PHYSICAL SCIENCE

QUARTER 4 WEEK 3-4

 LEARNING COMPETENCIES
 Describe how the propagation of light, reflection, and refraction are explained by the wave model
and the particle model of light
 Explain how the photon concept and the fact that the energy of a photon is directly proportional
to its frequency can be used to explain why red light is used in photographic dark rooms, why we
get easily sunburned in ultraviolet light but not in visible light, and how we see colors
 Cite experimental evidence showing that electrons can behave like waves
 Differentiate dispersion, scattering, interference, and diffraction
 Explain various light phenomena such as:
A. Your reflection on the concave and convex sides of a spoon looks different
B. Mirages
C. Light from a red laser passes more easily though red cellophane than green cellophane
LEARNING COMPETENCIES

D. Clothing of certain colors appear different in artificial light and in sunlight

E. Haloes, sundogs, primary rainbows, secondary rainbows, and supernumerary
bows
F. Why clouds are usually white and rainclouds dark
G. Why the sky is blue and sunsets are reddish
 Describe how Hertz produced radio pulses
LIGHT AS A WAVE AND A PARTICLE

 Light can travel straight through empty space (vacuum) until it hits something else.
Once it has hit another surface or particle, it is either absorbed, reflected (bounces
off), refracted (direction and speed changes), scattered (bounce-off in all directions)
or transmitted (passes straight through)
THE CORPUSCULAR (PARTICLE) THEORY – NEWTON’S THEORY

 According to the theory, Newton thought that light is made up of particles that travel
through space on a straight line.
₋ Reflection is the bouncing of light as it hits a surface. Newton demonstrated that
particles collide with the surface and bounce back.
₋ Refraction is the bending of light. It is an attraction between the molecules of the
medium and the particles of light which contribute to the change of speed as the
particles of the light travels inside the medium
THE CORPUSCULAR (PARTICLE) THEORY – NEWTON’S THEORY

- Diffraction is the bending of light as it passes around the edge of an object. Newton
felt that light does not travel around corners. He explained that any observed effect
of this is caused by the interaction of particles when they run into each other at the
edges of the objects.
- Dispersion is the separation of light into colors. Newton explained that particles of
different mass would be affected differently when refracted.
THE CORPUSCULAR (PARTICLE) THEORY – NEWTON’S THEORY
THE CORPUSCULAR (PARTICLE) THEORY – NEWTON’S THEORY

REFLECTION REFRACTION

DIFFRACTION DISPERSION
WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT

 Christian Huygens, a Dutch physicist, argued that if light were made of particles,
when light beams crossed, the particles would collide and cancel each other. He
proposed that light was a wave like that of water waves.
- Huygens’ Principle – each point on a wave, behaves as a point source for waves in
the direction of wave motion. Huygens’ wave model of light explains reflection,
refraction, and diffraction of light
- Reflection happens when light bounces off an object. Upon hitting a smooth
surface as illustrated in figure b, light would be reflected. The waves would
bounce back, producing a reversed image of the wave.
WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT

₋ Refraction – is the bending of wave when it enters a medium where its speed
changes. In figure d, the wavefront approaches the two media with different
densities. Since the incident wave is travelling as an angle, a small portion of the
wavefront starts to slow down upon impact to the boundary while the rest are
maintaining their speeds. This condition makes the wavefront bend while entering
the second medium with higher density.
₋ Diffraction is the slight bending of light as it passes around the edge of an object
which depends on the relative size of the wavelength of light to the size of the
opening. Light is a particle, a wave or both depending on the phenomenon.
WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT
WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT
ENERGY OF LIGHT

- The electromagnetic spectrum depict all of the types of light, including those that we
cannot see in our own eyes. In fact, most of the light in the universe is invisible to
humans.
- The light we can see, made up of the individual colors of the rainbow, represents
only a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is called visible light.
Other types of light include radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, ultraviolet
rays, X-rays and gamma rays — all of which are imperceptible to human eyes.
ENERGY OF LIGHT
ENERGY OF LIGHT

- Why do we get easily sunburned in ultraviolet light but not in visible light? The sun
is a source of the full spectrum of the ultraviolet radiation which is responsible for
causing us sunburn. This UV light has higher frequency than visible light, therefore it
has higher energy.
- Why is red light used in photographic darkrooms? Darkrooms used red lighting to
allow careful control light to pass through, so that photographic paper which is light
sensitive would not become overexposed that will result to ruining the pictures
during the developing process. Red light in the visible region of the spectrum has the
lowest frequency and lowest energy and therefore it does not affect the photo
developing process.
 ENERGY OF LIGHT

