RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS II PUC MATHEMATICS

SOME IMPORTANT QUESTIONS i.e., f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 )  x1  x 2

1. Show that function 𝑓: 𝑁 → 𝑁 given by Therefore, f is not one-one.
𝑓(1) = 𝑓(2) = 1 &𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1 for 𝑥 > 2 is onto Onto: Range of f  codomain of f
but not one – one. (2014-J)
Ans: Given f (1) = f ( 2 ) = 1 but 1  2  f is not one − one. Therefore, f is not onto

And f ( 3) = 3 − 1 = 2, f ( 4 ) = 4 − 1 = 3, f ( 5 ) = 5 − 1 = 4...... 6. Show that the signum function f : R → R ,

Then range of f(x)=N=co-domain. 1, if x  0

 f is onto given by f ( x ) = 0,if x = 0 is neither one-one
−1, if x  0
2. Show that the function f : N → N given by 
nor onto.
f ( x ) = 2x is one-one but not onto.
Ans: Since f (1) = 1 = f ( 2) but 1  2
(2019-M, MQP-2023)
Ans: Let x1 , x2  N , f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) Here f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 )  x1  x 2
 2 x1 = 2 x2  x1 = x2  f is one − one Therefore, f is not one-one
Let y  N , f ( x ) = y  2x = y
Also, Range of f  codomain of f
y  1 
x=  N  if y = 1  x =  N  Therefore, f is not onto.
2  2 
 f is neither one-one nor onto.
 f is not onto.
7. Show that 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 & 𝑔: 𝐵 → 𝐶 are one – one
3. If f : R → R defined by f ( x ) = 1 + x , then show
2
then 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐶is also one-one. (2015-M, 17-J)
that f is neither one-one nor onto.
(2017-M, MQP-2023)
Ans: Given f : A → B & g : B → C are one − one
Let x1 , x 2  A, gof ( x1 ) = gof ( x 2 )
Let f (1) = 1 + (1) = 2 f ( −1) = 1 + ( −1) = 2
2 2
Ans:
but 1  −1  f is not one − one  g ( f ( x1 ) ) = g ( f ( x 2 ) )

Let y  R, f ( x ) = y  1 + x2 = y  f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) ( g is one − one )

 x1 = x 2 ( f is one − one )
x= y −1  R ( if y = 0  x = −1  R )  gof is one − one
1
 f is not onto. 8. If 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = (3 − 𝑥 3 )3 then find
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥). (2015-J)
4. Show that function f : R → R , defined as  1

Ans: ( fof ) ( x ) = f ( f ( x )) = f  ( 3 − x3 ) 3 
f ( x ) = x is neither one-one nor onto.
2
 
1

f (1) = (1) = 1   
2 3
 1 3 1
Ans: Let =  3 −  ( 3 − x3 ) 3   = ( x3 ) 3 = x
   
 
f ( −1) = ( −1) = 1 but 1  −1
2

 ( fof )( x ) = x.
 f is not one − one 9. If function𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅&𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅 are given by
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|&𝑔(𝑥) = [𝑥] (where [𝑥] is greatest
Let y  R, f ( x ) = y  x2 = y 1 1
integer function) Find 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 (− 2) & 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 (− 2).

x= y R ( if y = −1  x = −1  R )  1
(2016-M)

 f is not onto. ( ) ( )
Ans: fog  −  = f g ( −0.5) = f  −0.5 = f ( −1) = −1 = 1
 2
5. Show that the modulus function f : R → R  1
given by f ( x ) = x is neither one-one nor onto. gof  −  = g ( f ( −0.5) ) = g ( −0.5 ) = g ( 0.5) = 0.5 = 0
 2
Ans: Given function f ( x ) = x (MQP-2023)
One-one: f (1) = 1 = f ( −1) but 1  −1

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RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS II PUC MATHEMATICS

TREE MARK QUESTIONS 3. Show that the relation R in the set Z of integers

1. Check whether the relation R defined in the set

given by R = ( a,b ) : 2 divides a − b is an

1, 2,3, 4,5, 6 as R = ( a, b ) : b = a + 1

equivalence relation. (2014-J,2022-A, MQP-2023)
is reflexive,
Ans: Reflexive: WKT 2 divides a − a = 0
symmetric & transitive. (2017-J, MQP-2023)  ( a, a )  R, a  Z
Ans: Given R = ( a, b ) : b = a + 1 R is reflexive
 R = (1, 2 ) , ( 2,3) , ( 3, 4 ) , ( 4,5 ) , ( 5, 6 ) Symmetric: Let ( a, b )  R  2 divides a − b
Reflexive:(1,1)  R  R is not reflexive .  2 divides b-a  ( b, a )  R
Symmetric: (1, 2 )  R but ( 2,1)  R ∴ R is symmetric.
 R is not symmetric. Transitive: Let ( a, b )  R & ( b, c )  R
Transitive: (1, 2 )  R & ( 2,3)  R but (1,3 )  R  2 divides a − b & 2 divides b − c
 2 divides a − b + b − c
 R is not transitive.
 2 divides a − c  ( a, c )  R
∴ R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor
∴ R is transitive
transitive. ∴ R is equivalence relation.
2. Determine whether each of the following
4. Show that the relation R on the set of integers
relation are reflexive, symmetric and
transitive. given by R = ( a, b ) : 5 divides (a − b) is
(i) Relation R on set A = 1, 2,3,..............13,14 equivalence relation.

