can also occur between patients that
may have physical contact with each other.
Indirect contact transmission involves a susceptible host with a contaminated
intermediate object, usually inanimate, in the patient's environment.
Contact Precautions are to added to Standard Precautions for patients known or suspected
to have organisms and/or diseases easily transmitted via direct or indirect contact.
Contact Precautions are required if:



A patient is colonized and/or infected with multidrug-resistant organism. A multidrug-
resistant organism is an organism that is resistant to treatment with standard first-line
antibiotics.




A particular organism is identified as being potentially hazardous to others and/or to the
ecology of the hospital environment because of its antibiogram, pathogenicity, virulence,
or epidemiologic characteristics (i.e., VRE, MRSA).






Contact Precautions Disease List




In addition to Standard Precautions, Contact Precautions must be used for patients known
or suspected to have specific diseases/multidrug- resistant organisms easily transmitted
by direct patient contact or contact with items in the patient's environment. Examples of
such illnesses/organisms include:



Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE)




Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)




Any organism deemed to be of special clinical and epidemiologic significance judged by
YNHH Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control




Clostridium difficile colitis




Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)




Parainfluenza virus




Enteroviral infections in infants and young children




Pediculosis




Scabies




Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Salmonella, Shigella, Hepatitis A, Rotavirus-in diapered or
incontinent patients




Diptheria (cutaneous)




Herpes Simplex virus
(neonatal, disseminated, or severe mucocutaneous)




Impetigo




Major (uncontained) abcesses or decubiti




Varicella (chickenpox), Herpes, Zoster (disseminated or in the immunocompromised
host) also requires Airborne Precautions




Viral/ Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis




Viral Hemmorrhagic Fevers
(e.g., Ebola, Lassa, or Marburg)

Nclex tips

Assess first( check the question to see if the assessment has been done)

Take care of the patient first, the machines and documentation later

Always choose the most complete answer with the least opportunity for error

In Priority question, look for acute and unstable pt to see first

Always remember your ABCs

Maslow's will usually work and pain is seen as a psychosocial need---Not a physical need

Incident or Occurrence reports--Never refer to them in the pt's chart
should complete for any time there is a variance from what should have happened with Pt
care
should not include blame or anything but just the facts
when charting, do not use the words, " Error, mistake, accident or incorrect."

Errors in charting are corrected by making one simple line through the words

If a RN comes from another unit, give that RN a pt who does not need to have a RN from
specific unite care for him/her. EX. --Post op mastectomy needs an ONco nurse to take
with.

Delegation--If you are assigning pt care to LPN/NA, rank order the pt as to the ones who
have the least acute problems/changes to the most

Anytime a question comes up about a procedure or diagnostic test, consider the possible
complications

Vital signs are a LATE signa of pt status change

Rales=CHF

Rhonchi=pneumonia

Wheezes=asthma

Hemoptysis=Lung cancer or TB

Pleural Pain=Pssible PE

Intercostal retractions=respiratory distress

Role play the situation

Read the question and answers out loud

Safety for the pt is always first, then the family, then the nurse

Never isolate a pt with Alzheimer's disease

Any time a pt has traction applied or a broken bone, consider:
circulation

Movement

Sensation

compartment syndrome

skin integrity

restlessness is often the first sign of hypoxia

if you chose an answer withthe word, why or check in it, make sure it is truly the best
answer.

Rarely is the right answer to call the physician--Don't pass the responsibility

Psychiatric pt:

--For someone with psychosis--acknoledge the hallucination or delusion and then
realityorientation
--for someone with dementia--change the subject, divert the attention

Medications to know: antipsychotics--Haldol, Thorazine, Zyprexa, Geodon\

antidepressants--Tricyclics--typically sedating so take at bedtime, cause otthostasis, dry
mouth, very dangerous with OD. NEED to wean off.

MAO-I---low tyramine diet, if they eat something high tyramine--hypertensive crisis

Interact with a lot of other meds, can have hypertensive crisis with other meds

Need to be off other antidepressants for at least 2 wks before starting.

SSRI--can treat anxiety to. Typically take in the morning because they are more likely to
be stimulating. Can cause diarrhea. Need to wean off.Serotonin serge.

Anti-mania--lithium--need to have levels drawn, Tend to get increased level if sweating,
vomiting. Know the S/S of toxicity. Know normal Li levels( 0.6-1.2)

Anti-seizure family( Depakote, Tegretol, Lamictal, Trileptal, etc) most can lead to liver
failure. Should have levels of Depakote/Tegretol done at intervals.

Anti-anxiety-Benzodiazepines----addictive and lead to seizures during withdrawl. Very
dangerous if combined with alcohol. Sedating except may have paradoxical

Reaction in the elderly

Safety is always first priority if someone is losing control of her/his behavior.

--must try all other interventions before using restraints/seclusion
someone must stay within arms's reach of the pt if they are restraints
Need to release one restraint or do Prom every 15 min.
Restraint to orders need to be specific and cannot be PRN and only good for 24hrs.
Chemical restraints count as restraints

The pt with Depression needs to increase interaction.

the pt with psychosis typically is very concrete in thinkgs and it not going to be able to
process groups, etc

Well pt with addictive disorders use the denail as their primary coping mechanism

Manic phase pts need finger foods or calories as they burn a lot being busy

Suicidal pts --look for any phrase that implies helplessness, hopelessness, worthlessness

Post op eye surgery--don't bend at the waist, avoid straining

If someone has an object that has penetrated his/her body, leave it there until it is
assessed as safe to remove.

INTERVENTIONS FOR COPD (using ABCDEF)

A-Aminophylline

B-Brochodilators

C- Chest Physiotherapy
CORTICOSTEROIDS

D- Deliver oxygen at 2 liters

E- Expectorants

F- Force Fluids


Tuberculosis ( Meds) Use RISE

R-Rifampin

I-Isoniazid (INH)

S-Streptomycin

E-Ethambutol


Care of Client After Masectomy
(BREAST)

B-Bp not on affected side

R- Reach recovery

E-Elevate affected side
Exension and flexion exercise- initialy (Squeeze a ball)

A-Abduction and external rotation should not be initial exercise

S-SBE- Once a month- about one week after period

T-To promote a positive self image


TURPS

T-Tubes

U-Urinary output

R- Red drainage

P-Pieces of clots

S-Spasms


Meniere's Disease

Administer diuretics to decrease endolymph in the cochlea, restrict sodium, lay on
affected ear when in bed.
TRIAD
-vertigo
-Tinnitus
-Nausea and vomiting.


Use FIRST to help you remember

F- find hypoxia

I- Immunocompromised

R- Real bleeding ( Trauma, hemorrhage)

S-Safety

T- Try infection


Breast Cancer Risk Factors:
y >50 years of age
y FIRST child born after 30 years of age
y Grandmother, Mother, Sister has it
y Personal history of breast cancer
Garlic has a hypoglycemic effect do not give with insulin

Eye problems do not want head in dependent position. Lie on good side and have bad
eye up or elevate the head of the bed to 35 degrees.

Lay on right side after liver biopsy.

Clear fluid from head CSF medical emergency call the doctor

1 yr old with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea is emergency because young children
become dehydrated very easily

Assess pt for claustrophobia with CAT scans and MRIs, also, NO METAL.


ALPHABET NURSING FACT:

Activated charcoal - To absorb poison

AAA- Complication is hemorrhage and shock

A positive mantoux test indicate the pt has produced an immune response

Complication of warfarin- (3H) hemorrhage, hematuria and hepatitis

Colchine for treatment of gout attack

Codeine- onset- 30mins, peak- 1hr, duration 4-6hrs

COPD -use of acessory muscle for respiration indicate the pt is having
difficulty breathing

Chlamydia, Genital herpes and HPV - Do not report

Crackles are heard on inspiration and dont clear with cough

Diaphramatic and purse lip breathing are the best for pt with COPD

DMD- X-linked recessive and female are carrier and male are affected.

DI- Treatment is DDAVP

Gastric lavage - To remove poison

Indomethacin - helps in closing PDA

Left sided HF- pulmonary

Myelomingocele complication - clubbfoot and hydrocephalus

Meningitis- Droplet

Osteoarthritis- Joint pain, crepitus, heberden's node, bouchard's node and
enlarge joints

Pentoxifyline- hemorheologic Agent that improve blood flow and is used to
treat intermittent claudication

Prostaglandin E is administerd to provide blood ming and also help to keep
open the ductus arteriosus

Right side HF- systemic

Rhonchi are heard on expiration and clear with cough

Rabies- contact precaution

tPA- used to treat Acute MI

Thrombolytic- dissolve clots

To avoid falsely elevated serum digoxin, the nurse should wait @ least 8hrs
after administering oral digoxin and @ least 6hrs after administering I.V
digoxin to draw a blood sample.

TB- airborne

Disaster planning

A disaster plan needs to be activated when there is a life threatening situation with a large
number of patients involve. A way to remember who to remove first is by using ABC

A- Ambulatory

B- Bed Ridden

C- Critical Care


You may ask why but the goal is to move the greatest number of clients.



Appendicitis- position of comfort is on the side with the legs flexed agains the abdomen.
HOB should remain slightly elevated to decrease the upward spread of infection in case
the rupturing of appendix occurs.


Here are a few facts I came across while doing questions.

Brown pigmentation around the ankles of patient indicates venous insufficeny

Cloudy outflow during peritoneal dialysis indication of infection and needs to be
reporeted to MD

Afte colonoscopy a patient should report rebound tenderness. Abdominal cramping,
fatigue and passage of liquid stool are all normal findings after colonoscopy.

A patient with pertussis should be in a private room, mask and under droplet precautions.

Hydromorhone ( Dilaudin) can Cause urinary retention.

Respite care important for caretaker of Alzheimer's patient to allow for physical and
emotional rest.

Antihistamines can cause urinary retention and exacerbate symptoms of BPH.

Applying pressure to the inner cantus of the eye prevents overflow of medication into the
nasolacrimal duct and possibly systemic absorption.

Ethical dilema- Determination of facts. identify possible solutions, consider patients
wishes.

An Increase in peak expiratory flow rate indicates that airway restriction is resolving (
asthma patient)

Salem sum tube- turn patient every 2 hours to promote emptying of stomach contents.

Fatigue, abdominal bloating and persistent dyspnea of patient with COPD contributes to
patients inability to maintain adequate nutrition.

Serosanguienous drainage beyond post-op day 5 may indicate dehiscence; therefore
surgeon should be notified.

There is no need for a parent of a child who is HIV positive to notify the childs daycare
provider.

INDERAL- serious side effect decrease heartrate due to blockade of betta1 receptors in
the heart.

Bulima patient with bloody emesis due to esophageal tears due to purging.

Pacemaker spikes on T wave indicate that the pacemaker is not capturing appropriately
and should be adjusted for this patient.

A patient who is having muscle spasm while in traction should be repositioned to see if
the spasms decrease.

REASONS FOR UNCONSCIOUSNESS ( skin Color)

RED- Stroke or increase in blood pressure

BLUE- Respiratory or cardiac arrest

WHITE- Shock or Hemorrhage.


BETA BLOCKERS

B-bronchospasm( do not give to asthma, bronchial constriction patients)

E- elicits a decrease in cardiac out put and contractility.

T- treats hypertension

A- Av conduction decreases


T- tenormin ( atenolol) hypertension & angina

L- Lopressor ( metopolol) hypertension & angina

C- Corgard ( naldolol) hypertension & angina ( renally excreted)


Glomerulonephritis- fever, periorbital edema, weakness, and chills caused by grop B
strep.

It is normal for a patient that has had dialysis to have a slight fever afterwards due to the
dialysis solution being warmed by the machine.

Positive sweat test indicative of cystic fibrosis.

After thyroid surgery- maintain airway keep a trach kit at patients bedside, check for
bleeding, be sure to check at sides and back of neck due to gravity and teach patient to
support their neck.


A bit about B-Vitamins


B-1 (thiamine) and all B vitamins Alcoholic (to prevent Wernickes
encephalopathy and Korsakoffs syndrome.

B-6 (pyridoxide hydrochloride) TB patient (Pt is likely on INH which can cause
peripheral neuropathy, dizziness, and ataxias, B-6 can prevent these unwanted
affects).

B-9 (folic acid) Pregnant pt to prevent neural tube defects in fetus

B-12 (cobalamine) Pernicious anemia (autoimmune disease that attacks the
parietal cells preventing intrinsic factor from being released, which is needed to
absorb B-12.


1. Hep B immune globulin and Hep B vaccine are given to infants with perinatal
exposure to prevent hepatitis and achieve lifelong prophylaxis; administered
within 12 hours of birth.

2. Immune globulin is given to prevent Hep A.

3. Cyanocobalamin (Vit B12) is used to treat states of vit B12 deficiency; the
most common manifestation of untreated cyanocobalamin deficiency is pernicious
anemia.

4. Pernicious anemia is one of the risk factor for gastric cancer.

5. child with Celiac disease: dietary management is the mainstay; eliminate all
wheat, rye, barley, and oats; replaced with corn and rice; vitamins supplements,
especially fat-soluble vit and folate, may be needed in the early period of
treatment to correct deficiencies.
1. Acid is lost from the stomach (emesis) leading to metabolic alkalosis
2. Bicarbonate is lost from diarrhea leading to metabolic acidosis
3. Irritability (rather than lethargy) is an initial finding for cerebral hypoxia which
would occur from the retained fluid in the brain that results in increased ICP
4. Signs of increased ICP in infants include: bulging fontanel, irritability, high
pitched cry, and continually cries when held; R more often slow, deep and
irregular
5. The peak airflow volume decreases about 24 hours before clinical
manifestations of exacerbation of asthma; it is the most important to monitor for
asthma pts
6. the peak flow meter is used to measure peak expiratory flow volumes; provides
useful info about the presence and/or severity of airway obstruction: green (good);
yellow/red (caution and get help)
7. When a pregnant women is admitted with C/O painless vaginal bleeding: do
abdominal ultrasound because it's the least invasive diagnostic test
8. dexamethasone (Decadron) increases the production of HCl, which often leads
to GI ulcers; take it with food or milk
9. Pancreatic enzymes are to be given to pt with cyctic fibrosis; with each meal
and every snack to allow for digestion of all foods that are eated
10. If the peak flow reading is 50% less of the pt's baseline reading, give a short-
acting beta-agonist immediately (rather than giving oxygen because the pt's
airways need to be opened up first)


NCLEX TRAPS

When you read the question ask yourself can I IDENTIFY the TOPIC of this question?

Note: NCLEX HIDES the TOPIC of a question

Example:

A nurse is evaluating the effects of medical therapy for a client with pulmonary edema.
The nurse
determines that the interventions that were most effective if the client exhibited which of
the following?
U=urine output RR= respiratory rate BP=blood pressure P=pulse

a) BP= 96/56 mmHg; P=110 beats/min; RR=28 breaths/min; U=20 ml/hr

b) BP=88/50 mmHg; P= 116 beats/min; RR=26 breaths/min; U=25 ml/hr

c) BP=108/62 mmHg; P=98 beats/min; RR=24 breaths/min; U= 40 ml/hr

d) BP= 116/70 mmHg; P= 88 beats/min; RR= 20 breaths/min; U= 50 ml/hr

This question has been copied from another thread in which the person was inquiring
why the answer she chose was not correct, and from eight responses no one could tell the
person who posted this example the rationale for the correct answer. First thing: identify
the topic which is client's needs- physiological integrity. The NCLEX makers want to
know if you know how to apply the fifth nursing process which is evaluation within the
context of physiological integrity. You need to evaluate if the set of vitals you took after
giving medication therapy are withing normal limits. Eliminate first the wrong
answers. Answers #a and # b are wrong (below normal limits)...just by looking at the
blood pressures, you know those answers are wrong. You are just left with two choices
which is better than having to choose between fours answers. Do you see the advantages
of elliminating wrong answers, first?
The next step is to eliminate the last wrong answer, let's look at answer # c...everything
is within normal limits except the respiratory rate (normal for an adult RR=12-20 bpm).
Since you have to eliminate # c, then the right answer must be # d, which is indeed, all
those numbers are within normal limits, by the way, normal urinary output is at least 30
ml/hr. That is a good example of how cleverly the NCLEX makers could hide the topic.
They wanted to know if the test taker knows how to apply the nursing process of
evaluation by throwing a question about evaluating a set of vitals.

IDENTIFY THE TOPIC OF THE QUESTION:
y if you have no idea what is the question asking: read the answer choices for clues
to identify the topic
In some questions validation is required in order to answer the question
corectly...meaning the question may ask you to assess or evaluate as opposed to
implement (do some action, for example, call the doctor, start CPR, reposition the
patient or give oxygen to the patient, etc.) Remember the intent of the question will be
hidden to you.
y read the stem question for determining whether you should assess or implement
and within that context eliminate the answers which do not fit to with what you
must do, that will lead you to the right response.
If all the anwers fit in to implementation, then move on to use Maslow Hierarchy of
Human Needs
--Physical needs take priority over other needs--

Pain is not a physical need--it is considered psychosocial, so it goes higher up on
Maslow scheme
If all answers fit in to the physical needs apply ABC (air/blood/circulation) scheme
y do not automatically select respiratory answers--remember to thow out wrong
answers first
If all answers are psychosocial do not choose the answer that "sounds right": determine
the outcome of each answer, throw out first the answers with negative outcome. Ask
yourself "is this answer choice has a desired outcome?"
Examples of Undesirable Answers you are Looking for to Throw Out First:

a) pass the buck
b) judgmental
c) bad nursing
d) off topic
e) take the buck
f) encourage dependency
g) asking why
h) do not persuade
i) leave patient alone
J) non therapeutic
k) gives false reasurance
l) blame
m) do nothing answers
n) answers which by pass the nursing process such as implementing a particular tx before
assessing the situation
o) by pass proper delegation qualifications
p) by pass priority of care
q) do not involve the patient in their own healing process
r) do not listen to the patient in a respectful manner
s) violate patient's rights
t) do not show cooperation with the health team
u) answers that contain absolute worlds such as only, always--watch for those

If Manslow and ABC does not apply: Evaluate ask yourself why, as I did in the example
above, the answers presented are wrong by comparing them against the normal values,
throw out first wrong ones for that will lead you to the one you are looking for: the right
answer. Best wishes to all of you who are taking the NCLEX in February. feliz3


Fosamax (alendronate sodium)
-treatment for OSTEOPOROSIS
Teach the patient --FOSAMAX causesESOPAGITIS.
1)Remain upright for 30 minutes and do not eat or drink anything else for 30 minutes,to
prevent delay of the drug through the esophagus
2)Take these drugs on an empty stomach, first thing in the morning, with water.Must be
taken with a sufficient amount of water so it does not pass through the esophagus
completely...


What I've learned today in my review
1.Tagamet- to be taken at bed time
2.Dilatin- Aside from the regular visit to the dentist, when given IV can only be given w/
normal saline,to be kept in room temperature, AE agranulocytocis and aplastic anemia,
client will need freq. CBC
3.Side effect of ZYPREXA development of parkinson
4. Client taking Methotrexate should avoid multi Vitamins because they contain Folic
Acid( antidote of Methotrexate)
5.Client taking Isoniazid should have negative sputum within 3 months.
3.

Nurses must assume what the physician will order first:

DKA-----Initiate fluid replacement first ( IV .9% normal saline)

Hemophilia A-------- transfuse Factor VII

Ventricular Fibrillation (UNRESPONSIVE)-----Defibrillate 200j (300j:360j)
if unsuccessful ------CPR

Sickle cell anemia---------- 0xygen 100% Fi02 (HHOP)

ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)-----(O2 nonrebreathing mask)
if no improvement w/ nonrebreather mask----intubate /mechanical ventilator

Pulmonary edema (sx. asses breath sound--crackles)----------tx: Furosemide

MI (chest pain)----------tx.morphine

Skin test reaction(SOB,anxious,reddened blotches,dizzy)-administer epinephrine

tenision pneumothorax-----------------chest tube


Fractures:
Immobilize joint above and below fracture
Cover open fracture with cleanest material available Check temperature, color,
sensation, capillary refill distal to fracture
Close reductionmanually manipulate bone or use traction

Bucks Traction
Use to relieve muscle spasm of leg and back
If used for muscles spasms only, they can turn to either side.
If used for fracture treatment, only can turn to unaffected side.
Use 8-20 lbs of weight, if used for scoliosis will use 40 lbs of weight.
Elevate head of bed for countertraction or foot bed
Place pillow below leg not under heel or behind knee.

