Euler’s Method

ACTIVITY 9
𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑑𝑡
= 3 − 2𝑡 − 0.5𝑦 𝑦(0) = 1 , ℎ = 0.25 , 𝑦(5) = ?

x y
____ _________

0 1
0.25 1.625
0.5 2.0469
0.75 2.291
1 2.3796
1.25 2.3322
1.5 2.1657
1.75 1.895
2 1.5331
2.25 1.0914
2.5 0.58002
2.75 0.0075153
3 -0.61842
3.25 -1.2911
3.5 -2.0047
3.75 -2.7541
4 -3.5349
4.25 -4.343
4.5 -5.1751 y(5)= -6.8997
4.75 -6.0282
5 -6.8997

Differential Equation:
𝑑𝑦
= 3 − 2𝑡 − 0.5𝑦 𝑦(0) = 1 𝑡 = 5
𝑑𝑡
dt
+ P(t)y = Q(t)
dy
dt
− 0.5y = 3 − 2t
dy
if = e∫ 𝑃(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = e∫ −0.5 𝑑𝑡 = e−0.5t
dy 𝑑𝑦
[ − 0.5y = 3 − 2t] (𝑒 −0.5𝑡 ) → 𝑒 −0.5𝑡 − 0.5𝑦𝑒 −0.5𝑡 = 3𝑒 −0.5𝑡 − 2𝑡𝑒 −0.5𝑡
dt 𝑑𝑡
𝑑
∫ (𝑦𝑒 −0.5𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 3𝑒 −0.5𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − ∫ 2𝑡𝑒 −0.5𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑦𝑒 −0.5𝑡 = −6𝑒 −0.5𝑡 − (−4𝑡𝑒 −0.5𝑡 + ∫ 4𝑒 −0.5𝑡 𝑑𝑡)
𝑦𝑒 −0.5𝑡 = 4𝑡𝑒 −0.5𝑡 + 2𝑒 −0.5𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑦 = 4𝑡 + 2 + 𝑐𝑒 0.5𝑡
𝑦(0) = 1
1 = 4(0) + 2 + 𝑐 → 𝑐 = −1
𝑦(𝑡) = 4𝑡 + 2 − 𝑒 0.5𝑡
@𝑡 = 5
𝑦(5) = 4(5) + 2 − 𝑒 0.5(5) = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏𝟕𝟓
Euler’s Method

Laplace Transform:
𝑑𝑦
= 3 − 2𝑡 − 0.5𝑦 𝑦(0) = 1 𝑡 = 5
𝑑𝑡
3 2
sY(s) − 1 = − 2 + 0.5Y(s)
s s
3 2
(s − 0.5)Y(s) = − 2 + 1 𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 = 9.8175 + 6.8997 = 16.7172
s s
3 2 𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
− + 1 𝑠 2 + 3𝑠 − 2 𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = | | (100) = 170.2796 %
𝑠 𝑠2
Y(s) = = 2 9.8175
𝑠 − 0.5 𝑠 (𝑠 − 0.5)
𝑠 2 + 3𝑠 − 2 𝐴 𝑏 𝐶
2
= + 2+
𝑠 (𝑠 − 0.5) 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 − 0.5
s 2 + 3s − 2 = A(s 2 )(s − 0.5) + B(s)(s − 0.5) + C(s 2 )
A+C= 1
−0.5A + B = 3
−0.5B = −2
𝐴 = 2 𝐵 = 4 𝐶 = −1
2 4 −1
𝑌(𝑠) = + 2 +
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 − 0.5
𝑦(𝑡) = 4𝑡 + 2 − 𝑒 0.5𝑡
𝑦(5) = 4(5) + 2 − 𝑒 0.5(5) = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏𝟕𝟓

2. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 − 1 𝑦(0) = 2 , ℎ = 0.25 , 𝑦(3) = ?

x y
____ ______

0 2
0.25 1.75
0.5 1.6082
0.75 1.551
1 1.5653
1.25 1.6446
1.5 1.7848
1.75 1.9798
2 2.2169
2.25 2.4708
2.5 2.7014
2.75 2.8556
3 2.8781

y(3)= 2.8781

Differential Equation:
𝑦 ′ = 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 − 1 𝑦(0) = 2 𝑡 = 3
𝑦 ′ − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡) = −1
if = e∫ 𝑃(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = e∫ − sin(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ecos(t)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 cos(t)
[ − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡) = 1] (ecos(t) ) → (e 𝑦) = −𝑒 cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑
∫ (ecos(t) 𝑦)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ −𝑒 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Euler’s Method