defined as R = ( x, y ) : 3x − y = 0 Ans: Reflexive: WKT 5 divides a − a = 0

 ( a, a )  R, a  Z R is reflexive .
(ii) Relation R on set A = 1, 2,3, 4,5,6 defined as
Symmetric: Let ( a, b )  R  5 divides a − b
R = ( x, y ) : y is divisible by x (MQP-2023)
 5 divides b − a  ( b, a )  R
Ans: (i) Given relation we can written as
∴ R is symmetric.
R = ( x, y ) : y = 3x  R = (1,3) , ( 2, 6 ) , ( 3,9 ) , ( 4,12 ) Transitive: Let ( a, b )  R & ( b, c )  R
Reflexive:(1,1)  R  R is not reflexive  5 divides a − b & 5 divides b − c
 5 divides a − b + b − c
Symmetric: (1,3 )  R but ( 3,1)  R  5 divides a − c  ( a, c )  R
 R is not symmetric. ∴ R is transitive
Transitive: (1,3 )  R & ( 3,9 )  R but (1,9 )  R ∴ R is equivalence relation.
 R is not transitive. 5. Prove that the relation R in the set of integers
∴ R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor Z defined by R = ( x, y ) : x − y is an integer
transitive.
is an equivalence relation. (2015-J, MQP-2023)
(ii) Given relation R = ( x, y ) : y is divisible by x
Ans: Reflexive: WKT x − x = 0 is an integer.
Reflexive: WKT every number divisible by
 ( x, x )  R, x  Z ∴ R is reflexive
itself.  ( x, x )  R ∴ R is reflexive.
Symmetric: Let ( x, y )  R  x-y is an integer.
Symmetric: Let (1,2 )  R  2 is divisible by 1
 y-x is also an integer
but 1 is not divisible by 2  ( 2,1)  R
 ( y, x )  R ∴ R is symmetric.
 R is not symmetric.
Transitive: Let ( x, y )  R & ( y, z )  R
Transitive: Let ( x, y )  R & ( y, z )  R
 x − y is an integer & y − z is an integer.
 y is divisible by x & z is divisible by y  x − y + y − z is also an integer.
 3 is divisible by 1 & 6 is divisible by 3  x − z is an integer.
 z is divisible by x  ( x, z )  R  ( x, z )  R ∴ R is transitive
∴ R is transitive. ∴ R is equivalence relation.
∴ R is reflexive & transitive but not symmetric.
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RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS II PUC MATHEMATICS

6. Show that the relation R in the set ∴ R is transitive

A = x : x  Z, 0  x  12 given by ∴ R is equivalence relation.
R = ( a, b ) : a − b is multiple of 4 is an 9. Show that the relation R in R (set of real nor)
equivalence relation. (2016-M) is defined as R = ( a, b ) : a  b is reflexive &
Ans: Reflexive: WKT x − x =0 is a multiple of 4 transitive but not symmetric. (2017-M, MQP-2023)

 ( x, x )  R, x  A ∴ R is reflexive. Ans: Reflexive: WKT aa →a=a

Symmetric: Let ( x, y )  R  x − y is a multiple of 4  ( a, a )  R, a  R ∴ R is reflexive.
 y − x is a multiple of 4. Symmetric: Let (1, 2 )  R  1  2
 ( y, x )  R ∴ R is symmetric. but 2  1 ( 2,1)  R
Transitive: Let ( x, y )  R & ( y, z )  R ∴ R is not symmetric.
Transitive: Let ( a, b )  R & ( b, c )  R
 x − y is a multiple of 4
 a  b&b  c  a  b c
& y − z is a multiple of 4
 a  c  ( a, c )  R ∴ R is transitive
 x − y + y − z is also a multiple of 4
∴ R is reflexive & transitive but not symmetric.
 x − z is a multiple of 4  ( x, z )  R
∴ R is transitive ∴ R is equivalence relation. 10. Check whether the relation in R in R of real

7. Show that R in the set 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4,5} given by numbers defined by R = ( a, b ) : a  b 2  is

𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): |𝑎 − 𝑏|𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛} is an equivalence Reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
relation. (2016-J, 2018-M, MQP-2023)
Ans: Reflexive: WKT a − a =0 is even
Ans: Given R = ( a, b ) : a  b  2

2
Reflexive: WKT 1   1    1 , 1   R
 ( a, a )  R, a  A ∴ R is reflexive.  
2

2

2 2
Symmetric: Let ( a, b )  R  a − b is even.  R is not reflexive
Symmetric: Let (1, 7 )  R  1  7 = 49
2
 b − a is even.  ( b, a )  R
but 7  1  ( 7,1)  R
2
∴ R is symmetric.
Transitive: Let ( a, b )  R & ( b, c )  R  R is not symmetric.
 a − b is even & b − c is even Transitive: Let (10,5 )  R & ( 5,3)  R
 a − b + b − c is also even 10  (5)2 = 25 & 5  ( 3) = 9.
2

 a − c is even.  ( a, c )  R
but 10  ( 3) = 9  (10,3)  R
2

∴ R is transitive ∴ R is equivalence relation.

