Chapter 8

Counting Principles;
Further Probability Topics
‫مبادئ العد ومواضيع إضافية يف االحتماالت‬

Section 8.1: The Multiplication Principle; Permutations

Section 8.2: Combinations

Section 8.3: Probability Applications of Counting Principles

Section 8.5: Probability Distributions; Expected Value

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Qatar University MATH 119 YASSIR M. KHALID
Fall 2020 Business Mathematics I
 Section 8.1

The Multiplication Principle; Permutations

‫مبدأ الضب والتباديل‬

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 4 Section 8.1 | The Multiplication Principle; Permutations

The Multiplication Principle:

Example 1: The Multiplication Principle

Your classmates have decided to spend the summer abroad in two cities: London and
Moscow.

If there are 3 flight options to travel from Doha to London and 4 flight options to travel
from London to Moscow, in how many different flight routes can you travel from Doha
to Moscow?

(A) 17

(B) 19

(C) 12

(D) 14

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Section 8.1 | The Multiplication Principle; Permutations 5

Example 2: The Multiplication Principle

A menu offers a choice of 3 salads, 8 main dishes, and 7 deserts. How many different
meals consisting of one salad, one main dish, and one desert are possible?

(A) 168

(B) 186

(C) 618

(D) 681

Example 3: The Multiplication Principle

In how many ways can you answer an online test that consists of 5 multiple choice
questions (with 4 choices for each) and 3 true-false questions?

(A) 8,162

(B) 8,172

(C) 8,182

(D) 8,192

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 6 Section 8.1 | The Multiplication Principle; Permutations

Permutations:

Example 4: Permutations

A club has 10 members. In how many ways can the offices of president, vice president,
and secretary be filled if no member can serve in more than one office?

(A) 700

(B) 720

(C) 740

(D) 760

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Section 8.1 | The Multiplication Principle; Permutations 7

Example 5: Permutations

In how many ways can you set up a Wi-Fi password that has 4 different digits?

(A) 4,040

(B) 4,050

(C) 5,040

(D) 5,050

Example 6: Permutations

In how many ways can you set up a Wi-Fi password that started by 4 English letters
followed by 4 digits if repetition of letters and digits is not allowed?

(A) 1,808,322,000

(B) 1,808,332,000

(C) 1,808,342,000

(D) 1,808,352,000

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 8 Section 8.1 | The Multiplication Principle; Permutations

Distinguishable Permutations:

Example 7: Distinguishable Permutations

In how many ways can the letters in the word UMM BAB be arranged?

(A) 150

(B) 160

(C) 170

(D) 180

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 Section 8.2

Combinations
‫التوافيق‬

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 10 Section 8.2 | Combinations

Combinations:

Example 1: Combinations

A basket contains 5 red apples, 4 yellow apples, and 3 green apples. In how many
ways a sample of 3 apples can be drawn?

(A) 200

(B) 220

(C) 240

(D) 260

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Section 8.2 | Combinations 11

Example 2: Combinations

A club has 10 members. In how many ways can a committee of 3 officers be selected?

(A) 100

(B) 120

(C) 140

(D) 160

Example 3: Combinations

A club has 10 members. In how many ways can a committee of at least 3 officers but
at most 5 officers be selected?

(A) 258

(B) 285

(C) 528

(D) 582

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12 Section 8.2 | Combinations

Example 4: Business Application (Human Resources)

An HR manager has 7 employees, 3 males and 4 females, eligible for promotion. In

how many ways can he promote 3 of them?

(A) 25

(B) 30

(C) 35

(D) 40

Example 5: Business Application (Human Resources)

An HR manager has 7 employees, 3 males and 4 females, eligible for promotion. In

how many ways can he promote 3 of them, if he must select at least two females?

(A) 22

(B) 24

(C) 26

(D) 28

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Fall 2020 Business Mathematics I
 Section 8.3

Probability Applications of
Counting Principles
‫تطبيقات االحتماالت لمبادئ العد‬

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 14 Section 8.3 | Probability Applications of Counting Principles

Probability with Counting Principles:

Example 1: Probability with Counting Principles

A basket contains 5 red apples, 4 yellow apples, and 3 green apples. A sample of 3
apples is randomly drawn from the basket. Find the probability that the sample will
contain all colours.

