TETE 1201 ENGINEERING

MATHEMATICS II
 This course builds on  By the end of the course,
Engineering Math I students should be able
to:
 Mainly covers:
o Demonstrate advanced
o integral calculus
knowledge in
o differential equations engineering mathematics
o probability theory. concepts.

o Apply engineering
mathematics concepts
and theorems to telecom
and electrical
engineering.
2.1 Integral
Calculus
 The Antiderivative
The reverse operation of finding a derivative is called the
antiderivative. A function F is an antiderivative of a function
f if dF (x )
= f (x )
dx
Theorem 1:
1) Find the antiderivative of F (x ) = 5 If a function
Find several functions that have the derivative of 5 has more than
one
Answer; 5 x , 5 x + 3, 5 x − 12 antiderivative,
2) Find the antiderivative of F ( x ) = x
2 then the
antiderivatives
Find several functions that have the derivative of x2 differ by at
most a constant.

Answer: 1 3 1 3 1 3
x ; or x + ; or x − e
3 3 3
 Indefinite Integral
The expression:
 f ( x)dx
read “the indefinite integral of f with respect to x,”
means to find the set of all antiderivatives of f.

 f ( x)dx x is called the variable

of integration

Integral sign Integrand

 Constant of Integration
Every antiderivative F of f must be of
the form  f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + C where C is
a constant of integration.

 6 xdx = 3x +C
2
Notice

Represents every possible

antiderivative of 6x.
 Basic Integration Rules
Let f and g be functions and x a variable; a, b,
and c be constant; and C is an arbitrary constant.

Constant Multiple  cf ( x ) dx = c  f ( x ) dx
Sum Rule   f ( x ) + g ( x ) dx =  f ( x ) dx +  g ( x ) dx
Difference Rule   f ( x ) − g ( x ) dx =  f ( x ) dx −  g ( x ) dx

 0 dx = C
Constant Rule
(zero)
 Basic Integration Rules
Let f and g be functions and x a variable; a, b,
and c be constant; and C is an arbitrary constant.

 a dx = ax + C
Constant Rule
(non-zero)

 dx = x n +1 + C
n 1
Power Rule x n +1

Trigonometric Rule  sin x dx = − cos x + C

Trigonometric Rule  cos x dx = sin x + C
 Basic Integration Rules
Let f and g be functions and x a variable; a, b,
and c be constant; and C is an arbitrary constant.

 sec x dx = tan x + C
2
Trigonometric Rule

Trigonometric Rule  sec x tan x dx = sec x + C

Trigonometric Rule  csc x cot x dx = − csc x + C
 csc x dx = − cot x + C
2
Trigonometric Rule
 Example 1
( − − 7 ) dx
5 2
Evaluate x 3 x

=  x5 dx −  3x 2 dx −  7 dx

=  x5 dx − 3 x 2 dx −  7 dx

= 1
5 +1 x 5+1 − 3  21+1 x 2+1 − 7 x + C

= 16 x 6 − x3 − 7 x + C
 Example 2
-1,
Indefinite Integral of x e x

and b x

1
 
−1
x dx = dx = ln x + C
x
 e dx = e x+ C
x x

b
 = +
x
b dx C
ln b
 Example 3
Evaluate  (5 x + 4sin x dx)
=  ( 5 x1 2 + 4sin x ) dx

=  5 x1 2 dx +  4sin x dx

= 5 x1 2 dx + 4 sin x dx

= 5  1 21+1 x1 2+1 + 4  ( − cos x ) + C

= 103 x 3 2 − 4 cos x + C
 Example 4
x +1
2
 x2 1 
 x = 
 x
+  dx
x 

x2 1  3 −1
=  
 dx = x 2 + x 2  dx
 21
+ 1
 



x x2 
5 1
x 2
x 2
= + +C
5 1
2 2
5 1
2
= x + 2x + C
2 2
5
 Example 5
cos 
Evaluate  2 d
sin 
– This indefinite integral isn’t immediately apparent
in the previous basic integration rules.

– So, we use trigonometric identities to rewrite

the function before integrating:

cos   1  cos  
 sin 2  d =   sin  
 sin 
 d

=  csc  cot  d = − csc  + C
Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
Derivative Form
If s = s(t) is the position function of an
object at time t, then
ds dv
Velocity = v = Acceleration = a =
dt dt
Integral Form
s (t ) =  v(t )dt v(t ) =  a (t )dt
 Example 6
A particle moves along a coordinate axis in such a way
that its acceleration is modeled by a ( t ) = 2t
−3
for
time t>0. If the particle is at s=5 when t=1 and has
velocity v = -2 at this time, where is it when t=4?

Integrate the acceleration to find velocity:

v ( t ) =  ( 2t −3 ) dt = 2 ( t −3 ) dt = 2  −31+1 t −3+1 + C = −t −2 + C
Use the Initial Condition to find C for velocity:

−2 = − (1) + C v ( t ) = −t −2 − 1
−2
C = −1
Integrate the Velocity to find position:

s ( t ) =  ( −t −2 − 1) dt = −  t −2 dt −  1 dt = − −21+1 t −2+1 − 1t + C = t −1 − t + C
Use the Initial Condition to find C for position:

5 = (1) − 1 + C
−1
C =5 s ( t ) = t −1 − t + 5
s ( 4 ) = ( 4 ) − 4 + 5 = 1.25
−1
 Integration by Substitution
In this section, we will learn:
▪ To substitute a new variable in place of an existing
expression in a function, making integration easier.

➢ Our antidifferentiation formulas don’t tell us

how to evaluate integrals such as

 + 2
2 x 1 x dx
➢To find this integral, we use the problem-
solving strategy of introducing something extra.
The ‘something extra’ is a new variable.
We change from the variable x to a new
Example 7

 3x ( x )
9
Consider the integral: 2 3
− 5 dx

pick u = x +5, then du = 3x dx

3 2

du
2
= dx
3x

( )
10
3
+5

10 x
9 u
u du = +C = +C
10 10
Example 8

Evaluate  x 5 x 2 − 7 dx
du
Let u = 5 x − 7 then
2
= dx
10 x
1 1/ 2
x 5 x − 7dx = 
2
u du
10
1 u
3/ 2
=  +C
 10  ( 3/ 2 )

( )
3/ 2
5x 2
−7
= +C
15
 Example 9
dx
Evaluate  x ( ln x ) 3

Let u = ln x then xdu = dx

dx
 x ( ln x ) =  u
−3
3
du
−2
u
= +C
−2
−2
=
( ln x )
+C
−2
 Example 10
e3t dt
Evaluate
 e +2
3t
du
Let u = e +2 then 3t = dt
3t
3e
e3t dt 1 1
e +2 3u
3t
= du

ln u
= +C
3

=
(
ln e + 2
3t
) +C
3
Definite Integral

Example 11

5  1 
Evaluate 1  2 x − x + 1 dx
 1 
(
5 5

1  2 x − x + 1 dx = x − ln x + x 1
2

( ) ( )
= 5 − ln 5 + 5 − 1 − ln1 + 1
2 2

= 28 − ln 5  26.39056
 Definite Integrals

Example 12.

 2x ( x + 3)
1 1/ 2
2
Evaluate dx
0

let u = x 2 + 3 x
du
then = dx Notice limits change
2x

 2x ( x + 3x )
1 4
dx =  u du
1/ 2
2 1/ 2
0 0 4
2 3/ 2 16
= u =
3 0 3
 Personal Assignment
Read and make personal notes about the following
that are related to the applications of integration:

 Double and multiple integration

 Area under two or more curves
 Applications of integration in
engineering
 Arc Length of a Curve and Surface
Area