Reviewer on Globalization

What is Globalization?

Globalization is the process of different countries becoming more connected through trade,
communication, travel, and technology. It allows people, ideas, goods, and services to move
easily across borders. Because of globalization, cultures mix, businesses expand worldwide, and
technology spreads faster.

Key Aspects of Globalization

1. Economic Globalization – Businesses and markets from different countries trade goods
and services.
o Example: The Philippines exports bananas to Japan, while Filipinos buy iPhones
made in the U.S. and China.
2. Cultural Globalization – People share traditions, food, and entertainment across the
world.
o Example: K-Pop music is popular worldwide, and McDonald's serves food in
many countries with local flavors.
3. Technological Globalization – The internet and modern technology make it easier to
communicate and access information.
o Example: Social media like Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok allow people from
different countries to interact instantly.
4. Political Globalization – Countries work together to solve global problems.
o Example: The United Nations (UN) helps countries discuss climate change,
human rights, and world peace.
5. Environmental Globalization – Countries share responsibility for protecting the
environment.
o Example: Nations create agreements to reduce pollution and fight climate change.
6. Social Globalization – People can travel, study, and work in different countries.
o Example: Many Filipinos work as nurses abroad, and international students study
in other countries.

Story Summary: Gio and Latif

The story of Gio and Latif is an example of globalization in everyday life.

• Gio (from the Philippines) and Latif (from Malaysia) met at an international event in
Australia.
• Latif knew about Filipino TV shows like Pangako Sa’yo, showing how culture spreads.
• Gio learned about Malaysian food like laksa, and later, he started cooking it at home.
• Even when they returned to their home countries, they stayed connected through
Facebook and Instagram.
 • Later, they both moved to Singapore, where they met again and continued their
friendship.

This story shows globalization through:

✅ Cultural Exchange – Watching TV shows from other countries and trying new food.
✅ Technology – Using social media to stay connected.
✅ Migration – Moving to another country for work or study.

Effects of Globalization

✅ Positive Effects
✔ More job opportunities and economic growth.
✔ Faster spread of new ideas and technology.
✔ Better cultural understanding and diversity.
✔ Easier travel and communication worldwide.

❌ Negative Effects
✖ Rich countries benefit more than poor countries.
✖ Some local businesses struggle to compete with international companies.
✖ People lose traditional cultures and values due to Western influence.
✖ Unequal access to technology and opportunities.

Guide Questions for Understanding

1. How have you experienced globalization in your life?

o (Example: Do you use products from other countries? Have you met people from
different cultures?)
2. Why is globalization unequal?
o (Example: Some countries become richer, while others struggle with low wages
and job loss.)
3. What is the difference between globalization and globalism?
o Globalization = The process of making the world more connected.
o Globalism = The idea that globalization is always good, even though it has both
benefits and problems.

How Globalized is Your Home? (Activity Idea)

✅ Look around your house and make a list of items.
✅ Check which ones are Filipino-made and which ones are foreign brands.
✅ Find out where they came from (Example: Clothes from China, food from the U.S.).
✅ Compare your list with classmates to see which countries have the biggest influence on your
home.

Conclusion: Why is Globalization Important?

Globalization affects our daily lives in many ways, from the food we eat to the technology we
use. It helps countries share ideas and grow, but it also creates challenges like job loss and
cultural changes. Understanding globalization allows us to adapt, make better choices, and
appreciate different cultures while keeping our own traditions alive.

Reviewer on Economic Globalization

What is Economic Globalization?

Economic globalization is the process of different countries becoming connected through trade,
investment, and technology. It allows businesses to sell goods and services across borders,
making economies more linked than ever before. The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
defines economic globalization as the result of human innovation and technological progress,
leading to the increased movement of goods, services, and money worldwide.

Key Concepts of Economic Globalization

1. Trade and Market Integration

o Countries buy and sell goods and services from one another.
o Example: The Philippines exports bananas and electronics while importing cars,
gadgets, and oil.
2. Foreign Investments
o Businesses from rich countries invest in developing countries to open factories or
businesses.
o Example: Many international companies like McDonald’s, Toyota, and Samsung
operate in the Philippines.
3. Technology and Communication
o Fast internet and modern technology make trading, banking, and investing easier
across countries.
 o Example: Online shopping sites allow people to buy products from other
countries instantly.
4. International Financial Institutions
o Organizations like the World Bank, IMF, and WTO (World Trade
Organization) help regulate global trade and financial activities.
o Example: The IMF provides loans to countries in financial trouble, while the
WTO ensures fair trade agreements.
5. The Role of Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
o Big companies operate in multiple countries to lower costs and increase profits.
o Example: Apple makes iPhones in China, sells them worldwide, and earns money
from different markets.

Historical Background of Economic Globalization

✅ The Silk Road (130 BCE - 1453 BCE)

• An ancient trade route connecting China, the Middle East, and Europe.
• Allowed the exchange of silk, spices, and other valuable goods.

✅ The Galleon Trade (1571 - 1815)

• Connected the Philippines and Mexico through the Spanish-controlled trade route.
• Considered the start of true economic globalization.