𝑒 cos 𝑡 𝑦 = ∫ −𝑒 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 = 4.0674 − 2.8781 = 1.1893
𝑦(0) = 2
0 𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
2𝑒 1 = ∫ −𝑒 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶 → 𝐶 = 2𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = | | (100) = 29.2398 %
4.0674
0
𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = (∫ −𝑒 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 2𝑒) 𝑒 −cos 𝑡
0
3
𝑦(3) = (∫ −𝑒 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 2𝑒) 𝑒 −cos 3 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟔𝟕𝟒
0

𝑥−4
3. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥−𝑦+1 𝑦(3) = 3 , ℎ = 0.25 , 𝑦(8) = ?

x y
____ ______

3 3
3.25 2.75
3.5 2.625
3.75 2.5583
4 2.5298
4.25 2.5298
4.5 2.5528
4.75 2.5952
5 2.6546
5.25 2.7294
5.5 2.8181
5.75 2.92
6 3.0342
6.25 3.1603
6.5 3.2978
6.75 3.4466
7 3.6063
7.25 3.777
7.5 3.9587 y(8)= 4.3552
7.75 4.1513
8 4.3552

Differential Equation:
𝑥−4
𝑦′ = 𝑦(3) = 3 𝑥 = 8
𝑥−𝑦+1
(𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 − 4)𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 − 4)𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 − 4)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦

Cannot be solve because it is nonlinear equation

Euler’s Method

𝑡2
𝑑𝑦
4. 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑒 𝑦2+1 𝑦(−0.82) = 0.97 , 𝑦(1.28) = ?

x y
_____ ______

-0.82 0.97
-0.4 1.5639
0.02 2.0039
0.44 2.4239
0.86 2.8559
1.28 3.3112

y(1.28)= 3.3112

Differential Equation:
𝑡 2
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑦2 +1
𝑑𝑡
2 +1
∫ 𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
2 +1 𝑡3
∫ 𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = +𝑐
3
2 +1
∫ 𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑦 → ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙

As for Laplace transform approach its not applicable because the

2 +1
function is nonlinear due to the term 𝑒 𝑦 .

𝑑𝑦 𝑦
5. 𝑑𝑡
=4−𝑡−2 𝑦(0) = 1 , ℎ = 0.25 , 𝑦(4) = ?

x y
____ ______

0 1
0.25 1.875
0.5 2.5781
0.75 3.1309
1 3.552
1.25 3.858
1.5 4.0633
1.75 4.1803
2 4.2203
2.25 4.1928
2.5 4.1062
2.75 3.9679
3 3.7844
3.25 3.5614
3.5 3.3037 y(4)= 2.7013
3.75 3.0157
4 2.7013
Euler’s Method

Differential Equation:
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
= 4−𝑡− 𝑦(0) = 1 𝑡 = 4
𝑑𝑡 2
dy
+ P(t)y = Q(t)
dt
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
+ =4−𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2
1 𝑡
𝑖𝑓 = 𝑒 ∫2𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑡 𝑡 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
[ + = 4 − 𝑡] (𝑒 2 ) → 𝑒 2 + 𝑒 2 = 4𝑒 2 − 𝑡𝑒 2
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
∫ (𝑦𝑒 2 ) = ∫ 4𝑒 2 − ∫ 𝑡𝑒 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
𝑦𝑒 2 = 8𝑒 2 − 2𝑡𝑒 2 + 2 ∫ 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
𝑦𝑒 2 = 12𝑒 2 − 2𝑡𝑒 2 + 𝑐
𝑡
𝑦 = 12 − 2𝑡 + 𝑐𝑒 −2
𝑦(0) = 1
1 = 12 − 0 + 𝑐 → 𝑐 = −11
𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = 12 − 2𝑡 − 11𝑒 −2
4
𝑦(4) = 12 − 2(4) − 11𝑒 −2 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟑

