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AI vs. Machine Learning vs. Deep Learning vs. Neural Networks I IBM

The document explains the differences and relationships between artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), deep learning, and neural networks, clarifying that AI is the broadest term, with ML as a subset, deep learning as a subfield of ML, and neural networks as the backbone of deep learning. It highlights the increasing reliance on these technologies in business for automation and data management, emphasizing the importance of quality data and trustworthy AI systems. The document also discusses the evolution of AI categories and the role of generative AI in accelerating adoption.

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Ritesh Chandra
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53 views7 pages

AI vs. Machine Learning vs. Deep Learning vs. Neural Networks I IBM

The document explains the differences and relationships between artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), deep learning, and neural networks, clarifying that AI is the broadest term, with ML as a subset, deep learning as a subfield of ML, and neural networks as the backbone of deep learning. It highlights the increasing reliance on these technologies in business for automation and data management, emphasizing the importance of quality data and trustworthy AI systems. The document also discusses the evolution of AI categories and the role of generative AI in accelerating adoption.

Uploaded by

Ritesh Chandra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AI vs. machine learning vs.

deep learning
vs. neural networks: What’s the difference?

These computer science terms are often used interchangeably, but what differences
How do AI, machine learning, make each a unique technology?
deep learning and neural
networks relate to each Technology is becoming more embedded in our daily lives by the minute. To keep up
other? with the pace of consumer expectations, companies are relying more heavily on
machine learning algorithms to make things easier. You can see its application in
What is AI? social media (through object recognition in photos) or in talking directly to devices
(such as Alexa or Siri).
What is machine learning?
While artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), deep learning and neural
How deep learning differs networks are related technologies, the terms are often used interchangeably, which
from machine learning frequently leads to confusion about their differences. This blog post clarifies some
of the ambiguity.
What is a neural network?

What’s the difference Industry newsletter


between deep learning and
neural networks?
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How do AI, machine


learning, deep learning
and neural networks relate
to each other?
The easiest way to think about AI, machine learning, deep learning and neural
networks is to think of them as a series of AI systems from largest to smallest, each
encompassing the next.

AI is the overarching system. Machine learning is a subset of AI. Deep learning is a


subfield of machine learning, and neural networks make up the backbone of deep
learning algorithms. It’s the number of node layers, or depth, of neural networks
that distinguishes a single neural network from a deep learning algorithm, which
must have more than three.

AI vs Machine Learning (5:49 min)


What is AI?
Artificial intelligence or AI, the broadest term of the three, is used to classify
machines that mimic human intelligence and human cognitive functions like
problem-solving and learning. AI uses predictions and automation to optimize and
solve complex tasks that humans have historically done, such as facial and speech
recognition, decision-making and translation.

Categories of AI
The three main categories of AI are:

Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)


Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)

ANI is considered “weak” AI, whereas the other two types are classified as “strong”
AI. We define weak AI by its ability to complete a specific task, like winning a chess
game or identifying a particular individual in a series of photos. Natural language
processing and computer vision, which let companies automate tasks and
underpin chatbots and virtual assistants such as Siri and Alexa, are examples of
ANI. Computer vision is a factor in the development of self-driving cars.

Stronger forms of AI, like AGI and ASI, incorporate human behaviors more
prominently, such as the ability to interpret tone and emotion. Strong AI is defined
by its ability compared to humans. AGI would perform on par with another human,
while ASI—also known as superintelligence—would surpass a human’s intelligence
and ability. Neither form of Strong AI exists yet, but research in this field is ongoing.

Using AI for business


An increasing number of businesses, about 35% globally, are using AI, and another
42% are exploring the technology. The development of generative AI , which uses
powerful foundation models that train on large amounts of unlabeled data, can be
adapted to new use cases and bring flexibility and scalability that is likely to
accelerate the adoption of AI significantly. In early tests, IBM has seen generative
AI bring time to value up to 70% faster than traditional AI.

Whether you use AI applications based on ML or foundation models, AI can give


your business a competitive advantage. Integrating customized AI models into your
workflows and systems, and automating functions such as customer service, supply
chain management and cybersecurity, can help a business meet customers’
expectations, both today and as they increase in the future.

The key is identifying the right data sets from the start to help ensure that you use
quality data to achieve the most substantial competitive advantage. You’ll also need
to create a hybrid, AI-ready architecture that can successfully use data wherever it
lives—on mainframes, data centers, in private and public clouds and at the edge.
Your AI must be trustworthy because anything less means risking damage to a
company’s reputation and bringing regulatory fines. Misleading models and those
containing bias or that hallucinate can come at a high cost to customers’ privacy,
data rights and trust. Your AI must be explainable, fair and transparent.