₋ How do we see colors? Visible light is a small part within the spectrum that human
eyes are sensitive to and can detect. It is of different frequencies and each frequency is
a particular color. Objects appear in different colors because they absorb some colors
and reflect or transmit the others. White objects appear white because they reflect all
colors. Black objects absorb all of them, so no light is reflected.
WAVE PROPERTY OF AN ELECTRON

- Electron being considered as a wave created questions that gain the interest of
another fellow scientist. Among the question that lingered on the minds of other
scientists was that “if electron traveled as a wave, then where could be the precise
position of the electron within the wave?”
- The answer to this question was given by German physicist Werner Heisenberg in
1927, in his famous Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. He articulated that both the
momentum and position of the electron can not be measured exactly at the same
time.
 PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

 Dispersion
- As light enters into a prism, or an object that may act as a prism, it separates into
different band of colors. This separation of white light into different colors as it passes
through a prism is called dispersion.
- A rainbow is formed after a rain shower when droplets of falling water acts as a prism
that separates the rays of the sun hitting the water droplets into band of different colors.
 PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

 Scattering of light
is responsible for this blue-colored sky and beautiful horizon. Tiny dust particles, and atoms
of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere which are far apart from each other acts as
scatterers. They scatter sunlight in all directions . Of the band of colors of light, violet has
the shortest wavelength of 400 nanometer. It is scattered the most, followed by indigo,
blue, green, yellow, orange and red which is scattered the least. But our eyes is not
sensitive to indigo and violet, and blue is most predominant to our sight , so we see the
blue sky.
 PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

 Interference of light
The beautiful spectrum of colors reflected on the soap bubbles are produced by the
interference of light. It occurs when 2 waves meet while travelling on the same medium.
It may be constructive interference producing bright fringes or destructive interference
producing dark bands. In the case of soap bubbles, the incident ray of white light
constructively interfere in the different regions of the bubbles producing the rainbow-
colored appearance. Interference of light clearly demonstrates the wave nature of light
 VARIOUS LIGHT PHENOMENA

 The back side of the spoon represents a convex mirror while the front side of the spoon
represents a concave mirror. In a convex mirror, reflected light rays diverge as if it
originates from the imaginary focus of the mirror, thus producing a small, upright, and
reverse image just as what you observe. For concave mirror, reflected light rays bend
towards the focus of the mirror, thus producing an upside down or inverted image.
 Light are transmitted in transparent materials without being scattered at an angle of 90
degree, otherwise, light is refracted, but not 100 % of the incident light is transmitted,
some are absorbed, and others are reflected.
 VARIOUS LIGHT PHENOMENA

 When light hits an object, some of its frequencies are absorbed and few are reflected.
Such in a case of green leaves, only green frequency is reflected while the other
frequencies are absorbed by the object. The green light is reflected to our eyes, and we
see it green. When all frequencies of light is reflected, we see white object, such as the
white clouds, but when all frequencies of light are absorbed, we see the object black.
 Colored objects have pigments capable of reflecting specific colors of light. A blue
colored dress reflects the blue frequency and absorbs the other. But comparing the
results of reflection from a natural sunlight and an artificial light source such as from a
LED light, the color intensities is different. The blue dress would appear pale blue in an
artificial light because it contains less amount of blue light as compared to the natural
sunlight.
 HERTZ

- Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857–1894) was a German physicist who became the first person
to transmit and receive controlled radio waves. He was the first conclusively proved the
existence of electromagnetic waves theorized by James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic
theory of light.
- Hertz proved the theory that ruled out all other known wireless phenomena by
engineering instruments to transmit and receive radio pulses using experimental
procedures. He designed a brilliant set of experiments to test Maxwell's hypothesis. His
apparatus consists of polished brass knobs, each connected to an induction coil and
separated by a tiny gap over which sparks could leap.
 HERTZ

- Hertz attached a secondary spark-gap to the existing spark-gap. He used the induction
coil to generate high voltage ac electricity and producing a series of sparks at regular
intervals at the main spark-gap.
- Hertz noticed that when sparks flew across the main gap, that is between points A and
B in the image; Hertz called these side-sparks.
HERTZ
HERTZ