International Islamic University Islamabad

Faculty of Engineering & Technology

Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

POWER DISTRIBUTION AND UTILIZATION LAB

Experiment No. 2: Introduction to MATLAB Simulink and ETAP simulation

tools used in Power Systems.

Name of Student: ……………………………………

Registration No.: ……………………………………..

Date of Experiment: …………………………………

Submitted To: ………………………………………...

Experiment No. 2: Simulation Tools Page 1

 Objective:

✓ To learn and understand the Simulink tool of MATLAB in implementing the Power System
model and analyze them.

✓ To learn and understand the Simulink tool of the Electrical Transient Application Program
(ETAP) in implementing the Power System model and carry on a load flow analysis.

Introduction

Modeling & Simulation software hold great value for power system designers. Engineers have to use
such software all the time to analyze and test their designs before actual implementation. Simulation
software is used for various analyses like cost-benefit analyses, feasibility analysis, protection
coordination, etc. before deploying the system. Electrical Engineers use industry-standard software to test
their proposed designs. Simulation tools like MATLAB and ETAP play a crucial role in the dynamic
field of power system analysis. They act as virtual laboratories, allowing engineers to experiment and
understand complex electrical systems without real-world consequences. MATLAB, with its Simulink
feature, provides a user-friendly platform for modeling and simulating power systems, making it an
invaluable tool for understanding their behavior. On the other hand, ETAP, an electrical engineering
software, empowers users to analyze, design, and optimize power systems efficiently.

Introduction to Simulink for Power Distribution

Simulink provides a GUI (Graphical User Interface) based modeling environment, for
modeling, simulating, and analyzing multi-domain dynamic systems. For power engineers, an
important toolbox in Simulink is Simscape. Simscape toolbox contains physical modeling
toolboxes that can be used for power systems, Mechatronics, Robotics, System Design &
Simulation, Mathematical Modeling, and Control Systems. Simscape can be classified into
two libraries givenbelow:
i. Foundation Libraries

ii. Utilities Library

Foundation Libraries:

Simscape Foundation libraries contain a comprehensive set of basic elements and

building blocks such as:
➢ Mechanical building blocks for representing one-dimensional translational and
rotationalmotion.
➢ Electrical building blocks for representing electrical components and circuits.

➢ Magnetic building blocks that represent electromagnetic components.

Experiment No. 2: Simulation Tools Page 2

 ➢ Hydraulic building blocks that model fundamental hydraulic effects and can be
combined tocreate more complex hydraulic components.
➢ Thermal building blocks that model fundamental thermal effects.

➢ Thermal liquid building blocks that model fundamental thermodynamic effects in liquids.

➢ Two-phase fluid building blocks that model fundamental thermodynamic effects in

systems where the working agent is part liquid and part vapor.
➢ Physical signals block library that lets you perform math operations on physical
signals, and graphically enter equations inside the physical network.
➢ In the Simscape Foundation library, two different libraries (SimElectronics, and
SimPowerSystems) are available in which different electronic components, power
devices, and systems are available.
➢ SimElectronics library provides component libraries for modeling and simulating
electronic systems. It includes models of semiconductor, motor, drive, sensor, and
actuator components. You can connect SimElectronics blocks directly to Simscape
blocks.
➢ SimPowerSystems library provides component libraries for modeling and simulating
electrical power systems. It includes models of three-phase machines, electric drives,
flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) wind power generators, etc. These models
can be used for the generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption of
electrical power. Harmonic analysis, load flow analysis, calculation of total harmonic
distortion (THD), and other key electrical power system analyses can be automated.
Utility Library:

In addition to Foundation libraries, there is also a Simscape Utilities library,

which contains utility blocks, such as:

➢ Solver configuration block, which contains parameters relevant to numerical

algorithms for Simscape simulations. Each Simscape diagram (or each topologically
distinct physical network in a diagram) must contain a Solver configuration block.

➢ Simulink-PS converter block and PS-Simulink converter block, to connect

Simscape and Simulink blocks. Use the Simulink-PS converter block to connect
Simulink outports to physical signal inputs. Use the PS-Simulink converter block to
connect physical signal outports to Simulink inputs.
You can combine all these blocks in your Simscape diagrams to model physical systems.
You can also use the basic Simulink blocks in your diagrams, such as sources or scopes.

Experiment No. 2: Simulation Tools Page 3

 Implementing a Power System using Simulink

In this lab, we shall be implementing some basic models related to power systems to build our

understanding of how power systems are built and analyzed. Implement the following examples on your

MATLAB.