∴ R is not transitive.
8. Show that the relation R in the set Z of integers
11. Check whether the relation in R in R of real
given by R = ( x, y ) : x − y is even is an
numbers defined by R = ( a, b ) : a  b3  is
equivalence relation
Reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
Ans: Reflexive: WKT x − x =0 is even. (2019-M, MQP-2023)
 ( x, x )  R, x  Z
∴ R is reflexive.
Ans: Given R = ( a, b ) : a  b  3

Symmetric: Let ( x, y )  R  x − y is even.

3
1 1 1 1
Reflexive: WKT      ,  R
 y − x is even.  ( y, x )  R 2 2 2 2
 R is not reflexive .
∴ R is symmetric.
Transitive: Let ( x, y )  R & ( y, z )  R Symmetric: Let (1, 7 )  R  1  7
3

but 7  1  ( 7,1)  R
3
 x − y is even & y − z is even
 x − y + y − z is also even  R is not symmetric.
 x − z is even.  ( x, z )  R Transitive: Let (10,5 )  R & ( 5, 2 )  R

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RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS II PUC MATHEMATICS

 10  53 & 5  23 Symmetric: Let ( L1,L 2 )  R  L1 is parallel to L 2

but 10  23  (10, 2 )  R L 2 is paralle to L1  ( L 2 ,L1 )  R
∴ R is not transitive. Thus, R is symmetric
12. Show that the relation R defined in the set A Transitive: ( L1,L 2 )  R  L1 is parallel to L 2


of all triangles as R = ( T1, T2 ) : T1 is similar to T2  & ( L 2 ,L 3 )  R  L 2 is parallel to L 3
is an equivalence relation. (2020-M)  L1 is parallel to L 3
Ans: Reflexive: WHT, T1 is similar to T1  ( L1,L 3 )  R . Thus, R is transitive
 ( T1, T1 )  R  R is reflexive Hence, R is an equivalence, Relation.

Symmetric: Let ( T1, T2 )  R  T1 is similar to T2

1
15. Given that f ( x ) = 8 x & g ( x ) = x 3 show that
3

 T2 is similar to T1  ( T2 , T1 )  R f gg f .
 R is symmetric
) = (( 2x ) )
1 1

( T1, T2 )  R & ( T2 , T3 )  R gof ( x ) = g ( f ( x ) ) = g (8x ) = (8x = 2x

3 3 3 3 3
Transitive: Let Ans:

 T1 is similar to T2 & T2 is similar to T3  1  1 

3

fog ( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) = f  x 3  = 8  x 3  = 8 x
 T1 is similar to T3  ( T1, T3 )  R  

 
 R is transitive .  gof  fog
Hence, R is an equivalence, Relation.
16. Find 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 and 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 if 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 and 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅 are
13. Show that the relation R in the set T of all
given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 & 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 . Show that
triangles in a plane given by
R = ( T1, T2 ) :T1 congruent to T2  is an equivalence 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 ≠ 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔. (2014-M, 2018-J, MQP-2023)

relation. (2023-M)
Ans: gof ( x ) = g ( f ( x ) ) = g ( cos x ) = 3 ( cos x ) = 3cos 2 x
2

Ans: T: set of all triangles

R = ( T1, T2 ) : T1 congruent to T2  fog ( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) = f ( 3x 2 ) = cos ( 3x 2 ) = cos 3x 2
Reflexive: Every triangle is congruent to itself  gof  fog
 T1  T, ( T1, T1 )  R . Thus, R is Reflexive.
Symmetric: Let ( T1, T2 )  R  T1 congruent to T2
T2 is congruent to T1  ( T2 , T1 )  R
Thus, R is symmetric
Transitive: ( T1, T2 )  R  T1 congruent to T2
& ( T2 , T3 )  R  T2 congruent to T3
 T1 congruent to T3
 ( T1, T3 )  R. Thus, R is transitive
Hence, R is an equivalence, Relation.


14. S. T the relation R = ( L1,L 2 ) :L1 is parallel toL 2 
where L is set of all lines in XY-plane, is an
equivalence relation.
Ans: L: set of all triangles
R = ( L1,L 2 ) :L1 parallel to L 2 
Reflexive: Every line is parallel to itself
 L1 L, ( L1,L1 )  R
Thus, R is Reflexive.

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RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS II PUC MATHEMATICS

FIVE MARK QUESTIONS 3. Let f : R → R be defined by f ( x ) = 10 x + 7.

