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Digital Modulation Tech

The document discusses digital modulation techniques, detailing the processes involved in transmitting and receiving modulated signals. It covers various modulation methods such as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), and Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK), explaining their encoding, modulation, and demodulation processes. Additionally, it highlights the importance of filtering, error probability, and decision-making in interpreting the received signals.

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13 views62 pages

Digital Modulation Tech

The document discusses digital modulation techniques, detailing the processes involved in transmitting and receiving modulated signals. It covers various modulation methods such as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), and Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK), explaining their encoding, modulation, and demodulation processes. Additionally, it highlights the importance of filtering, error probability, and decision-making in interpreting the received signals.

Uploaded by

mulen660
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Modulation

Techniques
Introduction
• In the transmitter, the precoder performs level

conversion and then encodes the incoming

data into groups of bits that modulate an


• The modulated carrier is shaped (filtered),
analog carrier.
amplified, and then transmitted through the

transmission medium to the receiver.

• The transmission medium can be a metallic

cable, optical fiber cable, Earth's atmosphere, or

a combination of two or more types of


• In the receiver, the incoming signals are

filtered, amplified, and then applied to the

demodulator and decoder circuits, which

extracts the original source information from

the modulated carrier.

• The clock and carrier recovery circuits recover

the analog carrier and digital timing (clock)


• Modulation is defined as the process by which some

characteristics of a carrier is varied in accordance

with a modulating wave.

• In digital communications, the modulating wave

consists of binary data or an M-ary encoded version

of it and the carrier is sinusoidal wave.

• Different Shift keying methods that are used in

digital modulation techniques are

I. Amplitude shift keying [ASK]


• The resulting binary wave [in unipolar form]

and sinusoidal carrier φ1 (t) are applied to a

product modulator. The desired BASK

wave is obtained at the modulator output.


• In demodulator, the received noisy BASK

signal x(t) is apply to correlator with

coherent reference signal φ1 (t) as shown in

fig. (b).
•
The correlator output x is compared with

threshold λ.
• The probability of error is given by
• Incoherent detection as used in analog

communication does not require carrier for

reconstruction. The simplest form of incoherent

detector is the envelope detector as shown in


• The output of envelope detector is the baseband

signal. Once the baseband signal is recovered, its

samples are taken at regular intervals and

compared with threshold.


• If Z(t) is greater than threshold ( λ ) a decision

will be made in favour of symbol ‘1’.

• If Z(t) the sampled value is less than threshold ( λ )

a decision will be made in favor of symbol ‘0’.


communicate ‘0’s and ‘1’s., The output of filter is

envelope detected and then baseband detected using an

integrate and dump operation.

• The detector is simply evaluating which of two

possible sinusoids is stronger at the receiver. If we

take the difference of the outputs of the two envelope

detectors the result is bipolar baseband.

• The resulting envelope detector outputs are sampled

at t = kTb and their values are compared with the


• In a Coherent binary PSK system the pair of

signals S1(t) and S2(t) are used to represent

binary symbol ‘1’ and ‘0’ respectively.


• A DPSK system may be viewed as the non

coherent version of the PSK. It eliminates

the need for coherent reference signal at

the receiver by combining two basic

operations at the transmitter

1.Differential encoding of the input binary

wave and
• To send symbol ‘0’ we phase advance the

current signal waveform by 1800 and to send

symbol 1 we leave the phase of the current

signal waveform unchanged.

• The differential encoding process at the

transmitter input starts with an arbitrary first

but, securing as reference and thereafter the


Where bk is the input binary digit at time kTb

and dk-1 is the previous value of the

differentially encoded digit. Table illustrate the

logical operation involved in the generation of

DPSK signal.
• A DPSK demodulator is as shown in fig(b). The

received signal is first passed through a BPF

centered at carrier frequency fc to limit noise

power.
•
The filter output and its delay version are applied

to correlator; the resulting output of correlator is

proportional to the cosine of the difference


• If correlator output is +ve -- A decision is made

in favour of symbol ‘1’

• If correlator output is -ve --- A decision is made

in favour of symbol ‘0’


• Fig(a) shows a block diagram of a typical QPSK

transmitter, the incoming binary data sequence is

first transformed into polar form by a NRZ level

encoder. Thus the symbols 1& 0 are represented by:

• This binary wave is next divided by means of a

demultiplexer [Serial to parallel conversion] into

two separate binary waves consisting of the odd

and even numbered input bits. These two binary


• In QPSK system the information carried by the

transmitted signal is contained in the phase. The

transmitted signals are given by

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