ACTIVITY 3

AIM: To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse and
apowersource.
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL

Apparatus. No apparatus required in assembling a circuit.

Material. Three bulbs (6 V, 1 W) each, fuse of 0.6 A, main switch a power supply (battery
eliminator), three (on/off) switches flexible connecting wire with red and black plastic covering, a fuse
wire.

Supplementary. Main electric board with a two-pin socket and main switch.

THEORY

Electricity supplied to us for domestic purposes is 220 VA.C. and 50 Hz. The household circuit,
all appliances are connected in "parallel" with mains. The switches are connected in series with each
appliances in live wire. 5 A switches are required for normal appliances like, bulbs, fluorescent tubes fans
etc. 15 A sockets and switches are required for heavy load appliances like, refrigerator, air conditioner,
geyser, hot plates etc. Allappliances must have three wires called live, neutral and the earth. Total power
consumption P' at a time,

P-P,+Pz+ P,+
where P P, P, are the powers drawn by appliances.
To protect the appliances from damage when unduly high currents are drawn fuse of little higher
rating, 10 to 20% higher than the current normally drawn by all appliances. For further safety, a suitable
value MAINS FUSE like rating 32 A is connected in series with supply source

DIAGRAM
B

B 0/
S
S O/
S
/ BS-O/ A(A.C.)
A.C. ammeter
M.S F 02 468 10
Power
source Source of supply
Fuse (0 to 0.75 A)
0 to 10 V
(a) (b)
(a) Cireuit diagram, (6) Actual layout.
PROCEDURE
Connect the bulbs B,, B, and B, in series with switches S, S, and S, respectively and connec
1.
each set of B-S in parallel with each other.
Connect main supply to a step-down transtormer (battery eliminator) to get required
2.
voltage from 0 to 10 V (0, 2, 4,6, 8 and 10 V).
Connect the mains fuse M.S. in series with the power supply (battery eliminator).
3.
4. Connect an A.C. ammeter in series with the B-S set.

Connect one end of power supply to one end of B-S set.

5.
Check the circuit one again to ensure that household circuit is complete.
6
burn off at about 0.6 A.
Gradually increase the current to 0.75 A, the fuse must

ACTIVITY 4
AIM: To assemble the components ofa given electrical circuit.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL

Apparatus. Avoltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range, a battery, a rheostat, one way key
Material. An unknown resistance or resistance coil, connecting wires, a piece of sand paper.

DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

1. Connect the components (Resistors, inductors etc.) in series with each other as shown in
diagram and then in series with the battery.
2. Connect the ammeter in series with the circuit, to measure the current.
Connedt the voltmeter in parallel to the resis-tor, to measure the potential difference.
4. Connect the switch in series with the battery.
Assembly of the electrical components in electric circuit is complete.
UTILITY
It is used for measuring an unknown resistance (see Experiment 2: SectionA).
 ACTIVITY 6
AIM: To draw the diagram
ofagiven open circuit comprising at least battery, resistor/rheostat,
a
key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order
and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL

A battery eliminator or a battery (0 to 6 V), rheostat, two resistors, one-way key. D.C. ammeter
(0-3) A and a D.C. voltmeter (0-3) V.

THEORY

An open circuit is the combination of primary components of electric circuit in a such a manner
that on closing the circuit, no current is drawn from the battery.
 Battery
K
HH Rheostat

A
Unknown resistance
wire

If the circuit is not working, it can have many causes. Some of them are:
)Broken or fuse wires. Gi) Loose connections.
(in) Exhausted battery. (iv) Improper connection of components.

m)HHE
Rheostat Rheostat

(V)
Resistance Resistancee

() (i)
Incorrect circuits

DIAGRAM
Resistance coil

One-way key

Rheostat
Battery

uebu daulnu
V
A
Voltmeter Ammeter
Incorrect circuit dlagram (Components not connected in proper order).
PROCEDURE

Ammeter. It should be connected in series, with the battery eliminator.

Voltmeter. It should be connected in parallel to the resistor.
Rheostat. It should be connected in series (in place of resistance coil) with the battery eliminator.

Resistance coil. It should be connected in parallel (in place of rheostat).

One-way key. It should be connected in series to the battery eliminator.

Correct circuit diagram (Components connected in proper order)

Dry cell
Rheostat (Rh)

Plug key
E

HE- w-
Rh R

A
Connecting
wire
A V

Ammeter Voltmeter
(i)
Corrected circuit diagram

PRECAUTIONS
1. Draw the given open circuit in auxillary notebook.
2. Check which components are connected in proper order and which are not.
3. Take out the key plug before connecting the components.

the voltmeter in parallel across the point for which you need to measure the
4. Always connect
potential difference.
5. Always connect the ammeter in series.
 ACTIVITY 4
AIM:
To observe
slab.
refraction and lateral deviation ofabeam of light incident obliquely on a glass

APPARATUS
Glass slab, drawing board, white drawing sheet, drawing pins, pencil, eraser, protractor, metre
scale, adhesive tape.