Russells Traction
Sling is used
Check for popliteal pulse
Place pillow below lower leg and heel off the bed
Dont turn from waist down
Lift patient, not the leg

Cervical Tongs
Never lift the weights
No pillow under head during feedings

Balanced Suspension Traction
For femur realignment
Maintain weights hanging free and not on floor
Maintain continuous pull

Halo Jacket
Maintain pin cleansing

Casts
Dont rest on hard surface
Dont cover until dry 48+ hours
Handle with palms of hands not with fingers Keep above level of heart
Check for CSM

Fractured Hip
Assessments
Leg shortened
Adducted
Externally rotated
Implementation
Care after a total hip replacement
Abduction pillows
Crutch walking with 3-point gait
Dont sleep on operated side
Dont flex hip more than 45-60 degrees
Dont elevate head of the bed more than 45 degrees



Amputations
Guillotine (open)
Flap (closed)
Delayed prosthesis fitting
Residual limb covered with dressing and elastic bandage (figure eight)
Figure-8 doesnt restrict blood flow, shaped to reduce edema
Check for bleeding
Elevated 24 hours (AKA-pillow, BKA-foot of bed elevated)
Position prone daily
Exercises, crutch walking
Phantom Pain: acknowledge feelings, that pain is real for them


Isoniazid (INH)-Anti-tuberculosis
s.e.: peripheral neuropathy-watch out for signs:numbness, tingling or weakness
liver damage-watch out for signs of hepatitis:yellow eyes or skin, NV, anorexia, dark
urine, unusual tiredness, or weakness

Aminoglycosides: Anti-infective
Amikacin(Amikin) Gentamicin,(Garamycin) Tobramycin (Tobrax)
s.e.Ototoxicity(CN VIII)-immediately report hearing or balance problems
Nephrotoxicity -Teaching:encourage fluids 8-10 glasses daily

Antihistamine
Loratadine (Claritin),Fexofenadine (Allegra),Cetirizine HCI (Zyrtec)
s.e. Drowsiness/Dizziness -teach pt:caution in potentially hazardous activities..
-avoid use of alchohol,& other CNS depressants
Dry mouth
-*generic name ends with "zine"*
cyclizine, trimeprazine, methdilazine, meclizine, and promethazine
an antihistamine preventing or countering motion sickness as well as
nasea and vomiting.

Heparin /-anticoagulant
s.e.: hemorrhage- watch out for:bleeding gums, nose, unusual, black tarry stools,
hematuria, fall in hemacrit or bl. pressure, guaiac-positive stools
teach pt:avoid ASA & NSAIDs
-antidote: protamine sulfate w/in 30 min
-injec.=deep SQ-onset 2-6- min, dur. 8-12 hrs
-IV: pk 5 min, dur. 2-6 hrs/NEVER GIVE IM
-check -therapeutic PPT (20-36) @1.5-2.5 X the control

Warfarin (Coumadin)/anticoagulant
s.e.:hemorrhage-
Caution:if pt said "I LOVE TO EAT VEGETABLE IN THE GARDEN)
teach:-avoid foods high in Vit K, green leafy vegs
-antidote: vit. K
-therapeutic PT (9.6-11.8)@1.5-2.5 X control, INR @ 2.0=3.0
-onset: 12-24 hrs, pk 1-1/2 to 3 days, dur: 3-5 days

Anti-malarials
Hydrozychloroquine (Plaquenil),Quinine Sulfate
s.e.: eye disturbances, NV, Anorexia
Teach:take at same time each day to maintain blood levels

Anti-protozoals:
Metronidazole (Flagyl, Flagyl ER)
s.e.-CNS symptoms, abd cramps, metallic taste,
teach pt o not drink alcohol in any form, during and 48 hrs after use,
disulfiram-like reaction can occur.
-avoid hazardous activities
-dark-reddish brown urine

Opioid Analgesic-
Methadone, Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) , Propoxyphene (Darvon, Darvocet-N
(propoxyphene with acetominophen),
Oxycodone (Oxy Contin; with aspirin Percodan, with acetaminophen Percoset)
Codeine,Meperidine(Demerol),Hydrocodone Bitartrate & Acetaminophen
(Lortabs)
s.e.-Drowsiness, sedation,nausea, vomiting, anorexia,Respiratory depression
constipation, cramps,orthostatic hypotension,confusion, headache,rash
-do not give if RR less than 12 per min

Cephalosporins(generic name begins with "cef/cep")
Cefadroxil (Duricef) ,Cephalexin (Keflex, Keflet) ,Cephapirin (Cefadyl)
Cephradine (Velosef) ,Cefaclor (Ceclor, Ceclor CD) ,Cefamandole (Mandol)
Cefonicid (monocid) ,Cefotetan (Cefotan)
s.e. Diarrhea

*generic name ends with "phylline"*
Xanthine bronchodilator -
aminophylline, dyphylline, oxtriphylline, theophylline
s.e.- nausea,vomiting,anorexia,gasstrointestinal reflux,TACHYCARDIA
indication:acute asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, COPD
contraindicated:peptic ulcer,hyperthyroidism,cardiac dysrhythmias


Child undergoing cardiac catheterization - priority nursing Dg. is - Deficit knowledge (
parental ) related to cardiac. cath., not decreased cardiac output related to structural defect
!

Planning care for child before corrective surg. for Tetralogy of Fallot - priority nursing
Dg. - Deficit knowledge related to upcoming surg. and postoperative events, not impaired
gas exchange related to structural cardiac def.

Kawasaki Disease - aspirin + IV gamma globulin - to reduce immune response
- steroids contraindicated - increase aneurysm formation
- dipiridamole to increase coronary vasodilatation and decrease platelet accumulation

A positive Kernig's Sign is a manifestation of meningeal irritation
2. A serum creatinine above1.4 mg/dl indicates renal failure
3. Epioglottis develops acutely and emergently
4. Bells Palsy is Cranial Nerve VII
5. Bridiging Technique ,which I had never heard of is a type os positioning of pillows
used to relieve pressure on bony prominences

CARE OF A PATIENT IN TRACTION
T = Temperature
R = Ropes hang freely
A = Alignment
C = Circulation - the 5 P's - Pain, pulse, pallor, paresthesia, paralysis
T = Type and location of fracture
I = Increase fluid intake
O = Overhead trapeze
N = No weights on bed or floor



Here are my five: Knowledge Based
I am back to the drawing board with Fluids & Electrolytes
Hypovolemia: decreased urinary o/p; increased urine specific gravity
Hypervolemia: increased urinary o/p; decreased urine specific gravity

Hyponatremia: increased urinary o/p; decreased urine specific gravity (just think of
dehydration-losing fluids).
Hypernatremia: decreased urinary o/p; increased specific gravity(just think of the body
holding the Na+ in, and output will be decreased).

Hyponatremia: Monitor for lithium toxicity if pt is on this med. It can decrease lithium
excretion, causing lithium toxicity.

Hypokalemia: Increased urinary o/p; decreased specific gravity (just think of the body
losing fluids, just like with hyponatremia).
This condition is life-threatening, b/c it affects every body system.
TX: give K+ Chloride- Never give K+ IV push, IM, or SQ.
Never exceed 20 mEq/hr
If pt receives >10 mEq/hr place on cardiac monitor.
Assess renal function before administering med and monitor I/O's during tx.

Hyperkalemia:
Early sx muscle twitches, cramps, parasthesias.
Place on cardiac monitor.

Hypocalcemia: Positive Trousseau's & Chvostek's sign
Monitor cardiovascular, respiratory, neuromuscular, GI; place on cardiac monitor.
Give Ca+ supplements PO or Ca+ IV.
Ca+ IV-Warm solution to body temp. before admin. & give slowly; monitor for ECG
changes.
Hypercalcemia:
early sx is increased HR.
late sx: Bradycardia that can turn into cardiac arrest.
Increased urinary o/p that can lead to dehydration.
Check for urinary stones, by straining the urine. Place on cardiac monitor.
Hypoactive bowel sounds.

Don't combine aspirin with glipizide (Glucotrol) therapy or
alcohol with insulin; both can cause hypoglycemia.

1. Barium swallow for 3 month old infant - NPO for three hours
2. Temporary pacemaker for MI client - increase cardiac output is the
primary purpose
3. Plasma cholesterol screening - only sips of water for 12 hours
4. Reminiscing group - primary goal is to review and share their life
experience with the group member
5. Miller-abbott tube - removes fluid and gas in the small intestine; provides
intestinal decompression
6. Levin or salem stump - decompresses the stomach; prevent fluid and gas
accumulation in the stomach
7. Promethazine Hcl (Phenergan) - check patency of the patient's vein before
admin of drug, extravasation will cause necrosis
8. Insulin dependent diabetic, unable to urinate -- autonomic neuropathy
9. Overdose of aspirin will produce parkinsons dse type sx
10. Do not admin erythromycin to Multiple Sclerosis pt

Here are my five for today: NCLEX answers -
1) If you have never heard of it, nobody else probably had, so don't choose that answer.
2) If your pt. is unstable don't choose reassess in 15 min. He might be dead in 15 min -
don't delay treatment. find first question that will kill or harm pt., secondly that will delay
treatment and eliminate those. if there is something you can do before calling doctor, do
it ( pick that question ). sometimes to call the doctor may be the only right option.
3)Maslow's hierarchy : Physiologic needs -
A) Maintaining airways and respiration
B) Maintaining circulation
C) Nutrition and elimination
D) Sleep
Safety needs - when no physiological needs exist, safety takes priority - mainatining safe
and secure enviroment for pt. and nurse
4) Communication - focus on pt. feelings first
5) Teaching and learning - motivation and readiness - assess if pt. had previous
experiences or any information first
How to Determine Whether to Delegate or Not

UAP= unlicensed assistive personnel

Ask yourself:

1) Are the and rules in place which support the delegation?

a) yes---go to step 2
b) no--- do not delegate

2) Is the task to be delegated within the scope of practice of the RN/LPN?

a) yes---got to step 3
b) no---do not delegate

3) Is the RN/LPN has the knowledge and experience to make delegation decisions?

a) yes---go to step 4
b) no---do not delegate. Action to take: provide education and document education
provided

4) Has there been assessment of the client's needs?

a) yes---move to step 5
b) no---assess client's needs first, then proceed with considerations to delegations

5) Is the UAP competent, has the experience to accept the delegation?

a) yes---move to step 6
b) no---do not delegate. Action to take: Provide education and document the education
given to the UAP

6) Does the ability of the care giver match the care needs of the client?

a) yes---go to step 7
b) no---do not delegate

7) Can the task to be delegated be performed without requiring nursing judgment?

a) yes---move to step 8
b) no---do not delegate

8) Are the results of the task reasonably predictable?

a) yes---move to step 9
b) no---do not delegate

9) Can the task be safely performed according to exact, unchanging directions?

a) yes---move to step 10
b) no---do not delegate

10) Can the task be safely performed without complex observations or decisions
based on critical thinking?

a) yes---move to step 11
b) no---do not delegate

11) Can the task be performed without repeated nursing assessments?

a) yes---move to step 12
b) no---do not delegate

12) Is appropriate supervision available?

a) yes--- all other steps met, it is safe to delegate
b) no---do not delegate

Delegation= Transferring a selected nursing task in a situation to an individual who
posses the knowledge, experience that makes the person competent to perform that
specific task.

The Nurse Practice Act and any practice limitation, such as been unfamiliar with the
particular task which needs to be delegated, define which aspects of care can be delegated
and which must be performed by the registered nurse.

Only the task not the ultimate accountability may be delegated to another. The nurse
who delegates maintains accountability for the overall nursing care of the client. The
nurse must know what are her clients preferred outcomes in terms of health care delivery
goals, so that the process of delegation is geared toward achieving desirable outcomes.

The RN must match the task to be delegated based on the Nurse Practice Act and
appropriate position descriptions.

Task that which are the responsibility of the RN only:

a) unstable patients with the least predictable medical outcomes
b) central line care
c) any tasks involving teaching, observation, discharge of a patient, assessment and
critical thinking based decisions
d) blood transfusions
e) parenteral nutrition
f) patient controlled analgesia
g) development of a plan of care
h) taking a medical history
i) taking phone doctor's orders for prescription and treatment
j) doing an admission assessment
K) initiate a Care Plan

Task that can be delegated to LPN/LVN only

a) patients who are stable and with predictable outcomes and common, well-defined
health problems
b) give meds, oral, topical and inhalants, can administer treatments such as sterile wound
care, blood sugar testing, nasogastric tube insertion, tube feedings and charting
c) LPN/LVN can start an IV of saline and superimpose IV fluids with vitamins, nutrients
and electrolytes by primary or secondary infusion lines, infuse blood and blood products
with IV Certification
d) give injections
e) monitor running IV
f) give enemas
g) monitor a urinary catheter
h) do simple wound dressing change
i) any task which does not require nursing judgment or complex observation, nurse can
delegate to the LPN. RN must inform the parameters of what to report as abnormal
j) use sterile technique procedures such as putting a urinary catheter
K) can give intra muscular injections, subcutaneous, intradermal
l) cannot give IV Push, infuse antibiotics or other medications via secondary IV line
m) can initiate teaching and a care plan
n) cannot infuse IV fluids such as TPN or other fluids via a central line and cannot do
blood withdrawal via central line
o) can do blood withdrawal via venipuncture or peripheral line with blood withdrawal
certification

sources: http://www.vocationalnursingdirectorsofca.org
http://www.rn.ca.gov/noa.htm
http://www.bvnpt.ca.gov/pdf/vnregs.pdf

UAP

a) bathing patient
b) ambulation
c) making beds
d) routine vital signs feeding patients
e) transferring patients


SLAP---Quick Suicide Assessment

S---assess how specific is the plan: goes beyond thinking about it = suicide ideation

L---assess how lethal is the method of doing it

A---assess the availability of whatever object the person chooses to commit suicide with

P---proximity how far or close this person is from getting help or from someone to notice
his/her intentions and try to stop him/her

If at least one these four items is affirmative on a patient, the patient is at risk and rising
if there is no intervention in place such as placing the patient on suicide precautions.



AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS:

a) private room with monitored negative air pressure flow with 6-12 air changes per hour
b) keep the door closed and patient in the room
c) can cohort or place the patient with another patient with the same organism but no
other organism
d) care giver ware mask N-95 and respirator around mouth and nose
e) place a mask on the client if being transported

DROPLET PRECAUTIONS:

a) involves contact of conjuntive or mucous membranes of nose, mouth that happens
during coughing, sneezing, talking or during procedure such as suctioning or
bronchoscopy
b) private room or with patient with same infection but no other infection
c) maintain a spacial separation of three feet between infected patient and visitors or
other patients
d) door may remain open
e) place mask on patient if being transported

CONTACT PRECAUTIONS:

a) needed for patient care activities that require skin-to-skin contact such as turning a
patient, bathe a patient or hand contact between two patients or contact with a
contaminated objects in the patient's environment
b) private room or with another patient with the same infection but no other infection
c) clean nonsterile gloves when entering the room
d) change globes after patient contact with fecal material or wound drainage
e) remove globes before leaving patient's environment and wash hands with antimicrobial
agent
f) wear a gown before entering the room if clothing will have contact with patient,
environment surfaces, or if patient is incontinent, has diarrhea, an ileostomy, colostomy
or wound drainage
g) remove the gown before leaving the room
h) use dedicated equipment or clean and disinfect between patients

Entrance into the Isolation Room:

a) put the surgical mask or respirator around mouth and nose (type of mask depend on the
type of isolation)
b) apply eyeware or goggles snugly around the face and eyes (when needed)
c) apply gown and make sure it covers all outer garments, pull sleeves down to wrist and
tie the gown securely on the neck and waist
d) apply disposable globes to cover over the edge of the gown sleeves
e) enter the patient's room
f) equipment such as stethoscope, pressure cuff, thermometer--disposable--.
g) nondisposable equipment remains in the room... clean nondisposable equipment with
alcohol before and after using it, place dedicated equipment on a clean surface

Leaving Isolation Room:

a) remove gloves, discard
b) untie top mask string and then bottom string pull mask away from face and do not
touch the outer surface of the mask
c) untie waist and neck string of the the gown, allow the gown to fall from the shoulders
d) remove hands from sleeves without touching the outside of the gown
e) hold the gown inside at the shoulders seams and fold inside out and discard
f) remove eyeware or goggles
g) wash hands
h) leave the room and close the door if the patient is on airborne precautions


. The 3 classic signs of pre-eclampsia are: Hypertension, generalized edema
and proteinuria.

2. REFLEXES
yMoro reflex- Elicited by striking a flat surface the infant is lying on. The
reflex of abducting extremities and fanning fingers when a sound is heard
should be gone by 3-4 months. Strongest at 2 months.
yRooting - When the cheek of the newborn is stroked, the newborn will turn
his head in the direction of the stroke.
yTonic neck - While the n/b lies supine, his head is turned causing the
extremities on the same side to straighten and those on the opposite side to
flex.
yBabinski - When the sole of the foot on the side of the n/b small toe is
stroked upward, the toes will fan upward and out.
yPlantar grasp - Infants toes will curl downward when sole of foot is
touched.
yStartle - A loud noise such as a hand clap will elicit the n/b to abduct his
arms and flex his elbows.
3. Terbutaline (Brethine) and Mag sulfate - treatment for preterm labor.
4. Nageles Rule: First day of last menstrual period + 1 year & seven days
minus 3 months.

5. True labor INCREASESwith activity.

6. Normal newborn jaundice - AFTER 24 hours of life.
Pathologic jaundice - BEFORE 24 hours of life.

7. Fetal Fibronectin (FFN) test helps determine if there is pre-term labor.

8. A subarachnoid (spinal block) for labor may cause a headache, a lumbar
epidural will not since the dura mater is not penetrated.

9. Tracheoesophageal fistula: 3 C's: coughing, choking, & cyanosis.

10. Pregnancy r/t: Add 300 Calories to diet when pregnant, 500 when
breastfeeding.
11. Non Stress Test on a pregnant female....should be REACTIVE (rise of 15
bpm above baseline for 15 sec) if it's NOT reactive they need a contraction
stress test and the result that you want from it is NEGATIVE.

12. Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: The nurse would be MOST concerned
if the patient complained of epigastric pain and a headache.

13. LOCHIA SEQUENCE.: lochia rubra- red, clotty....lochia serosa...pink,
brown....lochia alba..white.........SHOULD NEVER HAVE A FOUL ODOR!


14. When a pregnant women is admitted with C/O painless vaginal bleeding:
do abdominal ultrasound because it's the least invasive diagnostic test


15. Calcium Gluconate can cause severe chemical burns - most important to
check patency of veins when giving (given to a patient experience magnesium
sulfate toxicity)

16. Take prenatal vitamins in the morning with orange juice - acid aids in
absorption.

17. Fetal heart rate: 120-160 BPM
Variability: 6-10 BPM
Contractions:
Frequency - every 2-5 minutes
Duration - less than 90 secs.
Intensity - less than 100 mmHg
Amniotic fluid - 500 to 1200 ml - Nitrozene paper (litmus paper) - if urine it
turns green. If amniotic fluid litmus paper turns blue.

18.FAB 9 - Folic Acid (AKA B9) B = Brain. Decreases the incidence of neural
tube defects. The client should begin taking B9 three months prior to
becoming pregnant.

19. AVA - The umbilical artery has 2 arteries (carries deoxygenated blood)
and 1 vein (carries oxygenated blood).

20. TORCH syndrome in the neonate - A combination of diseases:
Toxoplasmosis, Rubella (German measles), cytomegalovirus, herpes, and
syphilis. Pregnant nurses should not be assigned to care for a client with
toxoplasmosis or cytomegalovirus.

21. Android Pelvis is wedge shaped, narrow and unfavorable for birth.

22. Prenatal Visits
q 4 weeks -28-32 weeks
q 2 weeks -32-36 weeks
q 1 week -36-40 weeks

23. Posterior fontanel close - 2-3months
Anterior close After - 12-18 months

24. Most dangerous when you're pregnant; regular measles (rubeola), or
German measles (rubella), so remember: Never get pregnant with a German
(rubella).

25. Apgar measures heart rate, respiratory rate, muscle tone, reflexes, and
skin color.
Measured by 0 for absent, 1 for decreased, 2 for strong positive. 8-10 OK.
0-3 RESUSCITATE. Performed at 1 and 5 minutes.
A= appearance (color all pink, pink and blue, blue [pale])
P= pulse (>100, < 100, absent)
G= grimace (cough, grimace, no response)
A= activity (flexed, flaccid, limp)
R= respirations (strong cry, weak cry, absent)

26. In the Apgar score, the first time done reflects the transitional score,
the second Apgar score reflects the planning of care for the newborn. Score
over 7, baby is ok but score under 5 needs resuscitation or intensive care.

27. NEVER examine a bleeding gravida vaginally.

28. Maternal hypotension = STOP
Stop Pitocin (oxytocin) infusion
Turn patient on left side
Oxygen
Push IV fluids.

29. The criteria used to distinguish TRUE from FALSE labor is EVIDENCE
OF CERVICAL CHANGE.

30. Fetal heart patterns in OB? Think VEAL CHOP

V C V = variable decels; C = cord compression caused
E H E = early decels; H = head compression caused
A O A = accels; O = okay, not a problem!
L P L = late decels P = placental insufficiency, can't fill
For any kind of bad fetal heart rate pattern, you give O2, often by mask...
Woman in Labor w/ Un-reassuring FHR (late decels, decreased variability,
fetal bradycardia, etc) --> turn on left side (and give O2, stop Pitocin,
increase IV fluids)


31. For cord compression, place the mother in the TRENDELENBERG position
because this removes pressure of the presenting part off the cord. (If her
head is down, the baby is no longer being pulled out of the body by gravity).
If the cord is prolapsed, cover it with sterile saline gauze to prevent drying
of the cord and to minimize infection. Place client in knee-chest position or
Trendenlenberg

32. Once the membranes rupture, important to monitor temperature hourly
as risk for infection increases. First thing to do after rupture is to
auscultate fetal heart tones!
Assessing for cord prolapse if decels occur.

