PHYS 221

Electromagnetism (1)
2nd semester 1446

Prof. Omar Abd-Elkader

Lecture 1
 Prof. OMAR H. M. ABD-ELKADER
Office: 1B03 ( B4 )
Laboratory: SEM Lab AB87/04 (B5)
Prof. of Solid State Physics.
https://fac.ksu.edu.sa/omabdelkader7/home
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Omar_Abd_Elkader
 List of topics
 Vector and Scalar
 Electrostatics Fields, Electrostatics Force
 Gauss Law and its application,
 Electric potential Charge Dipoles
 Conductors and Insulators
 Capacitors
 The magnetic field of conductors with different shapes
 Ampere's law and its applications.
 Magnetic Force Induced electromotive force,
 Faraday's law, Lenz's law, magnetic properties of
matter
 Analysis of AC circuits, resonance in series and parallel
circuits.
 ‫توزيع الدرجات‪:‬‬
‫اإلختبار الفصلي األول ‪ 15‬درجة‬
‫اإلختبار الفصلي الثاني ‪ 15‬درجة‬
‫العملي ‪ 30‬درجة‪ 10 :‬درجة على التقارير و ‪ 20‬درجة على االختبار‬
‫اإلختبارالنهائي ‪ 40‬درجة‪.‬‬

‫‪Physics For Scientists And Engineers 10E By Serway And Jewett‬‬

Units and Dimensions
Some Prefixes for Powers Used with “Metric” (SI and cgs) Units

Power Prefix Abbreviation

1018 Exa E
1015 Peta P
1012 Tera or Viga T or V
109 Giga G
106 Mega M
103 Kilo K
101 Deca D
10-1 deci d
10-2 centi c
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro µ
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p
10-15 femto f
10-18 atto a
• DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
• In physics, the word dimension denotes the physical
nature of a quantity.
• In 1960, an international committee agreed on a
standard system of units for the fundamental
quantities of science, called SI
(Système International). Its units of length
(meter), mass (kilogram) and time are the meter
(second):(mks units).
• For example, The distance between two points, can
be measured in feet and meters.
Standard system of units for the fundamental quantities of science,
called SI (Système International). Its units of length (meter), mass
(kilogram) and time are the meter (second):(mks units).

Quantity Abbreviation Unit

Length or Ɩ, x, d, r, h m
Distance
Mass m kg
time t s

Force F= mg Newton kg m/s2

Capacitance C Farad

Charge Q, q Coulomb
Temperature T K,oC, oF

Energy K (KE), Joule kg m2/s2

U (PE)
 Volume of
• (Cube of side L) = L3

• (Sphere of Radius r) =

• (Cylinder of Radius L and Height H)

=
‫‪Density‬الكثافة‬
‫في الكميات الصغيرة من المائع يمكن كتابة الصيغة الرياضية في •‬
‫الصورة التالية‪:‬‬

‫‪m‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫وحدة قياس الكثافة •‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪Kg / m‬‬
‫‪gm / cm3‬‬
3.2 Vector and Scalar Quantities
A scalar quantity is completely specified by a single value with an
appropriate unit and has no direction.
Examples: volume, mass, speed, and time intervals.

A vector quantity is completely specified by a number and

appropriate units plus a direction.
Examples: displacement, velocity, and force.
3.3 Some Properties of Vectors
 Equality of Two Vectors:
A = B only if A = B and if A and B point in the same direction along
parallel lines.

 Adding Vectors
• The resultant vector R = A + B is the vector drawn from the tail of A
to the tip of B.
The commutative law of addition: A+B=B+A
The associative law of addition: A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C

 Negative of a Vector
A+(-A)=0. The vectors A and -A have the same magnitude but point in opposite
directions.

 Subtracting Vectors
• A-B=A+(-B)

 Multiplying a Vector by a Scalar

The product mA is a vector that has the same direction as A and
magnitude mA.
3
Example 3.2: A Vacation Trip
 A car travels 20.0 km due north and then 35.0 km in a direction 60.0°
west of north, as shown in Figure 3.12a. Find the magnitude and
direction of the car’s resultant displacement.
 ‫‪ -‬نظم اإلحداثيات )‪(Coordinate Systems‬‬ ‫‪ -‬المتجهات ‪(Vectors) :‬‬

‫نحتاج في حياتنا العملية إلى تحديد موقع جسم ما في الفراغ سواء كان ساكنا أم متحركا‪ ،‬ولتحديد موقع هذا الجسم فإننا‬
‫نستعين بما يعرف باإلحداثيات ‪ ،Coordinates‬وهناك نوعان من اإلحداثيات التي سوف نستخدمها وهما‬
‫‪ Rectangular coordinates‬و ‪.polar coordinates‬‬

