TEEE 1202 Lecture 4

2025 02 20

Dr. Mugerwa Dickson

Kyambogo University
Department of Electrical and Electronics engineering
Faculty of Engineering

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C++ Operators and expressions

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 Teaser

❖What do you understand by the term “operator”

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 Operators
❖ An operator is a symbol that operates on a value or a variable.
❖ Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables and values
For example, + is an operator used for addition, while - is an operator used for subtraction.
❖ We can also define operators as symbols that help us to perform specific mathematical and logical computations on operands
.
example, ‘+’ is an operator used for addition, as shown below:

c = a + b;
❖Here, ‘+’ is the operator known as the addition operator and ‘a’ and ‘b’ are operands.

❖The addition operator tells the compiler to add both of the operands ‘a’ and ‘b’.

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 Operators

Operators in C++ can be classified into 6 types

Arithmetic Operators

Assignment Operators

Relational Operators

Logical Operators

Bitwise Operators

Other Operators

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 Operators

❖ Operators can further be categorized as; Unary, Binary and Ternary operators

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 Operators

❖Unary operators: Operators that operate or work with a single operand.

❖ For example:
◆Increment (++) and Decrement (--) Operators

int val = 5;

cout<<++val; // 6
Binary Operators:
❖Operators that operate or work with two operands are binary operators. For example:
❖Addition (+), Subtraction (-), multiplication (*), Division (/) operators
int a = 7;

int b = 2; cout<<a+b; // 9

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 Operators

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 Operators
❖Assignment Operators
❖The assignment operator, =, should be read as “becomes” or is “replaced by”.

❖The computer evaluates the expression to the right of = and assigns the resulting value to the left of =.

Example 2.3.1

❖A = 8;

❖B = 12;

❖C = A % B;

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 Contn

❖Compound Assignment Operators

These simplify writing some common arithmetic expressions

Operator Read As Example:

num = num * num;
+= Is increased by
Is equivalent to

-= Is decreased by num *= num;

*= Is multiplied by

/= Is divided by

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 Contn

Increment and Decrement Operators

❖Increment/decrement operators increment/decrement the value of the object. C++ also provides in
crement and decrement operators: ++ and -- respectively.
❖++ increases the value of the operand by 1
❖-- decreases it by 1

❖The operators are:

• ++x // pre-increment operator
• x++ // post-increment operator
• --x // pre-decrement operator
• x-- // post-decrement operator

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 Arithmetic operators
Order of precedence

Operators Associativity
() Left to Right (from inside out)
+(unary) – (unary) Right to Left
*/ % Left to Right
+ - Left to Right
= Right to Left

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 Lab work (5 minutes)

❖Use of operators
❖Int i,j
❖i=7;
❖J=4+--I
❖i=7
❖J=4+i++
❖Print the values of I and j

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 Contn
Relational Operators
Used for comparison of the value of two operands

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 Operators

❖C++ Logical Operators

❖Logical operators are used to check whether an expression is true or false.
❖ If the expression is true, it returns 1 whereas if the expression is false,
it returns 0.
❖&& Logical AND True only if all the operands are true
❖|| Logical OR True if at least one of the operands is expressed true
❖! Logical NOT True if only the operand is false

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 examples

a = 5 b = 8

Then,

(a > 3) && (b > 5) evaluates to true

(a > 3) && (b < 5) evaluates to false

(a > 3) || (b > 5) evaluates to true

(a > 3) || (b < 5) evaluates to true
(a < 3) || (b < 5) evaluates to false

!(a < 3) evaluates to true

!(a > 3) evaluates to false
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 Lab exercise (20 min)

❖Write a program to compare two numbers

◆E.g 2 and 6

❖Write a program to check if a Number is Positive, Negative, or Zero

❖Find the largest of 3 numbers

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 Lab exercise (6 minutes)
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

int a = 3; int b = 5;

cout<<(a < b)<< endl; // operator to check if a is smaller than b

return 0;

❖Example 2.3.5

int a,b;

if (a<b)

a += 3;

else

b -= 4;

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 Order of precedence

❖Order of Precedence

❖Operators Associativity

❖() Left to Right

❖! ± (unary) ++ -- Right to Left

❖% / * Left to Right

❖+ - Left to Right

❖< <= > >= Left to Right

❖== != Left to Right

❖&& Left to Right

❖|| Left to Right

❖= += -= *= /= Right to Left
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 QN
❖Work each exercise independently of the others. State the values of each variable involved after the computer executes each statement. Use the follo
wing declarations.

❖int i=8, j=5, k=-3, h, m;

i) ++j;

ii) k++;

iii) h=j--+I;

iv) h=--j+k;

v) m=j--+ ++I;

vi) h=++j;

m=j++;

i) j+= ++k-J++ + ++I;

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 Ex.
❖Question One

Find the value assigned to the variable on the left of the assignment operator=. Work each problem independently of the
other. Assume the following declarations.

int i =4, j = 5, k = 6,

result;
i) result = 8 *i-j;

ii) result = 47% i+k*j+9;

iii) result= 37% (k-i)*j+9;

iv) result = i*(8+(j+5)/3)-k;

v) k=k+j;

vi) i=i/j+k;

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 Qn
❖Question Two

Find the value assigned to the variable on the left of the assignment operator =. Work each problem independently of the othe
rs. Assume the following declarations

double x = 5.617, y = -14.238, z=0.75825, result;

i) result = 7.43+4.39 * x;

ii) result = y/x * z;

iii) x=x - y;

iv) y=y * y;

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The operators are first converted to bit-level and then the calculation is performed on the operands
int a = 5, b = 9; // a = 5(00000101), b = 9(00001001)
cout << (a ^ b); // 00001100 cout <<(~a); // 11111010