33. For late decels, turn the mother to her left side, to allow more blood
flow to the placenta.

34. Greatest risk for postpartum hemorrhage is from distended bladder.

35. Hypotension and bradypnea/bradycardia are major risks and
emergencies.

36. NEVER check the monitor or a machine as a first action. Always assess
the patient first; for example listen to the fetal heart tones with a
stethoscope in NCLEX land. Sometimes it's hard to tell who to check on
first, the mother or the baby; it's usually easy to tell the right answer if
the mother or baby involves a machine. If you're not sure who to check first
and one of the choices involves the machine, that's the wrong answer.

37. If the baby is a posterior presentation, the sounds are heard at the
sides.
the baby is anterior, the sounds are heard closer to midline, between the
umbilicus and where you would listen to a posterior presentation.

If the baby is breech, the sounds are high up in the fundus near the
umbilicus. If the baby is vertex, they are a little bit above the symphysis
pubis.


38. Use reliable form of birth control for at least 4 weeks (8 is better)
after rubella immunization [of course this applies to women only].

39. Increase calorie intake by 300 for pregnancy; 200-500 for lactation.

40. Fluid intake for pregnancy minimum 2000 mL; minimum 3000 mL for
lactation.

41. Interventions for late decels: Stop Pitocin if on, turn mom to left side,
increase IV fluids, O2 8-10 L/min.

42. Ways to speed delivery: Prostaglandins (Prepidil or Cervidil), Misoprostol,
(Cytotec), artificial rupture of membranes, oxytocin (Pitocin).

43. Spontaneous abortion: Most commonly present Painfollowed by bleeding

44. RHoGAM : given at 28 weeks, 72 hours post partum, IM. Only given to Rh
NEGATIVE mother. Also if indirect Coombs test is positive, dont need to
give RHoGAM cause she has antibody only give if negative Coombs

45. Discolored amniotic fluid such as green is a sign of fetal distress.

46. Placenta previa = painless bleeding. No vaginal exams.

47. After the rupture of membranes, the babies heart is checked then
rechecked a few minutes later or after next contraction.

48. Hep. B vaccine given within 12 hours of birth.

49. GP-TPAL: G=#pregnancies, P=#births, T=#term pregnancies (38+
weeks), P=#preterm pregnancies (20 weeks-37 6/7 weeks), A=#abortions
(spontaneous and therapeutic <20 weeks), L=#living children.

50. Fetal Development in utero:
Week 1 : free floating blastocyst
Week 2-3 : 2mm long
Week 8 : 3 cm long and may weigh in at 2 grams
Week 12 : 8 cm long
Week 20 : approx. 19 cm long & weighing in at 465 grams
Week 32 : 30 cm long

51. Estrogen stimulates uterine development to provide a environment for
the fetus, and stimulates the breasts to prepare for lactation.

52. Measure fundal Height: Start measuring at 18 weeks. Should equal the
week of gestation. Have client empty bladder.
Step 1 - place client in supine position
2 - place end of tape measure at level of symphysis pubis
3 - stretch tape to top of uterine fundus
4 - note and record the measurement


53. Staphylococcus aureus common cause mastitis
1st week of postpartum not present (mastitis)
Seen: 3-4 weeks post partum
SYMPTOMS: Fever, Chills, swollen red breast. Normal fetal heart rates,

54. Normal heart rate: 120-160 Bpm
Abnormal: If bradycardia is detected, position the mother on her left side

55. Abdominal pain, tender uterus, dark red or no bleeding = abruption
Painless, bright red bleeding usually first episode in 2nd trimester = placenta
previa

56. DO NOT give a pregnant laboring patient on methadone STADOL
(precipitates withdrawal)

57. Analgesics are typically not given during the transitional phase of labor
as delivery is imminent and could lead to decreased respiratory rate in
neonate.

58. If patient has boggy uterus - place the infant to nipple, it causes release
of natural Pitocin If uterus deviated to one side - encourage client to void.

59. RHoGAM given to Rh negative mothers with Rh positive babies within 72
following birth. RHoGAM : given at 28 weeks, 72 hours post partum, IM.
Only given to Rh NEGATIVE mother. Also if indirect Coombs test is
positive, dont need to give RHoGAM because she has antibody, only give if
negative Coombs. Rh- mothers receive RHoGAM to protect next baby.

60. SIGNS OF PREGNANCY
Presumptive Probable Positive
Amenorrhea Hegars sign Fetal heart sounds
Nausea/vomiting Chadwick sign Fetal movement
Quickening Goodells sign visualization of fetus
Striae gravidarum Braxton Hicks
Linea nigra + pregnancy test
Breast changes Abdominal enlargement

Presumptive - Changes experienced by the woman that make her think she is
pregnant.
Probable - Changes observed by the examiner that make the examiner
believe she is pregnant
Positive - Signs that can be only be explained by pregnancy.


Goodells sign: Softening of the cervical tip.
Chadwicks sign: Bluish discoloration of the vaqinal mucosa
Hegars sign: Softening of the lower uterus.

61. The postpartum check should include: status of fundus, lochia, breasts,
perineum, Homan's sign, pain, evidence of parent-baby bonding.

62. The woman with hydatidiform mole ( gestational trophoblastic disease )
should get follow up medical care for at least a year for possibility of
choriocarcinoma. Advise pt. not to get pregnant during this time.

63. At 0 station, the presenting part is at the level of the ischial spines.
Above zero is - and below is +(+ is closer to delivery).

64. IgA breAst milk

65.Contraindications to Breast feeding include
1.) Baby has galactosemia
2) Mom HIV and on antiretrovirals
3) Mom on Chemo or Radiation


66. The greatest period of danger to the developing fetus for structural
anomalies is day 15 to 18 weeks from conception.

67. Begin assessing fetal movement between 16 and 20 weeks.

68. Estrogen stimulates uterine development to provide a environment for
the fetus, and stimulates the breasts to prepare for lactation.

69. Physiologic jaundice of the new born is due to mild hyperbilirubinemia
that subsides in a week or two. Pathologic jaundice is due to severe
hyperbilirubinemia and can cause brain damage. pathological jaundice= occurs
before 24hrs and last7 days. Physiological jaundice occurs after 24 hours.


70. Pregnant women cannot administer Ribavarin (for RSV).

80. Abruptio placentae may be a complication of severe preeclampsia.

90. Fundus displaced to right side-ask pt to void. Fundus is boggy-message
fundus.
91. Postpartum period: circulating HcG disappears within 8-24 hours.

92. Symptothermal method of birth control - combines cervical mucus
evaluation and basal body temperature evaluation, non-prescription/drug

93. Precipitous/rapid labor - risk factor for early postpartum hemorrhage
and amniotic fluid embolism.


94. A patient with a vertical c-section surgery will more likely have another
c-section.

95. Caput succedaneum= diffuse edema of the fetal scalp that crosses the
suture lines. Swelling reabsorbs within 1 to 3 days.


96. Dystocia= baby cannot make it down to canal.

97. Meconium ileus is a sign of cystic fibrosis.

98. Blue spells " or "TET spells" is characteristic of tetrology of fallot.


99. Transesophageal Fistula (TEF) - esophagus doesn't fully develop (this is
a surgical emergency)
The 3 C's of TEF in the newborn:
1) Choking
2) Coughing
3) Cyanosis

100. CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS OF THE NEWBORN
yTetrology of Fallot - Tetra means four so it consists of four defects:
pulmonary artery stenosis
hypertrophy of right ventricle
venticular septal defect
overriding of aorta
Dx of Tetrology of Fallot is done by chest x-ray that shows a typical boot
shaped heart. An echocardiogram, 3 dimensional echocardiography, &
cardiac cath help to confirm diagnosis. S/S of TOF include: " blue spells or
tet spells " relieved by having child squat. Murmur may be present. Poor
growth, clubbing of fingers.

yAtrial Septal Defect : abnormal opening between atria which causes
increased flow of oxygenated blood to go into right side of heart. Right
atrial & right ventricle enlarge. May be closed using cardiac catheterization
or surgically with cardiopulmonary bypass which is done before school age.


yVentricular Septal Defect: characteristic murmur, CHF is common, many
times will close by itself if small-moderate defect.


yPatent Ductus Arteriosus ( PDA ): characteristic machine like murmur , can
be asymptomatic or s/s of CHF, wide pulse pressure & bounding pulses.

yCoarctation of the aorta: narrowing near insertion of ductus arteriosus.
S/S of CHF in infants, HTN & bounding pulses in arms but weak or absent
femoral pulses, low extremities may be cool.



101. Omphalitis - infection of umbilical stump. Don't rely on smell to detect
infection b/c umbilical stump heals thru gangrene.

102. Make sure to assess vernix and heel creases soon after baby is born
because vernix will be wiped off and heel creases develop as soon as foot
dries.

103. SQUARE WINDOW - term infants can flex wrist onto arm, preterms
can only do a 90degree flexion which creates a "square window"

104. SCARF SIGN - term infants can't extend elbow past midline but
preemies can, they extend hand across created a "scarf" effect since they
have no resistance

105. On the Ballard Scale, score of 35 is 38 weeks, 40 is 40 weeks and 45 is
42 weeks.


106. Post-term babies are at risk for..
- Polycythemia r/t hypoxia, less 02 from placental (placental insufficiency)
- Meconium Aspiration - hypoxia relaxes anal sphincter and they poop
- Hypoglycemia - Interference with nutrient supply as placenta deteriorate


107. When performing a heel stick, put thumb over walking surface of the
heal, strike latter aspect of heal, wipe of 1st drop, don't smear, streak or
squeeze area (due to high ECF in infants)

108. Before infant feeds, insert gloved hand into mouth to assess palate.

109. Head circumference should be 2cm > than chest when born, but equal by
1 year.


110. Skin tags and low set ears in infants - suspect chromosomal
abnormalities

111. Circumoral cyanosis in infants - see if it improves with crying. If it
doesn't , report it because it might indicate cardiac pathology.

112. Infants need 110kcal/kg/day
Breast milk has 20 kcals per ounce (so 20 kcal per 30 cc)
Breast milk has everything BUT slightly deficient in Vitamin D


113. Shoulder and Upper back lanugo is normal for term baby and vernix in
deep creases and skin folds is also ok for term babies.

114. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome babies will appear with a small head
circumference, low birth weight, and underdeveloped cheekbones. They may
need vitamins (especially B's).

115. Pregnancy diabetes, during the first trimester, maternal insulin need
decrease. During second and third trimesters, requiring an increase in
the clients insulin dose. After placental delivery, insulin requirements
decrease.


116. Autosomal DOMINANT disorders :
**Marfans (prone to aneursyms, long long long people "Abe Lincoln" type
folks ).
**Polydactly (too many digits)
**Achondroplastic dwarfism
** PKD polycystic kidney disease
**Huntington (doesn't show up until 40s 50s, which is why the gene is
perpetuated in the gene pool because when the symptoms show up in the
40s/50s, you've probably already had kids and passed the gene along)

Autosomal Recessive
** Sickle Cell
** Cystic Fibrosis
** PKU
** Galactosemia (can't digest galactose in breast milk)

117. Spinnbarkheit: Describes the elasticity of the cervical mucus that is
present at ovulation.

118. Ferning: Formation of a palm-leaf pattern by crystallization of cervical
mucus as it dries at mid-cycle. Helpful in determining time of ovulation.

119. Aerocyanosis: is a bluish discoloration of the hands and feet and
may be present in te first few hours after birth, but resolves as
circulation improves.

120. Erythema appears: as a rash on newborns usually after 24-48 hrs
of live.


121. Harlequin color results as: a vasomotor disturbance, lasting 1-20
seconds, which is transient in nature and not of clinical consequence.


122. Vernix caseosa: is a cheese like substance that protected the
newborn skin while in utero.

123. Ovulation typically occurs 1to2 years after menarche.

124. To prevent anemia, females ages 10 to 55 should consume 18mg of
iron daily.

125. Climacteric is the cessation of the reproductive functioning in women
(menopause) and decreasing testicular action in men.

126. In Diabetic mother the newborn at risk for hypoglycemia, RDS,
hypocalcemia congenital anomalies. Diabetic mother during pregnancy-1st
trimester insulin DECREASE. 2 and 3rd Trimester INCREASE INSULIN
(placental hormones produce insulin resistance). BUT after PLACENTAL
DELIVERY INSULIN REQUIREMENTS DECREASE. Insulin is safely given
throughout pregnancy; oral hypoglycemic agents are contraindicated.


MATERNITY MEDS
yBethamethasone (celestone)=surfactant. Med for lung expansion.
yMetylergonovine- To contract uterus. before giving check BP. dont give if
vascular diseases are present.
yTerbutaline: Medication given to stop pre-term labor Methergine: Given
for postpartum hemorrhage.
yCervidil: Cervical ripening agent.
yMagnesium Sulfate: CNS depressant and Anticonvulsant = normal range 4-
7.5, effective if no seizures. 4-6q IV bolus, Followed by a: 2 g/h infusion:
Magnesium Sulfate becomes toxic at levels > 8 meq/L. Respiratory
arrest occurs at levels > 12 meq/L. Magnesium sulfate(used to halt
preterm labor) is contraindicated if deep tendon reflexes are ineffective. If
patient experiences seizure during magnesium administration. Get the baby
out stat (emergency).
Adverse reactions: Inform client of these: Flushing, decrease in respiratory
rate, muscle weakness. TOXICITY S/S: Absence of deep tendon reflex,
Urine output < 30 ml/hour, qed LOC, respirations <12/minute.
Pregnancy Induced Hypertension - prevents seizure.
ANTIDOTE: Calcium Gluconate


yPitocin: Used for induction of labor and postpartum to help the uterus
contract. Causes uterine stimulation.

Medications that are contraindicated in breast-feeding mothers
Tetracycline - inhibition of bone growth
Warfin * safe to use? Hand out
Chloramphenicol bone marrow suppression

Two drugs are used to treat Eclampsia
yMagnesium Sulfate 4-6q IV bolus
Followed by a: 2 g/h infusion:
yHydrolazine 10-20 mg IV

MATERNAL TESTING
y1st TRIMESTER (Chorionic villas sampling, US scan)
y2nd TRIMESTER (AFP screening or Quad Screening, Amniocentesis)
y3rd TRIMESTER (kick counts, Nonstress Test, Biophysical Profile,
Percutaneous Umbilical Blood sampling, Contraction Stress Test )
yUltrasound screening -can be vaginal or Abdominal (in latter make Her
drink water to fill bladder)
-Confirms viability
-Indicates fetal presentation
-Confirms multiple gestation
-Identifies placental location
-Measurements can be taken to confirm/estimate gestational age
-Identify morphologic anomalies
yChorionic villus sampling
8-12 weeks - for early diagnosis of genetic, metabolic problems
yAmniocentesis -13-14 weeks
Is done under US scan to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid for direct
analysis of fetal chromosomes, neural tube defects, sex of the baby,
development, viability and lung maturity. Can be used to measure fetal lung
maturity ONLY in the 3rd trimester.
yAFP - also called =Quad marker screening:
15-18 weeks-Maternal Blood Drawn
-maternal serum alpha fetoprotein (MSAFP),
-human Chorionic gonadotropin (HcG),
-unconjugated estriol (UE),
-and inhibin A
low AFP-Down syndrome
high-Spina bifida - Increased level of alpha fetoprotein in pregnant woman =>
neural tube defects. It is not an absolute test if it is abnormal -further
investigation is recommended.
yKick counts (tests Ureteroplacental capability)
Same time every day mother records how often she feels the fetus move if
minimum 3 movements are not noted within an hour's time, the mother is
encouraged to call her physician immediately!
yNonstress Test
Checks FHR and mother detects Fetal movements.
Contraction Stress Test -tests perfusion between Placenta and Uterus
(basically O2 and CO2 exchange)
-IV accessed and performed in a labor and deliver unit under electronic fetal
monitoring
contractions initiated by Pitocin or nipple stimulation. The desired result is a
"negative" test which consists of three contractions of moderate intensity
in a 10 minute period without evidence of late decelerations. The test is
done to detect problems so if it is Positive (persistent late decelerations)
then-CS

how is done:
The electronic fetal monitor is placed on the maternal abdomen for 20-30
minutes
Each time the fetus moves, FHR should accelerate 15 beats/min above the
baseline for 15 seconds. A reactive (good) test =>2 accelerations in FHR
occur with associated fetal movement
yBiophysical Profile (BPP)
identification of a compromised fetus and consists of 5 components:
-fetal breathing movement
-fetal movement of the body or limbs
-fetal tone (extension or flexion of the limbs)
-amniotic fluid volume index (AFI) visualized as of fluid around the fetus
-reactive non-stress test
each component 0-2, 8-10-desirable.
yPercutaneous Umbilical Blood sampling -like amniocentesis but cord
punctured
-chromosomal anomalies, feta karyotyping, and blood disorders

Everywhere a woman's abdomen is punctured, informed consent is needed,
and risks like amnionitis, spontaneous abortion, preterm labor/delivery, and
premature rupture of membranes must be explained. If she Rh--she may be
given RHoGAM.


Here is a little bit on Psych for NCLEX. Hope you all like. Remember to keep those of us
who havent taken it yet in your prayers.

PSYCHIATRIC

1. In psych patients, the client most at risk for self-harm is always the
patient that has stopped taking their meds.

2. Hallucinations: Sensory impressions without external stimuli - Redirect
patient.
Illusions: Real stimuli misinterpreted.
Delusions: False fixed beliefs. Distract the patient.

3. Bipolar Disorder
Manic Depressive
Mood elevated Anxious, hopeless
Speech loud, fast, vulgar qed interest in pleasure
Grandiose delusions negative views
Distracted Fatigue
Hyperactive qed appetite
Flight of ideas Insomnia
Inappropriate dress Suicidal

4. FIVE INTERVENTIONS FOR PSYCH PATIENTS
-safety
-setting limits
-establish trusting relationship
-meds
-least restrictive methods/environment.

5. If patients have hallucinations redirect them. In delusions distract them.

6. Language & Communication
NEOLOGISM = a new word made up that has meaning only to the patient
ECHOLALIA = repeating of words or phrases they heard someone else say
WORD SALAD = form of speech in which words & phrases are connected
without any meaning
MUTISM = absence of verbal speech
CLANG ASSOCIATION = repeating of words & phrases that are similar in
sound but not in any other way ( Dr. Seuss type of speech )
7. Defense Mechanisms:
Compensation = putting extra effort to achieve in areas of real or not-real
weaknesses
Sublimation = replacing of an unacceptable need, attitude or emotion with
one that is more accepted.
8. The adverse effects of Anti psychotics can be remembered using this:
SHANCE
S-SUNLIGHT SENSITIVITY( Use hats and sunscreen)
H-HEPATOTOXICITY( Monitor LFT)
A-AGRANULOCYTOSIS( Characterized by fever and sore throat)
N-NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME( Characterized by fever and
muscular rigidity)
C-CIRCULATORY PROBLEMS( Leukopenia and orthostatic hypotension)
E-EXTRA PYRAMIDAL SYMPTOMS( Administer anticholinergics and anti-
parkinsonian agents)

Psychiatric emergencies
Acute alcohol intoxication

Assessment:
Drowsiness, slurred speech, tremor, impaired thinking ,nystagmus, nausea,
vomiting, hypoglycemia, increased respiration, grandiosity, loss of inhibitions,
depression

Nursing diagnosis:
Injury , risk for

Nursing :
Quiet environment ,allow to sleep it off
Monitor vital signs
Protect airway from aspiration
Assess for injuries

Psychiatric emergencies
Hallucinogenic drug intoxication

Assessment :
Eye:
red-marijuana;
dilated-LSD, mescaline, belladonna;
constricted-heroin and derivatives

Care plan:
1, talk down :
* keep talking ,keep eyes open
* focus on here and now, inanimate objects
* use simple, concrete , repetitive statement,
* repetitively orient to time, place
* confidentiality; dont moralize, challenge beliefs
2. medication
* valium
* lithium
3. hospitalization: (if more than 12-18hrs)


Psychiatric emergencies
Homicidal or assaultive reaction

Cause:
* antisocial behavior, paranoid psychosis, previous violence, substance abuse,
depression.

Intervention:
* physically restrain if client has a weapon
* separate from intended victims
* approach: calm and unhurried
* prevent suicidal behavior

Psychiatric emergencies
Suicidal

suicidal ideation
concepts and principles related to suicide
assessment of suicide
composite picture: male, older than 45 yrs, unemployed, divorced, living
alone, depressed, history of substance abuse and suicide within family

Psychiatric emergencies----suicidal
10 factors to predict potential suicide and assess risk:
*age, sex and race: teenage, older age, more women make attempts, more
men complete ; occurs in all races and socioeconomic groups.
*recent stress related to loss.
clues to suicide:
* verbal clues: direct I am going to shoot myself ; indirect: this is the last
time youll ever see me
* behavior clues: direct: pills, razor; indirect: sudden lifting of depression,
buying a casket, giving away cherished belonging, writing a will.