1. Prove that the function 𝑓: 𝑁 → 𝑌 defined by
show that f is invertible. Find the inverse of f
f ( x ) = 4x + 3 where Y =  y : y = 4x + 3, x  N
(MQP-2023)
is invertible. Also write the inverse of 𝑓(𝑥).
(2014-M, 2019-M, MQP-2023, 2023-M) Ans: Given function f : R → R defined as f ( x ) = 10 + 7
Ans: Given function f: N → Y defined by
f ( x ) = 4x + 3 One-one: Let x1 , x2  R, f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )

One-one: Let x1 , x2  N , f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )  10 x1 + 7 = 10 x2 + 7
 4 x1 + 3 = 4 x2 + 3  4 x1 = 4 x2  10 x1 = 10 x2  x1 = x2 ∴ f is one-one.
 x1 = x2 ∴ f is one-one. Onto: Let y  R , f ( x ) = y

Onto: Let y  Y , f ( x ) = y
 10 x + 7 = y  10 x = y − 7
y−7
 4x + 3 = y  4x = y − 3 x=  R, y  R
y −3 10
x=  N , y  Y  y −7  y −7
4 Now f ( x ) = f   = 10  +7 = y− 7 + 7 = y
 y −3  y −3  10   10 
Now f ( x ) = f  = 4 +3= y − 3 + 3 = y
 4   4  y  R there exist x  R such that f ( x ) = y
y  Y there exist x  N such that f ( x ) = y ∴ f is onto.
∴ f is onto. ∴ f is one-one and onto. Then f is invertible.
To find 𝒇−𝟏 : Let f ( x ) = y  x = f ( y )
−1
∴ f is one-one and onto.
Then f is invertible.
y −7 x−7
To find 𝒇−𝟏 : Let f ( x ) = y  x = f ( y )  f −1 ( y ) = (or ) f −1 ( x ) =
−1
.
10 10
y −3 x −3
 f −1 ( y ) = or f −1 ( x ) =
4 4 4. Show that the function f : R* → R* defined by
1
2. Prove that the function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by f ( x) = is both one-one and onto, where R
𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 3 , is invertible and find the inverse x
of 𝑓. (2015-J, 2017-J, 2019-J, 2020-M & 2022-A, is the set of all non-zero real numbers.
1
MQP-2023)
Ans: We have f ( x ) =
x
Ans: Given function f: R → R defined f(x) = 4x + 3
Let , f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )
One-one: Let x1 , x2  R, f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )
1 1
 4 x1 + 3 = 4 x2 + 3  4 x1 = 4 x2 =  x1 = x2
x1 x2
 x1 = x2 ∴ f is one-one.
 f is one-one.
Onto: Let y  R , f ( x ) = y Let , y  R ( codomain )
 4x + 3 = y  4x = y − 3
f ( x) = y
y −3
x=  R, y  R 1 1
4 = y  x =  R ( domain )
x y
 y −3  y −3
Now f ( x ) = f  = 4 +3= y − 3 + 3 = y 1
 4   4  f  = y Such that f ( x ) = y
y  R there exist x  R such that f ( x ) = y  y
∴ f is onto Thus, f is onto. Hence f is Bijection.
∴ f is one-one and onto.
Then f is invertible. 5. Prove that the Greatest Integer Function
To find 𝒇−𝟏 : Let f ( x ) = y  x = f ( y )
−1 f : R → R , given by f ( x ) =  x  is neither one-
one nor onto, where  x denotes the greatest
y −3 x −3
 f −1 ( y ) = (or ) f −1 ( x ) = integer less than or equal to x.
Ans: we have f ( x ) =  x  = greatest integer less
4 4
than or equal to x.
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RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS II PUC MATHEMATICS

That is f ( 2.3) =  2.3 = 2 Let , y  R ( codomain )

f ( 2 ) =  2 = 2 f ( x) = y
 f ( 2.3) = f ( 2 ) but 2.3  2 3 − 4 x = y  −4 x = y − 3
Thus, f is not one-one. 3− y
x=  R ( domain )
3
Again,  R ( codomain ) but there does not 4
2  3− y 
exist x  R f  = y Such that f ( x ) = y
 4 
3 Range of = co-domain.
Such that f ( x ) = for  x  is always an Therefore, f is onto.
2
Hence f is bijective.
integer x  R
8. Check the injectivity and surjectivity of the
Non integers do not have preimages.
function f : R → R , given by f ( x ) = 1 + x 2 . Is it
Therefore, f is not onto. a bijective function?
Ans: We have f ( x ) = 1 + x
2
Hence f is not bijective function.
Let , f (1) = 1 + (1) = 2
2
6. Show that the modulus Function f : R → R ,
given by f ( x ) = x is neither one-one nor onto, & f ( −1) = 1 + ( −1) = 2
2

where x is x, if x is positive or 0 and x is –x, f (1) = f ( −1) but 1  −1

if x is negative. Negative numbers do not have images
 x , if x  0
Ans: f ( x ) = x =  Therefore, f is not one-one
− x, if x  0
Now we have Let , y  R ( codomain )
f ( −2 ) = − 2 = 2 f ( x) = y
& f ( 2) = 2 = 2 1 + x2 = y x= y − 1  R ( domain )
 f ( −2 ) = f ( 2 )
( if y = −2  x = −3  R )
but − 2  2
Hence f is not one-one. Range of  co-domain.