‫اإلحداثيات الكارتيزية )‪(X,Y‬‬

‫اإلحداثيات القطبية )‪(r,θ‬‬

‫‪tan θ = y/x‬‬ ‫‪x = r cos θ‬‬

‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪x2  y 2‬‬ ‫‪y = r sin θ‬‬

 ‫‪ -‬مكونات (مركبات) المتجه ومتجه الوحدة‪:‬‬
‫‪Components of a vector and unit vector‬‬

‫‪ -‬يمكن تحليل أي متجه )‪ (A‬إلى مركبة سينية )‪ (Ax‬على المحور‬

‫السيني )‪ (x‬ومركبة صادية )‪(Ay‬على المحور الصادي )‪ (y‬حيث؛‬

‫‪Ax  A cos  & Ay  A sin ‬‬

‫‪Ay‬‬
‫‪A A  A‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪&   tan‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Ax‬‬
‫‪ -‬تعتمد أشارة المركبات السينية والصادية على‬
‫الزاوية ‪ ،θ‬كما هو موضح بالرسم‬

‫‪ -‬ملحوظة هامة‪ :‬للتعويض بالمعادالت السابقة لحساب المركبة السينية أو الصادية دائما‬
‫تؤخذ قيمة الزاوية بين المتجه والمحور السيني الموجب‬
Example 3.3 The Sum of Two Vectors
Example 3.4 The Resultant Displacement
 Electricity and Magnetism
•The laws of electricity and magnetism play a central role in
the operation of many modern devices.
•The interatomic and intermolecular forces responsible for the
formation of solids and liquids are electric in nature.

Introduction 22
 Electricity and Magnetism – Forces
•The concept of force links the study of electromagnetism to previous
study.
•The electromagnetic force between charged particles is one of the
fundamental forces of nature.

Introduction 23
Electric Charges
•There are two kinds of electric charges
• Called positive and negative
• Negative charges are the type possessed by electrons.
• Positive charges are the type possessed by protons.
•Charges of the same sign repel one another and charges with opposite
signs attract one another.

Section 23.1 24
Electric Charges, 2
•The rubber rod is negatively charged.
•The glass rod is positively charged.
•The two rods will attract.

Section 23.1 25
Electric Charges, 3
•The rubber rod is negatively charged.
•The second rubber rod is also
negatively charged.
•The two rods will repel.

Section 23.1 26
 More About Electric Charges
•Electric charge is always conserved in an isolated system.
• For example, charge is not created in the process of rubbing two
objects together.
• The electrification is due to a transfer of charge from one object to
another.

Section 23.1 27
Conservation of Electric Charges
•A glass rod is rubbed with silk.
•Electrons are transferred from the glass
to the silk.
•Each electron adds a negative charge to
the silk.
•An equal positive charge is left on the
rod.

Section 23.1 28
 Quantization of Electric Charges
•The electric charge, q, is said to be quantized.
• q is the standard symbol used for charge as a variable.
• Electric charge exists as discrete packets.
• q = Ne
• N is an integer
• e is the fundamental unit of charge
• |e| = 1.6 x 10-19 C
• Electron: q = -e
• Proton: q = +e

Section 23.1 29
 Conductors
•Electrical conductors are materials in which some of the electrons are
free electrons.
• Free electrons are not bound to the atoms.
• These electrons can move relatively freely through the material.
• Examples of good conductors include copper, aluminum and silver.
• When a good conductor is charged in a small region, the charge readily
distributes itself over the entire surface of the material.

Section 23.2 30
 Insulators
•Electrical insulators are materials in which all of the electrons are
bound to atoms.
• These electrons can not move relatively freely through the material.
• Examples of good insulators include glass, rubber and wood.
• When a good insulator is charged in a small region, the charge is unable to
move to other regions of the material.

Section 23.2 31
 Semiconductors
•The electrical properties of semiconductors are somewhere between
those of insulators and conductors.
•Examples of semiconductor materials include silicon and germanium.
• Semiconductors made from these materials are commonly used in making
electronic chips.
•The electrical properties of semiconductors can be changed by the
addition of controlled amounts of certain atoms to the material.

Section 23.2 32
 Charging by Induction
•Charging by induction requires no
contact with the object inducing the
charge.
•Assume we start with a neutral
metallic sphere.
• The sphere has the same number of
positive and negative charges.

Section 23.2 33
 Charging by Induction, 2

•B:
•A charged rubber rod is placed near
the sphere.
• It does not touch the sphere.
•The electrons in the neutral sphere
are redistributed.
•C:
•The sphere is grounded.
•Some electrons can leave the
sphere through the ground wire.

Section 23.2 34
 Charging by Induction, 3
•The ground wire is removed.
•There will now be more positive
charges.
•The charges are not uniformly
distributed.
•The positive charge has been
induced in the sphere.

Section 23.2 35
 Charging by Induction, 4

•The rod is removed.

•The electrons remaining on the
sphere redistribute themselves.
•There is still a net positive charge
on the sphere.
•The charge is now uniformly
distributed.
•Note the rod lost none of its
negative charge during this process.

