Time of Concentration

use this for duration of rainfall td = tc = to + tf

Channel flow t f =

1 L V 60

V is velocity in [L]/sec L is flow length in [L] tf is the channel flow time in minutes

SCS graphical method Manning 2 1 K V = n R 3S 2 n

Overland flow charts show average velocity as function of watercourse slope and surface cover

Overland Flow
Kerby
Lo = length of overland flow path (< 1,200 ft) to = Ck(NLoS-0.5)0.467 Ck = 0.83 (FPS units) or 1.44 (SI units) S = Difference in elevations between ends of overland flow path divided by Lo

TABLE 1.--Values of N for Kerby's Formula SURFACE Smooth impervious surface Smooth bare packed soil Poor grass, cultivated row crops, or moderately rough bare surface Pasture or average grass Deciduous timberland Conifer timberland, deciduous timberland with deep forest litter, or dense grass N 0.02 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80

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Izzard
1 k L to = 41 0.0007i 3 + 2 2o i 3 C S 1 3

to = overland flow time (minutes)

i = rainfall intensity in in/hr Lo in ft for very short overland flow on homogeneous surface Lo i < 500
TABLE 2.--Values of k for Izzard's Formula SURFACE Very smooth asphalt pavement Tar and sand pavement Crushed-slate roofing paper Concrete pavement Tar and gravel pavement Closely clipped sod Dense bluegrass turf k 0.0070 0.0075 0.0082 0.012 0.017 0.046 0.060

Developed in lab experiments by Bureau of Public Roads for overland flow on roadway and turf surfaces. Newer references dont include C2 in lasts term. This probably represents old view of abstractions affecting tc while new view (peak runoff producing period during longer storm) would not need C.

Kinematic Wave
C t o = 0.w i 4 2 L2 n o S
0.3

to = overland flow time (minutes) Cw = 0.93 for i in in/hr; =6.9 for i in mm/hr Tends to compute to too small

Overland flow equation developed from kinematic-wave analysis of surface runoff from developed surfaces; method requires iteration since both i and tc are unknown; superposition of intensity-duration-frequency curve gives direct graphical solution.

Yen and Chow

Based on kinematic-wave analysis of surface runoff from developed surfaces; removes requirement for iteration by incorporating i and L into coefficient K.

to = overland flow time (minutes)

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TABLE 3.--Values of n for the Kinematic Wave and Yen and Chow Formulas Value of n Medium 0.012 0.014 0.013 0.015 0.017 0.019 0.021 0.030 0.038 0.032 0.038 0.050 0.055 0.090 0.090 0.120 0.022 0.035 0.035 0.040 0.055 0.075

Overland Surface Smooth asphalt pavement Tar and sand pavement Smooth impervious surface Concrete pavement Tar and gravel pavement Rough impervious surface Smooth bare-packed soil Moderate bare-packed soil Rough bare-packed soil Gravel soil Mowed poor grass Average grass, closely clipped sod Pasture Timberland Dense grass Shrubs and bushes Land Use Business Semi-business Industrial Dense residential Suburban residential Parks and lawns

Low 0.010 0.012 0.011 0.012 0.014 0.015 0.017 0.025 0.032 0.025 0.030 0.040 0.040 0.060 0.060 0.080 0.014 0.022 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.040

High 0.015 0.016 0.015 0.017 0.020 0.023 0.025 0.030 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.060 0.070 0.120 0.120 0.180 0.035 0.050 0.050 0.060 0.080 0.120

TABLE 4.--Values of K for Yen and Chow Formula Light Rain < 0.8 < 20 0.025 1.5 0.050 3.0 Moderate Rain 0.8 1.2 20-30 0.018 1.1 0.036 2.2 Heavy Rain > 1.2 > 30 0.012 0.7 0.024 1.4

Rain intensity For Lo in feet For Lo in m

in/hr mm/hr for to in hr for to in min for to in hr for to in min

FAA
to = 1.8(1.1 C ) Lo S 0.333

(in minutes)

Lo = overland flow length, in ft S = Slope, in ft/ft C = rational formula coefficient to = overland flow time (minutes)

Developed from airfield drainage data assembled by the Corps of Engineers; method is intended for use on airfield drainage problems but has been used frequently for overland flow in urban basins.

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Schaake et al. (1967) to =

0.503L0.24 (in minutes) S 0.16 0.26

Lo = overland flow length, in ft S = Slope, in ft/ft = percent imperviousness of area to = overland flow time (minutes)

Entire Basin
Kirpich (1 ac to 500 ac) L0.77 t c = C c 0.385 S

Developed from SCS data for seven rural basins in Tennessee with well-defined channel and steep slopes (3% to 10%); for overland flow on concrete or asphalt multiply tc by 0.4; for concrete channels multiply by 0.2; no adjustment for overland flow on bare soil or roadside ditches.

L = outlet to upstream boundary of basin S = Elevation difference between endpoints of L divided by L Cc = 0.0078 (L in ft) or 0.0195 (L in meters) tc = time of concentration (minutes)

California Culverts Practice (1942) 11.9 L3 t c = 60 H

Essentially Kirpich method; developed from small mountainous basins in California (U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 1973).

L = Length of longest watercourse (mi) H = Elevation difference between divide and outlet (ft) tc = time of concentration (minutes)

SCS Lag Equation tL =

60 L0.8 1000

CN 1900 S

0.7

t c = 1.67t L
L = length of longest flow path, in feet CN = SCS runoff curve number S = average watershed slope tL = lag time (minutes) tc = time of concentration (minutes)

Equation developed by SCS for agricultural watershed data; it has been adapted to small urban basins under 2000 acres; found generally good where area is completely paved; for mixed areas it tends to overestimate; adjustment factors are applied to correct for channel improvement and impervious area; the method assumes that tc = 1.67 X basin lag.

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