Again, −2  R but there does not exist Therefore, f is not onto.

element x  R such that
Hence f is not bijective.
f ( x ) = −2, for f ( x ) = x  0, x  R

Negative numbers do not have preimages. 9. Verify whether the function f : A → B , given
x−2
Therefore, f is not onto. by f ( x ) = , where A = R − 3 and
x−3
Hence f is not bijective.
B = R − 1 is one- one and onto. Justify your
7. Check the injectivity and surjectivity of the answer.
function f : R → R given by f ( x ) = 3 − 4 x . Is x−2
Ans: We have f ( x ) =
it a bijective function? (MQP-2021) x−3
Ans: We have f ( x ) = 3 − 4 x Let , f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )
Let , f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) x1 − 2 x2 − 2
=
3 − 4 x1 = 3 − 4 x2 x1 − 3 x2 − 3
− 4 x1 = −4 x2 x1 x2 − 3x1 − 2 x2 + 6 = x1 x2 − 2 x1 − 3x2 + 6
x1 = x2 x1 = x2
Therefore, f is one-one Therefore, f is one-one.

10
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS II PUC MATHEMATICS

Let , y  B ( codomain ) 12. Check the injectivity and surjectivity of the

function f : R → R , given by f ( x ) = x 4 . Is it a
f ( x) = y
bijective function?
x−2
= y  x − 2 = xy − 3 y Ans: We have f ( x ) = x
4

x−3
Let , f (1) = (1) = 1
4
2 − 3y
 x (1 − y ) = 2 − 3 y  x = A
1− y & f ( −1) = ( −1) = 1
4

Such that f ( x ) = y f (1) = f ( −1) but 1  −1

Range of = co-domain. Negative numbers do not have images
Therefore, f is onto. Hence f is bijective. Therefore, f is not one-one
Let , y  R ( codomain )
10. Show that the function f : R → R given by
f ( x) = y
f ( x ) = 2 x , is one-one and onto. Is it a
x4 = y  x = 4 y  R ( domain )
bijective function?
Ans: We have f ( x ) = 2 x,  x  R ( if y = −2  x = 4 −2  R )
Let , f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) Range of  co-domain.
2 x1 = 2 x2 Therefore, f is not onto.
x1 = x2
Hence f is not bijective.
 f is one-one.
Let , y  R ( codomain ) 13. Check the injectivity and surjectivity of the
function f : R → R , given by f ( x ) = x . Is it a
2
f ( x) = y
bijective function? (MQP-2021)
y
2 x = y  x =  R ( domain )
Ans: We have f ( x ) = x
2
2
Such that f ( x ) = y Let , f (1) = (1) = 1
2

= co-domain. & f ( −1) = ( −1) = 1

2
Range of
Thus, f is onto. f (1) = f ( −1) but 1  −1
Hence f is Bijective. Negative numbers do not have images
Therefore, f is not one-one
11. Check the injectivity and surjectivity of the Let , y  R ( codomain )
function f : R → R , given by f ( x ) = 3x . Is it a
f ( x) = y
bijective function?
Ans: We have f ( x ) = 3x,  x  R x2 = y  x = y  R ( domain )

Let , f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) ( if y = −2  x = 4 −2  R )
3 x1 = 3x2 Therefore, f is not onto.
x1 = x2 Hence f is not bijective.
 f is one-one.
14. Let f : N → N be defined by
Let , y  R ( codomain )
n +1
f ( x) = y  2 , if n is odd
f ( n) =  for all n  N . State
y n
3x = y  x =  R ( domain )  , if n is even
3 2
Such that f ( x ) = y whether the function f is bijective. Justify your
Range of = co-domain. answer.

Thus, f is onto. Hence f is Bijection.

11
PROBABILITY II PUC MATHEMATICS

TWO MARK QUESTIONS E = 1,3,5 & F = 2,3

1. A die is thrown. If E is the event ‘the number 3 1 2 1
P (E) = = ,P ( F ) = =
appearing is a multiple of 3 & F be the event 6 2 6 3
1
‘the number appearing is even’ then prove that E  F = 3 ,P ( E  F ) =
6
E & F are independent events. (2014-J)
P ( E  F ) 1/6 1
Sol: Here sample space S = 1, 2,3, 4,5,6
P ( F|E ) = = =
P (E) 1/2 3
Given E: the number appearing is a multiple
2 1 5. A fair die is rolled. Consider events
of 3 i.e., E = 3,6 , P ( E ) = = E = 1,3,5 & G = 2,3, 4,5 . Find P ( E|G )
6 3
F: the number appearing is even Sol: S = 1,2,3, 4,5,6
3 1
i.e., F = 2, 4,6 , P ( F ) = = E = 1,3,5 & G = 2,3, 4,5
6 2
3 1 4 2
E  F = 6 , P ( E  F ) =
1 P (E) = = & P (G) = =
6 6 2 6 3
1
1 1 1
Now P ( E ) .P ( F ) = . = = P ( E  F ) E  G = 3,5 ,P ( E  G ) =
3 2 6 3
∴ E & F are independent events. P ( E  G ) 1/3 1
P ( E|G ) = = =
P (G) 2 /3 2
2. Probability of solving specific problem
independently by A & B are 1 2 & 1 3 6. A fair die is rolled. Consider events
respectively. If both try to solve the problem E = 1,3,5 & G = 2,3, 4,5 . Find P ( G|E ) .
independently, find the probability that the
problem is solved. (2019-M) Sol: S = 1,2,3, 4,5,6

