IT CHEAT SHEET 2024
Table of Contents
Read From File ....................................................................................................................... 2
Writing to a Text File:............................................................................................................... 3
Highest/ Lowest of thing: ........................................................................................................ 4
Sorting from Smallest to Biggest ............................................................................................. 5
Find Many := FOR-LOOP ......................................................................................................... 6
Find ONE:= WHILE LOOP ........................................................................................................ 7
Example delete one item: ....................................................................................................... 8
Example to delete many names as per user input: ................................................................... 9
Example inserting at a certain position: ................................................................................. 10
Removing Duplicates: .......................................................................................................... 11
Swap Values of Two Variables ............................................................................................... 12
Count Number of instances.................................................................................................. 13
Formulas: ............................................................................................................................ 14
Find Even/ Odd .................................................................................................................... 15
Determine factors of a number ............................................................................................. 16
Reverse a string:................................................................................................................... 17
Isolate digits in a string: ........................................................................................................ 17
Finding Vowels : ................................................................................................................... 18
Replace characters in a String: ............................................................................................. 19
Procedure with Parametres : ................................................................................................. 20
Function with parameters:.................................................................................................... 20
DataBases: .......................................................................................................................... 24
Navigation ........................................................................................................................... 24
Find One in DB: .................................................................................................................... 26
No Duplicates ...................................................................................................................... 27
Duplicates ........................................................................................................................... 28
Insert into DB ....................................................................................................................... 29
Edit ONE record: .................................................................................................................. 30
Edit MANY records: .............................................................................................................. 31
Delete ONE Record: ............................................................................................................. 32
Delete MANY Records: ......................................................................................................... 33
Multiple Tables:.................................................................................................................... 34
1|Pa ge
Read From File
Var
tFile: TextFile;
sLine : String ;
iPos : Integer ;
begin Read from File NB!:
if FileExists('Shopping.txt') <> true then 1. FileExists