Example: Single Phase Series Compensated Transmission and Distribution System

This example shows frequency-domain and time-domain analysis of a series-compensated transmission

and distribution system.
A 735 kV, 300 km line is used to transmit power from bus B1 (735 kV equivalent system) to bus B2 (315
kV equivalent). To simplify, only one phase of the system has been represented. To increase the
transmission capacity, the line is series compensated at its center by a capacitor representing 40% of the
line reactance. The line is also shunt compensated at both ends by a 330 Mvar shunt reactance (110 Mvar
/phase). Open the Series Compensation subsystem. Notice that the series capacitor is protected by a metal
oxide varistor (MOV) simulated by the Surge Arrester block. The 250 MVA, 735 kV / 315 kV
transformer is a Saturable Transformer block simulating one phase of the three-phase 750 MVA
transformer. A Multimeter block is used to monitor the fault current and the transformer's flux and
magnetizing current.
Simulation

The transient performance of this circuit can be studied when a 6-cycle fault is applied at node B2. The
fault is simulated by the Breaker block. Switching times are defined in the Breaker block menu (closing
at t = 3 cycles and opening at t = 9 cycles). The model is shown below.

Figure 2.1 Simulink model of Single-Phase Series compensated Transmission and distribution System
Implement the system on the Simulink and verify the following output.

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 Figure 2.2 Output waveforms

Example: Three-phase Transmission and Distribution System

This example shows the use of three-phase blocks to study transients on a series-compensated 735-kV

transmission and distribution system.

A three-phase, 60 Hz, 735 kV power system transmitting power from a power plant consisting of six 350
MVA generators to an equivalent network through a 600 km transmission line. The transmission line is
split in two 300 km lines connected between buses B1,B2, and B3. To increase the transmission capacity,
each line is series compensated by capacitors representing 40% of the line reactance. Both lines are also
shunt compensated by a 330 Mvar shunt reactance. The shunt and series compensation types of
equipment are located at the B2 substation where a 300 MVA 735/230 kV transformer with a 25 kV
tertiary winding feeds a 230 kV, 250 MW load. The series compensation subsystems are identical for the
two lines. For each line, each phase of the series compensation module contains the series capacitor, a
metal oxide varistor (MOV) protecting the capacitor, and a parallel gap protecting the MOV. When the
energy dissipated in the MOV exceeds a threshold level of 30 MJ, the gap simulated by a circuit breaker
is fired. CB1 and CB2 are the two-line circuit breakers. The generators are simulated with a Simplified

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Synchronous Machine block. Universal transformer blocks (two-windings and three-windings) are used
to model the two transformers. Saturation is implemented on the transformer connected to bus B2.
Voltages and currents are measured in B1, B2, and B3 blocks. These blocks are Three-phase V-I
Measurement blocks where voltage and current signals are sent to the Data Acquisition block through
Goto blocks.

Figure 2.3 Simulink model of Three-Phase Series compensated Transmission and Distribution System.

Electrical Transient and Analysis Program (ETAP)

ETAP (Electrical Transient and Analysis Program) is a powerful software tool widely used in the field of
electrical engineering for the design, analysis, simulation, and operation of power systems. Developed by
Operation Technology, Inc., ETAP is recognized as a comprehensive and integrated solution that caters
to the diverse needs of electrical engineers, planners, and operators. Key features of ETAP include:
✓ System Modeling and Analysis:
ETAP allows users to create detailed models of electrical power systems, including generators,
transformers, transmission lines, distribution systems, and various types of loads. This comprehensive
modeling capability enables engineers to simulate and analyze the behavior of the entire power network
under different operating conditions.
✓ Load Flow Analysis:
The software performs load flow studies to analyze the steady-state behavior of power systems. This
includes determining voltage levels, power factor, and power flow throughout the network, helping
engineers ensure that the system meets operational requirements.

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 ✓ Short Circuit Analysis:
ETAP facilitates short circuit analysis to evaluate the impact of faults on the power system. This is
crucial for designing protective devices and ensuring the system's resilience against unexpected events.
✓ Transient Stability Analysis:
Transient stability studies assess the system's ability to maintain synchronism under dynamic conditions,
such as during sudden disturbances or faults. ETAP helps engineers identify potential stability issues and
design solutions to enhance system performance.
✓ Harmonic Analysis:
Harmonic analysis in ETAP allows engineers to evaluate the presence of harmonics in the power system,
which can result from non-linear loads. Identifying and mitigating harmonics is essential to prevent
equipment damage and ensure the reliability of the electrical network.
✓ Optimization and Planning:
ETAP aids in the optimization and planning of power systems by providing tools for capacity planning,
reliability analysis, and economic dispatch. Engineers can make informed decisions regarding system
expansion, upgrades, and overall operational efficiency.
✓ Real-Time Operation:
ETAP offers real-time capabilities, allowing users to monitor and control power systems in real time.
This is particularly valuable for operators who need to make quick decisions to maintain system stability
and reliability.
✓ Compliance and Reporting:
The software assists in compliance with industry standards and regulations by generating detailed reports
and documentation. This is crucial for ensuring that power systems adhere to safety and reliability
standards.
ETAP software plays a vital role in the electrical engineering field by providing a comprehensive suite of
tools for the design, analysis, and operation of power systems. Its versatility and robust features make it
an essential tool for professionals working in the planning, design, and operation of electrical networks.
ETAP Interface

you can graphically add, delete, relocate, and connect elements, zoom in or out, display the grid off or

on, change element size, change element orientation, change symbols, hide or show protective devices,

enter properties, set operating status, and more.