1 1 E = 1,3,5 & G = 2,3, 4,5

Sol: Given P ( A ) = , P ( B) =
3 1 4 2
2 3 P (E) = = & P (G) = =
Here A & B are independent 6 2 6 3
1 1 1
 P ( A  B ) = P ( A) .P ( B ) = . =
1
E  G = 3,5 ,P ( E  G ) =
2 3 6 3
P ( the problem solved ) = P ( A  B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A  B ) P ( G  E ) 1/3 2
1 1 1 3 + 2 −1 4 2 P ( G|E ) = = =
= + − = = = P (E) 1/2 3
2 3 6 6 6 3

3. A fair die is rolled. Consider events 7. Events A & B are such that P ( A ) = 1/ 2,
E = 1,3,5 & F = 2,3 Find P ( E|F ) . P ( B ) = 7 /12 & P ( not A or not B ) = 1/ 4 .
Sol: S = 1,2,3, 4,5,6 State whether A and B are independent?
E = 1,3,5 ,F = 2,3 Sol: P ( A ) = 1/ 2,
3 1 2 1 P ( B ) = 7 /12 & P ( not A or not B ) = 1/ 4
P (E) = = ,P ( F ) = =
6 2 6 3
1 P ( A  B ) = 1/ 4,P ( A  B ) = 1/ 4
E  F = 3 ,P ( E  F ) =
6 1 − P ( A  B ) = 1/ 4
P ( E  F ) 1/6 1 P ( A  B ) = 3 / 4 − − − (1)
P ( E|F ) = = =
P (F ) 1/3 2 P ( A )  P ( B ) = (1/2 ) . ( 7 /12 ) = 7 /24 − − ( 2 )
from (1)& (2)P ( A  B )  P ( A ) .P ( B )
4. A fair die is rolled. Consider events
A & B are not independent events.
E = 1,3,5 & F = 2,3 . Find P ( F|E )
Sol: S = 1,2,3, 4,5,6

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8. Given two independent events A and B such 11. A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of
that P(A)=0.3, P(B)=0.6. Find (i) P (A and B) getting an odd number at least once.
(ii) P (A and not B) (iii) P (A or B)
Sol: Let A be the event of getting an odd number on a
(iv) P (neither A nor B).
single throw of die.
Sol: P(A)=0.3, P(B)=0.6.
Given A & B independent events 3 1 1 1
 P (A) = = and P ( A ) = 1 − P ( A ) = 1 − =
(i) P ( A and B ) = P ( A ) .P ( B ) = ( 0.3 )( 0.6 ) = 0.18 6 2 2 2
(ii) P ( A  B ) = P ( A ) − P ( A  B ) = 0.3 − 0.18 = 0.12 Let AAA denote the event of getting an odd
(iii) P ( A  B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A  B ) number in each of the 3throws.
= 0.3 + 0.6 − −0.18 = 0.72  Required probability
(iv) P ( A  B ) = P ( A  B ) = 1 − P ( A  B ) = P ( atleast one odd number )
= 1 − 0.72 = 0.28 = 1 − P ( no odd number )
9. A die is thrown. If E is the event ‘the number = 1 − P ( AAA ) = 1 − P ( A ) P ( A ) P ( A  )
appearing is a multiple of 3 & F be the event
1 1 1 1 7
‘the number appearing is even’ then prove that =1− . . =1− =
E & F are independent events. 2 2 2 8 8
12. An unbiased die is thrown twice. Let the
Sol: Here sample space S = 1,2,3, 4,5,6
event A be ‘odd number on the first throw’ and
Given E: the number appearing is a multiple B the ‘odd number on the second throw’. Check
2 1 the independence of the events A and B.
of 3 i.e., E = 3,6 , P ( E ) = =
6 3
18 1 18 1
F: the number appearing is even Sol: P ( A ) = = & P (B) = =
3 1 36 2 36 2
i.e., F = 2, 4,6 , P ( F ) = =
6 2 Also, P ( A  B ) = P ( odd nor on both throws )
1
E  F = 6 , P ( E  F ) =
6 9 1
= =
1 1 1 36 4
Now P ( E ) .P ( F ) = . = = P ( E  F )
3 2 6
1 1 1
∴ E & F are independent events. Now, P ( A ) P ( B ) =  =
10. Probability of solving specific problem 2 2 4

independently by A & B are

1
&
1 Clearly, P ( A  B ) = P ( A ) .P ( B )
2 3
respectively. If both try to solve the problem Thus, A & B are independent events.
independently, find the probability that the
13. Prove that if E and F are independent events,
problem is solved.
then so are the events E & F  .
1 1
Sol: Given P ( A ) = ,P ( B ) = Sol: Given P ( E  F ) = P ( E ) .P ( F )
2 3
Here A & B are independent E  F & E  F  are mutually exclusive events &
E = ( E  F )  ( E  F)
1  1  1
P ( A  B ) = P ( A ) .P ( B ) =     =
 2 3 6 P ( E ) = P ( E  F ) + P ( E  F)