Psychiatric emergencies----suicidal
suicide plan: the more details, the higher risk
previous suicidal behavior
medical and psychiatric status
communication: the risk reduced if the patient has talked about

Psychiatric emergencies----suicidal
style of life: such as substance abuse
alcohol: alcohol reinforce helpless and hopeless feeling
resources: the fewer resources, the higher risk

Psychiatric emergencies----suicidal
nursing care plan
short-term goals
* medical : gastric lavage, respiratory and vascular support, wound care
suicide precautions
*one to one supervision at all time
*check whereabout every 15 min
*explain to client what you will be doing, and why accompany the client for
tests, procedures
*look through clients belongs, remove any potentially harmful objects : pills,
matches, belts, razors, glass, tweezers
*allow visit, but maintain one-to-one supervision
*check that visitors dont leave potentially harmful objects
*Meal tray : contains no glass or metal silverware
dont discontinue without order

Psychiatric emergencies----suicidal
General approaches
Observe closely at all times
Be available ; empathy
Avoid : extremes in your own mood
Focus : directly on clients self-destructive idea
Make a contract: no suicide within 24 hrs; or call someone
Point out clients self-responsibility for suicidal act
Support the part of the client that wants to live
Remove sources of stress : make all decision when client is severe
depression

Prove hope: problem can be solved with help
Provide with opportunity to be useful


Psychiatric emergencies
Pseudo suicide attempts:
Cry for help
Desire to manipulate others
Need attention
Self-punishment
Wish to punish others
What will you do when you facing ~ ?

Crisis intervention
definition of crisis
Sudden event in ones life disturbs homeostasis, during which usual coping
mechanisms cannot resolve the problem
a. maturational (internal, relate to developmental
stages and associated role changes)
b. situational (external, associate with a life event )
c. adventitious (relate to a disaster)

Crisis intervention
characteristic of crisis intervention:
a. acute, sudden onset
b. responsive to brief therapy with focus on immediate problem
c. focus shifted from the psyche in the individual to the individual in the
environment; deemphasis on intrapsychic aspects
d. crisis is time limited (usually up to 6wk)

Crisis intervention
nursing care plan:
Goal:
return to pre-crisis level
Focus here and how

Care plan:
Encourage expressing
Explore past coping skill and reinforce adaptive ones
Set limit
Use all resource

Domestic violence

Characteristics
1.victims: feel helpless, powerless; blame themselves, ambivalent about
leaving the relationship
2. abusers: often blame the victims, use power to threaten and subject
victims to their assault
3.cycle of stages
a. buildup of tension
b. battering
c. calm

risk factors
Learned responses
Pregnant women and whose with one or more preschool children
Women who Fear punishments form abuser

care plan
a. provide safe environment; refer to community resources for shelter.
b. treat physical injuries
c. document injuries
d. supportive, nonjudgmental approach
e. encourage individual and family therapy for victim and abuser.

Rape-trauma syndrome
Assessment :
Physical trauma
Emotional trauma: tears, hyperventilation, anxiety, self-blame, anger,
fears, phobia, sleeping and eating problem.

Nursing care:
Acknowledge feeling,
Handle legal matters and police contact
Medical attention
Notify family and friends
Remain available and supportive
Contraception discussing
Explore guilt and shame feeling
Maintain confidentiality and neutrality
Health teaching :
*avoid isolated areas and being helpful to strangers
*how to resist attack : scream , run
*Teach what to do if pregnancy or STD is outcome

Battered child
Clues in history:
Delay in seeking medical care
Discrepancies
Multiple ER visits
Vague and contradictory story

Clue in physical examination:
Child : withdrawn, apathetic, does not cry
Child : doesnt turn to parents for comfort; unusual desire to please parent;
fear parents
Child: poorly nourished
Multiple bruises, old bruises in addition to fresh one
Burns: cigarette burs, rope marks
Clues in parent : exaggerate care and concern


Nursing :
Report suspected child abuse
Conduct assessment interview in private with child and parent separated
Be supportive and nonjudgmental

Evaluation:
Parents have agreed to seek help


Sexual abuse children
Assessment: (characteristic)
Relationship: filling paternal role (uncle, grandfather, cousin) with
unquestioned access to the child
Methods of pressuring victim into sexual activity: offering material good,
misrepresenting moral standards (it is ok)
Methods of pressuring victim to secrecy : fearing of punishment ,no being
believed, rejection, being blamed for the activity, abandonment

Disclosure:
Direct visual or verbal confrontation and observation by others
Verbalization of act by victim
Visible clues : excess money and candy,, new clothes, pictures
Sings and symptoms: bed-wetting; excessive bathing ,tears, avoiding school,
somatic distress
Overly solicitous parental attitude toward child

Sexual abuse children Child feeling:
guilty.
responsible for being a victim.
powerlessness

Nursing :
Safe environment
Encourage child to verbalize feeling
Observe for symptoms: phobic reaction when hearing or seeing offender;
sleep pattern changes, nightmares
Look for silent reaction

Health teaching :
* teach child that his (her) body is private
* teach family

Elder abuse
Concepts:
Elders who are currently being abused often abused their abusers
Victim: diminished self-esteem, feeling responsibility for the abuse,
isolated
Abuser: physical or psychosocial stressors
Legal : most states have mandatory laws to report elder abuse

Nursing :
Early case finding , early treatment
Report case to law enforcement agencies
Provide elder with phone number
Shelter
Self help group

Sleep disturbance

Types of sleep :
Rapid eye movement sleep
Non-REM sleep
Sleep cycle (90 min)
Adolescents spend 30% REM of total sleep time; adults : 15% ;

Nursing care:
Obtain sleep history
Duplicate normal bedtime rituals
Environment : quiet , dim lights,
Encourage daytime exercise
Allow uninterrupted sleep cycle: 90 min
Back rub, warm milk, relaxation
Taper off hypnotics
Avoid caffeine and hyperstimulation at bedtime
What about taking a nap during daytime?

Eating Disorders

Anorexia nervosa
Anorexia nervosa is an illness of starvation related to a severe disturbance
of body image and a morbid fear of obesity; it is an eating disorder, usually
seen in adolescences.

Assessment:
Body-image disturbance
Ambivalence: hoards food; avoids food
Low sex drive
Pregnancy fears
Self-punitive behavior leading to starvation
Physical signs:
*Weight loss
*Amenorrhea and secondary sex organ atrophy
*Hyperactivity: compulsiveness, excessive gum chewing
*Constipation
*Hypotension, bradycardia, hypothermia
*Skin: dry, poor turgor

Bulimia

Bulimia nervosa is another type of eating disorder (binge-purge syndrome)
also encountered primarily in late adolescence or early adulthood. It is
characterized by at least two binge-eating episodes of large quantities of
high calories food over a couple of hours followed by disparaging self-
criticism and depression, self-induced vomiting, abuse of laxatives, and
abuse of diuretics are commonly associated

Eating Disorders

Analysis
a. altered nutrition, less than body requirements, and fluid volume deficit
b. risk for actual fluid deficit
c. risk for self-inflicted injury
d. altered eating
e. body image disturbance/chronic low self esteem
f. compulsive behavior

Nursing care plan
help reestablish connections between body sensations (hunger) and
responses (eating).
*weigh regularly , at same time, with same amount of clothing , with back to
scale
*Water drinking is avoided before weighing
*One-to-one supervision during and after mealtime to prevent attempts to
vomit food
*Monitor exercise program, set limits in physical activity
monitor physiological signs and symptoms
health teaching
Explain normal sexual growth and development to improve knowledge and
confront sexual fear
Behavior modification to reestablish awareness of hunger
Teach parents skills in communication
Evaluation:
Attains and maintains minimal normal weight for age and height
Regular meal
Awareness hunger, talking about being hungry
Increase self-esteem

Most drugs especially psychotropic medications acts as CNS STIMULANTS
OR CNS DEPRESSANTS. THIS strategy involves in determining which are
the CNS excitations and CNS INHIBITIORS. if 3 of the options are all CNS
up and 1 CNS DOWN- pick the CNS DOWN. if 3 of the options are all CNS
down and 1 is CNS UP - PICK THE CNS UP.

FOR EXAMPLE.
The nurse administer WYAMINE to a client. The nurse should monitor which
of the following adverse effect associated with WYAMINE.

HYPOTENSION
BRADYCARDIA
SHOCK
HYPERTENSION

THE ANSWER IS (d) HYPERTENSION BECAUSE IT IS THE ONLY ONE
WITH HIGN CNS.


HERE'S A LITTLE RESPIRATORY NURSING FOR NCLEX - GOOD LUCK ALL



RESPIRATORY

1.RSV- child in private room...CONTACT PRECAUTIONS. Not droplet or
airborne.

2. Elderly adults generally present with confusion rather than S/S of an
illness.

3. Pneumonia- droplet precautions.

4. COPD pts should get low flow Oxygen because of the hypoxic drive. (1-
3L/min) teach pursed lip breathing.

5. ARDS- this pt doesnt respond to even 100% FiO2.

6. TB - hemoptysis (advanced stage) vital signs pulmonary edema- frothy
blood tinged sputum.

7. Allen's test- done before an ABG by applying pressure to the radial artery
to determine if adequate blood flow is present.
.
8. INH (Isoniazid)- treatment of TB. Give vitamin B6 to prevent peripheral
neuritis.

9. SIMV mode on vents commonly used for weaning pt off ventilator.

10. Vent alarms:
A. High alarm (increased secretions then suction......, biting tube-need an oral
airway,...... or coughing and anxiety- need a sedative)
B. Low alarm- there is a leak or break in system...check all connectors and
cuff.

11. If a tracheostomy becomes accidentally dislodged try to replace it with
an obturator..if no luck keep the hole open with hemostats until physician
arrives.

12. When giving Bronchodilator & Glucocorticoids at the same time, give the
bronchodilator first. Remember B before G!

13. A collection of fluid between the visceral and parietal pleura is a pleural
effusion.

14. RESPIRATORS
Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled with a normal breath.
Inspiratory reserve volume is the maximum volume of air inspired at the
end of normal inspiration.
Expiratory reserve volume is the maximum volume of air exhaled after a
normal respiration.
Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air expired after maximal
inspiration.
Pleurisy is an inflammation of the visceral and parietal pleura.

Mechanical Ventilators:
Can be short term, long term or in between!!! As the nurse:
1) Assess pt. first then the vent 2) assess vitals, respiratory. rate and
breathing pattern 3) monitor color of lips & nail beds 4) monitor chest for
symmetry 5) Assess need for suctioning & observe type, color, and amount
of secretions 6) check pulse ox 7) check alarms on vent 8) empty vent
tubings when moisture collects 9) turn pt. every 2 hours and PRN 10) have
resuscitation equipment by bedside.

Causes of Alarms:
High Pressure Alarm
a) increased secretions in the airway
b) wheezing or bronchospasm
c) displaced ET tube
d) obstructed ET tube( check 4 kinks )
e) pt coughing, gagging, bites tube
f) pt. fighting vent (bucking)
Low Pressure Alarm
a) Disconnection or leak
b) Patient stops spontaneous breathing


15. TYPES OF RESPIRATIONS
Cheyne-stokes respirations: (rhythmic, with periods of apnea). May
indicate a metabolic dysfunction or dysfunction in the cerebral hemisphere
or basal ganglia.

Neurogenic hyperventilation(regular, rapid and deep sustained respirations).
Indicates a dysfunction in the low midbrain and middle pons.

Apneustic respirations:(irregular, with pauses at the end of inspiration and
expiration)
---Indicates a dysfunction in the middle or caudal pons

Ataxic Respirations: (totally irregular in rhythm and depth). Indicates a
dysfunction in the medulla

Cluster respirations: (clusters of breaths with irregularly spaced pauses)..
Indicates a dysfunction in the medulla and pons

16. Signs of hypoxia: restless, anxious, cyanotic tachycardia, increased
respirations. (also monitor ABG's).

17. The cuff of an ET tube is for preventing aspiration and sealing the
airway to prevent leaks. When the cuff deflates, aspiration is the greatest
risk (due to secretions)

18. Weighted NI (Naso intestinal tubes) must float from stomach to
intestine. Don't tape the tube right away after placement, may leave coiled
next to patient on HOB. Position patient on RIGHT to facilitate movement
through pylorus.


19. If you suspect an air embolus you must put patient in Trendenlenberg and
position patient on the LEFT side because you want the air embolus to
trap/dissolve/disintegrate/burst/cease to exist in the RIGHT ATRIUM.

20. Pneumonectomy- no chest tube required.

21. OXYGENATION
A. 6L Nasal Cannula is the most you can give, anything above that really
doesnt improve oxygenation. 1L NC = 24% Fi02, 2 L = 28%, 3 L = 32% get
it? Keep adding four until you get to 6L = 44% Fi02.
B. Non-rebreather give you the most Fi02, Venturi allows you to give the
most precise amount, Face tent is use with facial trauma/burns
C. Incentive spirometer tell patient to inspire, hold, get floater-thing to
about 600-900 then exhale.. 10X per hour awake. Pt must be able to breathe
spontaneously and make a tight seal around the mouthpiece.


22. BiPAP = CPAP and PEEP

23. ABG's is the best way to monitor pulmonary status by analyzing the level
of hypoxia caused by pulmonary edema and for monitoring effects of
treatment.

24. The person who hyperventilates is most likely to experience respiratory
alkalosis.
25. When a pleural effusion recurs within days or weeks following a
thoracentesis, this usually indicates the underlying cause is a malignancy.
26. Three lobes on the right. Two lobes on the left.
27. If you believe pt to be in respiratory distress, assess lung sounds first,
LOC, retractions, skin color, etc would all be late signs.
28. KEY SIGNS/SYMPTOMS OF RESPIRATORY DISORDER
yDyspnea
yFatigue
yCough
yAccessory muscle use
yRetractions
yAdventitious breath sounds: Crackles, rhonchi, wheezing, & pleural friction
rub.
yChanges in mentation
yCyanosis
29. To remember which Beta Blockers are contra-indicated in patients with
Respiratory problems are easy.. Contra-Indicated- think.... Coreg, Corgard,
Inderal.
30. SUCTIONING
yEncourage client to cough prior to suctioning.
yUse surgical aseptic technique when opening suction catheter kits.
yMedical aseptic technique is used for oral suctioning only. Surgical aseptic
technique is used for all other types of suctioning.
ySet suction pressure to 80 to 120 mm Hg.
yLimit each suction attempt to NO LONGER THAN 10-15 SECONDS. Limit
suction attempts to 2-3 times.
yOnce suctioning is complete, clean tubing with water/normal saline solution.
yNASOPHARYNGEAL/NASOTRACHEAL SUCTIONING
A. Suction is performed with flexible catheter.
B. Hyperoxygenate client during equipment preparation with 100% FiO2.
C. DO NOT APPLY SUCTION WHILE INSERTING THE CATHETER.
D. Intermittent suction is only applied during catheter withdrawal, lasting no
longer than 10-15 seconds.
E. Allow client time to recover between sessions, 20-30 seconds.
Hyperoxygenate the client before each suctioning pass.
F. DO NOT reuse tubing.
yENDOTRACHEAL SUCTIONING (ETS)
A. ETS performed through tracheostomy or endotracheal tube.
B. Sterility must be maintained.
C. Advance the approximate distance from nose to base of earlobe.
D. Intermittent suction is applied during catheter withdrawal lasting no
longer 10-15 seconds.
E. Allow client time to recover between sessions 20-30 seconds.
Hyperoxygenate client before each suctioning pass.
F. Hyperoxygenate client with 100% FiO2.
31. MECHANICAL VENTILATION
A. Assist mode: The patient initiates inspiration and receives a preset tidal
volume from the machine which augments patients ventilator effort & lets
him determine his own rate.
B. Control mode: Ventilator delivers a set tidal volume at a prescribed rate
using predetermined inspiratory and expiratory times. This mode can fully
regulate ventilation in a patient with paralysis or respiratory arrest.
C. Assist control mode: The patient initiates breathing and a backup control
delivers a preset number of breaths at a set volume.
D. Negative pressure systems provide ventilation for patients who cant
generate adequate inspiratory pressures.
E. High-frequency ventilation (HFV) systems provide high ventilation rates
with low peak airway pressures synchronized to the patients own inspiratory
efforts.
F. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
1. Check all connections between ventilator and patient q1-2 hours. Make
sure all alarms are turned on. Make sure patient can reach call bell.
2. Verify ventilator settings are correct and that ventilator is operating at
those settings.
3. Check humidifier and refill as necessary.
4. Monitor fluid I&O and electrolyte balance. Monitor for stress ulcers.
5. Using sterile technique, change the humidifier, nebulizer, and ventilator
tubing according to protocol.
6. Reposition patient frequently.
7. Provide emotional support to reduce stress and give antacids &
medications as ordered to reduce gastric acid production and to help GI
complications.
8. Check stools and NG aspirates for blood.
32. Drugs that can be given via Endotracheal tube. LANE
Lidocane
Atropine
Narcan
Epinephrine
33. When drawing an ABG, you need to put the blood in a heparinized tube,
make sure there are no bubbles, put on ice immediately after drawing, with a
lable indicating if the pt was on room air or how many liters of O2.
34. Remember to perform the Allen's Test prior to doing an ABG to check
for sufficient blood flow
35. Before going for Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT's), a pt's
bronchodilators will be with-held and they are not allowed to smoke for 4
hrs prior
36. For a lung biopsy, position pt lying on side of bed or with arms raised up
on pillows over bedside table, have pt hold breath in mid-expiration, chest x-
ray done immediately afterwards to check for complication of
pneumothorax, sterile dressing applied


DIAGNOSTIC TEST AND PROCEDURES
BRONCHOSCOPY
yDirect visualization of the trachea and bronchial tree
yUsed to obtain biopsies and deep tracheal suctioning
yExplain procedure to patient, obtain informed consent & place on chart.
Without fluid and liquids.
yCheck for return of gag reflex before giving anything by mouth after
procedure.
yMonitor pulse oximetry.
PULMONARY ANGIOGRAPHY
yProcedure using an injection of radiopaque dye through a catheter.
yRadiographic examination of the pulmonary circulation.
yAssess patients allergies to iodine, seafood and radiopaque dye.
yPlace written informed consent on patients chart
yAssess neurovascular status.
yCheck insertion site for bleeding.
yMonitor for delayed allergic response
SPUTUM STUDIES
yMicroscopic evaluation that includes culture & sensitivity, gram stain, and
acid-fast bacillus
yObtain early morning sterile specimen from suctioning or expectoration.
ySend to laboratory immediately after obtaining.
THORACENTESIS
ySurgical perforation of the chest wall and pleural space to obtain
specimens, instill medication into the pleural space, remove fluid or air.
yThe amount of fluid removed is limited to 1 L at a time to prevent
cardiovascular collapse
yEnsure that informed consent is obtained and placed on chart.
yApply dressing over puncture site and position client on the unaffected
side for one hour.
yEncourage deep breathing to help in lung expansion.
yObtain post procedure chest x-ray to rule out pneumothorax.
yMonitor V/S for hypotension, diaphoresis, faintness, reflex bradycardia
TUBERCULOSIS - TB
A. Lung infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
B. Any tissue can be infected.
C. Is an airborne disease caused by droplet nuclei.
D. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION:
yNight sweats
yWeight loss
yLow-grade fever, chills, flu-like symptoms
yIndigestion
yFrequent cough with copious frothy pink sputum, mucoid or mucopurulent
sputum - lasts longer than 3 weeks.
E. LABORATORY
1. Positive tuberculin skin test (indicates exposure) Mantoux skin test
yRead test 48 - 72 hours after giving
yInduration of 5 mm or less, negative
yInduration of 10 mm or more indicates exposure only. Test further
2. Sputum culture
yObtain first morning sputum for 3 consecutive days.
3. Chest X-ray
yA. Appearance of characteristic Ghon tubercle on x-ray.
yB. Shows nodular lesions and patchy infiltrates.
F. TREATMENT /NURSING INTERVENTIONS
yAntituberculotics
yIV therapy - Saline lock
yPrecautions - Standard and airborne
yActivity: Bed rest.
yPlace patient in a negative air pressure that has 6-12 full air
exchanges per hour and is vented to the outside or has its own filtration
system.
yPost precaution sign on patients door.
yStaff fitted for N-95 respirator masks
yProvide small frequent meals.
yProvide emotional support
yInstruct patient to cover nose and mouth when sneezing or coughing.
yReinforce need to finish entire course of medication 6 to 12 months.
yG. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
yDiet: High in calorie, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins
yVitamin B6 - Potatoes, bananas, beans, seeds, nuts, red meat, poultry, fish,
eggs, spinach, & fortified cereal.
yB. Vitamin C - Red berries, tomatoes, broccoli, spinach, orange and
grapefruit juice, Kiwi, red & green bell pepper.
yProvide negative pressure room
yMonitor liver function test, urinary function test.
yInstruct patient to cover nose & mouth with 2-ply tissue when coughing and
sneezing. Do not use bare hands.
yIf patient leaves room, they must wear HEPA mask.
yMonitor I & O
y7. After 2-4 weeks patient is usually no longer infectious.
yTuberculosis- assessment findings: cough ( yellow mucoid sputum ) ,
dyspnea, hemoptysis, rales or crackles, anorexia, malaise, weight loss,
afternoon low grade temperature, pallor, fatigue, pain, night sweats.
Diagnostic Tests used in TB - Chest x-ray indicates presence and extent of
disease but cannot show if active or inactive. Skin test (PPD) positive; area
of induration 10mm or more in diameter after 48 hrs. Sputum positive for
bacillus ( 3 samples is diagnostic for TB ). Culture will be positive. WBC &
ESR will be elevated. Ethambutol, Isoniazid, streptomycin, and Rifampin are
first-line drugs in the treatment of TB.
yfor treatment of TB and major side effects:
Rifampicin(Red-urine, tears, sweat)
INH (the N is for Neurological, H is for Hepatic)
Pyrazinamide (hyperurecimia)
Ethambutol(optic neuritis)
yThe use of a multiple medication regimen destroys organisms as quickly as
is possible and minimizes the emergence of medication resistant organisms.