Laplace Transform:
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
= 4−𝑡− 𝑦(0) = 1 𝑡 = 4
𝑑𝑡 2
4 1 1
sY(s) − 1 = − 2 − Y(s)
s s 2
1 4 1
Y(s) (s + ) = − 2 + 1
2 s s
4 1
− +1
𝑠 𝑠2
𝑌(𝑠) =
1
𝑠+
2
4 𝐴 𝐵
= + 𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 = 2.5113 − 2.7013 = −0.19
1 𝑠 1
𝑠 (𝑠 + ) (𝑠 + )
2 2 𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
𝐴 = 8 𝐵 = −8 𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = | | (100) = 7.5658 %
2.5113
4 8 8
= −
1 1
𝑠 (𝑠 + ) 𝑠 𝑠 (𝑠 + )
2 2
1 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
= 2+ +
1 𝑠 𝑠 1
𝑠 2 (𝑠 + ) 𝑠+
2 2
𝐶 = 2 𝐷 = −4 𝐸 = 4
1 2 4 4
= 2− +
1 𝑠 𝑠+1
𝑠 2 (𝑠 + ) 𝑠
2 2
8 8 2 4 4 1 1
𝑌(𝑠) = − − 2+ − + 𝑦(𝑡) = 12 + 11𝑒 2 − 2𝑡
𝑠 (𝑠 + 1) 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠+1 𝑠+1
4
2 2 2 𝑦(4) = 12 − 2(4) − 11𝑒 −
2 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟑
4 11 2
𝑌(𝑠) = − −
𝑠 𝑠 + 1 𝑠2
2
Euler’s Method

𝑑𝑦
6. 𝑑𝑡
= 1 − 𝑡𝑦 𝑦(0) = 1 , ℎ = 0.25 , 𝑦(6) =?

x y
____ _______

0 1
0.25 1.25
0.5 1.4219
0.75 1.4941
1 1.464
1.25 1.348
1.5 1.1767
1.75 0.98547
2 0.80432
2.25 0.65216
2.5 0.53532
2.75 0.45075
3 0.39086
3.25 0.34771
3.5 0.3152
3.75 0.2894
4 0.26809
4.25 0.25 y(6)= 0.1715
4.5 0.23438
4.75 0.2207
5 0.20862
5.25 0.19785
5.5 0.18817
5.75 0.17944
6 0.1715

Differential Equation:
𝑑𝑦
= 1 − 𝑡𝑦 𝑦(0) = 1 𝑡 = 6
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑡𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑡
𝑖𝑓 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑡2 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑡2 𝑡2
[ + 𝑡𝑦 = 1] (𝑒 2 ) → 𝑒 2 + 𝑒 2 𝑡𝑦 = 𝑒 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2 2
𝑑 𝑡 𝑡
∫ (𝑒 2 𝑦) = ∫ 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑡2 𝑡2
𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 = 1.17175 − 0.1715 = 1.00025
𝑒 2 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑦(0) = 1 𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
0 𝑡2
𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = | | (100) = 85.36377 %
0
1.17175
𝑒 = ∫ 𝑒2 +𝐶 → 𝑐 = 1
0
𝑡2 𝑡 𝑡2
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 − 2 ∫ 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑡 + 1
0
𝑡2 6 𝑡2
𝑦(6) = 𝑒− 2 ∫ 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑡 + 1 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟓
0
Euler’s Method

𝑑𝑦
7. 𝑑𝑥
= −2𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 8.5 𝑦(0) = 1 , ℎ = 0.5 , 𝑦(8) = ?

x y
___ _______

0 1
0.5 5.25
1 5.875
1.5 5.125
2 4.5
2.5 4.75
3 5.875
3.5 7.125
4 7
4.5 3.25
5 -7.125
5.5 -27.875
6 -63.5
6.5 -119.25
7 -201.12 y(8)= -471
7.5 -315.88
8 -471

Differential Equation:
𝑑𝑦
= −2𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 8.5 𝑦(0) = 1 𝑥 = 8
𝑑𝑥
3 2
𝑑𝑦 = (−2𝑥 + 12𝑥 − 20𝑥 + 8.5 )𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(−2𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 8.5 )𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦 = − 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 2 + 8.5𝑥 + 𝐶
2
𝑦(0) = 1
1 = −0 + 0 − 0 + 0 + 𝐶 → 𝐶 = 1
1
𝑦(𝑥) = − 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 2 + 8.5𝑥 + 1
2
1
𝑦(8) = − (8)4 + 4(8)3 − 10(8)2 + 8.5(8) + 1 = −𝟓𝟕𝟏
2

Laplace Transform:
𝑑𝑦
= −2𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 8.5 𝑦(0) = 1
𝑑𝑥
12 24 20 8.5
𝑠 𝑌(𝑠) − 1 = − 4 + 3 − 2 + 𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 = −571 + 471 = −100
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
1 12 24 20 8.5 𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
𝑌(𝑠) = − 5 + 4 − 3 + 2 𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = | | (100) = 17.5131 %
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 571
1
𝑦(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 2 + 8.5𝑥
2
1
𝑦(8) = 1 − (8)4 + 4(8)3 − 10(8)2 + 8.5(8) = −𝟓𝟕𝟏
2
Euler’s Method

𝑑𝑦
8. 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑦𝑡 3 − 1.5𝑦 𝑦(0) = 1 , ℎ = 0.25 & 0.5 , 𝑦(2) =?