Begin 2. AssignFile(tfile,
Showmessage('File does not exist'); ‘Shops.txt’)
End; 3. Reset(tFile)
4. While Not
EOF(tFile) &
AssignFile(tFile, 'Shopping.txt.');
(iCount < 30)
Reset(tFile);
5. ReadLn(tfile,sLine)
iCount := 0;
6. CloseFile(tFile)
while not EOF(tFile) and (iCount < 30) do
Begin
Readln(tFile, sLine);
iCount := iCount + 1 ;
//OREO#1#4.99
iPos := Pos('#', sLine) ;
arrName[iCount] := Copy(sLine,1,iPos-1) ;
Delete(sLine,1,iPos) ;
iPos := Pos('#', sLine) ;
arrNumber[iCount] := StrToInt(Copy(sLine,1,iPos-1)) ;
Delete(sLine,1,iPos) ;
arrAmount[iCount] := StrToInt(Copy(sLine,1,iPos-1)) ;
End;
CloseFile(tFile) ;
2|Pa ge
Writing to a Text File:
Need To test if space
If iCount = 30 then
Begin
Showmessage(‘No more space’) ;
Exit;
End;
Inc(iCount) ;
arrShop[iCount] := Inputbox(‘Shop,’Enter name’,’’) ;
arrCustomers[iCount] := RandomRange(10,100) ; Get value from user
arrProfit[iCount] := StrToFloat(edtInput.Text) ;
AssignFile(tFile,’Shops.txt’);
If FileExists(‘Shops.txt’) <> true then
Rewrite(tFile) //Create the file
Else
Append(tfile) //Open the file to add to end
WriteLn(tFile,arrShop[iCount],’#’,arrCustomers[iCount],’*’,FloatToStrF(arrProfit[iCount],
ffFixed,10,2)) ;
Writing to text File NB:
1. Test for Space
2. Inc(iCount)
3. AssignFile(tFile,’..txt’)
4. FileExists(‘txt’) <> true then
a. Rewrite(tFile)
else
b. Append(tFile)
5. WriteLn(tFile,……)
3|Pa ge
Highest/ Lowest of thing:
Var
I, iHigh, iLow: Integer;
begin
iLow := 1;
iHigh := 1;
for I := 2 to iCount do
Begin
if arrAmount[I] < arrAmount[iLow] then
iLow := I ;
if arrAmount[I] > arrAmount[iHigh] then
iHigh := I ;
End;
redOutput.Lines.Add('Most Expensive was
‘+'+Uppercase(arrName[iHigh])+'@'+FloatToStrF(arrAmount[iHigh],ffCurrency,10,2)) ;
redOutput.Lines.Add('Least Expensive was’+
'+Uppercase(arrName[iLow])+'@'+FloatToStrF(arrAmount[iLow],ffCurrency,10,2)) ;
4|Pa ge
Sorting from Smallest to Biggest
For iOut := 1 to iCount - 1 do
For iIn := iOut + 1 to Count do
If arrCustomers[iIn] < arrCustomers[iOut] then
Begin
sKeep := arrShopliOut];
arrShop[iOut] arrShop|iIn];
arrShop[iIn] := sKeep;
iKeep := arrCustomers[iIn];
arrCustomers[iIn]:= arrCustomers[iOut];
arrCustomers[iOut] :=iKeep;
rKeep := arrProfit[iOut];
arrProfit[iOut] := arrProfit[iIn];
arrProfit[iIn] := rKeep;
End;
For k := 1 to iCount do
Begin
redOutput.Lines.Add(‘Highest’+ IntToStr(arrCustomers[k]) ;
End ;
Use normal display to
display it
5|Pa ge
Find Many := FOR-LOOP
Example: Search for a name that could appears many times in the array:
bFind := false;
for k:= 1 to Count do
if Uppercase(sSearch) = Uppercase(arrName[k]) then
begin
bFind := true;
redOutput lines.Add(arrName[k] + #9+ arrSurname[k]);
end;//if
Many you display the
output IN the loop
if bFind <> true then
Begin
redOutput lines.Add(sSearch +' was not found');
End;
6|Pa ge
Find ONE:= WHILE LOOP
Example: Search for the first occurrence in the array of the province entered:
bFind := false;
k:= 0;
while (k <iCount) and (bFind <> true) do
begin
inc(k);
if Uppercase(sSearch) = Uppercase(arrProvince[k]) then
bFind := true;
end;/While
if bFind <> true then
redOutput.lines.Add(sSearch+' was not found')
else
redOutput.lines.Add(arrProvince[k]+#9+arrPremier[k]+#9+IntToStr(arrCitie
s[k])) ;
One you display the output
OUTSIDE the loop
7|Pa ge
Example delete one item:
Search for the item making the loop stop once found.
Search := edtName. Text;
bFind:= false;
iDeletePos:= 0;
while (DeletePos < iCount) and (bFind <> true) do begin
inc(iDeletePos);
if Uppercase(sSearch) = Uppercase(arrName[iDeletePos]) then
bFind := true;
end;//while One Item ends the first while
Outside the loop, test if the item was found and delete if it was.
if bFind <> true then
redOutput.lines.Add(sSearch+' was not found.')
else
begin
for k:= iDeletePos to iCount -1 do begin
arrName[k]:= arName[k +1] ;
arrSurname[k]:= arrSurname[k +1];
arrMark[k] := arrMark[k 1] ;
arrGrade[k]:= arrGrade|k +1] ; arrName[iCount+1] := ‘’ ;
end; arrSurname[iCount+1} := ‘’ ;
arrMark[iCount + 1] := 0 ;
dec(iCount) ; arrGrade[iCount = 1] := 0 ;
Gets ride of duplicate
value at end
8|Pa ge
Example to delete many names as per user input:
Search := InputBox('Name', 'Enter the name you would like to search
for',’John');
bFind := false;
iDeletePos:= 0;
while iDeletePos < iCount do
begin
Inc(iDeletePos);
if Uppercase(sSearch) = Uppercase(arrName[iDeletePos]) then
begin
bFind:= true;
for k:= iDeletePos to iCount - 1 do
begin
arrName[k] := arrName[k +1];