First-line medications: Isonazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol, Streptomycin,
Pyrazinamide
These provide the most effective therapy for TB.

Second-Line medications: Capreomycin, Ethionamide, Aminosalicylate sodium,
Cycloserine, Kanamycin
These are used in combination with first line medications but are more toxic.

Multi-drug therapy is used because of resistant strains.
With first-line meds for TB - watch for liver function, peripheral neuritis,
hepatitis, dry mouth, dizziness, hepatotoxicity, monitor CBC and blood
glucose levels. Some side effect with 2nd line TB meds - nephrotoxicity,
ototoxicity, neuromuscular blockade.


ANTITUBERCULOTICS
1. CYCLOSERINE
yMaximum dose is 1 gm daily.
ADVERSE REACTIONS
ySuicidal behavior, psychosis, loss of memory
yComa, seizures.
yHyperirritability, paresthesia.
yIf taken with Isoniazid may increase risk of CNS toxicity causing dizziness
or drowsiness.
D. NURSING CONSIDERATIONS
yAdvise patient to avoid alcohol - increases risk for CNS toxicity.
yGive with other antituberculine drugs to prevent the development of
resistant organisms.
yMonitor levels periodically for symptoms of CNS toxicity.
yObserve for psychotic symptoms.
yMonitor CBC levels and liver function tests.

2. ETHAMBUTOL - (Etibi, Myambutol)
y0.5 to 1 gm daily
yNot given in children under the age of 13.
ADVERSE REACTIONS
yHeadache, dizziness, confusion
yOptic neuritis - Causes red/green color discrimination. If this develops
discontinue drug
yJoint pain.
D. NURSING CONSIDERATIONS
yPerform baseline visual acuity test and color discrimination test during
therapy
yMonitor uric acid levels and for symptoms of gout.
yGive one hour before or two hours after antacids containing aluminum
because they reduce absorption.
yObtain AST and ALT levels before therapy and monitor every 3-4 weeks.
yGive drug with other antitubuculotics.
yMonitor uric acid levels; observe patient for signs and symptoms of gout.

3. ISONIAZID -( Isotamine, Nydrazid)
yUp to 300 mg daily.
yDrug of choice.
yContinued for 6 months to 18 months.
yNot for use with children under age of 15.
yContinued for 6 months up to 18 months.
F.. ADVERSE REACTIONS
yToxic encephalopathy. Seizures.
yOptic neuritis
yNausea, vomiting, epigastric distress.
yHepatitis. Jaundice.
yRheumatic and lupus-like symptoms
G. NURSING CONSIDERATIONS
y1. Advise patient that antacids and laxatives containing aluminum may
decrease absorption. Give at least one hour before antacids or laxatives.
yDemerol may increase CNS adverse reactions and hypotension. Monitor for
toxicity
yIf given with Rifampin monitor liver function tests. May increase risks for
hepatotoxicity.
yAdvise that foods containing tyramine - Beer, aged cheese, chocolate,
sauerkraut, soy sauce, tofu, teriyaki sauce, avocados, eggplant, fruit - figs,
oranges, raisins, plums, pineapple, prunes may cause hypertensive crisis.
Advise patient to avoid such foods. Clients who are taking INH should avoid
tuna, red wine, soy sauce, and yeast extracts because of the side effects
that can occur, such as headaches and hypotension
yMonitor for hepatitis and liver function tests. Severe hepatitis may
develop. S/S: fever, jaundice, right upper quadrant abdominal pain.
yAdvise to take drug one hour before or 2 hours after meal.
yGive pyridoxine to prevent peripheral neuropathy.
yIncrease intake of vitamin B-6 - potatoes, bananas, beans, seeds, nuts, red
meat, poultry, eggs, spinach and fortified cereals.
yAlways give with another antituberculotic.
yPatients receiving Isoniazid should be questioned about numbness, tingling,
paraesthesias, and feeling of heaviness in the arms and legs as this may
indicate the development of peripheral neuropathy.
yShould be taken on an empty stomach.
yVitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is used to prevent toxicity from isonizid.
yMonitor for neurotoxicity.

4. RIFAMPIN- (Rifadin, Rimactane,Rimycin, Rofac)
yUp to 600 mg daily.
yGive one hour before or 2 hours after meal with full glass of water
yGive with at least one other antituberculotic.
yLiver abnormalities are most common side effect. Symptoms that may
indicate liver dysfunction are: anorexia, malaise, jaundice, change in stools.
yIf given with Isoniazid, may increase risks for hepatotoxicity.
yIf patient drinks alcohol this increases risks for hepatotoxicity.
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS
yMonitor liver function tests and CBC
yAlert patient that body fluids (sweat, tears, urine, feces) may turn
orange-Red
yAdvise patients taking oral contraceptives, anticoagulants, oral
hypoglycemic agents, or steroids that absorption is decreased. Advise with
patient taking oral contraceptives the need for alternative methods for
birth control.
yGive one hour before or 2 hours after a meal.
yAdvise against use of alcohol.

5. STREPTOMYCIN
yMaximum dose 3 g/daily.
yStreptomycin is also an aminoglycoside.
ySecond line of treatment for tuberculosis.
yCauses ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Monitor hearing ability and renal
function.
yMonitor patients hearing and kidney function before starting therapy.
yCauses 8th cranial nerve damage (acoustic nerve - hearing)
yUse gloves when preparing drug to prevent skin irritation.
yDo not use a heparinized tube; heparin is incompatible with
streptomycin and other aminoglycosides.
yNURSING CONSIDERATIONS
yMonitor fluid intake. Fluids should be increased 2.5 to 3 liters/day.
yMonitor for tinnitus, vertigo, deafness, renal function test - BUN,
creatinine
yIf patient on Lasix or other antidiuretics monitor for ototoxicity -
increases risks for ototoxicity.
yProtect hands when preparing drug.
yAlternate injection sites.
yMonitor for signs of super-infection: Continued fever, chills, increased
pulse rate.
y7. Offer small frequent meals and maintain bed rest.
y6. To decrease the development of drug resistance, newer drugs
contain a combination of Rifampin and Isoniazid (rifamate) or Rifampin,
Isoniazid and pyrazinamid (rifater). Drug non-compliance is a major
contributing factor in the development of resistant strains of TB.

PNEUMONIA
A. Inflammatory process that produces excess fluid .
B. With pneumonia, you will hear BRONCHIAL sounds in areas of
consolidation.
C. Two types of pneumonia.
yCommunity acquired pneumonia - Often a complication of influenza.
yHospital acquired pneumonia - AKA nonsocomial pneumonia. High mortality
rate, more likely to be resistant to antibiotics.
D. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Viral
yLow grade fever
yNonproductive cough
yWBC normal to slightly high
yLess severe than bacterial pneumonia.
Bacterial
yHigh fever
yProductive cough
yWBC high
yMore severe than viral pneumonia.
yCrackles/wheezes
E. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
yAdminister medications as ordered: Penicillins and cephalosporins,
bronchodilators, steroids. Prednisone suppresses immunity!
yObtain sputum culture before starting antibiotics
y1. Rusty, green or bloody - Pneumococcal pneumonia.
y2. Yellow-Green - Bronchopneumonia.
yFor steroids monitor for side effects of immunosuppression, fluid
retention, hyperglycemia, poor wound healing. Steroids increase blood sugar
and weaken immune system. Always taper steroids if taking chronically -->
never stop abruptly!
yAdminister heated and humidified oxygen.
yPosition high fowlers
yEncourage coughing and deep breathing and suction
yTeach importance of flu vaccinations
yMonitor for complications
o ATELECTASIS: Collapse of lung. Diminished or absent breath sounds over
affected area.
o ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE (ARDS): Persistent hypoxemia. Monitor
O2 levels and acid/base balance. Prepare for intubation and mechanical
ventilation (PEEP). Cardinal sign of ARDS is hypoxemia (low oxygen level in
tissues).
o SEPSIS (Bacteremia)
o ARDS (fluids in alveoli), DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulaton)
are always secondary to something else (another disease process).
yProvide rest periods.
yIncrease fluids, 3-4 L/day.
yDiet: High calorie, high protein.
yWith pneumonia, fever and chills are usually present. For the elderly
confusion is often present.

COPD
COPD is a group of diseases that results in persistent obstruction of the
bronchial airflow.
Disease include:
Emphysema
yStimulus to breathe is low partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2). PaO2
measures oxygen in the blood.
yCharacterized by loss of lung elasticity and hyperinflation of lung tissue.
Asthma
yA chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways.
yCharacterized by airflow obstruction and airway hyper-responsiveness to
various stimuli.
Bronchiectasis
yChronic dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles.
yInfection destroys the bronchial mucosa which is replaced by fibrous scar
tissue.
Chronic bronchitis
yChronic inflammation of the lower respiratory tract characterized by
excessive mucous section, cough, and dyspnea associated with recurrent
infections of the lower respiratory tract.
yExcessive bronchial mucous production causes chronic or recurrent
productive cough.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
yProductive cough and sputum production lasting at least 3 months a year
for 2 successive years.
yBarrel chest - due to air trapping with diaphragmatic flattening.
yExertional dyspnea.
yD. Wheezes, crackles
yE. Use of accessory muscles.
yCOPD is chronic, pneumonia is acute. Emphysema and bronchitis are
both COPD.
yIn COPD patients, the baroreceptors that detect the CO2 level are
destroyed. Therefore, O2 level must be low because high O2 concentration
blows the patients stimulus for breathing.


NURSING INTERVENTIONS
yPosition client for maximum ventilation - high fowlers.
yAdminister medications:
yShort acting Beta2 agonists: Albuterol (proventil, ventolin) provide rapid
relief.
yIf patient is also using a corticosteroid inhaler, instruct them to use
the
yBronchodilator first and then wait 5 minutes before using the
corticosteroid. This lets the bronchodilator open the air passages for
maximum effectiveness.
yAnti-inflammatories: Decreases airway inflammation (Corticosteroids -
Fluticasone (flovent) and prednisone). Monitor for serious side effects -
immunosuppression, fluid retention, hyperglycemia, poor wound healing.
yAdminister heated and humidified oxygen. Monitor for skin breakdown.
yInstruct patient on pursed lip breathing and diaphragmatic breathing.
yDiet: High in protein, carbohydrates, vitamin C, calories - small frequent
meals.
yEncourage/Force fluids - 3000 ml/day.
yOxygen therapy - 2-3 liters/minute.
o DO NOT GIVE OXYGEN AT 100% TO PATIENTS WITH COPD
because you can depress the respiratory center drive. In COPD patients
the drive to breathe is hypoxemia.
yNebulizer treatments should be given before meals to improve lung
ventilation and reduce fatigue that accompanies eating.
yReinforce pursed lip breathing to prolong expiration and to increase airway
pressure.

PNEUMOTHORAX
A. Collapse of the lung due to loss of negative intrapleural pressure.
B. Air accumulation in the pleural space.
C. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
yDyspnea. Tachycardia, tachypnea
ySubcutaneous emphysema
yTracheal deviation to the unaffected side.
yDiminished breath sounds on the affected side and tension pneumothorax.
yUnequal chest expansion (is reduced on the affected side).
yCrepitus over the chest.
yRestlessness, anxiety
yUnequal chest expansion
ySigns of mediastinal shift.
D. MANAGEMENT
yO2 Therapy
yNeedle decompression (tension pneumothorax).
yInsertion of chest tube to water seal drainage.
yLaboratory ABG values
yPosition high Fowlers
yAnalgesic: Tylox
yInsertion of large bore needle into the 2nd intercostal space may be done
to alleviate pressure before chest tube insertion with a tension
pneumothorax.
E. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
yAssess respiratory status
yAdminister oxygen
yKeep patient in high Fowlers
yMonitor and record chest tube drainage, air leak, or subcutaneous
emphysema, and labs.
yDocument ventilator settings every hour.
yMonitor ABGs, V/S, SaO2
F. MEDICATIONS
1. Lorazepam (Ativan) & Midazolam (Versed)
yKeep emergency oxygen & resuscitation equipment available.
yMonitor respirations every 5 to 15 minutes and before each IV dose.
yRefrigerate intact vials and keep from sunlight.
yMonitor for hypoventilation and hypotension

LARYNGECTOMY
A. Temporary or permanent artificial airway.
B. Partial laryngectomy: Surgical excision of a lesion on one vocal cord.
C. Total laryngectomy: Surgical removal of the larynx, hyoid bone, and
tracheal rings with closure of the pharynx and formation of a permanent
tracheostomy.
D. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
yEstablish methods of communication: Writing, call bell, magic slate, and
picture board.
yMaintain aseptic conditions when suctioning or cleaning tracheostomy.
yAdvise clients with total laryngectomies they will lose their natural voice.
yKeep tracheostomy tube obturator at head of bed for reinsertion in case
of accidental dislodgement.
yEncourage the patient to express their feelings about changes in their
body and loss of their voice.
yAssess pain level, administer medications.
yObserve for hemorrhage.
yKeep a spare unused tracheostomy tube at bedside for emergency use.
yEncourage turning, coughing, deep breathing and use of incentive
spirometer.
yKeep patient in semi-Fowlers
yAssess color, amount, and consistency of sputum.
yDemonstrate ways to prevent debris from entering the stoma.
yUse thickened liquids, cut food into small pieces, and provide food that can
be formed into a bolus.
yTrach balloon should be inflated any time there is any risk of pt aspirating
(ie eating, increased secretions, when getting tube feeds, on vent, and 30
min after eating).
yWhen changing trach ties, remove old ties with non-sterile gloves, then put
on sterile gloves to apply clean ties.
yIf pt coughs/respiratory distress while putting in NG, pull back and wait
until coughing/respiratory. Distress is resolved then attempt again.
Remember pt should be in High Fowlers, when tube reaches oropharynx.,
neck must be flexed to cover airway and swallow sips of h20 to facilitate
tube).
yIf a tracheostomy tube falls out, replace it immediately (maintain airway)
then check for breath sounds.

RADICAL NECK DISSECTION
1. Removal of all tissue under the skin from the ramus of the jaw down to
the clavicle, from midline back to the angle of the jaw.
2. Surgical excision of the sternocleidomastoid and omohyoid muscles,
muscles of the floor of the mouth, submaxillary gland, internal jugular vein,
external carotid artery, and cervical chain of lymph nodes, in addition to
laryngectomy.
NURSING INTERVENTIONS
yAssess for respiratory compromise dyspnea, cyanosis, edema, dysphagia,
hoarseness.
yAuscultate for decreased breath sounds, crackles, and wheezes.
yIn the immediate post-op state, Auscultate over the trachea to assess for
stridor indicative of edema.
yAssess vital signs, s/s of infection. Observe patient for hemorrhage.
yKeep emergency suctioning and airway equipment at bedside during meals.
yAsk if patient would prefer privacy during meals.
yPlace call bell and other articles that patient may need within easy access.
yObserve for lower facial paralysis which may indicate facial nerve injury.
yWatch for shoulder dysfunction which may occur after surgery.
yKeep patient high Fowlers.
yAdvise patient against swimming, showers and using aerosol sprays.
LUNG RESECTION
A. Lobectomy Surgical removal of one lobe of the lung
B. Wedge resection surgical removal of a wedge-shaped section of a lobe.
C. Pneumonectomy Surgical removal of a lung.
D. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
yMaintain patients positioning.
1. Pneumonectomy: On back or side of surgery until stabilized.
2. Lobectomy or wedge resection: On back or side opposite surgery.
yAssess chest tube insertion for subcutaneous air & drainage.
yReinforce turn, cough, and deep breathing, use of incentive spirometer.
yProvide suction, chest physiotherapy and postural drainage.
yPneumonectomy usually does have a chest tube in order to let fluid collect
in the lung space.
yAssess pain level, administer medication, and check effectiveness.
yAdminister O2 and maintain ET tube to ventilator.
yMonitor V/S, I & O, labs, ECG.
ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS, shock lung)
A. Respiratory failure that occurs in critically ill patients.
B. Persistent hypoxemia. Monitor O2 levels and acid/base balance. Prepare
for intubation and mechanical ventilation (PEEP). Cardinal sign of ARDS is
hypoxemia (low oxygen level in tissues).
C. Lung injury causes platelets to aggregate. Alveoli collapse impairing gas
exchange.
D. Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood decrease
E. Metabolic acidosis results.
F. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
yDyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, cyanosis, and hypotension.
yIntercostal and substernal retractions
yCough
yCrackles/rhonchi
yAnxiety
yRestlessness, altered LOC
yDecreased breath sounds
G. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
yOxygen therapy. Intubation and mechanical ventilation using PEEP (positive
end expiratory pressure). Monitor mechanical ventilation.
yMonitor V/S, I&O, CVP, ECG, etc.
yDIET: RESTRICT FLUID INTAKE
yPosition: High Fowlers
yActivity: Bed rest
yDVT prophylaxis
yAdminister TPN
yWeigh patient daily
yAllow patient to express feelings.
H. MEDICATIONS
yAntibiotics: Amoxicillin (Amoxil), ampicillin (Omnipen)
yAnalgesics: Morphine
yDiuretics: Lasix (furosemide), Edecrin (Ethacrynic acid)
yAnticoagulant: Heparin
ySteroids: Hydrocortisone (Solu-Cortef), solu-medrol
yAntacid: Aluminum hydroxide gel (AmternaGel)
ySedative: Lorazepam (Ativan)
yNeuromuscular blocking agents: Pancuronium (Pavulon) Vecuronium
(Norcuron)
yMucosal barrier fortifier: Sucralfate (Carafate).
BRONCHIECTASIS
A. Chronic cough that produces copious, foul-smelling, mucopurulent sections,
possibly totaling several cupfuls a day.
B. Is marked by chronic abnormal dilation of bronchi (large air passages of
the lungs) and destruction of the bronchial walls.
C. It is an irreversible condition.
D. SIGNS/SYMPTOMS
yChronic persistent cough that produces copious amounts of purulent foul
smelling sputum.
yCourse crackles during inspiration.
yDyspnea, wheezes.
yWeight loss.
yRecurrent fever and bouts of pulmonary infection.
yIntermittent hemoptysis and breathlessness.
yFinger clubbing.
E. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
yPerform chest physiotherapy including postural drainage and chest
percussion several times a day. BEST TO PERFORM IN EARLY AM or just
before bedtime.
yEncourage increased fluids.
yInstruct patient to avoid noxious fumes, dust, smoke and other pulmonary
irritants
yTeach patient to monitor sputum. Report if change in quantity or character
occurs.
yEncourage regular dental care because copious sputum may affect
dentition.
yAdminister medications: Antibiotics and bronchodilators.
ASTHMA
A. A chronic reactive airway disorder that causes episodic, reversible airway
obstruction with bronchospasm, increased mucous secretion and mucosal
edema.
B. An airway disorder characterized by airflow obstruction and airway
hyperresponsiveness to various stimuli.
C. Two forms of asthma
1. Extrinsic (atopic): caused by sensitivity to a specific external allergen
(pollen, dust, dander, food additives).
2. Intrinsic (nonatopic): Caused by reaction to internal non-allergic factors.
(Endocrine changes, noxious fumes, respiratory infections, stress,
humidity/temp)
D. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
yAbsent or diminished breath sounds during severe obstruction.
yChest tightness
yDyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, prolonged expiration.
yProductive cough with thick mucus.
yLack of symptoms between attacks.
yWheezes primarily on expiration but also sometimes on inspiration.
E. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
yTake appropriate measures to maintain airway, relieve bronchoconstriction.
yAdminister low flow humidified O2 to reduce inflammation, ease breathing
and increase SaO2.
yAdminister medications
1. Bronchodilators: Terbutaline (Brethine), Aminophylline, Theophylline
(Theo-Dur) Theophylline: therapeutic drug level: 10-20. via a metered dose
inhaler
2. Steroids: hydrocortisone (Solu-Cortef), methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol)
3. Beta-adrenergic drugs: Epinephrine (Adrenalin), salmeterol (Serevent)
4. Antacids
5. Antibiotics
yAuscultate lungs for improved breath sounds and effectiveness of therapy.
yActivity as tolerated.
yKeep patient in high Fowlers.
yEncourage fluids.
yMonitor and record color, amount, and consistency of sputum.
yMonitor V/S. Tachycardia may indicate worsening asthma or drug toxicity.
yTeach proper use of inhaler and taking medications correctly.
yTeach pursed lip & diaphragmatic breathing.
yIncrease fluid intake to 3 qts (3L) a day.
FLAIL CHEST
A. Flail Chest= Fracture of 2 or more adjacent ribs with paradoxical
movement of chest during respiration.
B. Loss of stability of the chest wall as a result of multiple rib fractures, or
combined rib and sternum fractures.
C. During respiration, the detached part of the chest will be pulled in on
respiration and blown out on expiration (paradoxical movement).
D. It is accompanied by severe respiratory distress.
E. Associated with lung contusion, lung laceration, and diffuse alveolar
damage.
F. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
yParadoxical movement of the chest
yIncreased respiratory effort, pain on inspiration
yCyanosis
yDyspnea
G. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
yStabilize the flail portion of the chest with hands, apply pressure dressing
and turn on injured side or place a 10 lb sandbag on flail portion.
yPrepare for ET insertion and mechanical ventilation.
yPosition semi-Fowlers unless patient requires shock position.
yAnalgesic: Morphine.
yMechanical ventilation using positive pressure.
TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX
A. Occurs when air enters the pleural space during inspiration and is trapped
there.
B. The increase in pressure compresses the blood vessels and limits venous
return, leading to a decrease in cardiac output.
C. Relief of tension pneumothorax is considered as a medical emergency.
D. Can be converted to a simple pneumothorax by insertion of a large bore
needle into the pleural space which relieves the pressure and vents the air
trapped to the outside.
E. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
yAir hunger
yAgitation, hypotension, and cyanosis
yAsymmetrical lung expansion and tracheal deviation to the affected side.
yCyanosis.
ySubcutaneous emphysema.
yJugular vein distention.
F. Immediate thoracentesis is done to relieve positive pressure or tension in
the lung.
CARDIAC TAMPONADE
A. Compression of the heart as a result of fluid within the pericardial sac
that is usually caused by blunt or penetrating trauma to the chest.
B. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
yFalling blood pressure
yDistended jugular veins elevated CVP.
yMuffled heart sounds from impaired diastolic filling of the heart.
yPulsus paradoxus (audible blood pressure fluctuation with respiration).
Systolic blood pressure drops and fluctuates with respiration.
yDyspnea, cyanosis, and shock.
yPatient may be anxious, confused and restless.
yDyspnea, tachypnea, and precordial pain.
C. BECKS TRIAD - 3 Ds of cardiac tamponade
yD = DISTANT HEART SOUND
yD = DECREASED BLOOD PRESSURE
yD = DISTENDED JUGULAR VEIN
D. TREATMENT
yThoracotomy
yPericardiocentesis needle aspiration of fluid from the pericardium.
COR PULMONALE
A. Is the enlargement of the right ventricle that results from diseases
affecting the function or the structure of the lungs. It is heart disease
caused by lung disease.
B. A condition that deprives the lungs of oxygen.
C. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
yIncreasing dyspnea and fatigue, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.
yDistended jugular veins, peripheral edema, hepatomegaly.
yBibasilar crackles, split second heart sound on auscultation.
yEdema of the feet and legs.
yAscites.
yChronic productive cough.
D. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
yDiet: Low salt with restricted fluid intake to prevent fluid retention.
Provide small, frequent feedings rather than three heavy meals.
yLimit patients fluid intake to 1-2 qt (1-2 l/day).
yMonitor serum potassium levels. Low levels can increase risk of toxicity.
yTeach the patient to take radial pulse before taking a cardiac glycoside &
to report any changes.
yMonitor Digoxin levels to prevent symptoms of cardiac glycoside toxicity
(anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and yellow halos around visual images).
yProvide meticulous respiratory care, and teach pursed lip breathing.
yMonitor ABG levels.
yAvoid CNS depressants (opiods, hypnotics).
E. MEDICATIONS
yDiuretics to lower PAP by reducing total blood volume and excess fluid in
lungs. Lasix (furosemide)
yAngiotension converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (Capoten)
yCalcium channel blockers: diltiazem (Cardizem)
yVasodilators: Diazoxide (Hyperstat), hydralazine (Apresoline),
Nitroprusside (Nitropress),
PLEURAL EFFUSION & EMPYEMA
A. Pleural effusion is an excess of fluid in the pleural space.
B. Empyema is the accumulation of pus and necrotic tissue in the pleural
space.
C. Pleural effusion is almost always secondary to other diseases.
D. Empyema is usually associated with infection in the pleural space.
E. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
yDyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, dry cough.
yDullness or flatness to percussion (over areas of fluid) with decreased or
absent breath sounds. Decreased chest motion.
yPleural friction rub.
yTachycardia and tachypnea.
F. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
yAdminister oxygen as ordered.
yProvide meticulous chest tube care using sterile technique for empyema.
Record amount, color, and consistency of tube drainage.
yObserve patients breathing pattern, O2 sats, and other vital signs.
yEnsure chest tube patency by watching for bubbles in the underwater seal
chamber to prevent respiratory distress resulting from chest tube
obstruction.
PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONIA
A. Part of the normal flora in most healthy people.
B. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is an opportunistic infection strongly
associated with HIV infection. Also seen in other immunocompromised
patients leukemic patients, cancer, organ transplants, and lymphoma.
C. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
yGeneralized fatigue
yLow-grade, intermittent fever
yNonproductive cough
yShortness of breath, tachypnea. Progresses to intercostal retractions,
nasal flaring and cyanosis
yWeight loss
yInsidious onset
D. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
yAssess respiratory status frequently and monitor ABG levels q4h.
yO2 therapy prn and ambulate. Deep breathing and incentive spirometry to
facilitate effective gas exchange.
yAdminister medications
A. Antipyretics as required.
B. Antibiotics: Co-trimoxamole (Bactrim), Clindomycin (Cleocin) with
primoquine. Pentamidine.
1. If patient is receiving Bactrim watch for nausea, vomiting, rash, bone
marrow suppression, thrush, fever, hepatotoxicity and anaphylaxis.
2. Never give pentamidine IM because it can cause pain and sterile
abscesses. Administer the IV drug form slowly over 60 minutes to reduce
the risk of hypotension.
3. If patient is receiving pentamidine monitor for hypotension, cardiac
arrhythmias, dizziness, azotemia (abnormal increase in urea in blood),
hypocalcemia and hepatic disturbances. These measures detect problems
early to avoid crisis.
yDiet: High calorie, protein rich diet. Offer small frequent meals. Allow
ample time for meals to reduce anxiety.
yProvide a relaxing environment, eliminate excessive environmental stimuli.


