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Normal Distribution

The document discusses probability distributions, focusing on the normal distribution, which is a key concept in statistics. It explains the characteristics of normal distribution, including its symmetrical bell-shaped curve, the significance of mean and standard deviation, and how to calculate probabilities using standard normal variates. Additionally, it provides examples of applying these concepts to real-world scenarios, such as student exam scores and soldier heights.

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manuj malhotra
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8 views27 pages

Normal Distribution

The document discusses probability distributions, focusing on the normal distribution, which is a key concept in statistics. It explains the characteristics of normal distribution, including its symmetrical bell-shaped curve, the significance of mean and standard deviation, and how to calculate probabilities using standard normal variates. Additionally, it provides examples of applying these concepts to real-world scenarios, such as student exam scores and soldier heights.

Uploaded by

manuj malhotra
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Probability Distributions = 97 isa probability density function of a continuous variable x then the probability, that the value of x lies within a small interval dr around x can be given as fixer. Here ftx)dv means the probability that the value of x lies within the interval 1 1 xo > dy and or dx, f (x) is known as the probability function or the probability density function for the variable x. If a continuous curve of y =f (x) is druwn it is known as a probability curve of the continuous variable x. Moreover if this curve is symmetrical it is called a symmetrical probability curve and its distribution is called symmetrical distribution, Normal distribution is a symmetrical probability distribution, We shall study bution 5. | Normal (There are many distributions of cbitinuous variables, but the most impor- tant of them is Normal distribution. Normal distribution has a wide application in statistics) This distribution was first given by De Movire in 1773. He developed ‘this distribution as a limiting case of Binomial distribution. In Binomial distribution when n is very large and p and q are not very small, it tends to Normal distribution. Gauss and Laplace also derived the mathemati- cal form of this distribution from the study of distribution of errors, The graph of normal distribution called normal curve, is bell shaped and it extends indefinately on both the sides of x axis, but does not meet it i.c. the behaviour of the tails of the curve is asymptotic to x axis. Cc If a continuous random variable x obeys the following probability law, it is said to be normally distributed. 2 payne =) pomecrc olsson tend | distribution when 1 is very large. (2) In Practice most of the events follow Hormal distribution. Hence, it is ~~" formal distribution. 5 used in the fields of Sociology. Psychalo; Eco) etc. (3) In statistical quality control, the Properties of normal distribution are used. 1A\ In clonificant fecte far Ing, 2 Probability Distributio 103 (5) It is used students in an exami: normally distributed, find _ the number of students getting marks more than 60. (ii) the number of studems getting marks between 48 and 56. (iii) If the standard of passing is of 36 marks, find the number of students failing in the examination. . Ans, : Here. total number of stidents N = 500; mean [1 = 52; s.d. 6 = () We shall find the number of students getting marks more than 60. Converting x = 60 into stan- dard normal, variate Z 52 60 Probability that the value of Z exceeds 1 Area of the curve to the right of Z= 1 