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STATISTICS

The document outlines the fundamentals of statistics, including data collection methods, data presentation techniques, and analysis and interpretation of data. It details various sampling techniques, scales of measurement, and classifications of data, along with examples such as frequency distribution tables. The document emphasizes the importance of organizing and interpreting data to derive meaningful insights.

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2 views2 pages

STATISTICS

The document outlines the fundamentals of statistics, including data collection methods, data presentation techniques, and analysis and interpretation of data. It details various sampling techniques, scales of measurement, and classifications of data, along with examples such as frequency distribution tables. The document emphasizes the importance of organizing and interpreting data to derive meaningful insights.

Uploaded by

morechives
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STATISTICS – branch of mathematics/science which involves:

I. COLLECTION/GATHERING OF DATA
a. Methods
i. Indirect Method – survey
ii. Direct Method – interview, experimental, observation
II. PRESENTATION/ORGANIZATION OF DATA
a. Textual Presentation/Method/Form
b. Tabular Method
c. Graphical Method
III. ANALYSIS OF DATA
IV. INTERPRETATION OF DATA

COLLECTION/GATHERING OF DATA
POPULATION – whole data/group
 Data – information
 Population size (N) – term in statistics referring to a population. It is the total number of people or
things in a group
 Sample size (n) – term in statistics referring to a sample. It is the number of people or things selected
from the population.
 Sampling Technique – getting respondents part of their population and their connection is not bias
and they are given equal chance of being selected.
 Slovin Formula - N where; e = margin of error (1% - 5%)
1 + N (e²)

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Probability Sampling
1. Random Sampling – each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
a. Lottery sampling
b. Random numbers
2. Stratified Sampling – according to stratum or strata. We consider concept and construct.

DATA VARIABLE
Concept Construct
Main variable Sub-variable
i.e. gender i.e. male/female

3. Systematic Sampling – involves selection of every nth (i.e., 5th) subject in the population to be in
the sample.
4. Cluster Sampling – used in geographic location
5. Multi-stage Sampling – combination of the techniques above
Non-Probability Sampling
1. Convenience Sampling – selecting participants based on their easy accessibility to the researcher.
2. Quota Sampling – involves dividing the population into subgroups and selecting a predetermined
number of participants from each group to ensure representation
3. Purposive Sampling – intentionally chooses participants with specific characteristics relevant to the
research study, essentially picking individuals "on purpose" based on their qualities and not random
selection.

SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
1. Nominal Scale – Used to label values without any specific order. Talks about the kind, concept in
words. For identification purposes.
Example: Gender (male/female), Civil Status (married/single)

2. Ordinal Scale - Used to categorize and rank values


Example: Rank of military officer, Income levels, Likert Scale
3. Interval Scale – Used to categorize, rank, and quantify the difference between values. May limit. (Base
point: not zero | has value | no meaning)
Example: Temperature, IQ
4. Ratio Scale – Used to categorize, rank, quantify the difference between values, and has a true
zero. (Base point: zero – no value)
Example: Age, Weight, Height, Time

ORGANIZATION/PRESENTATION OF DATA
 Data should be facts
 Initially, we gather raw data
2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF DATA
1. Ungrouped Data – not organized but if organized, it is arranged into an array (order – ascending or
descending). (N < 30)
2. Grouped Data – organized into categories or intervals. (N >= 30)
TABLE
1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE – gives us classes or categories or/and frequency
a. Relative Frequency Distribution Table/ Percentage Frequency Distribution Table
b. Cumulative Frequency Distribution Table
i. Less than Cumulative FDT
ii. Greater than Cumulative FDT
Example of Tabular Data
POPULATION OF SFC STUDENTS BY DEPARTMENT

DEPARTMENT POPULATION SAMPLE


COA 86 25
CIT 150 43
CBE 200 57
TOTAL 1000 286

Example of Relative Frequency Distribution Table


RELATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION SFC STUDENTS BY DEPARTMENT

DEPARTMENT FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE


COA 25 8.74%
CIT 43 15.03%
CBE 57 19.93%
TOTAL 286 100%

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA


TEXTUAL
1. Introductory Part
 Table 1 Presents the Relative FDT of the students by department.
2. Descriptive Part
 As shown from the table, of the 286 students, 57 or 19.93% are in the CBE department; 43 or
15.03% are in the CIT department; 25 or 8.74% are in COA department.
3. Analysis (gist)
 Most of the students enrolled at SFC are from the CBE department.
4. Interpretation
 Indication why CBE has the most enrolled students at SFC.

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