NEUROSENSORY SYSTEM


PARKINSONS DISEASE
1. A progressive degenerative disease of the CNS system associated
with Dopamine deficiency.
2. The lack of Dopamine impairs the area of the brain responsible for
control of voluntary movement.
3. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Pill rolling tremors at rest
Mask-like facial expression.
Shuffling gait, dyskinesia, cogwheel rigidity, stopped posture.
ySmall handwriting.
yBradykinesia (slowness of movement)
Nonexistent arm swing.
4.MANAGEMENT
A. Anticholinergics: To reduce transmission of cholinergic pathways. Effective in
controlling tremor but causes confusion and hallucinations.
yAre more likely to cause mental problems in older patients.
yAre contraindicated in patients with glaucoma.
B.DRUGS: Artane,
A. Congentin (benztropine) Toxic psychosis. Advise patient to avoid hot
weather because of drug induced lack of sweating may cause
overheating.
yNever stop drug abruptly. Reduce dosage gradually.
B. Amantadine (symmetrel)
yIncreases the release of dopamine in the brain.
yMonitor for mental status changes and suicidal tendencies. Drug can
worsen mental problems in patients with mental disorders.
C. Levodopa (larodopa)
yUsed when other drugs cannot adequately relieve symptoms.
yUse cautiously in patients with heart disease, asthma, emphysema,
glaucoma.
Monitor for psychiatric disturbances: Dementia, hallucinations, suicide ideation,
mood changes, delirium, depression.
yMay cause blepharospasm eye twitching. Early sign of toxicity.
yAntacids may decrease absorption. Give antacids 1 hour before or 2
hours after levodopa.
D. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) may decrease the effectiveness of levodopa. Teach
patient to avoid vitamins and foods high in B6.
yAdvise patient to take with food to lessen GI symptoms. Avoid high
protein foods.
Advise patient and caregivers that multivitamins, fortified cereals and certain over
the counter drugs may contain vitamin B6.
Levodopa-carbidopa (sinemet) (Parcopa)
yDrug combination
yMay cause suicidal tendencies.
Do not give with iron salts. Give iron one hour before or 2 hours after sinemet.
Do not give with MAO inhibitors may cause severe hypertension.
yTeach patient to avoid foods high in protein. Dont give levodopa with
high protein foods.
yIf patient takes levodopa, stop drug at least 8 hours before starting
levodopa-carbidopa.
E. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
yEncourage patient to participate in daily exercise, stretching
exercises.
yInstruct patient to use a broad-based gait. Reinforce gait training to
improve mobility.
yHave patient make a conscious effort to swing arms while walking.
yInstruct patient to chew slowly.
yMonitor V/S, monitor for hypotension.
yInstruct patient to rise slowly out of bed and chair.
TEACH PATIENT TO AVOID VITAMIN B6 PREPARATIONS AND FOODS
HIGH IN B6. Eat high fiber foods.
Teach patient to adhere to medication regimen and to not stop taking medications
abruptly.
yTeach client and family for malnutrition, fall precautions and
environmental hazards.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
1. A progressive disease that destroys myelin in the neurons of the
brain and spinal cord.
2. Degeneration of the myelin sheath results in patches of sclerotic
tissue and impairs the ability of the nervous system to conduct motor
nerve impulses.
3. There is no known cure for the disease.
4. Is characterized by exacerbations and remissions
5. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
yFatigue and weakness.
yAbnormal reflexes absent or exaggerated.
yVision disturbances: Double vision, blurred, optic neuritis and
nystagmus.
yScanning speech
yUrinary and bowel disturbances. Frequency, urgency, incontinence.
Frequent urinary infections.
yIntolerance to heat.
yMood swings, irritability.
yIntention tremor
yInability to sense of gauge body position.
6. MANAGEMENT
yOverall goal of care is to maintain as much independent function as
possible.
yInclude rest periods to prevent fatigue which exacerbates the
symptoms.
yMaintain a fluid intake of 2,000 ml/day to maintain bladder and bowel
function and to prevent impaction and urinary tract infection.
yAvoid sources of infection: Illness can act as a stressor and trigger an
exacerbation.
yAdvise patient on avoiding extreme temperatures which exacerbates
acteric.
7. MEDICATIONS:
yCorticosteroids are used to decrease inflammation, shorten duration of
relapse or exacerbation
Prednisone (Deltasone)
A. Cause the kidney to retain sodium and water while promoting
potassium loss.
B. Can cause edema and hypokalemia.
C. Monitor for hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, carbohydrate intolerance,
growth suppression in children, delayed wound healing, acute adrenal
insufficiency.
D. Advise against abrupt withdrawal of drug may cause rebound
inflammation, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, lethargy, depression. After
prolonged use, abrupt stoppage can be fatal.
E. If taking with anticoagulants monitor PT and INR.
F. Use cautiously in patient with GI ulcer, renal disease, diabetes,
hypertension, ulcerative colitis, recent MI, myasthenia gravis.
G. Give with food.
H. Diabetic may need insulin dose increased.
I. Monitor for infections. Decreases immunity.

Interferon Beta-1a (Avonex, Rebif) & Beta-1b (betaseron)
A. Beta interferons are derived from fibroblasts (connective tissue cells)
B. Monitor for blood toxicity- WBC, platelet count, liver function test,
C. Monitor patient closely for depression and suicidal ideation.
D. Use drug as soon as possible but must be used within 6 hours of
reconstituting. Store at 36-46 degrees. Do not freeze.
E. Rotate sites of injection.
F. Inform patient that drug causes flu-like symptoms fever, fatigue, muscle
fatigue, aches, headaches, chills and joint pain occur as a side effect.
G. Advise patient to use sunscreen and avoid sun exposure.
H. Beta-1b can cause serious liver damage including liver failure
requiring transplant. Monitor liver function test.
I. Inject immediately after preparing.
J. Advise patient to report signs of tissue death.

CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE (Cycloblastin, Cytoxan, Endoxan, Neosar, Procytox)
SEE ONCOLOGY FOR DRUG

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
1. Myasthenia gravis means grave muscle weakness.
2. A chronic progressive disorder of the peripheral nervous system
affecting transmission of nerve impulses to voluntary muscles. Causes
muscle weakness and fatigue that increases with exertion and improves
with rest. Eventually leads to fatigue without relief from rest.
3. Onset is usually slow but can be precipitated by emotional stress,
hormonal disturbances, infection, vaccinations, trauma, surgery,
temperature extremes, excessive exercise, etc.
4. Myasthenia Gravis: worsens with exercise and improves with rest.
5. Myesthenia gravis is caused by a disorder in the transmission of
impulses from nerve to muscle cell.
6. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
yExtreme muscular weakness and fatigue that decreases with rest.
yVision disturbances: Diplopia and ptosis from ocular weakness.
yFacial muscle weakness that causes a masklike appearance.
yDysarthria and dysphagia.
yHanging jaw.
yBobbing motion of the head.
yRespiratory failure.
7.DIAGNOSIS: Tensilon test. IV administration of Tensilon which allows
acetylcholine to bind with its receptors which improves the symptoms of myasthenia
gravis.
Tensilon (edrophonium) also differentiates myasthenic gravis crisis from
cholinergic crisis.
yIn cholinergic crisis, symptoms worsen with tensilon.
yTensilon (edrophonium) is used only for diagnostic purposes to
determine whether muscular weakness is due to worsening of the disease
(myasthenic crisis) or to overmedication (cholinergic crisis)
yWhen edrophonium is used, keep suction equipment, oxygen, mechanical
ventilation and emergency drugs atropine at bedside
8. TREATMENT:
A. ANTI-CHOLINESTERASES:
yNeostigmin (prostigmin), Pyridostigmin (Mestinon): Counteracts fatigue
and muscle weakness. Promotes muscular contractions
yAnticholinesterase drugs are not effective during a myasthenic crisis so
they are discontinued until respiratory function improves.
yTake with food to decrease GI symptoms.
yAdvise patient to eat within 30 minutes of taking drug to strengthen
chewing and reduce aspiration risk.
yAdvise patient to take drug at same time every day, not to miss a
dose.
Schedule patients diagnostic studies around medication schedule. If patient must
be off unit when drugs are to be administered, take the medication to the patient
yObserve for nausea, vomiting, cramps, facial muscle twitching and
dyspnea may indicate toxicity.
Avoid morphine and its derivatives, curare, quinine, mycin antibiotics and drugs
containing magnesium. These reduce cholinergic effects.
Corticosteroids reduce the effects of drug, monitor patient closely.
1. IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS (Corticosteroids)
A. Azathioprine (Imuran)
yDecrease dosage of Imuran if patient is also taking Allopurinol because
it inactivates Imuran.
yWatch for clay-colored stools, dark urine, jaundice
HEPATOTOXICITY
yMonitor liver function test, WBC and CBC.
yGive after meals to minimize GI effects.
yAvoid giving IM injections if platelet count below 100,000.
yWarn patients to report even mild infections cold, fever, sore
throat, malaise because drug is a potent immunosuppressant.
yWarn patient hair may lose hair and thin.
yCyclosphoshamide (Cytoxan) SEE ONCOLOGY FOR MORE
yDont give drug at bedtime; infrequent urination during the night may
increase possibility of cystitis. Test urine for blood.. Hydrate patients
before and after dose. May cause hemorrhagic cystitis.
Encourage patient to urinate every 1-2 hours while awake and drink at least 3
liters of fluid/daily
yAdvise patient not to take tablet form before bedtime

2. NURSING MANAGEMENT
yMaintain patients diet: High calorie, soft foods. Encourage small
frequent meals. Assess clients gag and swallow reflexes before each
meal.
yAdminister medications before meals to maximize muscles for
swallowing.
yDetermines patients activity tolerance.
yTeach patient to avoid exposure to infections, especially respiratory.
yProvide eye care: Instill artificial tears, use patch over eye for double
vision. Sunglasses to protect eyes from too much sun.
yInstruct patient to avoid extremes of hot or cold, exposure to
infections, emotional stress and OTC drugs which exacerbate symptoms.
Instruct patient to avoid taking medication with fruit, coffee, tomato
juice or other medications.
yTeach patient to recognize symptoms of crisis
y
MYASTHENIA CRISIS Under-medication
A. Symptoms of myasthenia gravis are worsened.
B. Extreme fatigue.
C. Respiratory distress.
D. Symptoms improve with tensilon
CHOLINERGIC CRISIS Overmedication
A. Respiratory distress, needs mechanical ventilation
B. Symptoms worsen with tensilon.
C. Symptoms improve with administration of anticholinergic medication
Atropine.
D. NEVER LEAVE PATIENT ALONE DURING A CRISIS


Anyone up for some pediatric info for NCLEX?

PEDIATRICS
Growth and development
1. Motor skills progress in a proximal to distal manner.
2. NEONATE (Birth to 28 days):
A. Vital signs:
1. Pulse: 110 - 160 BPM count apical for one minute
2. Respiratory rate: 32 - 60 BPM. Neonate is an obligate nose breather.
3. Blood pressure: 82/46.
4. Temperature regulation is altered because of poorly developed sweating and shivering
mechanisms.
A. Limit exposure time during baths.
B. When the neonate is wet or cold cover his head.
5. Mortality rate is higher in the neonatal period than in any other growth stage.
B. Head and chest circumference are relatively equal. Head circumference may be up to
greater than the chest circumference.
C. Head length is one-fourth total body length.
D. Brain growth depends on myelinization.
E. All behavior is under reflex control. Extremities are flexed.
1. Moro reflex- Elicited by striking a flat surface the infant is lying on. The reflex of
abducting extremities and fanning fingers when a sound is heard should be gone by 3-4
months. Strongest at 2 months
2. Rooting - When the cheek of the newborn is stroked, the newborn will turn his head in
the direction of the stroke.
3. Tonic neck - While the newborn lies supine, his head is turned causing the extremities
on the same side to straighten and those on the opposite side to flex.
4. Babinski - When the sole of the foot on the side of the newborn small toe is stroked
upward, the toes will fan upward and out
5. Plantar grasp - Infants toes will curl downward when sole of foot is touched.
6. Startle - A loud noise such as a hand clap will elicit the newborn to abduct his arms
and flex his elbows.
F. Hearing and touch are well developed; a hearing screening is recommended.
G. The neonate is stimulated by being held or rocked; listening to music and watching a
black-white mobile.
H. While laying prone, the neonate can lift his head.
3. INFANCY: Age 1 month to 1 year.
A. Period of rapid growth in which the head, especially the brain, grows faster than other
tissues.
B. According to Erickson, the infant is in the critical stage of Trust vs. mistrust. It is
important for the child to develop a trusting relationship with a consistent primary
caregiver. Interference may cause failure the thrive.
C. Birth weight doubles in 6 months.
D. Birth weight triples in one year.
E. Posterior fontanel closes by 2-3 months.
F. Anterior fontanel remains open until 18 months.
G. Height increases by 50% in 1 year.
H. Head circumference > than chest circumference until 1 year.
I. Tooth eruption starts at 4 months -> 1 tooth per month.
J. AGES 1 TO 4 MONTHS
1. Instinctual smile appears at age 3 months. The social smile is the infants first social
response. The social smile initiates social relationships, indicates memory traces, and
signals the beginning of thought processes.
2. The infant develops binocular vision; the eyes can follow an object 180 degrees and
any intermittent strabismus should be resolved by age 4 months.
3. The infant reaches out voluntarily but uncoordinatedly.
4. At age 4 months the infant laughs in response to environment.
5. Recognizes parents voices.
6. Explores his feet.
7. Appropriate toys: Music box, mobile, mirror.
K. AGES 5-6 MONTHS
1. Birth weight doubles.
2. Can sleep through the night with 1-2 naps a day.
3. Lower central incisors appear first. Results in ed drooling and irritability.
4. Rolls over from stomach to back.
5. Infant cries when parents leave - a normal sign of attachment. Exhibits stranger
anxiety.
6. Can transfer toys from one hand to another
7. Exhibits comforting habits - sucks thumb, rubs his ears, holds a blanket or stuffed toy.
A. All these symbolize parents and security.
B. Thumb sucking in infancy doesnt result in malocclusion of permanent teeth.
8. Appropriate toys: Bright toys, soft toys, rattle - THINK SAFETY.
L. AGES 7 - 9 MONTHS
1. Sits alone without assistance
2. Creeps on his hands and knees with his belly off of the floor.
3. Infant stands and stays up by grasping for support.
4. Develops a pincer grasp; places everything in his mouth - ed risk of aspiration.
5. Self-feeds crackers; the infant whos physically and emotionally ready can begin to be
weaned to a cup.
6. Likes to look at self in mirror.
7. Develops object permanence and searches for objects outside his perceptual field.
8. Understands the word NO; discipline can begin. Cries when reprimanded.
9. Can verbalize consonants but speaks no intelligible words. 10. Appropriate toys: Peek-
a-boo, cloth toys.
M. AGES 10 - 12 MONTHS
1. Birth weight triples and birth length increases about 50%.
2. Imitative behaviors.
3. Infant cruises (takes steps while holding on) at age 10 months, walks with support at
11 months, and stands alone and takes his first steps at 12 months.
4. Infant claps his hands, waves bye-bye and enjoys rhythm games.
5. Enjoys books and toys to build with and knock over.
6. Cooperates when dressed.
7. Can say Mama/dada and two syllable words.
8. Shows jealousy.
9. Infant explores everything by feeling, pushing, turning, pulling, biting, smelling, and
testing for sound.
10. Appropriate toys: Push toys, large ball, large blocks.
N. NUTRITION
1. Introduce foods in this sequence
A. Breast milk or iron-fortified formula: According to AAP (American Academy of
Pediatrics) they recommend breast feeding exclusively for the first 4-6 months of life and
then in combination with infant foods until age 1.
1. Give breast fed infants iron supplements after age 4 months because iron received
before birth is depleted.
2. Breast milk is a rich source of linoleum acid (essential fatty acid) and cholesterol
which are needed for brain development.
3. Contains immune factors that protect infants from infection.
B. Dont give solid foods for the first 6 months
1. Before age 6 months, the GI tract tolerates solid food poorly.
2. Because of strong extrusion reflex, the infant pushes food out of his mouth.
3. The risk of food allergy development may increase.
C. Provide rice cereal as the first solid food followed by any other cereal except wheat.
D. Give yellow or green vegetables next.
E. Provide no citrus fruits followed by citrus fruits after age 6 months.
F. Give infants teething biscuits during teething period.
G. Provide food with sufficient protein such as meat, after age 6 months.
H. After 12 months, switch from formula to regular WHOLE milk.
1. Dont give skim milk because fatty acids are needed for myelinization.
2. Whole milk should be continued until age 2 as recommended by the AAP.
I. RULES FOR FEEDING
1. Dont prop up baby bottle - s risk of aspiration & ear infections.
2. Dont put food or cereal in a baby bottle.
3. Introduce one new food at a time; wait 4-7 days before introducing new food to
determine infants tolerance to it and the potential for allergy.
O. SAFETY GUIDELINES
1. Place infants supine for sleep to decrease the risk of sudden infant death syndrome.
2. Keep crib rails up at all times, keep away from windows and curtain cords. Crib slats
should not be more than 2 apart with mattress firmly against its rails to prevent infant
falling in-between mattress and slats.
3. Use car seats properly - keep infant placed facing back of back seat.
4. Never leave infant unattended on dressing table or any other high place.
5. Dont warm formula or breast milk in microwave. Defrosting in microwave may
destroy its immune factors. Formula/food should be lukewarm.
6. Insert safety plugs in wall outlets
7. Use gates along stairways.
8. Keep soft objects and loose bedding out of the crib. Pillows, quilts, sheepskins and
comforters should be kept out of infants sleeping environment.
9. Avoid overheating; infant should be lightly clothed for sleep.
10. ALWAYS support infants head.
11. Check temperature of bath water - should be 90-100 degrees.
P. TODDLER (Ages 1 to 3)
1. Vital signs: Pulse 100 BPM
Respiratory rate: 26 BPM
Blood pressure: 99/64
2. Period of slow growth with a weight gain of 4-6 lbs per year. Normally weighs four
times birth weight.
3. Anterior fontanel closes between ages 12 and 18 months.
4. The toddler is egocentric.
5. Follows parents wherever they go.
A. Start playing peek-a-boo to develop trust.
B. Progress to playing hide and seek to reinforce the idea that his parents will return.
6. Separation anxiety arises.
A. The toddler sees bedtime as desertion.
B. Develops a fear of the dark. Nightmares begin around 2-3.
C. Separation anxiety demonstrates closeness between the toddler & his parents.
D. The parent who is leaving should say so and should promise to return.
1. Parent should leave a personal item with the toddler.
2. Prepare the parents for the toddlers reaction, and explain that this process promotes
trust.
E. According to Erickson, this is the critical stage of AUTONOMY (self control & will
power) VS SHAME. The child develops a sense of independence and should be allowed
to explore the environment with the encouragement of the primary caregiver. Temper
tantrums, negativism, and disciplinary problems are the hallmarks of this age group as the
child learns to control his environment and express his will. The child should be taught to
tolerate frustration through socialization and proper toilet training.
1. According to Freud, toddlers are egocentric and possessive and struggle with holding
on and letting go behaviors (ANAL STAGE).
2. Toddlers usually begin to imitate sex role behavior.
3. Piaget: Sensorimotor stage the child enters the pre-operational stage in which he begins
using a trial and error method of thinking and reasoning.
F. The toddler may engage in solitary play and have little interaction with others, this
progresses to parallel play (toddler plays along-side but not with other children.