Tuning Your AI Model to Reduce Hallucinations (8:54 min)

What is machine learning?


Machine learning is a subset of AI that allows for optimization. When set up
correctly, it helps you make predictions that minimize the errors that arise from
merely guessing. For example, companies like Amazon use machine learning to
recommend products to a specific customer based on what they’ve looked at and
bought before.

Classic or “nondeep” machine learning depends on human intervention to allow a


computer system to identify patterns, learn, perform specific tasks and provide
accurate results. Human experts determine the hierarchy of features to understand
the differences between data inputs, usually requiring more structured data to
learn.

For example, let’s say I showed you a series of images of different types of fast
food: “pizza,” “burger” and “taco.” A human expert working on those images would
determine the characteristics distinguishing each picture as a specific fast food
type. The bread in each food type might be a distinguishing feature. Alternatively,
they might use labels, such as “pizza,” “burger” or “taco” to streamline the learning
process through supervised learning.

While the subset of AI called deep machine learning can leverage labeled data sets
to inform its algorithm in supervised learning, it doesn’t necessarily require a
labeled data set. It can ingest unstructured data in its raw form (for example, text,
images), and it can automatically determine the set of features that distinguish
“pizza,” “burger” and “taco” from one another. As we generate more big data, data
scientists use more machine learning. For a deeper dive into the differences
between these approaches, check out Supervised versus unsupervised learning:
What’s the difference?
A third category of machine learning is reinforcement learning, where a computer
learns by interacting with its surroundings and getting feedback (rewards or
penalties) for its actions. And online learning is a type of ML where a data scientist
updates the ML model as new data becomes available.

To learn more about machine learning, check out the following video:

What is Machine Learning (8:04 min)

How deep learning differs


from machine learning
As our article on deep learning explains, deep learning is a subset of machine
learning. The primary difference between machine learning and deep learning is
how each algorithm learns and how much data each type of algorithm uses.

Deep learning automates much of the feature extraction piece of the process,
eliminating some of the manual human intervention required. It also enables the
use of large data sets, earning the title of scalable machine learning . That capability
is exciting as we explore the use of unstructured data further, particularly since over
80% of an organization’s data is estimated to be unstructured .

Observing patterns in the data allows a deep-learning model to cluster inputs


appropriately. Taking the same example from earlier, we might group pictures of
pizzas, burgers and tacos into their respective categories based on the similarities
or differences identified in the images. A deep-learning model requires more data
points to improve accuracy, whereas a machine-learning model relies on less data
given its underlying data structure. Enterprises generally use deep learning for more
complex tasks, like virtual assistants or fraud detection.

What is a neural network?


Neural networks, also called artificial neural networks or simulated neural
networks, are a subset of machine learning and are the backbone of deep learning
algorithms. They are called “neural” because they mimic how neurons in the brain
signal one another.
Neural networks are made up of node layers—an input layer, one or more hidden
layers and an output layer. Each node is an artificial neuron that connects to the
next, and each has a weight and threshold value. When one node’s output is above
the threshold value, that node is activated and sends its data to the network’s next
layer. If it’s below the threshold, no data passes along.

Training data teach neural networks and help improve their accuracy over time.
Once the learning algorithms are fined-tuned, they become powerful computer
science and AI tools because they allow us to quickly classify and cluster data.
Using neural networks, speech and image recognition tasks can happen in minutes
instead of the hours they take when done manually. Google’s search algorithm is a
well-known example of a neural network.

What’s the difference


between deep learning
and neural networks?
As mentioned in the explanation of neural networks above, but worth noting more
explicitly, the “deep” in deep learning refers to the depth of layers in a neural
network. A neural network of more than three layers, including the inputs and the
output, can be considered a deep-learning algorithm. That can be represented by
the following diagram:

Most deep neural networks are feed-forward, meaning they only flow in one
direction from input to output. However, you can also train your model through
backpropagation, meaning moving in the opposite direction, from output to input.
Backpropagation allows us to calculate and attribute the error that is associated
with each neuron, allowing us to adjust and fit the algorithm appropriately.

Managing your AI data


While all these areas of AI can help streamline areas of your business and improve
your customer experience, achieving AI goals can be challenging because you’ll first
need to ensure that you have the right systems to construct learning algorithms to
manage your data. Data management is more than merely building the models that
you use for your business. You need a place to store your data and mechanisms for
cleaning it and controlling for bias before you can start building anything.

IBM, machine learning and


AI
At IBM we are combining the power of machine learning and artificial intelligence in
our new studio for foundation models, generative AI and machine learning, IBM®
watsonx.ai™.

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