Section 23.2 36
 Charge Rearrangement in
Insulators
•A process similar to induction can
take place in insulators.
•The charges within the molecules
of the material are rearranged.
•The proximity of the positive
charges on the surface of the object
and the negative charges on the
surface of the insulator results in an
attractive force between the object
and the insulator.

Section 23.2 37
 Charles Coulomb
•1736 – 1806
•French physicist
•Major contributions were in
areas of electrostatics and
magnetism
•Also investigated in areas of
• Strengths of materials
• Structural mechanics
• Ergonomics

Section 23.3 38
 Coulomb’s Law
•Charles Coulomb measured the
magnitudes of electric forces between
two small charged spheres.
•The force is inversely proportional to
the square of the separation r between
the charges and directed along the line
joining them.
•The force is proportional to the
product of the charges, q1 and q2, on
the two particles.
•The electrical force between two
stationary point charges is given by
Coulomb’s Law.

Section 23.3 39
 Point Charge
•The term point charge refers to a particle of zero size that carries an
electric charge.
• The electrical behavior of electrons and protons is well described
by modeling them as point charges.

Section 23.3 40
Coulomb’s Law, cont.
•The force is attractive if the charges are of opposite sign.
•The force is repulsive if the charges are of like sign.
•The force is a conservative force.

Section 23.3 41
Coulomb’s Law, Equation
•Mathematically,

q1 q 2
Fe  k e 2
r
•The SI unit of charge is the coulomb ©.
•ke is called the Coulomb constant.
• ke = 8.9876 x 109 N.m2/C2 = 1/(4πeo)
• eo is the permittivity of free space.
• eo = 8.8542 x 10-12 C2 / N.m2

Section 23.3 42
 Coulomb's Law, Notes
•Remember the charges need to be in coulombs.
• e is the smallest unit of charge.
• except quarks
• e = 1.6 x 10-19 C
• So 1 C needs 6.24 x 1018 electrons or protons
•Typical charges can be in the µC range.
•Remember that force is a vector quantity.

Section 23.3 43
 Particle Summary

•The electron and proton are identical in the magnitude of their charge, but very
different in mass.
•The proton and the neutron are similar in mass, but very different in charge.

Section 23.3 44
Vector Nature of Electric Forces
•In vector form,
q1q2
F12  k e 2
rˆ12
r
r̂12
• is a unit vector directed from q1 to
q2.
•The like charges produce a repulsive
force between them.

Section 23.3 45
Vector Nature of Electrical Forces, cont.
•Electrical forces obey Newton’s Third Law.
•The force on q1 is equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction to the force on q2

F21  F12
•With like signs for the charges, the product q1q2 is
positive and the force is repulsive.

Section 23.3 46
 Vector Nature of Electrical Forces, 3
•Two point charges are separated
by a distance r.
•The unlike charges produce an
attractive force between them.
•With unlike signs for the charges,
the product q1q2 is negative and
the force is attractive.

Section 23.3 47
A Final Note about Directions
•The sign of the product of q1q2 gives the relative direction of the force
between q1 and q2.
•The absolute direction is determined by the actual location of the
charges.

Section 23.3 48
Ex1. The electron and proton of a hydrogen atom are separated (on the average)
by a distance of approximately 5.3 x 10-11 m. Find the magnitudes of the electric
force and the gravitational force between the two particles.
 Multiple Charges

•The resultant force on any one charge equals the vector

sum of the forces exerted by the other individual charges
that are present.
• Remember to add the forces as vectors.
•The resultant force on q1 is the vector sum of all the
forces exerted on it by other charges.

F1  F21  F31  F41

•For example, if four charges are present, the resultant
force on one of these equals the vector sum of the forces
exerted on it by each of the other charges.

Section 23.3 50
Ex.2 Consider three point charges located at the corners of a right triangle
as shown in Figure, where q1 = q3 = 5.0 μC, q2 =- 2.0 μC, and a = 0.10 m.
Find the resultant force exerted on q3.
Zero Resultant Force, Example
•Where is the resultant force equal to
zero?
• The magnitudes of the individual
forces will be equal.
• Directions will be opposite.
•Will result in a quadratic
•Choose the root that gives the forces in
opposite directions.

Section 23.3 54
 Electrical Force with Other Forces,
Example
•The spheres are in equilibrium.
•Since they are separated, they exert
a repulsive force on each other.
• Charges are like charges
•Model each sphere as a particle in
equilibrium.
•Proceed as usual with equilibrium
problems, noting one force is an
electrical force.

Section 23.3 57
Electrical Force with Other Forces, Example
cont.
•The force diagram includes
the components of the
tension, the electrical force,
and the weight.
•Solve for |q|
•If the charge of the spheres is
not given, you cannot
determine the sign of q, only
that they both have same sign.

Section 23.3 58