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How Computers Process Data

The document explains how computers process data, focusing on the CPU, which consists of the Control Unit (CU) and Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). It outlines the machine cycle of fetching, decoding, executing, and storing instructions, as well as the types of memory: volatile (temporary) and non-volatile (permanent). Additionally, it highlights flash memory as a fast and durable form of non-volatile storage.

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muhammadkamran3980
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14 views

How Computers Process Data

The document explains how computers process data, focusing on the CPU, which consists of the Control Unit (CU) and Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). It outlines the machine cycle of fetching, decoding, executing, and storing instructions, as well as the types of memory: volatile (temporary) and non-volatile (permanent). Additionally, it highlights flash memory as a fast and durable form of non-volatile storage.

Uploaded by

muhammadkamran3980
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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How Computers Process Data

1. CPU (Central Processing Unit)

The main component of a computer responsible for executing instructions from programs.

Often called the computer's brain, it carries out all processing tasks by interacting with memory
and input/output devices.

Consists of two main components:

Control Unit (CU): Manages the execution of instructions.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs calculations and logical operations.

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2. Control Unit (CU)

Acts as a supervisor, ensuring that all components work together efficiently.

Fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and directs data flow within the CPU and
between input/output devices.

Does not process data but controls how and when data moves.

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3. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

Performs all mathematical and logical operations within the CPU.

Arithmetic operations: Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Logical operations: Comparisons like equal to, less than, and greater than.
Provides critical functions for decision-making in computing tasks.

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4. Machine Cycles

The sequence of operations the CPU performs to execute a single instruction:

1. Fetch:

The CPU retrieves the instruction from memory.

Instructions are stored in the form of binary codes.

2. Decode:

The CPU interprets the fetched instruction and determines the operation.

3. Execute:

The CPU performs the operation, which may involve calculations or transferring data.

4. Store:

The result is written back to memory or a register.


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5. Memory

A storage area that holds data and instructions temporarily or permanently.

Essential for enabling fast access to frequently used information.

Memory types are categorized into volatile and non-volatile storage.

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6. Volatile Memory

Temporary storage that loses its data when power is turned off.

Fast and ideal for storing data that is frequently accessed by the CPU.

Example: RAM (Random Access Memory), which stores open applications and system files
during use.

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7. Non-Volatile Memory

Permanent storage that retains data even without power.

Used for long-term storage of operating systems, files, and applications.

Examples include ROM (Read-Only Memory), hard drives, and SSDs (Solid-State Drives).

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8. Flash Memory

A type of non-volatile memory that is fast, durable, and rewritable.

Commonly used in modern storage devices like USB drives, memory cards, and SSD storage
devices.

Unlike traditional hard drives, flash memory has no moving parts, making it faster and more
durable.

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