(A) 3/11

(B) 3/13

(C) 3/17

(D) 3/19

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Section 8.3 | Probability Applications of Counting Principles 15

Example 2: Probability with Counting Principles

A poker hand consists of 5 cards dealt from an ordinary deck of 52 cards. Find the
probability that all cards will be face cards.

(A) 11/108,290

(B) 13/108,290

(C) 31/108,290

(D) 33/108,290

Example 3: Probability with Counting Principles

A bridge hand consists of 13 cards dealt from an ordinary deck of 52 cards. Find the
probability that it will contain exactly 2 kings and 2 queens.

(A) 2.0%

(B) 3.0%

(C) 4.0%

(D) 5.0%

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16 Section 8.3 | Probability Applications of Counting Principles

Example 4: Business Application (Quality Control)

A shipment of 20 new equipment is shipped. If 2 of this equipment are defective, find

the probability that a sample of 5 equipment will NOT be defective.

(A) 17/38

(B) 19/38

(C) 21/38

(D) 23/38

Example 5: Business Application (Quality Control)

A shipment of 20 new equipment is shipped. If 2 of this equipment are defective, find

the probability that a sample of 5 equipment will contain at least one defective.

(A) 17/38

(B) 19/38

(C) 21/38

(D) 23/38

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 Section 8.5

Probability Distributions; Expected Value

‫التوزيعات االحتمالية والقيمة المتوقعة‬

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 18 Section 8.5 | Probability Distributions; Expected Value

Random Variables:

Expected Value:

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Section 8.5 | Probability Distributions; Expected Value 19

Example 1: Random Variables and Probability Distributions

Consider the random variable 𝑋 that has the following probability distribution:

𝑥 0 1 2 3 4 5

𝑃(𝑥) 5% 8% 17% 24% 31% 15%

Find 𝑃(𝑋 < 3).

(A) 30%

(B) 38%

(C) 46%

(D) 54%

Example 2: Expected Value

Find the expected value of the above random variable, 𝑋.

(A) 1.13

(B) 1.31

(C) 3.13

(D) 3.31

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20 Section 8.5 | Probability Distributions; Expected Value

Example 3: Random Variables and Probability Distributions

Consider the random variable 𝑌 that has the following probability distribution:

Find 𝑃(𝑌 > 1).

(A) 50%

(B) 60%

(C) 70%

(D) 80%

Example 4: Expected Value

Find the expected value of the above random variable, 𝑌.

(A) 2.0

(B) 2.5

(C) 3.0

(D) 3.5

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Section 8.5 | Probability Distributions; Expected Value 21

Example 5: Expected Value

The random variable 𝑋 that has the following (incomplete) probability distribution:

𝑥 0 1 2 3 4 5

𝑃(𝑥) 5% 8% 24% 15%

If the expected value of 𝑋 is 3.13, find 𝑃(𝑋 > 2).

(A) 70%

(B) 72%

(C) 74%

(D) 76%

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22 Section 8.5 | Probability Distributions; Expected Value

Example 6: Expected Value

If 2 cards are drawn at one time from a deck of 52 cards, find the expected number of
face cards.

(A) 6/13

(B) 7/13

(C) 8/13

(D) 9/13

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Section 8.5 | Probability Distributions; Expected Value 23

Example 7: Business Application (Human Resources)

An HR manager has 7 employees, 3 males and 4 females, eligible for promotion but
only 3 will be randomly selected for this promotion.

Find the expected number of male employees who will be promoted.

(A) 7/9

(B) 8/9

(C) 9/8

(D) 9/7

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Fall 2020 Business Mathematics I
24 Section 8.5 | Probability Distributions; Expected Value

Example 8: Business Application (Quality Control)

A shipment of 20 new equipment is shipped. If 2 of this equipment are defective and

a sample of 5 equipment is randomly selected, find the expected number of defective
equipment in the sample.

(A) 0.40

(B) 0.45

(C) 0.50

(D) 0.55

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Fall 2020 Business Mathematics I