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 Figure 2.4 ETAP Interface

Building One Line Diagram Using ETAP

Following are the steps to build a line diagram.

1. To begin, start ETAP by double-clicking the icon on your desktop.

2. Go to File > New and create a new project by giving it a suitable name and save it on your

computer.

3. To build or edit a one-line diagram in ETAP, you must be in Edit Mode. Click the Edit button on

the Mode toolbar.

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 4. On the AC Edit toolbar, select a Power Grid (Utility) element by clicking on the Power Grid

button. The cursor will change to the Power Grid icon when moving over the OLV. Click

anywhere in the OLV to place a Utility on your one-line diagram.

5. By following the same procedure, insert the following elements.

Experiment No. 2: Simulation Tools Page 9

 6. You can stretch buses by placing the mouse pointer over either end of the bus, until a double

arrow appears. Then click and drag to the desired length.

7. Now connect the elements in the one-line. Place the mouse pointer over the connection pin of an

element, and it will turn red or pink. Then click and drag to the connection pin of another

element. Follow this procedure to connect all the elements on the one-line. In the case of buses,

the entire element graphic functions as a connection point. Notice that a node is automatically

inserted when connecting the cable to the transformer.

8. Connect all the elements using the same instructions until you make the following OLD.

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 9. The next step is to set the properties of all the blocks in the OLD. Double-click on each block

one by one and set their parameters as following:

10. You can also manipulate the orientation and appearance of elements in the OLD. A list of

options will appear if you right-click an element graphic. For example, you can rotate a power

grid or load by right-clicking on it, select Orientation, and then select a rotation angle.

11. Ensure that there is enough room between the elements you wish to add a Protective Device

(PD). Adding a PD to your one-line does not require you to delete the line connecting the

elements, instead, insert the PD onto the line where you like it to be. The PD will automatically

connect to the line. Follow this procedure to add the remaining PDs shown in the final one-line.

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 12. To check if an element is energized click on the continuity icon located in the project

toolbar. All elements that are not energized will be grayed out. For example, with the continuity

check on, open CB4. As shown in the figure to the right, CB4 and elements downstream are

grayed out.

Once everything is set and complete, OLD is ready for analysis.

Running Load Flow Analysis on ETAP

1. Click the Load Flow Analysis button on the Mode toolbar to switch to Load Flow

Analysis mode. Now you can run a study by clicking on the Run Load Flow button on the Load

Flow toolbar. You will be prompted to enter a name for your output report if Prompt is selected.

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 2. The results of the study can be seen on the OLD. The information shown on the OLD can be

changed in the Display Options. For even more detailed results, output reports can be viewed.

3. To view any overload problems, simply click the Alert View button on the Load Flow toolbar. This will

open a window containing a list of undersized equipment.

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4. The Load Flow Result Analyzer allows you to view the results of various load flow studies in one

screen so you can analyze and compare the different results. You can compare the results of general

information about the project or more specific information such as the results contained from buses,

branches, loads or sources in a load flow study. The Load Flow Result Analyzer is a time saving tool

that allows you to compare and analyze different reports coming from different projects, within the

same directory, in a single display.

Experiment No. 2: Simulation Tools Page 14

 EXERCISE

1. Create a power system single-line diagram using Simulink. Include a power source

(generator), a transformer, a load, and a breaker. Use appropriate blocks and connections

to represent the flow of power from the source to the load. Ensure that the diagram is

clear and organized, with labels for each component.

2. Simulate the power system to monitor voltage and current at different points. Implement

voltage and current sensors at the generator output, transformer terminals, and load side.

Plot the waveforms of voltage and current for each component. Analyze the simulation

results and provide a summary of how voltage and current vary across the system.

3. Introduce a fault (e.g., short circuit) in the power system and implement protective

devices using Simulink. Include circuit breakers to detect and isolate the fault. Simulate

the system response to the fault and observe how the protective devices operate to

maintain system stability. Write the observation note.

4. Implement the following Model using ETAP OLD and attach Load Flow Analysis.

A grid station generating 25KV provides power to an area with a lump load of 1MW.

The distance between grid and load is 100KM. Include necessary modules as well.

Experiment No. 2: Simulation Tools Page 15