Results: h = 0.25
x y
____ _______

0 1
0.25 0.625
0.5 0.39307
0.75 0.25795
1 0.18842
1.25 0.16487
1.5 0.18355
1.75 0.26959
2 0.52969

y(2)= 0.52969 @h=0.25

Results: h = 0.5
x y
___ ________

0 1
0.5 0.25
1 0.078125
1.5 0.058594
2 0.11353

y(2)= 0.11353 @h=0.5

Differential Equation:
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦𝑡 3 − 1.5𝑦 , 𝑦(0) = 1 , 𝑡 = 2
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑦
[ = 𝑦𝑡 3 − 1.5𝑦] ( ) → = (𝑡 3 − 1.5)𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑦 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑡4
∫ = ∫ 𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡 − ∫ 1.5𝑑𝑡 → ln 𝑦 = − 1.5𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑦 4

𝑦(0) = 1 𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 ℎ=0.25 = 2.7183 − 0.52969 = 2.18861

04
ln 1 = − 1.5(0) + 𝑐 → 𝑐 = 0 𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
4 𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ℎ=0.25 = | | (100) = 80.5139 %
2.7183
𝑡4 𝑡4
𝑒 ln 𝑦 = 𝑒 4 −1.5𝑡 → 𝑦 = 𝑒 4 −1.5𝑡 𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 ℎ=0.5 = 2.7183 − 0.11353 = 2.60477
𝑡=2 𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ℎ=0.5 = | | (100) = 95.8235 %
24 2.7183
𝑦 = 𝑒 4 −1.5(2) = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟏𝟖𝟑
Euler’s Method

𝑑𝑦 1+2𝑥
9. 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦(0) = 1 , ℎ = 0.25 & 0.5
√𝑦

Results: h = 0.25
x y
____ ______

0 1
0.25 1.25
0.5 1.5854
0.75 1.9825
1 2.4264
1.25 2.9079
1.5 3.421
1.75 3.9617
2 4.5269
2.25 5.1144
2.5 5.7224
2.75 6.3494 y(3)= 6.9943 @h=0.25
3 6.9943

Results: h = 0.5
x y
___ ______

0 1
0.5 1.5
1 2.3165
1.5 3.302
2 4.4027
2.5 5.5941
3 6.8625
y(3)= 6.8625 @h=0.5

Differential Equation:
𝑑𝑦 1 + 2𝑥
= 𝑦(0) = 1 𝑥 = 3
𝑑𝑥 √𝑦
√𝑦𝑑𝑦 = (1 + 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1 𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 ℎ=0.25 = 7.1204 − 6.9943 = 0.1261
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
2 3 𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ℎ=0.25 = | | (100) = 1.771 %
𝑦2 = 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝐶 7.1204
3
𝑦(0) = 1 𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 ℎ=0.5 = 7.1204 − 6.8625 = 0.2579
2 3 2
(1)2 = 0 + 0 + 𝐶 → 𝐶 = 𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
3 3 𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ℎ=0.5 = | | (100) = 3.622 %
2 7.1204
3 3 3
𝑦(𝑥) = ( 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 1)
2 2
2
3 3 3
𝑦(3) = ( (3) + (3)2 + 1) = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟒
2 2
Euler’s Method

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
10. 𝑑𝑥 2
+ 0.5 𝑑𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 0 𝑦(0) = 4 , 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0 , ℎ = 0.5

x y dy_dx
___ _______ _______

0 4 0
0.5 4 -14
1 -3 -24.5
1.5 -15.25 -7.875
2 -19.188 47.469
2.5 4.5469 102.76
3 55.926 61.154
3.5 86.503 -149.87
4 11.566 -415.17
4.5 -196.02 -351.85
5 -371.94 422.17