0.5000 — area between 0 and 1 = 0.5000 - 0.3413 = 0.1587 .. The number of students getting marks more than 60 = Total number of students x Probability 500 x 0.1587 = 79.35 = 79 (approximately) =-05 56 - 52 Whena=56, 2 3 =0.5 «. Probability that a student will get marks between 48 and 56. H Statist; 104 tics y5 and Z = Area between - 0.5 and 0 x Pa + Area between 0 and 0.5 eZ Area between = 0.1915 + 0.1915 = 0.3830 an Mt ~The number of students getting marks between 48 and 56. + = 500 x 0.3830 . = 191.5 o = 191 (approximately) SS (iii) If the standard of passing is of 36 marks the students securingetess than 36 marks will fail. BY ; nant on x = 36, Z ~ Now when x = 36, 3 2 yin? _ 36-52 / xX / art YL ) ++ Probability that a student will get marks less than 36 = Area to the left of Z = 2 Na .5000 - 0.4772 Y/ = 0.0228 eK ¥ The number of students who will fail Ss cit = 500 x 0.0228 yet ¢ = 14 rE = 11 (approximately) Mlustration 12 : The average height of and the variance of heights is 10.89. Out of 1000 soldiers how many soldicrs do you expect to be at least 6 feet tall | Ans. ; We assume that the heights of the soldiers at Here ft = 68.22", Variance (c)? = 10,80 ie, 6 = 10.89 =3,3 We want to find out number of soldiers havi ; : - 72 inches ing height at least 6 feet i.e, 4 group of soldiers is 68.22" re normally distributed. Now, when x = 2, Z= 68.22 2 co 3.3 Probability Distributions am © Pivbubiliy: that any soklon wap eege eee NY soldion will have hoight more than 72. inches, m Atos to the right of [14 = 0,000 - Atea between O and (1 O47 = 01276 The mimber of sotdie = 1000 & 0.1276 = 1272.0 = 128 (approximately) ts laving height more than 72 inches. Mustration 13: The dai Y profit of n business man is Rs. 120 and the sd of the profit is Rs. 18. Find the number of days out of 365 days on which his profit witl be t han Rs. 100 . Ans. : Assuming the profit to be normally distributed we have y = 120, o= 15S, N = 305. We want to find out number of days in which profit will be less than Rs. 100 Henee, when x = 100, x-p oT _ 100 = 120 “1S 20 -2 100 120 “5 == 1.33 c+ Probability that on any day the profit will be less than Rs, 100 = Area under the curve to the left of Z = = 1.33 = 0.5000 = 0.4082 = 0,0918 <. The number of days for which the profit will be less than Rs. 100. = 365 x 0.0918 33.51 Zz 's (approximately) IMustration 14: Ina normal distribution mean jt = 21,5 and s.d. o= 2.5, Find the following values ¢ (i) P{I8s xs 25}; (ii), P {228 as 28); (iii) P {v 2 28}; (iv) P {xs 18}, Ans, : Here, f= 21.5 and 6 = 2.5 106 W Statistics (i) To find P {18 < xs 25} When x= 25,2= P{ISsxs25} =P{-14-1.5) = 0.5000 + 0.4332 = 0.9332 «. The expected number of bulbs to be accepted = 50,000 x 0.9322 = 46660 <. The expected number of bulbs to be rejected = 50000 ~ 46660 = 3340 (iv) Suppose 10% of the bulbs having maximum life hours burn for more than x hours. . The area of the curve to the right of x = 0.10 +. Area between 2040 and x = 0.50 - 0.10 = 0.40 10° 2040 x 20 The value of Z corresponding to area 0.40 from the table is 1.28 Now, g=ict 6 x — 2040 : 1.28 =" “ 76.8 = x - 2040 a x = 2040 + 76.8 = 2116.8 After 2116.8 hours 10% of the bulbs will still be burning. Statistics 110 jomers of a » Mlustration 17: The expenditures on breakfast of enone oe restaurant follow normal distribution with mean Iti 200 an a On a particular day 40 customers spent © ore ia i on that day. expected number of customers visited the re‘taurant Ans. : Here, jt = 200, 6 = 50 When a = 275 | 200 275 bo + Probability that a customer will spend more than Rs, 275 = P(Z>1.5} = 0.5000 — 0.4332 = 0.0668 Hence, when the probability is 0.668, the number of. customers is 40, ic, NX 0.0668 = 40 __ 40 NO o668 = 598.8 = 599 (approximately) *. The expected number of customers visited the restaurant on that