MODULE 1: Historical Antecedent of Science - Iron age Technology is characterized

and Technology during Prehistoric times by the production of tools and weaponry
using ferrous metallurgy of iron working.
Stone Age - This distinctive dark metal brought
- Ancient humans were able to discover and significant changes to daily life in
invent tools from stones: flint, chert, basalt ancient society from the way people
and sandstones. grew crops to the way they fought wars.
- They develop tools gradually from single to - In those days, this iron metal made life
all-purpose tools to a collection of varied and
a lot easier. Humans had settled into
highly specialized types of tools, each
small village life, toiling the soil with Iron
designed to serve a specific function:
farming tools, such as sickles and
cutting, chopping, scraping and sawing.
plough tips, made the process more
Stone tools were shaped or chipped (flaking)
efficient and allowed farmers to exploit
into: flakes, blades, hand axes, spears,
darts, arrows and other projectile weapons; tougher soils and try new crops.
wood, bone, shell, antler and other materials
were widely used, as well. Many important MODULE 2: ANCIENT TIMES
inventions appeared, such as needles and
thread, skin clothing, the harpoon, the spear First Civilization
thrower, and special fishing equipment. - It emerged along fertile river valleys in
- Fire was the most important discovery and a. Mesopotamia (Tigris-Euphrates)
invention of man in the Stone age. b. Egypt (Nile)
- The use of fire led to various ways of c. China (Huang Ho Valley)
preparing and cooking food and inventions d. India
of suitable food containers and utensils. - Developed unique way of life, religion, form of
government, language, agriculture, medicine,
Bronze Age mathematics, engineering, and architecture
- is the period marked with the beginning of
mining and metallurgy. Sumerian Civilization
- Bronze denotes the first period in which Sumer, Mesopotamia (Iraq/Kuwait)
metal was used, man began smelting copper
and alloying with tin or arsenic to make - The cradle of the world’s earliest known
bronze tools and weapons: sword, axes, civilization
plows, locks and chariot. - First established in the region in about 3600
- Bronze was harder and more durable than BC
other metals available at the time, - “First cities in the world”
- thus providing Bronze Age civilizations to - Transformed families intro tribes that
gain a technological advantage. occupied territories-cities-states
- Southern part of iraq
- They also believe in gods and goddesses
Iron Age
- They learned how to produce the natural
- is the period of time when the dominant tool resources
making material was iron.
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
a. Cuneiform
- First writing systems SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
- Set of word pictures depicted in symbols
made of triangular marks a. Hammurabi
- Basis are pictograms/drawing representing - 1st leader of the old Babylonian empire
actual things - Promulgated the famous law code which
serve as the rule and standards to have a
b. Sumerian clay tablet period of stability in the region
- Contains historical information and culture
- Began as record keeping for trade b. Nebuchadnezzar II
- Evolved into the use of symbols for writing - New Babylonian Emperor who ordered the
down laws and stories “hanging garden of Babylons” and the Ishtar
Gate
c. Concept of the wheel
- Grew out of mechanical device c. Development of Irrigation system of
- A heavy flat disk made of hardened clay canals, multiplication tables, and
splattered wheel calculation using geometry
- A means of practical method for moving
heavy objects from one location to another d. Made accurate predictions of astronomical
phenomena such as solar and lunar eclipses
d. Sailboat
- First invented by Ancient Mesopotamia Egyptian Civilization
- Needed water transportation for travel and trade
- Situated in the northeastern part of the
e. Among the First Astronomers African continent
- Mapping the movement of stars, planets, and - Egypt is located along the Nile River with a
moon into sets of constellations survived into fertile delta
zodiac
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
f. Sexagesimal system of counting in units of 60
(clock) - They were among the first to extract gold by
- Served as the basis of 360 degree circle and 60 large-scale mining using fire-setting, and the
minute hour first recognizable map.

g. Foundation of logic mathematics, engineering, - Egyptian paper, made from papyrus, and
architecture, etc. pottery was mass produced and exported
h. Technique in farming seed plow and irrigation throughout the Mediterranean basin.
i. Wool from sheep made into textiles
- Learned to heat metal ore (copper, gold,
Babylonian Civilization bronze) and made weapons and utensils
(Iraq)
Babylonia - Their writing was in the form of pictorial
- First capital, commercial and religious center in symbols known as hieroglyphics
the Tigris-Euphrates valley
- Master the art of embalming their dead - Aegean Bronze Age civilization (with
palaces) ruled by King Minos
- Created the 365-day calendar based on the phases - Shortest civilization
of the mood by IMHOTEP, divided the day into 24
hours SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

- Interest in astronomy was focused on stars - Minoans were a mercantile people engaged
in overseas trade-tin, alloyed with copper
- Pyramid - Made sophisticated carved status,
- Immense Egyptian structures built to serve as a ceramics, and jewels
final resting place for the Pharaohs and their - Raised cattles sheep, and goats and grew
families. (“mountain of God”) wheat, barley, etc.
- Note: Pharaohs are the ruler - Developed Mediterranean polyculture
(growing more than one crop at a time)
- Papyrus - 50 yrs later, civilization was wiped out
- Reeds which grew in the marshy Nile delta which because of violent earthquakes and fires
the Egyptians used to create a paper writing - Theran Eruption - one of the largest in
surface. human history
- Palaces and towns were deserted
- Hieroglyphics - Clay Tablets - used as a writing medium
- Greek name for the Egyptian system of writing
developed around 3,000 B.C. Literally means - Cuneiform
“priest-carving” or “sacred writings”. Used both - Literally means “wedge shaped”.
pictures and symbols to represent words. - Name for the system of writing invented
- First carved in stone, hieroglyphics were later and used by the Sumerians.
commonly written on papyrus scrolls. - Was used primarily for record keeping.

- Giza Necropolis - OBLong

- Oldest of the ancient wonders, still in existence - Tall, four-sided, narrow tapering
- Engaged in ship building, planted wheat, barley, monument which ends in a pyramid like
bread, ducks, pigs etc., manufactures perfumes, shape at the top.
soap, oils, and eye make-up
- Sundial
- Mummification - shadow clock used by Egyptian, tell time
- A process of slowly drying a dead body to by means of the shadow casted by the
prevent it from rotting. The process was object as reflected by the sun
commonly used in Egypt for Pharaohs and
members of the royal family to prepare them for - Gnomon
the afterlife. - A shadow producing device.

Cretan (Minoan) Civilization

- Located between Turkey, Egypt, and Greece

- The first link to in the European chain