G. To promote development of autonomy, allow the toddler to perform tasks
independently.
H. Toddler understands object permanence.
I. Discipline during this stage should be a demonstration of love, not anger. The toddler
needs limits set on unacceptable demands, such limits offer security. He should be
praised liberally, but only when deserved.
J. Things to expect:
1. Sphincter control begins at age 2.
2. All deciduous teeth erupt by 21 months - 2 years.
3. Pot-bellied appearance.
K. 18 months
1. Is in the MY stage. 2. Vocabulary of 25 words.
3. Walks independently 4. Can use a spoon.
5. Climbs.
Appropriate toys: Push/pull toys, blocks.
L. 24 months
1. Negativistic 2. Temper tantrums
3. Transitional object 4. 2-4 word sentences, 400 words
5. Walks up/down stairs 6. Turns door knobs
7. Builds tower of 6 blocks 8. Removes clothes
9. Appropriate play: Parallel play, sand, riding toys, water play, finger paints.
10. Manage temper tantrums: Ignore behavior, monitor for safety.
11. Toddler uses NO excessively and shows assertiveness. Is curious how parents will
react to use of NO.
12. Overcriticizing and restricting the toddler may dampen his enthusiasm and increase
shame and doubt.
13. Total sleep required is 12-14 hours. Sleep problems are common.
14. Toilet training
A. Consider emotional readiness
B. The toddler acts to please others, trusts enough to give up his body products, and
begins autonomous behavior
C. Parents must be committed to establishing a toileting pattern and must communicate
well with the toddler.
D. Offer PRAISE for success - NEVER punishment for any failure.
E. Dont refer to bowel movements as being dirty or yucky. Excrement is the
toddlers first creation.
F. Introduce underpants as a badge of success and maturity.
G. Most toddlers achieve day dryness by age 18 months to 3 years and night dryness by
ages 2-5. NEVER punish for ACCIDENTS. If toddler is not trained by age 5, seek
further evaluation.
H. Toddler may fear being sucked into the toilet.
I. Teach proper wiping technique (front to back) and hand washing.
15. When the toddler starts climbing over the crib rails, switch to a bed.
16. Use locks on cabinets, keep handles away from edges of tables or stoves.
17. AVOID bean bag toys.
18. Appropriate toys: Nested toys, toys with parts that open and close. Toys designed for
pounding such as play hammers and drums. Toy telephones, dolls. Provide the child with
opportunities for positive imitative play. They enjoy simple songs with repetitive rhymes
as well as moving in time to music. A musical activity should be scheduled into each day.
19. NUTRITION:
A. Toddler feeds himself, provide finger foods in small portions
B. Because of increased risk of aspiration avoid foods such as hot dogs, grapes, nuts and
candy (or cut into small pieces).
C. Nutritional needs decrease because of slow growth period.
D. Child may become a picky eater. Nutritional content of food is important.
E. The toddler shouldnt drink more than 24 ounces of milk a day in order to have room
for

BURNS
1. Smoke and inhalation injuries result from inhalation of hot air or noxious chemicals.
2. The resulting effect of burns is influenced by the temperature of the burning agent, the
duration of contact time, ad the tissue type burned.
3. Burn treatment is related to injury severity determined by depth. The extent is
calculated by the percent of the total body surface area (TBSA), location, and patient risk
factors.
4. Causes
A. Radiation: X-ray, sun, nuclear reactors
B. Mechanical: Friction
C. Chemical: Acids, alkalies, vesicants. Chemical burns alter tissue perfusion and lead to
necrosis.
D. Electrical: Lightening, electrical wires. Severity depends on type and duration of
current and amount of voltage - they follow the path of least resistance (muscles, bone,
blood vessels and nerves)
E. Thermal: Flame, steam, frostbite, scald. These cause cellular destruction that results in
vascular, bony, muscle, or nerve complications; thermal burns can also lead to inhalation
injury if the head, neck or chest area is affected.
5. Burns are defined by degrees: First degree (superficial partial thickness burn), second
degree (deep dermal partial thickness burn), and third degree (full-thickness burn)
A. Superficial partial-thickness burn (first degree): Sunburn type. Involves only the
dermal layer. S/S: Erythema, edema, pain, blanching.

B. Deep dermal partial-thickness (2nd degree): Involves the epidermal and dermal layers.
S/S; Pain, oozing, fluid filled vesicles, Erythema, Shiny wet subcutaneous layer after
vesicles rupture.
C. Full-thickness burn (3rd & 4th degree): Involves epidermal, dermal, and subcutaneous
layers, and nerve endings, muscle, tendons and bone. S/S: Eschar, edema, little or no
pain.
6. Second and third degree burn extent can be determined using a total body surface area
based on two guides: Lund-Browder chart and Rule of Nines. Burn extent is often revised
after edema subsides and demarcation of injury zones occurs.
A. RULE OF NINES
Head= 9% Arms = 18%( 9% each) -
Back= 18% Legs= 36%( 18% each)
Genitalia= 1%
B. LUND-BROWDER CHART: This method accounts for changes in body proportion
that occur with age. Its greater accuracy can be used to help determine a patients exact
fluid replacement requirements after a burn injury.
7. Hands, feet, and eye burns may make jeopardize future function. Buttocks or genitalia
burns are more susceptible to infection. Circumferential burns to the extremities can
cause circulatory compromise distal to the burn.
8. Patient usually tetanus and immune globulin.
9. Burn management is organized chronologically into 3 phases: Emergent
(resuscitative), Acute (wound healing), and rehabilitation (restorative)
A. EMERGENT: Period of time required to resolve immediate, life-threatening
problems. Phase may last from time of burn to 3 or more days, but usually lasts 24- 48
hours.
1. Priority care is on ABCs. Assess for smoke inhalation (singed nares, eyebrows, or
lashes; burns on the face or neck: stridor, increasing dyspnea) and give oxygen at 100%
as prescribed. Be prepared for emergency intubation and mechanical ventilation if severe
inhalation injury or carbon monoxide inhalation has occurred.
2. Assess for signs of shock caused by fluid shifts (increased pulse, falling B/P and urine
output, pallor, cool clammy skin, deteriorating level of consciousness.
3. Initial fluid shift/Fluid resuscitation: Occurs in first 24 hours after burn.
A. Fluid seeps out of the tissue because of increased capillary permeability. The majority
of this leaking occurs within the first 24 hours. Fluid deficit = shock.
B. H & H is elevated due to loss of fluid volume and fluid shift into interstitial space
(third spacing)
C. Sodium is decreased due to third spacing.
D. Potassium is increased due to cell destruction.

E. Common rule: Calculate what is needed for the first 24 hours and give of the
volume calculated during the first 8 hours (Parkland formula)
1. BROOKE FORMULA: Uses 2 mL/kg/% TBSA burned ( crystalloid plus colloid)
plus maintenance fluid of 2,000 mL D5W per 24 hours.
2. PARKLAND FORMULA: Uses 4 mL formula uses 4 mL/kg/TBSA burned per 24
hours = total fluid requirements for the first 24 hours.
A. 1st 8 hours = of total volume
B. 2nd 8 hours = of total volume
C. 3rd 8 hours = of total volume
3. No matter what formula the doctor uses, the formula will tell the amount of fluid the
patient will get per hour.
4. Medication therapy: Pain therapy, tetanus prophylaxis, topical antimicrobial as well as
systemic antibiotics.
5. Primary concern is the onset of hypovolemic shock and edema formation. Toward the
end of the phase, if fluid replacement is adequate, the capillary membrane permeability is
restored.
6. Fluid loss and edema formation cease. The interstitial fluid gradually returns to the
vascular space.
7. Diuresis occurs with low urine specific gravities.
8. Manifestations include shock from the pain and hypovolemic. Areas of full thickness
and deep partial-thickness burns are initially anesthetic because the nerve endings are
destroyed. Superficial to moderate partial-thickness burns are painful.
9. Shivering occurs as a result of chilling and most patients are alert.
10. COMPLICATIONS
A. Cardiovascular system: Dysrhythmias and hypovolemic shock.
B. Respiratory system: Vulnerable to upper airway injury causing edema formation
and/or obstruction of airway and inhalation injury.
C. Renal system: If patient is hypovolemic, kidney blood flow may decrease, causing
renal ischemia. If it continues, acute renal failure may develop.
D. With full-thickness burns, myoglobin and hemoglobin are released into the
bloodstream and occlude the renal tubules.
11. DIET: High protein, high calorie with increased fluids, high calorie high protein
drinks.
12. If fingers/toes are burned, wrap each finger/toe separately.
13. Monitor urine output - if less than 30 mL/hour, assess for renal failure.
B. ACUTE PHASE
1. Begins with the start of diuresis (usually 48 to 72 hours post-burn) and ends with
closure of the burn wound. Phase concludes with burned area is completely covered with
skin grafts or when wounds are healed.
2. Margins of full-thickness Eschar take longer to separate. As a result, they require
surgical debridement and skin grafting for healing.
3. Because the body is trying to reestablish fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, it is
important for the nurse to follow the patients serum electrolyte levels closely (hypo - or
hypernatremia, or hypo- or hyperkalemia).
4. Complications include wound infection progressing to transient bacteremia as a result
of manipulation (after hydrotherapy and debridement). Same cardiovascular and
respiratory system complications as in emergent phase may continue.
5. Patient can become extremely disoriented, withdraw, or be combative. This is a
transient state lasting from a day to several weeks. ROM may be limited and contractures
can occur. Paralytic ileus results from sepsis.
6. Management involves wound care with daily observation, assessment, cleansing,
debridement, and dressing reapplication.
1. Use sterile technique when handling burn.
2. Give pain killer before dressing changes and hydrotherapy. Pain control is usually
opioid analgesics required.
C. REHABILITATIVE PHASE
1. Begins with wound closure and ends when the client returns to the highest level of
health restoration.
2. Goals are to assist the patient in resuming a functional role in society and accomplish
functional and cosmetic reconstructive surgery.
3. Provide support and management. Use preventive measures to prevent contractures
10. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
A. Ensure airway patency and provide oxygen
B. Monitor V/S, laboratory findings, capillary refill, adequate tissue perfusion.
C. Keep patient NPO and administer H2 antagonist to prevent Curling (stress) ulcer.
D. Elevate clients extremities (increase venous return).
E. Use pressure dressings to prevent scarring and edema.
F. Give pain medication prior to any treatment and especially before dressing changes.
G. Nutritional requirements are increased with burns.
H. Encourage ROM. Neutral positions are best to prevent contractures, unless neck is
burned, then hyperextend.
I. Maintain warm environment during acute phase.
J. Monitor for shock symptoms. Maintain protective precautions. Reverse isolation.
K. If client underwent grafting, keep pressure off donor side to maintain blo


Re: Anyoone up for random FACT THROWING??
Here is a little info on the thyroid gland - hope this helps

DISORDERS OF THE THYROID GLAND

1. GRAVES DISEASE - Hyperthyroidism - TOO MUCH ENERGY
A. Increased synthesis of thyroid hormone from overactivity.
B. Excessive secretion of thyroid hormone
1. Leads to increased basal metabolic rate (BMR).
2. Increased cardiovascular function, ^ed GI function, ^ed neuromuscular function,
weight loss, and heat intolerance.
3. Thyroid hormone affects metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
4. Calcitonin inhibits mobilization of calcium from bone and s blood calcium levels
C. An autoimmune disorder.
D. Etiology: Excess secretion of TSH from pituitary gland. Thyroiditis, tumor, goiter.
Physiological or psychological stress, infections,
F. S/S: Nervousness, weight loss despite increased appetite, sweaty/hot (heat intolerance),
exophthalmus (no cure for this), hyperactivity (cant sit still), ^ed appetite, B/P ed,
flushed smooth skin, oliogomenorrhea or amenorrhea, palpitations, insomnia. ALL V/S
ARE ^ed - think of patient as being hyperactive.
G. DIAGNOSIS: Serum T3 and T4 are increased. Radio-iodine uptake is increased.
Thyroid scan shows enlarged thyroid gland or nodules.
H. TREATMENT/NURSING INTERVENTIONS
1. Monitor V/S & I & O - determine presence of thyroid storm.
2. Lifelong antithyroid medication.
3. Surgical removal of thyroid.
A. Radioactive iodine 131
1. The thyroid gland absorbs the I-131 which destroys some of the thyroid cells over a
period of 6 to 8 weeks. RULE OUT PREGNANCY FIRST.
2. Advise patient against close contact with other people, avoid kissing for 24-hours.
3. Test females for pregnancy. Pregnancy should be delayed 12 months.
4. Advise patient to drink with straw
B. Thyroidectomy or partial thyroidectomy
1. Instruct patient to hold hands behind neck when coughing, sitting, turning, or getting
up/back into bed to reduce post-op pain and decrease tension on suture line.
2. Position semi-fowlers with head and neck supported. Ice collar to wound to prevent
edema.
3. Monitor for hemorrhage, edema, exudates over upper chest, upper back, shoulders,
back of neck.
4. Promote patent airway - keep HOB elevated 30 degrees. Keep sterile oral suction and
emergency tracheotomy tray within reach. Avoid hyperextension of the neck
5. Keep phone, personal items, call bell, remote control within reach.
6. Diet: Increase calories
7. Assess for laryngeal nerve damage: assess for hoarseness. Could lead to vocal cord
paralysis. If there is paralysis of both cords, airway obstruction will occur requiring
immediate trach. Bilateral nerve damage = breathing difficulties and aphonia (inability to
speak)
8. Instruct patient to report any signs of pressure on neck.
9. Give eye care for exophthalmus: Moisten eyes frequently with artificial tears to
prevent irritation corneal infection. Protect eyes from photophobia with glasses. Sleep
with HOB elevated to minimize pressure on optic nerve and eye patches to protect eyes
during sleep if lids do not close. Soothe eyes with cool compresses.
10. Prevent tetany by identifying hypocalcemia - numbness or tingling of toes,
extremities, and lips, muscle twitches, positive Chvosteks & Trousseau.

I. THYROID STORM/THYROID CRISIS
1. Life threatening emergency that occurs in EXTREME hyperthyroidism.
A. Thyrotoxicosis, and thyrotoxic crisis and thyroid storm are the same.
B. It is hyperthyroidism multiplied by 100.
C. Results from a sudden surge of large amounts of thyroid hormones into the
bloodstream causing a greater in body metabolism
2. S/S: Temperature > 102 up to 106 (hyperthermia). Tachycardia, systolic hypertension,
abdominal pain, N/V, diarrhea, agitation, tremors, confusion, seizures, delirium to
psychosis. Triad S/S of thyroid storm: Tachycardia, hyperthermia, agitation. ALL
HYPERTHYROID MANIFESTATIONS ARE ^'ed.
3. May be precipitated by stress - surgery or infection, etc.
4. TREATMENT
A. Focuses on reducing circulating thyroid hormone levels by drug therapy.
B. Inhibition of thyroid hormones with propranolol (Inderal), corticosteroids, and
thioamides (PTU)
C. Treat hyperthermia with cooling blankets, Tylenol (acetaminophen). Aspirin is
contraindicated -it releases thyroxin, provide cool sponge baths or ice packs to axilla and
groin to decrease fever.
D. Treat dehydration with IV fluids and electrolytes.
E. Treatment of precipitating event.
F. Administer insulin for hyperglycemia. B-blockers (-LOL) for tachycardia

2. MYXEDEMA - Hypothyroidism - NOT ENOUGH ENERGY/ CRETINISM
A. Occurs when there is an insufficient amount of thyroid hormone (TH) being secreted
by the thyroid gland causing a ed metabolic rate, decreased heat production.
CRETINISM: Hypothyroidism present at birth
B. Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone results in overall decrease in metabolism.
C. ETIOLOGY: An autoimmune disorder (Hashimotos thyroidism)causing destruction
of the thyroid gland. External irradiation of the thyroid gland, infections, iodine
deficiency. Lithium therapy.
1. Hashimotos thyroidism: The immune system attacks the thyroid gland.
D. S/S: Fatigue, weight gain, dry flaky skin, cold intolerance, course brittle hair,
hypothermia, lethargy, diminished reflexes, periorbital edema, bradycardia,
dysrhythmias, infertility, C/O cold hands and feet, hair loss, prolonged DTR-ed,
enlarged heart, muscle aches or weakness, constipation & ed libido.
E. CRETINISM: Hypothyroidism that is present at birth. Is very dangerous and can lead
to slowed mental and physical development if undetected.
1. State of severe hypothyroidism in infants. Infants do not produce normal amounts of
thyroid hormone.
2. Their skeletal maturation and CNS development are altered resulting in retardation of
physical growth, mental growth, or both.
F. TREATMENT/NURSING INTERVENTIONS
1. Diet: High fiber, high protein, low calorie, ^ed fluid intake (2000 mL/day)
2. Because of altered metabolism, patients do not tolerate barbiturates or sedatives.
Therefore CNS depressants are contraindicated.
3. Give medication in the AM one hour before food or 2 hours after.
4. Do not give beta blockers to asthmatics or diabetics - hides symptoms of
hypoglycemia.
5. Start thyroid medications at lowest dose and graduate to larger doses.
A. Dosage is increased every 2-3 weeks until the desired response is achieved. Advise
patient that treatment is lifelong requiring constant monitoring by MD. If thyroid drug is
discontinued, it must be tapered.
B. Teach patient S/S of hyperthyroidism which can occur with overmedication.
6. Caution patient against electric blankets, extra clothing because of vasodilation.