day is : 599, Illustration 18 : The Average marks of 400 students in Statistics is 52 and s.d. of the marks is 8, If (i) the standard of Passing is of 40 marks, (ii) the students Securing marks between 48 and 60 are given second class, Gii) ateast 66 marks are necessary for Betting distinction. find the number of students failing in the examinati ii Umber of stu on, getting sec class and getting distinction, secre steond Ans : ssuming that marks are Oo =8,N = 400, (i) 40 marks are Tequired for Passing. -. Students getting marks less than 40 wit! fail normally distributed, we have M = §2. Probability Distributions M1 When x = 40 ir -~ 40 48 52 60 66 = ~7!2 “3B =-15 P(x S$ 40)= P[Z<—1.5} = 0.5000 — 0.4332 = 0.0668 The number of students failing in the examination = 400 x 0.0668 26.72 = 27 (approximately) (ii) The students getting marks between 48 and 60 <-e given second class. When x = 48 z- 52 =-0.5 60— 52 When x = 60, 2 = =1 P(48 <5 x 560) =P(-0.5-05 [Ans. : (i) 0.8331, (ji) 0.1012, (iii) 9.0668, (iv) 0.8 24. The mean of a normal x ariate is 20 between the following values of and its vari: the variate : @) between 15.5 and 21.5 Gi) between 14 ang 18.5 | Gil) more than 26 Civ) less than 34° (¥) more than 14 (Ans. : (i) 0.6247, (ji) 0.2857 (jij) 0.0228, (iy) 0.9332 (\) 25. The mean and $.D. of a normal distributio, : percentage of observations EXPected to lie be 0.9772) Mare yy and o Find the elWeen, d ¥ Probability Distributia WS ny (ph F20 (i) pov ize (ili) more than jt = 15a (iv) Less than pb 40.50 [Ans. + (i) 9 (ii) 76.98% (iii) 93.32% Civ) 69.15%] In an intelligence test administered to 1000 children the average score is 42 and its sid. is 24. Assuming that the scores are normally distributed find (i) the number of children exceeding score 50, (ii) the number of children getting score between 30 and 54 (iii) the minimum score of the most intelligent_100 students. Jee oper “a fAns. + (i) S71 (ii) 383 (iii) 72.7) 27, The customer a ‘counts ata certain departmental store have an average 120 and a standard deviation of Rs. 40, Assuming that ¢ normally distributed, find q ti) what percentage of the accoums are over Rs. 150.7 6S Gi) what percentage of the accounts are between Rs. 100 and Rs. 150? 26. [Ans. : (i) 22.66% (ii) 46.49%] 28. The ave ife of a battery is 400 hours and its standard deviation 17 _ is 50 hours, Assuming normal distribution find (i) the percentage of batteries having life more than 350 hours. 4 (ii) after how many hours 25% of the batteries will still be working? ii) the percentage of batteries with life time between 300 and 500 hours, [Ans. : (i) 84.13% (ii) 433.75 (iii) 95.44%) 29. The average weight of 1000 students is 55 kg and its variance is 100 > — (kg)*. If the distribution of weights is normal find the number of students having weight (i) less than 45 kgs; (ii) more than 65 kgs (iii) the minimum weight of 10% of the students having maxinhuni weight. [Ans. : (i) 159 (iif 159 (iii) 67.8 kg) 30. Ina normal distribution 7% of the observations are less than 35 and 89% of the observations are less than 63. Find mean and standard deviation of the distribution.[Ans, : mean = 50.3 and S.D. = 10.33) 31.) The following is the result of an examination. _ Gi) Passed with distinction 10% ie“ (ii) Passed without distinction 60% | (iii) Failed 30% . The standard of passing is 4Q marks and the standard of getting distinction is 75 marks out of L00 marks. Assuming: that marks are normally distributed, ind mean and s.d [Ans. : = 50.17, 6 = 19.4] & AM, 35, 36. 