arrSurname[k] := arrSurname[k +1];
arrMark[k] := arrMark[k +1];
arrGrade[k] := arrGrade[k +1];
end; //for
Dec(iDeletePos);
Dec(iCount);
end;
9|Pa ge
Example inserting at a certain position:
iPos:= StrTolnt(edtinput.Text);
for k:= iCount Down To iPos do begin
arrName[k +1]:= arrName[k];
arrSurname|k +1]:= arrSurname|k|;
arrMark[k +1] := arrMark[k];
arr Grade[k +1] := arr Grade[k] ;
end;
arrName[iPos] := sName;
arrSurname[iPos] := sSurname;
arrMark[iPos] := iMark;
arrGrade[iPos] := iGrade;
inc(iCount);
10 | P a g e
Removing Duplicates:
iDup := 0;
for k:= 1 to iCount do
begin
bDuplicates := false;
for iCheck := 1 to iDup do
if UpperCase(arrNewName[iCheck]) = UpperCase(arrName[k]) then
bDuplicates := True;
if NOT bDuplicates then begin
Inc(iDup);
arrNewName[iDup] := arrName[k];
arrNewSurname[iDup] := arrSurname[k];
arrNewMark[iDup] := arrMark[k];
arrNewGrade[iDup] := arrGrade[k];
end;
end;
Overwrite the original array if needed / asked to do so:
iCount:= iDup;
for k:= 1 to iCount do
begin
arrName[k] := arrNewName[k]; Only exist in RAM
arrSurname[k] := arrNewSurname|k]; need to Rewrite and
arrMark[k] := arrNewMark[k]; WriteLn to add to
arrGrade[k] := arrNewGrade[k]; tFile
11 | P a g e
Swap Values of Two Variables
rKeep := rValue1 ;
rValue1 := rValue2 ;
rValue2 := rKeep
12 | P a g e
Count Number of instances
arrSearch : array of String ;
function Count Instances
var
k, iCount: Integer;
sSearch : String ;
Begin
sSearch := edtSearch.Text ;
iCount := 0;
for k := 1 to 100 do
if arrSearch[k] = sSearch then
Inc(Count);
Result := iCount;
end;
13 | P a g e
Formulas:
iNum := 20 MOD 2 ; → 0 MOD→ Remainder
iNum := 20 DIV 2 ; → 10
DIV→ Integer
14 | P a g e
Find Even/ Odd
Begin
If rNumber mod 2 = 0 then
sResult := “Even”
else
sResult := “Odd” ;
end;
15 | P a g e
Determine factors of a number
var
iNum, i: Integer;
begin
iNum := 12;
//Factors
for I := 1 to iNum do
begin
if number mod I = 0 then
iFactor := I ;
end;
16 | P a g e
Reverse a string:
var
soriginal, sreversed: String;
i: Integer;
begin
soriginal := 'Delphi';
sreversed := '';
for i := Length(original) downto 1 do
sreversed := sreversed + soriginal[i];
end;
Isolate digits in a string:
var
s: String;
i: Integer;
begin
s := 'a1b2c3';
for i := 1 to Length(s) do
if s[i] in ['0'..'9'] then
sNew := sNew + s[i] ;
end;
17 | P a g e
Finding Vowels :
var
s: String;
i: Integer;
begin
s := 'Delphi Programming';
for i := 1 to Length(s) do
if s[i] in ['A', 'E', 'I', 'O', 'U', 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u'] then
sNew := sNew + s[i] ;
end;
18 | P a g e
Replace characters in a String:
var
s: String;
i: Integer;
begin
s := 'Delphi Programming';
for i := 1 to Length(s) do
if s[i] = 'P' then
s[i] := 'B';
end;
19 | P a g e
Procedure with Parametres :
Procedure DON’T use Result
procedure Greet(name: String);
Function USE Result
begin
WriteLn('Hello, ', name);
end;
begin
Greet('Alice');
end.
Function with parameters:
function Add(a, b: Integer): Integer;
begin Result
Result := a + b; equals the
datatype
end;
begin
WriteLn('Sum: ', Add(5, 10));
end.
Function Add(a,b : Integer) : Integer ;
(Receive) (Return)
20 | P a g e
21 | P a g e
.
22 | P a g e
23 | P a g e
DataBases:
Navigation
Code can be used to move the file pointer to another active record:
Code Description
tblLearners.First; To move the pointer to the first record
tblLearners.Prior; To move the pointer to the previous record
tblLearners.Next; To move the pointer to the next record
tblLearners.Last; To move the pointer to the last record
tblLearners.RecNo:= iNum; To move the record pointer to a specific record
number indicated by an Integer number
Code Description
tblLearners.RecordCount Holds the number of active records in the
table
If tblLearner[‘Name’] = NULL then To find values that were not complete // Empty
Code Description
tblLearners.Sort := ‘Surname’ Ascending Sort
tblLearners.Sort := ‘Surname DESC’ Descending Sort
Two Fields Sort
tblLearners.Sort := ‘Surname, Name DESC’ Descending sort in TWO fields
24 | P a g e
Primary Keys:
If the primary key in the database is an AutoNumber datatype there will be no code to add the
number, since the next number will automatically be insert.
Some question could have the current Primary Key as an Integer number that is the same as the
number of records in the table. In this instance use RecordCount +1 to add a unique number.
THEREFORE
Primary Key = AUTONUMBER
No Code
Primary Key = Integer Number
Use
RecordCount +1
Eg.