THEORY
When a ray of light (PQ) is incident on the face AB of glass slab, then it bends towards the normal
because refraction takes place from rarer to denser medium. The refracted ray (QR) travelling along a
straight line and inddent on face DC of slab, bends away from the normal because refraction takes place
from denser to rarer medium. The ray (RS) out through the face DC is called the emergent ray.

The incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray i.e., Zi= Le.
(i) The perpendicular distance between the incident ray and the emergent ray is called lateral
deviation. For a given angle of incidence and a pair of media, the lateral deviationis

proportional to the thickness of the glass slab.

d t secr sin (i - )
We have,
or doct

2 B

--
U

S
Refraction through a glass slab.
PROCEDURE
1. Take a drawing sheet and fix it on a drawing board with the help of drawing pins or adhesive

tape
2. Take a glass slab and put it symmetrically in the middle of the paper and mark its boundary

ABCD
3. Draw a normal at point Q on face AB and draw a line PQ making an angle i with the normal

PQ will represent an incident ray.

5 them.
cm or more between
4. pins at points 1 and2 on the line PQ at distance
Fix two
at points 3 and 4 (1 cm or more
5. See images of these pins through face DC and fix of first twopins all being along a straight line.
two more

apart) such that these two pins cover the images pins,
6. Remove the glass slab. Draw straight line RS through points 3 and 4 to represent emergent ray.

Join QR to represent refracted ray.

7. Draw normal at point R on face DC and measure angle e. It comes to be equal to angle i.
to cut DC at T. Draw TU perpendicular to RS. TU measures lateral
8. Produce PQ forward
displacement d.
9. Now take more sets for different angles ofincidence and measure the lateral displacements.
10. Make small circles around each pin-pricks on the drawing sheet.

11. Start with a value of 30° for Li and repeat the process for 35, 40, 45° and 50° for Li.
12. The process can be repeated for glass slabs of different thickness.

OBSERVATIONS

Least count ofprotractor degree

Least count of metre scale = - mm =, cm

S.No. Thickness ofglass Angle of Angle of emergence, Lateral deviation,

slab, t (cm) incidence, Le (degree) d (cm)
Li (degree)

1.

2.

3.

4
5.

6.
RESULT
1. The ray
of light changes its path emerging out of glass slab which proves that refraction happens
when lighttravels from one medium to another. The emerging ray is parallel to the incident
ray
i.e., Zi= Le.
2. The lateral deviation of the
emergent ray with respect to the incident ray is directly proportional
to the thickness of the glass slab.
3. The lateral displacement increases with the angle of incidence ().

PRECAUTIONS
1. The pins should be fixed vertically on the drawing board.
2. The glass slab should be dean and of uniform thickness.
3. Use sharp pencils for making lines.
4. The glass slab should be kept lengthwise at the centre of the drawing sheet.
5. Measurement of angles should done accurately.
6. For better accuracy, distance between the pins should be 5 cm or more while locating the angle
of incidence and angle of emergence.
7. It must be ensured that the pins 1 and 2 are in straight line. Similarly, the pins 3 and 4 are in
straight line.
8. While viewing the pins, one eye should always be kept closed.

sOURCES OF ERROR
1. Measurement of angles may not be accurate.
2. Glass slab may not have uniform thickness.
3. The pin pricks may not be sharp.
4. The pins may not have been inserted on the line.
 ACTIVITY 6
AIM: To observe disfraction of light due to a thin slit.

APPARATUS
Two razor blades, adhesive tapes, a screen a source of monochromatic light (laser pencil) black
paper and a glass plate.

THEORY
Diffraction is a phenomenon of bending of light around the corners or edges of a fine
opening or aperture. Diffraction takèes place when order of wavelength is comparable or small to
the size of slit or aperture. The diffraction effect is more pronounced if the size of the aperture or the
obstacle is of the order of wavelength of the waves. The diffraction pattern arises due to interference of
light waves from different symmetrical point of the same wavefront. The diffraction pattern due
to a

single slit consists of a central bright band having alternate dark and weak bright bands of decreasing
intensity on both sides.
For diffraction, d sin 6 = na

Here d size of aperture or slit

angle of diffraction
n = order of diffraction

n= wavelength of light.
PROCEDURE
1. Fix the black paper on the glass plate by using adhesive.
2. Place two razor blades so that their sharp edges are parallel and extremely close to each other

to form a narrow slit in between.

Glass plate

Black paper

A thin slit made by using two razor blades, black paper and a glass plate.
3. Cut the small slit in between the sharp edges of blades and place at a suitable distance from a
wall or screen of a dark room.
4. Throwa beam oflight on the slit by the laser pencil
5. A diffraction pattern of alternate bright and dark bands is seen on the wall.

Intensity

Io21 I/62 I121

-3 - O
2
cONCLUSION

When light waves are incident on a slit or aperture then it bends away (spread) at the corners
of slit showing the phenomena of diffraction of light.

PRECAUTION

Air gaps should not be left between glass plates and black paper.
(i) The razor blades should be placed extremely closed as possible.
(Gii) Diffraction pattern should be seen on a wall of a dark room.
(Giv) A point source of monochromatic light like laser torch should be used.
 ACTIVITY 7A
AIM: To stuay the nature and sine of the image formed by a convex lens on a screen by using a
candle anda screen (for ifferent distances
of the candle from the lens).
APPARATUS
Convex lens, optical bench with three uprights, candle, matchbox, metre scale, cardboard screern,
spiritlevel
THEORY
The nature and size of the image formed by a convex lens depends on the position of object.