P (the problem solved) also P ( E  F  ) = P ( E ) − P ( E  F )

= P ( A  B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A  B)
P ( E  F) = P ( E ) − P ( E ) P ( F )
1 1 1 3 + 2 −1 4 2
= + − = = = = P ( E ) (1 − P ( F ) ) = P ( E ) .P ( F  )
2 3 6 6 6 3

hence, E & F  are independent.

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PROBABILITY II PUC MATHEMATICS

14. If A and B are two independent events, then Required probability

the probability of occurrence of at least one of A
and B is given by 1 − P ( A ) P ( B ) . P ( B ) .P ( E|B )
P ( B|E ) =
P ( B ) .P ( E|B ) + P ( A ) P ( E|A )
Sol: We have, P(at least on of A and B) = P ( A  B )
1 5

2 11 57 35
= P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A  B) = = = .
1 5 1 3 5  7 + 3  11 68
 + 
= P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ) P (B) 2 11 2 7
3. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter
= P ( A ) + P ( B ) 1 − P ( A ) 
drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck
drivers. The probabilities of an accident are
= P ( A ) + P ( B ) P ( A)
0.01, 0.03 and 0.15 respectively. One of the
= 1 − P ( A ) + P ( B ) P ( A ) insured persons meets with an accident. What
is the probability that he is a scooter driver?
= 1 − P ( A ) 1 − P ( B )  = 1 − P ( A  ) P ( B ) (2015-M, 2019-M, 2022-A)

Sol: Let E1: Insured person is a scooter driver

E2: Insured person is a car driver
E3: Insured person is a truck driver
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
2000 2 1
 P ( E1 ) = = = ;
1. A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of 2000 + 4000 + 6000 12 6
getting an odd number at least once.
(2014-M, 2016-J)
4 1 6 1
P ( E2 ) = = and P ( E3 ) = =
Sol: Let A be the event of getting an odd number on a 12 3 12 2
single throw of die. Let E: a person meets with an accident.
3 1 1 1  P ( E|E1 ) = 0.01;P ( E|E2 ) = 0.03
 P (A) = = and P ( A ) = 1 − P ( A ) = 1 − =
6 2 2 2 and P ( E|E3 ) = 0.15
Let AAA denote the event of getting an odd Required probability
number in each of the 3throws. P ( E1 ) .P ( E1 |E )
P ( E1 |E ) =
Required probability P ( E1 ) .P ( E|E1 ) + P ( E2 ) .P (E|E2 ) + P (E3 ) .P (E|E3 )
= P ( atleast one odd number ) 1
 0.01
6
= 1 − P ( no odd number ) =
1 1 1
 0.01 +  0.03 +  0.15
= 1 − P ( AAA ) = 1 − P ( A ) P ( A ) P ( A ) 6 3 2
0.01 0.01 1
1 1 1 1 7 = = = .
=1−   = 1− = 0.01 + 0.06 + 0.45 0.52 52
2 2 2 8 8 4. Box-I contains 2 gold coins, while another Box-
II contains 1 gold and 1 silver coin. A person
2. Bag-I contains 3 red and 4 black balls while
chooses a box at random and takes out a coin.
another Bag-II contains 5 red and 6 Black balls.
If the coin is of gold, what is the probability
One ball is drawn at random from one of the
that the other coin in the box is also of gold?
bags and it is found to be red. Find the
(2016-M)
probability that it was drawn from Bag-II.
(2014-J, 2015-J, 2019-J) Sol: Let A and B be the events of selecting I and
II boxes respectively.
Sol: Let A: Bag I; B: Bag II
 P ( A ) = P ( B ) = 1/ 2
1 1
 P ( A) = , P ( B ) = Let E: selected coin is gold coin
2 2 2 1
C1 2 C1 1
Let E: drawn ball is red  P ( E|A ) = 2
= = 1;P ( E|B ) = 2
=
3 5 C1 2 C1 2
 P ( E|A ) = ,P ( E|B ) =
7 11
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PROBABILITY II PUC MATHEMATICS