✅ The Gold Standard (1800s - 1930s)

• Countries backed their currency with gold to ensure fair trade.

• The system collapsed during the Great Depression in the 1930s.

✅ The Bretton Woods System (1944 - 1970s)

• Established after World War II to stabilize the global economy.

• Created the World Bank and IMF to help countries recover from economic crises.

✅ The Washington Consensus (1980s - 2000s)

• Promoted neoliberalism, which encouraged free trade, minimal government control, and
privatization of industries.
• Some policies led to economic growth, but others increased inequality.

✅ The Global Financial Crisis (2008 - 2009)

• A major economic crash caused by risky banking practices in the U.S. housing market.
 • Affected many countries, leading to high unemployment and financial instability.

The Philippines and Economic Globalization

• The Galleon Trade (1571) made the Philippines one of the earliest participants in global
trade.
• Today, the Philippines is a major exporter of electronics, coconut products, and labor
(OFWs).
• Many foreign companies operate in the country, but local industries sometimes struggle
due to competition.

Effects of Economic Globalization

✅ Positive Effects
✔ More job opportunities due to foreign investments.
✔ Access to more products and services from around the world.
✔ Faster economic growth and development.

❌ Negative Effects
✖ Rich countries benefit more than developing countries.
✖ Some local businesses struggle to compete with global brands.
✖ "Race to the Bottom" – Some countries lower labor and environmental standards to attract
investors.

Guide Questions for Understanding

1. How does economic globalization help countries grow?

2. Why is the Philippines important in the history of global trade?
3. What is the difference between the Bretton Woods system and the Washington
Consensus?
4. How can we make globalization more fair for everyone?

Conclusion: The Future of Economic Globalization

Economic globalization has changed how countries trade, work, and grow. While it has led to
faster economic progress, it has also created challenges like inequality and unfair trade
practices. The key is to find a balance—ensuring that all countries, businesses, and people
benefit from a connected world.

Reviewer on the History of Global Politics

What is Global Politics?

Global politics is the study of how countries interact with one another through trade, diplomacy,
war, and international agreements. It examines how states work together or compete in global
affairs. Some scholars study internal politics (how a country is governed), while others focus on
international relations (how countries interact).

Key Learning Outcomes

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Identify key events in the development of international relations.

2. Differentiate internationalization from globalization.
3. Define state and nation.
4. Distinguish between different types of internationalism.
5. Explain how international politics has evolved over time.

The Four Main Attributes of Today’s Global System

1. Independent States – Countries have their own government and sovereignty.

2. Diplomatic Relations – Countries interact with each other through agreements and
discussions.
3. International Organizations – Groups like the United Nations (UN) help countries
cooperate.
4. Global Governance – International organizations have specific roles, such as the World
Health Organization (WHO) for health policies.
Difference Between a Nation and a State

Nation State
A group of people with a shared identity, A political entity with a government, laws,
culture, language, and history. territory, and sovereignty.
Example: The Bangsamoro in the Philippines is Example: The Philippines is a state with a
a nation with a unique identity. government and defined borders.

✔ A nation-state is when a nation and a state overlap (e.g., Japan).

✔ A state can have multiple nations (e.g., the UK has Scotland, England, Wales, and
Northern Ireland).
✔ A nation can exist without a state (e.g., the Kurds in the Middle East).

Key Historical Events in International Relations

The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) – Birth of Modern States

• Ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe.

• Established sovereignty, meaning countries have full control over their internal affairs.

The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)

• Napoleon tried to spread liberty, equality, and fraternity across Europe.

• Countries resisted and formed the Concert of Europe to maintain balance.

The League of Nations (1919)

• Formed after World War I to promote peace.

• Failed to prevent World War II, leading to the creation of the United Nations (UN) in
1946.

The United Nations (1946-Present)

• Established to promote peace, cooperation, and international law.

• Has special agencies like the World Health Organization (WHO) and International
Labour Organization (ILO).

What is Internationalism?

Internationalism is the idea that countries should work together rather than act alone.
✅ Types of Internationalism:

1. Liberal Internationalism – Supports democracy, free trade, and cooperation (e.g., the
UN, European Union).
2. Socialist Internationalism – Focuses on global economic equality and workers’ rights
(e.g., Karl Marx’s ideas, the Soviet Union).

International Politics Today

• Sovereignty remains important, meaning countries make their own decisions without
outside interference.
• "Great Powers" still have influence (e.g., the UN Security Council has permanent
members with veto power).
• Global conflicts and cooperation continue, with organizations working to maintain
peace.

Guide Questions for Understanding

1. What is the difference between internationalization and globalization?

2. How did the Treaty of Westphalia shape the modern world?
3. Why did the League of Nations fail, and how did the UN improve upon it?
4. What are the strengths and weaknesses of sovereignty in today’s world?

Conclusion: The Future of Global Politics

International relations have evolved over time, from wars and empires to cooperation and
diplomacy. While sovereignty remains important, globalization has made countries more
connected than ever. The challenge today is to balance national interests with global
cooperation to maintain peace and progress.