y(5)= -371.94

Differential Equation:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 0.5 + 7𝑦 = 0 𝑦(0) = 4 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0 𝑥 = 5
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑚2 𝑦 + 0.5𝑚𝑦 + 7𝑦 = 0 𝑦=0
1 √111
𝑚=− ± 𝑖
4 4
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 (𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽𝑥))
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒 −0.25𝑥 (𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2.63𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2.63𝑥))
𝑦(0) = 4
4 = 𝑒 −0.25(0) (0)(𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2.63 ⋅ 0) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2.63 ⋅ 0))
4 = 1(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 (0)) → 𝐶 = 4
𝑑 −0.25𝑥
𝑦 ′ (𝑥) = [𝑒 (𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2.63𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2.63𝑥))]
𝑑𝑥
𝑦′(𝑥) = −0.25𝑒 −0.25𝑥 (𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2.63𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2.63𝑥)) + 𝑒 −0.25𝑥 (−2.63𝐶1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2.63𝑥)
+ 2.63𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2.63𝑥))
𝑦 ′ (0) = 0
0 = −0.25𝑒 0 (𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0)) + 𝑒 0 (−2.63𝐶1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0) + 2.63𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0))
0 = −0.25(4 + 0) + 1(0 + 2.63𝐶2 ) → 𝐶2 = 0.38
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒 −0.25𝑥 (4𝑐𝑜𝑠(2.63𝑥) + 0.38𝑠𝑖𝑛(2.63𝑥))
𝑦(5) = 𝑒 −0.25(5) (4 cos(2.63(5)) + 0.38 sin(2.63(5)) = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟑

Laplace Transform:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
+ 0.5 + 7𝑦 = 0 𝑦(0) = 4 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠 𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0) + 0.5(𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑦(0)) + 7𝑌(𝑠) = 0
𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) + 0.5𝑠𝑌(𝑠) + 7𝑌(𝑠) = 6
6 6 6
𝑌(𝑠) = 2 → 𝑌(𝑠) = → 𝑌(𝑠) =
𝑠 + 0.5𝑠 + 7 0.5 2 0.5 2 (𝑠 + 0.25)2 + (6.937)
(𝑠 + ) +7−( )
2 2
6
𝑌(𝑠) = → 𝑦(𝑥) = 6𝑒 −0.25𝑥 sin(2.6339𝑥)
(𝑠 + 0.25)2 + (2.6339)2
𝑦(5) = 6𝑒 −0.25(5) sin(2.6339(5)) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟏𝟕
Euler’s Method

Euler’s Method Code:

disp('You can choose to solve a 1st or 2nd order differential equation.');

order = input('Enter the order of the differential equation (1 or 2): ');

if order == 1

f_str = input('Enter the function f(x, y) as a string (e.g., "x + y"): ',
's');
f = str2func(['@(x, y) ' f_str]);

x0 = input('Enter the initial value of x (x0): ');

y0 = input('Enter the initial value of y (y0): ');
h = input('Enter the step size (h): ');
x_end = input('Enter the end value of x: ');

x = x0;
y = y0;
x_values = x0:h:x_end;
y_values = zeros(size(x_values));
y_values(1) = y0;

for i = 2:length(x_values)
y = y + h * f(x, y);
x = x + h;
y_values(i) = y;
end

disp('Results:');
disp(table(x_values', y_values', 'VariableNames', {'x', 'y'}));

figure;
plot(x_values, y_values, '-o', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
grid on;
title('Euler''s Method Solution for 1st Order ODE');
xlabel('x');
ylabel('y');
legend('Numerical Solution');

elseif order == 2

f_str = input('Enter the function f(x, y, dy/dx) as a string (e.g., "-2*dy -

3*y"): ', 's');
Euler’s Method

f = str2func(['@(x, y, dy) ' f_str]);

x0 = input('Enter the initial value of x (x0): ');
y0 = input('Enter the initial value of y (y0): ');
dy0 = input('Enter the initial value of dy/dx (dy0): ');
h = input('Enter the step size (h): ');
x_end = input('Enter the end value of x: ');

x = x0;
y = y0;
dy = dy0;
x_values = x0:h:x_end;
y_values = zeros(size(x_values));
dy_values = zeros(size(x_values));
y_values(1) = y0;
dy_values(1) = dy0;

for i = 2:length(x_values)
ddy = f(x, y, dy);
y = y + h * dy;
dy = dy + h * ddy;
x = x + h;
y_values(i) = y;
dy_values(i) = dy;
end

disp('Results:');
disp(table(x_values', y_values', dy_values', 'VariableNames', {'x', 'y',
'dy_dx'}));

figure;
plot(x_values, y_values, '-o', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
hold on;
plot(x_values, dy_values, '--s', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
grid on;
title('Euler''s Method Solution for 2nd Order ODE');
xlabel('x');
ylabel('Values');
legend('y (Solution)', 'dy/dx (First Derivative)');
hold off;

else
disp('Invalid input. Please enter 1 or 2 for the order of the ODE.');
end
Euler’s Method