37, 38. number of heads between 490), and 5100, Use normal distribution as ——— VY Statistics 1000 students appeared in an examination. They are Erouped in three ehisses LW and MD according ta their marks. The nina and aXiTUT Harks required for second class are 50 and 60 Fespectively, | 1f50 students secured first class and 350 secured second class, prove that the averape marks of the group is 46.2 and S.D. is 7.14 (Assume | that the marks are normally distributed) | The incomes of 10,000 persons are ormally distributed with mean income of Rs, 750 standard deviation of Rs. 50. Show that 95¢ ot the persons will have income more than Rs, 668 and 5% Of the | Persons will have income more than Rs, 832. Also find the minimum income of the richest 100 persons. [Ans. ; 866) | Nu Unbiased coin is tossed 10,000 times, find the Probability of getting | a limiting of binomial distribution, [Ans, : 0.9556] Ihe weights of 4000 girls of an University are normally distributed “The mein and S.D. of Weights are 95 Ibs and 7.5 Ibs. Find (i) how Many girls we igh between 100 and NO Ibs. (ii) exactly 95 Ibs. (weights {re measured in nearest kg). (Ans. : (1) 1020, (2) 223) The probability function of a normal distribution 1S as follows 1o- = (x= 752 Sixy= a SV2n Find the following Probabilities WPS © vg Bay (i) P(e ¢ 80) (ili) P ox < 70) (Ans. : (i) 0.8384, (i) 0.8413; Gi) 0.1587) The life 1 of electric bulbs in hours is. 45 iii) 1x - 301 5 5 - [Ans. : (i) 0.7653 (ii) 0.0013 (iii) 0.6826] wp 46. 5 percent of the observations of a normal distribution are less then 12 and 40 percent are less than 36, Find mean and S.D. of the distribution, (Ans. : Mean = 37.97, S.d. = 15.79] The average marks of the students in an examination is 32. The minimum marks required to pass the examination is 40. If the result of the examination is 35 percent, find (i) s.d. of the distribution. (ii) If 40% of the failed students are to be reexamined find the minimum marks required to be eligible for appearing in the reexamination. TAns. : (i) 20.78 (ii) 26 marks] 48,/ The average diameter of rings produced by a machine is 1,36 inches, and its s.d. is 0,02 inches. If tings having diameters between 1.35 inches and 1.374 inches are accepted in the market find the percentage of rings which will be accepted in the market, [Ans. : 44.95%] (» A certain type of Pipes used in industry are Tejected it their diameters are more than 1.22 inches or less than 1.19 inches, 5% of the pipes are rejected because of over size and 8% of the Pipes are rejected because of undersize, find mean and s.d. of the diameters of the pipes, 50. 8% of the observations of a normal distribution are more than 64 and 33% are less than 45. Find Parameters of the distribution. (Guj. Uni. April, 1994) a [Ans : = 49.54, 6 = 10,33] (@) The distribution of marks of the students in a Class is normal-with mean 20 and s.d. 5. The number of students Selling more than 25 marks is 50. Estimate the number of students of that class, ~ (Guj. Uni, April, 1994) i i ‘Ans. : 3 52. Life of electric bulbs of Roshnj Electric Company is ida ae a oO Probability Distributions m wa 123 Proba A ance is 10000 hours, The ind (i) Ho than 1200 hours of 10% of good bulbs. life of bulbs follow normal distribu- Y Percentage of the bulbs will have life greater Less than 700 hours ? (iii) Minimum life hours. . (G.U.April 1995) [Ans, : (i) 2.27% (ii) 0.13% (ii) 1128 hours] distributed find its parameters from the follow- 53) Tf variate x is normally ing data :- g kK Variate frequency Less than 45 310 45-64 610 More than 64 80 (Guj. Uni. April 1996) y [Ans. : mean = 50, s.d. = 10) (3) The mean and Variance of a normal variate are 5000 and 2500 Tespectively. Find the Probability that he value of variable is not more than 5100 or Not | (G.U.April 1997) [Ans. : 0.9544) are 20.5 and 5, Find Median, iation of the distribution, (Guj. Uni. April, 1997) = 20.5, Z = 205, QD. = 3.33, MD = 4) ess than 4900 The parameters of a normal distribution Mode, quartile deviation and mean dey; [Ans, :M

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