tbILearner['LearnerlD'] := tblLearner.RecordCount + 1;
Loop Through Tables:
tblLearner.First ;
While not tblLearner.EOF do
Begin
tblLearner.Next;
end;
25 | P a g e
Find One in DB:
Example: Find one and make the loop stop once found
sName := ……(searching)
iGrade:= …..(searching)
bFind := False;
tbILearner. First;
While not tbILearner.Eof and (bFind <> True) do begin
if (tbILearner['Name'] = sName) and (tblLearner['Grade'] = iGrade ) then
begin
bFind := True;
redOutput.Lines.Add(tbILearner['Name'] +' '+ IntToStrtbILearner[‘Mark']));
end;//if
tblLearner.Next;
end;//While
if not bFind then
ShowMessage(sName+' in ' +IntToStriGrade) +' has not been found')
26 | P a g e
No Duplicates
Populate ComboBox / radiogroup / ListBox
tbITeacher.First;
while not tblTeacher.Eof do
begin
rgpTeacher.Items.Add(tb|Teacher [ID];
tblTeacher Next;
end;
rgp Teacher. Caption := 'Select a teacher ID';
27 | P a g e
Duplicates
Populate ComboBox / radiogroup / ListBox
tbILearner. First;
while not tblLearner.Eof do
begin
if cmbRegClass.Items.IndexOf(tblLearner ['RegClass']) < 0 then
cmbRegClass.Items.Add(tbILearner ['RegClass']);
tbILearner.Next;
end;
cmbRegClass.Text := 'Select a register class';
28 | P a g e
Insert into DB
With dmUser do
tblLearner.Insert;
tbILearner['LearnerlD'] := tblLearner.RecordCount + 1;
tbILearner['TeacherlD']:= tb|Teacher['ID'];
tbILearner['Name'] := 'John';
tbILearner['Surname']:= edtSurname.Text;
tbILearner|'Grade']:= 11;
tb|Learner['Mark'] := iMark;
tb|Learner['Paid'] := True;
tblLearner['Connected] := chkConnected.Checked;
tb|Learner['Date Registered'] := Date;
tbILearner.Post;
29 | P a g e
Edit ONE record:
Example: Search for and change one record.
bFind := false;
tbILearner.First;
while not tblLearner.Eof and (bFind <> True) do begin
if (tbILearner ['Name'] = sName) and (tblLearner ['Grade'] = Grade ) then
begin
bFind := True;
tblLearner.Edit;
tb|Learner['Mark']:= tblLearner['Mark'] + 10;
tblLearner.Post;
end; /if
tblLearner.Next; • Use the users input to determine which record
end; //while
needs to be changed
• Find the record and make the loop stop once
found
• .Edit and .Post must be placed inside the if
statement
30 | P a g e
Edit MANY records:
Example: Changing multiple records.
tblLearner. First;
while not tblLearner.Eof do begin
If tblLearner ['Grade'] = 11 then
begin
tolLearner. Edit;
tolLearner["Mark']:= tblLearner['Mark'] + 10;
tblLearner.Post;
end; /if
tblLearner.Next; //NB!! Outside the If but inside the While end; //while
end; //While
• Use the user's input to determine which
records need to change.
• Place the .Edit and .Post inside the While
loop.
31 | P a g e
Delete ONE Record:
Example: Delete one record and stop the loop once the record was found.
bFind := false;
tbILearner.First;
while not tbILearner.Eof and (bFind <> True) do
begin
if (tbILearner ['Name'] = sName) and (tblLearner ['Grade'] = iGrade ) then
begin
tblLearner. Delete;
bFind := True;
end //f
else
tbILearner.Next;
end; /While
• Use the user's input to determine which record needs
to be deleted.
• Search for the record and make the loop stop once
found, using a Boolean flag variable.
• Delete the record.
• Place the Next in the ELSE of the If-statement.
32 | P a g e
Delete MANY Records:
Example: Delete all the grade 12 learners' records.
iCount := 0; TIP:
tbILearner. First; If you have to click on the event
while not tblLearner. Eof do more than once to remove all
begin
the data you are searching for,
you probably did not placed
If tbILearner ['Grade] = 12 then
the Next in the else.
Begin
tbILearner.Delete;
inc(iCount);
end//If else
tblLearner.Next; //NB!! In the else
end;/While
if iCount <> 0 then
ShowMessage(IntToStriCount) + ' grade 12 learners were deleted')
Else
ShowMessage('No grade 12 learners were found');
• Use a While loop to search for the records to be deleted, without
making the loop stop once a record was found that met the condition.
• Place the .Next in the else of the If-statement. If a record is deleted,
the active record will move to the next record, since the current one is
no longer there. It is for this reason that the Next is placed in the else, so
records are not skipped once one was deleted.
33 | P a g e
Multiple Tables:
Example: Display the learner and teacher names for all grade 11's.
tblUsername.First;
while not tblUsername.Eof do
begin
if tblUsername['Grade'] = 11 then
begin
tblTeacher. First;
while not tblTeacher.Eof do
begin
if tblUsername['TeacherlD'] = tblTeacher['ID'] then //Find the linked field
redOutput.Lines.Add(tblUsername['Names'] +' '+ tblTeacher|'Teacher']);
tbITeacher. Next;
end;//while tblTeacher
end;// if Grade
tblUsername.Next;
end;//while tblUsername
34 | P a g e