P ( A ) .P ( E|A ) 7. Given two independent events A and B such

P ( A|E ) = that P ( A ) = 0.3,P ( B ) = 0.6 Find
P ( A ) .P ( E|A ) + P ( B ) .P ( E|B )
1 ( i ) P ( A and B) ( ii ) P ( A and not B )
1
2 2 ( iii ) P ( A or B) ( iv ) P ( neither A nor B)
= =
1 1 1 3
1 + 
2 2 2 Sol: Given P ( A ) = 0.3,P ( B ) = 0.6 and A and B
5. A man is known to speak truth 4 out of 5 are independent events
times. He tossed a coin and reports that it is
i P A and B P A B
head. Find the probability that it is actually
head. (2018-J, MQP-2023) P A .P B 0.3 0.6 0.18

Sol: Let E1: coin shows a head ii P A and not B P A B'

E2: coin shows a tail P A A B 0.3 0.18 0.12
1
P ( E1 ) = P ( E2 ) = ( S = H, T ,E1 = H ,E2 = T ) iii P A or B P A B
2
Let E: A reports that a head appears. P A P B P A B
0.3 0.6 0.18 0.72
 P ( E|E1 ) = 4 /5, P ( E|E2 ) = 1 − ( 4 /5 ) = 1/5
iv P neither A nor B P A ' B'
 Re quired probability
P A B ' 1 P A B
P ( E|E1 ) .P ( E1 )
P ( E1 |E ) = 1 0.72 0.28
P ( E|E1 ) .P ( E1 ) + P ( E|E2 ) .P ( E 2 )
8. Two balls are drawn at random with
=
( 4 /5 )(1/2) = 4 /5
=
4
replacement from a box containing 10 black and
4 1 1 1 4 1 5
. + . + 8 red balls. Find the probability that (i) both
5 2 5 2 5 5 balls are red (ii) first ball is black and second is
6. A fair coin and an unbiassed die are tossed. red (iii) one of them is black and other is red.
Let A be the event ‘head appears on the coin’ (MQP-2021)
and B be the event ‘3 on the die’. Check whether
A and B are independent events or not. (2022-A) Sol: Total no. of balls = 18, no. of red balls = 8
and no. of black balls = 10
Sol: If fair coin and an unbiassed die are tossed
(i) Probability of getting red ball in first draw
( H,1) , ( H,2) , ( H,3) , ( H,4 ) , ( H,5 ) , ( H,6 ) 8 4
Then S =   = =
( T,1) , ( T,2) , ( T,3) , ( T,4 ) , ( T,5 ) , ( T,6 )  18 9
Let A: head appears on the coin After replacement Probability of getting red
A = ( H,1) , ( H,2) , ( H,3 ) , ( H,4 ) , ( H,5 ) , ( H,6 ) 8 4
ball in second draw = =
6 1 18 9
 P (A) = =
12 2 4 4 16
Let B: 3 on the die Probability of getting both balls is red = . =
9 9 81
2 1
B = ( H,3 ) , ( T,3 )  P ( B ) = =
12 6 (ii) Probability of getting black ball in first draw
1 10 5
 A  B = ( H,3 )  P ( A  B ) = = =
12 18 9
1 1 1
P ( A ) .P ( B ) = . = = P ( A  B) After replacement Probability of getting red
2 6 12
8 4
ball in second draw = =
Therefore, A and B are independent events. 18 9
Probability that first ball is black and second
5 4 20
is red = . =
9 9 81
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PROBABILITY II PUC MATHEMATICS

(iii) Probability of getting red ball in first draw Sol: Here sample space S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
8 4 Given E: the number appearing is a multiple
= =
2 1
18 9 of 3 i.e., E = {3,6}, P ( E ) = =
6 3
After replacement Probability of getting black
F: the number appearing is even
10 5
ball in second draw = = 3 1
18 9 i.e., F = {2,4,6}, P ( F ) = =
6 2
Probability that first ball is red and second is 1
E  F = 6 , P ( E  F ) =
5 4 20 6
black = . =
9 9 81 1 1 1
Now P ( E ) .P ( F ) = . = = P(E  F )
Probability that one of them is black and other 3 2 6
is red = Probability that first ball is black and ∴ E & F are independent events.
second is red + Probability that first ball is red
20 20 40
and second is black = + =
81 81 81
9. Probability of solving specific problem
1 1
independently by A & B are &
2 3
respectively. If both try to solve the problem
independently, find the probability that
(i) the problem is solved. (ii) exactly one of them
solves the problem. (MQP-2021)

1 1
Sol: Given P ( A ) = ,P ( B ) =
2 3
1 1
P ( A ') = 1 − P ( A ) = 1 − = ,
2 2
1 2
P ( B') = 1 − P ( B ) = 1 − =
3 3
Here A & B are independent

1  1  1
P ( A  B ) = P ( A ) .P ( B ) =     =
 2 3 6
P (the problem solved)
P ( A  B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A  B)

1 1 1 2
= + − =
2 3 6 3
P (exactly one of them solves the problem) =

P ( A ) .P ( B ') + P ( B ) .P ( A ')
1 2 1 1 1 1 1
= . + . = + =
2 3 2 3 3 6 2
10. A die is thrown. If E is the event ‘the number
appearing is a multiple of 3 & F be the event
‘the number appearing is even’ then prove that
E & F are independent events.
130