Promthelens formula, - , 1
Foru =o, v =f
Foru=-21, v=2f
Foru-f,v=o
Foru<(-f, v becomes negative (imagebecomes virtual).
Hence, as the object (burning candle) is moved from infinity towards the convex lens, its image
position of screen) moves away from the focus of the lens towards infinity.

For candle distance less than the focal length, image becomes, virtual and does not come on

the screen.

DIAGRAMS
Images formed by a convex lens for different positions of candle are given below

2F
2F
2

9 Object at infinity (Gi) Object atF

F 2F 2F

2F O
2F O

() Object between F and 2F

(v) Object at 2F
 2F
2F
2F
2
(v) Object beyond 2F
(vi) Object between F and O

PROCEDURE
1. Find rough focal length of the convex lens by usual method.
onvex lens in holder in central upright and keep it in the middle of the optical
bench.
3. Mount the cardboard screen on another upright and keep it at distance equal to rough focal
length of the lens, from the central up right.
4.
Mount theburning candle in third upright and keep it
and near the end of the optical bench.
on the other side of the central upright

5. Adjust heights so that the inverted image of erect flame of burning candle is formed on screen.
Move the screen to make the image sharp. The screen will be nearly at the focus of the convex
lens.
The image will be real, inverted and much more diminished.
7. As the burning candle is moved towards the lens on one side, the screen has to be moved
away
from the lens on other side, for getting sharp flame image. The inverted image size increases.
8. When the position of the candle is at distance 2f from the lens, the screen is also at same
distance on the other side. The image size will be equal to the actual flame size.
9. Move the candle further nearer to the lens. The screen has to be moved away for getting an
enlarged inverted real image on screen.
10. As the candle reaches the focus of the lens, the screen may not be able to get its image which
will be at infinity i.e., beyond the ends of the optical bench.

OBSERVATIONS
Nature, size and position of image by convex lens
Position of Nature of Sise of image
object Image image
Infinity Real and inverted
-
Highly diminished
Beyond 2F Between 2F and F Real and inverted Diminished
At2F At 2F Real and inverted Same size
Between F and 2F Beyond 2F Real and inverted
Magnified
At F
Atinfinity Real and inverted
Highly magnified
Between F and pole On the same side as object Virtual and erect
| Enlarged
RESULT
The nature and size of the images formed by a lens is
convex according to theoretical predictions.
 ACTIVITY 7B
AIM: To study the nature and size ofthe image formedby a screenby using aa
concave mirror on a
candle and a screen (for different distances of the candle from the mirror).

APPARATUS
An optical bench with three uprights, a concave mirror with holder, a burning candle, a cardboard
screen, metre scale, spirit level.

THEORY
From mirror formula, +4=4

when u = oo (infinite), v = - f
when u = - 2f, v = - 2 f '

when u = - f , u=oo (infinite)

when u «-A,v becomes positive (image becomes virtual)
Hence, as the object (burning candle) infinity towards the concave mirror, its
to moved from
the mirror towards infinity. The two cross each
other at
image (position of screen) moves from focus of
distance 2f i.e., at the centre of curvature of the mirror.
virtual and does not come on the screen.
For candle distance less than focal length, image becomes

DIAGRAMS
Images formed by a concave mirror for different positions of candle are given below:

C F F

(i) Object beyond C (ii) Object at C

() Object at infinity

C F

(iv) Object between C and F (v) Object between F and P

PROCEDURE
find the approximate focal length of the concave
1. Obtain a clear image of some distant object and
mirror.
the lens with a concave mirror.
Repeat all the steps of Activity 7A by replacing
convex
2.
3. Record your observations.
OBSERVATIONS
Nature, size and position of image by concave mirror

Position of Nature of Sise of image

image
Object Image
Real and inverted Highly diminished
Infinity F

Between infinity and C Between C and F Real and inverted Diminished

Real and inverted Same size

At C AtC

Between F and C Between infinity and C Real and inverted Magnified

AtF At infinity Real and inverted Highly magnified

Between F and pole Behind the mirror Virtual and erect Enlarged

RECORD

The nature and size of the images formed by a concave mirror is according to theoretical predictions.

PRECAUTIONS (FORACTIVITTES 7AAND 7B)

1. Both the activities should be performed at a shaded place but having plenty oflight.
2. Optical bench should be in perfectly horizontal position, which can be ensured using a spirit
level
3. Do not look directly at the image of the sun while finding the rough focal length.
4. The optical needles should be held perpendicular to the optical bench.
5. For getting an accurate measurement, the eye should be kept at more than 25 cm from the

image.
6. Parallax error must be taken into account.
The lens and mirror should have small aperture.

SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The optical bench may not be in horizontal position.
2. The image formed may not be distinct.
3. Parallax error may not be accurately taken into account.
4. The optical needle may not be perpendicular to the optical bench.
5. The lens or mirror may have large aperture.