G. MYXEDEMA COMA: Life threatening crisis state of hypothyroidism.
1. Myxedema coma/crisis occurs as a result of long-standing or untreated hypothyroidism
who experience significant stress as infection, medication, exposure to a cold
environment or systemic disease.
A. Can be precipitated by infection, drugs - especially opioids, tranquilizers, and
barbiturates.
2. Myxedema is an accumulation of hydrophilic mucopolysaccharides in the dermis and
other tissues. This causes characteristic signs of hypothyroidism: puffiness, periorbital
edema, and mask-like affect. Thinning eyebrows.
3. Virtually every organ system is affected.
4. S/S: Lethargy, stupor, ed oxygen & blood flow to the brain occurs. Bradycardia &
ed contractility = low cardiac output. ed renal function. Unresponsiveness, edema,
hypoventilation, hyponatremia, hypotension, hypothermia, Progressive stupor. Periorbital
edema, non-pitting edema, puffy face and tongue. Significantly depressed respirations.
5. TREATMENT
A. The overall treatment is restoration of euthyroid state (having a normal thyroid gland
as rapidly and safely as possible with hormone replacement. Levothyroxine (Synthroid) is
the drug of choice - give slowly
B. Maintain airway patency.
C. Maintain circulation with IV therapy and ECG monitoring.
D. Monitor V/S, ABG, I & O, patient temperature.
E. Keep patient warm
F. Administer corticosteroids as ordered. Assess for infections.
G. Patient at risk for CAD - monitor
H. Assess for skin alterations - apply lotion, etc.
I. With rapid administration of thyroid hormone, plasma T4 levels may initiate adrenal
insufficiency, hence steroid therapy may be ordered.

6. MEDICATIONS

A. SYNTHROID (thyroxin- T4) - Contraindicated in patients with MI, use cautiously in
elderly and patients with diabetes, diabetes insipidus.
1. When starting thyroid replacement therapy, care must be taken with older patients and
those with CAD to avoid coronary ischemia because of increased O2 demands of the
heart. Start with lower doses first then .
2. Teach to take at same time each day 1 hour before meals/2 hours after. 3. Advise to
take with plenty water or milk. Optimal time is before breakfast.
4. Withhold medication if heart rate above 100 or notify MD.
5. Report weight gain of 5 pounds.

B. CYTOMEL (liothyronine sodium {T3}) - Use cautiously in elderly patients and those
with angina, renal insufficiency or ischemia.
1. Long term use causes bone loss.
2. Monitor B/P and pulse.
3. Do not give IM or subcutaneously.

C. PTU - Propylthiouracil (Propyl-Thyracil)
1. Inhibits oxidation of iodine in thyroid gland, blocking ability of iodine to combine with
tyrosine to form T3. May prevent formation of T4
2. S/E: Headache, N/V, vertigo, paresthesia, CNS stimulation, fever, hepatotoxicity,
visual disturbances, diarrhea, leukopenia, myalgia.
3. INTERVENTIONS.
1. Advise patient that iodized salt and shellfish should not be eaten because they alter
drugs effectiveness.
2. Instruct patient to take with meals to reduce GI reaction.
3. Monitor lab values, especially CBC and hepatic function.

D. RADIOACTIVE IODINE (sodium iodide 131)
1. Limits thyroid hormone secretion by destroying thyroid tissue
2. S/E: N/V, skin rash, urticaria, pruritus, pain on swallowing.
3. INTERVENTIONS
A. ALL antithyroid drugs must be stopped 1 week before 1st dose.
B. Not used on patients younger than 30.
C. Institute full radiation precautions. Isolate patient, advise to avoid close contact with
other people for at least 24 -48 hours
D. Advise patient to fast overnight before therapy and to force fluids
E. Monitor thyroid hormone levels

E. POTASSIUM IODIDE (SSKI, Lugol solution, ThyroSafe, Thyroshield)
1. Inhibits thyroid hormone formation, limits iodide transport into the thyroid gland and
blocks thyroid hormone release.
2. Used to prepare patient for thyroidectomy: given TID after meals for ten days before
surgery.
3. S/E: periorbital edema, N/V, diarrhea, inflammation of salivary glands, burning mouth
and throat, sore teeth and gums, potassium toxicity, acne- type rash. DO NOT GIVE ace
inhibitors or potassium sparing diuretics with drug; may cause hyperkalemia.

F. PROPRANOLOL (Inderal) "OLOL"- A adrenergic blocker. Relieves the adrenergic
effects of excess thyroid hormone (sweating, palpitations, tremors)
G. INTERVENTIONS
1. Dilute oral solution in water, milk, or juice and give AFTER meals.
2. Give through straw to avoid teeth discoloration.
3. Earliest signs of delayed hypersensitivity reactions caused by iodides are irritation and
swollen eyelids.
4. Signs of iodide hypersensitivity are: Angioedema, cutaneous and mucosal hemorrhage,
fever, arthralgia, lymph node enlargement, and eosinophilia.
5. Monitor patient for iodism which can cause a metallic taste, burning in mouth and
throat, sore teeth and gums, increased salivation, sneezing, eye irritation with swelling of
eyelids, severe headache, rash or soreness of the pharynx, larynx, and tonsils, GI
irritation.
6. Advise patient that sudden withdrawal may cause thyroid crisis.
7. Teach patient S/S of K+ toxicity: confusion, irregular heartbeat, numbness, tingling,
pain or weakness of hands and feet & tiredness.
8. Advise patient NOT to increase potassium in diet.
9. Advise patient not to eat iodized salt or shellfish.
I. THYROIDECTOMY CARE
1. O2 therapy, suction secretions.
2. Monitor for signs of bleeding and excessive edema
3. Elevate HOB 30. Support head and neck to avoid tension on sutures
4. Check dressing frequently, check behind the neck, shoulders for bleeding.
5. Assess for signs of respiratory distress, hoarseness (laryngeal edema or damage.
6. Keep tracheostomy set in patients room for emergency use.
7. Administer food and fluid with care (dysphagia is common).
8. Encourage client to gradually ROM of neck.
9. Teach about medications, frequent follow-up. If thyroidectomy - life long replacement
of medication (T5, T4). Subtotal thyroidectomy - careful monitoring of return of thyroid
function.
10. THINK BOW TIE:
B = Bleeding
O = open airway
W = whisper
T = trach set
I = incision
E = emergency
11. Be alert for post op complications
A. Tetany: Due to hypocalcemia caused by accidental removal of parathyroid gland.
Assess for numbness, tingling, or muscle twitching. Monitor for Chvosteks sign and
Trousseaus sign. Give calcium gluconate IV slowly.
B. Hemorrhage: Monitor for hypotension, tachycardia, other signs of hypovolemia.
Irregular breathing, swelling, choking - possible hemorrhage and tracheal compression.
Early signs of hemorrhage: Repeated clearing of throat, difficulty swallowing.
C. Thyroid storm: Life threatening. Sudden increased release of thyroid hormone. Assess
for fever, tachycardia, ing restlessness, agitation, and delirium.


GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR PEDIATRICS

PEDIATRICS

1. Motor skills progress in a proximal to distal manner.
2. NEONATE (Birth to 28 days):
A. Vital signs:
1. Pulse: 110 - 160 BPM count apical for one minute
2. Respiratory rate: 32 - 60 BPM. Neonate is an obligate nose breather.
3. Blood pressure: 82/46.
4. Temperature regulation is altered because of poorly developed sweating
and shivering mechanisms.
A. Limit exposure time during baths.
B. When the neonate is wet or cold cover his head.
5. Mortality rate is higher in the neonatal period than in any other growth
stage.
B. Head and chest circumference are relatively equal. Head circumference
may be up to greater than the chest circumference.
C. Head length is one-fourth total body length.
D. Brain growth depends on myelinization.
E. All behavior is under reflex control. Extremities are flexed.
1. Moro reflex- Elicited by striking a flat surface the infant is lying on. The
reflex of abducting extremities and fanning fingers when a sound is heard
should be gone by 3-4 months. Strongest at 2 months
2. Rooting - When the cheek of the newborn is stroked, the newborn will
turn his head in the direction of the stroke. Usually disappears 3-4 months
3. Tonic neck - While the newborn lies supine, his head is turned causing the
extremities on the same side to straighten and those on the opposite side to
flex (fencing posture). Disappears at 3-4 months.
4. Babinski - When the sole of the foot on the side of the newborn small toe
is stroked upward, the toes will fan upward and out
5. Plantar grasp - Infants toes will curl downward when sole of foot is
touched.
6. Startle - A loud noise such as a hand clap will elicit the newborn to abduct
his arms and flex his elbows. Best elicited after infant is at least 24 hours
old and disappears within 4 months.
7. Palmar/plantar grasp - Place a finger in the palm of the newborns hand
and then place a finger at the base of the toes, the newborns fingers and
toes curl downward.
F. Hearing and touch are well developed; a hearing screening is
recommended.
G. The neonate is stimulated by being held or rocked; listening to music and
watching a black-white mobile.
H. While laying prone, the neonate can lift his head.
3. INFANCY: Age 1 month to 1 year.
A. Period of rapid growth in which the head, especially the brain, grows
faster than other tissues.
B. According to Erickson, the infant is in the critical stage of Trust vs.
mistrust. It is important for the child to develop a trusting relationship with
a consistent primary caregiver. Interference may cause failure the thrive.
C. Birth weight doubles in 6 months.
D. Birth weight triples in one year.
E. Posterior fontanel closes by 2-3 months.
F. Anterior fontanel remains open until 18 months.
G. Height increases by 50% in 1 year.
H. Head circumference > than chest circumference until 1 year.
I. Tooth eruption starts at 4 months -> 1 tooth per month.
J. AGES 1 TO 4 MONTHS
1. Instinctual smile appears at age 3 months. The social smile is the infants
first social response. The social smile initiates social relationships, indicates
memory traces, and signals the beginning of thought processes.
2. The infant develops binocular vision; the eyes can follow an object 180
degrees and any intermittent strabismus should be resolved by age 4
months.
3. The infant reaches out voluntarily but uncoordinatedly.
4. At age 4 months the infant laughs in response to environment.
5. Recognizes parents voices.
6. Explores his feet.
7. Appropriate toys: Music box, mobile, mirror.
K. AGES 5-6 MONTHS
1. Birth weight doubles.
2. Can sleep through the night with 1-2 naps a day.
3. Lower central incisors appear first. Results in ed drooling and irritability.
4. Rolls over from stomach to back.
5. Infant cries when parents leave - a normal sign of attachment. Exhibits
stranger anxiety.
6. Can transfer toys from one hand to another
7. Exhibits comforting habits - sucks thumb, rubs his ears, holds a blanket
or stuffed toy.
A. All these symbolize parents and security.
B. Thumb sucking in infancy doesnt result in malocclusion of permanent
teeth.
8. Appropriate toys: Bright toys, soft toys, rattle - THINK SAFETY.
L. AGES 7 - 9 MONTHS
1. Sits alone without assistance
2. Creeps on his hands and knees with his belly off of the floor.
3. Infant stands and stays up by grasping for support.
4. Develops a pincer grasp; places everything in his mouth - ed risk of
aspiration.
5. Self-feeds crackers; the infant whos physically and emotionally ready can
begin to be weaned to a cup.
6. Likes to look at self in mirror.
7. Develops object permanence and searches for objects outside his
perceptual field.
8. Understands the word NO; discipline can begin. Cries when reprimanded.
9. Can verbalize consonants but speaks no intelligible words. 10. Appropriate
toys: Peek-a-boo, cloth toys.
M. AGES 10 - 12 MONTHS
1. Birth weight triples and birth length increases about 50%.
2. Imitative behaviors.
3. Infant cruises (takes steps while holding on) at age 10 months, walks with
support at 11 months, and stands alone and takes his first steps at 12
months.
4. Infant claps his hands, waves bye-bye and enjoys rhythm games.
5. Enjoys books and toys to build with and knock over.
6. Cooperates when dressed.
7. Can say Mama/dada and two syllable words.
8. Shows jealousy.
9. Infant explores everything by feeling, pushing, turning, pulling, biting,
smelling, and testing for sound.
10. Appropriate toys: Push toys, large ball, large blocks.
N. NUTRITION
1. Introduce foods in this sequence
A. Breast milk or iron-fortified formula: According to AAP (American
Academy of Pediatrics) they recommend breast feeding exclusively for the
first 4-6 months of life and then in combination with infant foods until age 1.
1. Give breast fed infants iron supplements after age 4 months because iron
received before birth is depleted.
2. Breast milk is a rich source of linoleum acid (essential fatty acid) and
cholesterol which are needed for brain development.
3. Contains immune factors that protect infants from infection.
B. Dont give solid foods for the first 6 months
1. Before age 6 months, the GI tract tolerates solid food poorly.
2. Because of strong extrusion reflex, the infant pushes food out of his
mouth.
3. The risk of food allergy development may increase.
C. Provide rice cereal as the first solid food followed by any other cereal
except wheat.
D. Give yellow or green vegetables next.
E. Provide no citrus fruits followed by citrus fruits after age 6 months.
F. Give infants teething biscuits during teething period.
G. Provide food with sufficient protein such as meat, after age 6 months.
H. After 12 months, switch from formula to regular WHOLE milk.
1. Dont give skim milk because fatty acids are needed for myelinization.
2. Whole milk should be continued until age 2 as recommended by the AAP.
I. RULES FOR FEEDING
1. Dont prop up baby bottle - s risk of aspiration & ear infections.
2. Dont put food or cereal in a baby bottle.
3. Introduce one new food at a time; wait 4-7 days before introducing new
food to determine infants tolerance to it and the potential for allergy.
O. SAFETY GUIDELINES
1. Place infants supine for sleep to decrease the risk of sudden infant death
syndrome.
2. Keep crib rails up at all times, keep away from windows and curtain cords.
Crib slats should not be more than 2 apart with mattress firmly against its
rails to prevent infant falling in-between mattress and slats.
3. Use car seats properly - keep infant placed facing back of back seat.
4. Never leave infant unattended on dressing table or any other high place.
5. Dont warm formula or breast milk in microwave. Defrosting in microwave
may destroy its immune factors. Formula/food should be lukewarm.
6. Insert safety plugs in wall outlets
7. Use gates along stairways.
8. Keep soft objects and loose bedding out of the crib. Pillows, quilts,
sheepskins and comforters should be kept out of infants sleeping
environment.
9. Avoid overheating; infant should be lightly clothed for sleep.
10. ALWAYS support infants head.
11. Check temperature of bath water - should be 90-100 degrees.
P. TODDLER (Ages 1 to 3)
1. Vital signs: Pulse 100 BPM
Respiratory rate: 26 BPM
Blood pressure: 99/64
2. Period of slow growth with a weight gain of 4-6 lbs per year. Normally
weighs four times birth weight.
3. Anterior fontanel closes between ages 12 and 18 months.
4. The toddler is egocentric.
5. Follows parents wherever they go.
A. Start playing peek-a-boo to develop trust.
B. Progress to playing hide and seek to reinforce the idea that his parents
will return.
6. Separation anxiety arises.
A. The toddler sees bedtime as desertion.
B. Develops a fear of the dark. Nightmares begin around 2-3.
C. Separation anxiety demonstrates closeness between the toddler & his
parents.
D. The parent who is leaving should say so and should promise to return.
1. Parent should leave a personal item with the toddler.
2. Prepare the parents for the toddlers reaction, and explain that this
process promotes trust.
E. According to Erickson, this is the critical stage of AUTONOMY (self
control & will power) VS SHAME. The child develops a sense of independence
and should be allowed to explore the environment with the encouragement of
the primary caregiver. Temper tantrums, negativism, and disciplinary
problems are the hallmarks of this age group as the child learns to control
his environment and express his will. The child should be taught to tolerate
frustration through socialization and proper toilet training.
1. According to Freud, toddlers are egocentric and possessive and struggle
with holding on and letting go behaviors (ANAL STAGE).
2. Toddlers usually begin to imitate sex role behavior.
3. Piaget: Sensorimotor stage the child enters the pre-operational stage in
which he begins using a trial and error method of thinking and reasoning.
F. The toddler may engage in solitary play and have little interaction with
others, this progresses to parallel play (toddler plays along-side but not with
other children.
G. To promote development of autonomy, allow the toddler to perform tasks
independently and provide choices.
H. Toddler understands object permanence.
I. Discipline during this stage should be a demonstration of love, not anger.
The toddler needs limits set on unacceptable demands, such limits offer
security. He should be praised liberally, but only when deserved.
J. Things to expect:
1. Sphincter control begins at age 2.
2. All deciduous teeth erupt by 21 months - 2 years.
3. Pot-bellied appearance.
K. 18 months
1. Is in the MY stage. 2. Vocabulary of 25 words.
3. Walks independently 4. Can use a spoon.
5. Climbs.
Appropriate toys: Push/pull toys, blocks.
L. 24 months
1. Negativistic 2. Temper tantrums
3. Transitional object 4. 2-4 word sentences, 400 words
5. Walks up/down stairs 6. Turns door knobs
7. Builds tower of 6 blocks 8. Removes clothes
9. Appropriate play: Parallel play, sand, riding toys, water play, finger paints.
10. Manage temper tantrums: Ignore behavior, monitor for safety.
11. Toddler uses NO excessively and shows assertiveness. Is curious how
parents will react to use of NO.
12. Overcriticizing and restricting the toddler may dampen his enthusiasm
and increase shame and doubt.
13. Total sleep required is 12-14 hours. Sleep problems are common.
14. Toilet training
A. Consider emotional readiness
B. The toddler acts to please others, trusts enough to give up his body
products, and begins autonomous behavior
C. Parents must be committed to establishing a toileting pattern and must
communicate well with the toddler.
D. Offer PRAISE for success - NEVER punishment for any failure.
E. Dont refer to bowel movements as being dirty or yucky. Excrement is
the toddlers first creation.
F. Introduce underpants as a badge of success and maturity.
G. Most toddlers achieve day dryness by age 18 months to 3 years and night
dryness by ages 2-5. NEVER punish for ACCIDENTS. If toddler is not
trained by age 5, seek further evaluation.
H. Toddler may fear being sucked into the toilet.
I. Teach proper wiping technique (front to back) and hand washing.
J. Toilet Training - when kid can communicate need to go (non verbal or
verbal), holds on to please mom and doesn't let go to please self, sphincter
control 18 months - 24 months (myelination of the cord is complete now),
motor skill. Ability to stay dry for 2 hours, can sit still on toilet for 5 - 10
minutes without fussing, curiosity about older people's habits. No right or
wrong time !
15. When the toddler starts climbing over the crib rails, switch to a bed.
16. Use locks on cabinets, keep handles away from edges of tables or stoves.
17. AVOID bean bag toys.
18. Appropriate toys: Nested toys, toys with parts that open and close. Toys
designed for pounding such as play hammers and drums. Toy telephones,
dolls. Provide the child with opportunities for positive imitative play. They
enjoy simple songs with repetitive rhymes as well as moving in time to music.
A musical activity should be scheduled into each day.
19. NUTRITION:
A. Toddler feeds himself, provide finger foods in small portions
B. Because of increased risk of aspiration avoid foods such as hot dogs,
grapes, nuts and candy (or cut into small pieces).
C. Nutritional needs decrease because of slow growth period.
D. Child may become a picky eater. Nutritional content of food is important.
E. The toddler shouldnt drink more than 24 ounces of milk a day in order to
have room for other nutritious food.



MILESTONES
By Age 3:
Able to jump in place Able to kick a ball
Able to ride a tricycle Able to state name, age, and gender
Able to copy a cross and circle Most speech is understandable by others
By Age 4:
Able to sing simple songs Able to draw a person with 3 or more body parts
Able to distinguish between reality and fantasy
Able to state first and last name
Able to build tower with at least 10 blocks
Able to hop on one foot at least 3 times
Able to throw ball over handed All speech is understandable
By Age 5: (Enters Kindergarten)
Able to dress self without assistance
Able to state entire name (first, middle, and last)
Able to state home address and home phone number
Able to follow 2-3 step directions
Able to count to 10 on fingers
Able to copy a triangle or square
Able to draw a person with head, body, and all extremities
Able to recognize most letters of the ABCs and able to print a few
Plays make believe
By Age 6:
Able to walk heel/tow forward and backwards
Able to hop on either foot
Able to catch baseball size ball with 2 hands
Able to feed self correctly using knife, fork, and spoon
Able to cut out simple shapes with scissors
Able to distinguish between right and left hand
Able to play games involving matching skills
Able to repeat simples nursery rhymes
Able to choose peers for play
Is protective of younger siblings


NCLEX QUESTIONS
1. When does birth length double - By 4 years
2. When does child sit unsupported - By 8 months
3. When does a child achieve 50% of adult height - 2 years
4. When does a child throw a ball overhand - 2 years
5. When does a child speak 2-3 word sentences - 2 years
6. When does a child use scissors - 4 years
7. When can a child tie his/her shoes - 5 years
8. Girls growth spurt during adolescence begins earlier than boys. May begin
as early as 10 years old.
9. Temper tantrums are common in the toddler; they are considered normal
or average behavior.
10. Adolescence is a time when the child forms his/her identity and that
rebellion against family values is common for this age group.


Dont foget to d/c aspirin 48 hours before the pt's scheduled OR.