Explore the Network

Harindie Chandrasekara (BSc. Information Systems UoC,CCNA,CCAI)

Lecturer - National Institute of Business Management
Cisco Certified Academy Instructor-Cisco NetworkingAcademy

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Globally Connected
Networking Today
▪ Network has no boundary and
supports the way we:
• Learn
• Communicate
• Work
• Play

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Communicating in a Connected World
What is the Network?
▪ Are you Online?
• For most of us, the Internet has become a large part of everyday life.

▪ Who owns the Internet?

• No one owns the Internet.
• It is a worldwide collection of interconnected networks exchanging
information using common standards over telephone wires, fiber-optic
cables, wireless transmissions, and satellite links.

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 The physical network that carries Internet
traffic
between different computer systems is
the Internet backbone. In the early days
of the Internet, ARPANET served as the
system's backbone. Today, several large
corporations provide the routers and
cable that make up the Internet backbone.
These companies are upstream Internet
Service Providers (ISPs).
That means that anyone who wants to
access the Internet must ultimately work
with these companies.

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Transmitting Data on the Network
▪ The Bit
• Computers use binary codes to represent and interpret letters, numbers
and special characters with bits.
• Each group of eight bits, such as the representations of letters and
numbers, is known as a byte.

▪ Getting Bits Moving

• Bits are transmitted as
signals over copper wire
(electrical pulses), fiber-
optic cable (light pulses),
and wireless (radio waves).

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Communicating in a Connected World
It’s All About the Speed
▪ Measuring Bandwidth
• Digital bandwidth is the amount of data that can flow from one place to
another in a given amount of time measured in the number of bits that
(theoretically) can be sent across the media in a second.
• Bandwidth is sometimes thought of as the speed that bits travel,
however this is not accurate. In both 10Mb/s and 100Mb/s Ethernet,
the bits are sent at the speed of electricity. The difference is the
number of bits that are transmitted per second.

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Measuring Bandwidth

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Globally Connected
Providing Resources in a Network
▪ Networks of Many Sizes
• Small Home / Office Networks
• Medium to Large Networks
• World Wide Network

▪ Clients and Servers

• Clients request and display information
• Servers provide information to other
devices on the network

▪ Peer-to-Peer
• Computers can be both server and client at
the same time.

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ISPs

▪ An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company the provides

Internet access. The most common ISP is the provider who
delivers Internet to your home or business for a fee.
However, there are 3 levels of ISPs. Tier 1, tier 2, and tier 3
providers. All 3 play an important role in providing Internet
access.
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Tier 3 ISP

▪ A tier 3 ISP is a provider who strictly purchases Internet

transit. A tier 3 provider is the last mile provider who delivers
Internet access to residential homes and businesses.

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Tier 2 ISP
A tier 2 ISP is a service provider who connects between tier 1 and tier 3
Internet service providers.

Tier 1 ISP
A tier 1 ISP is an Internet provider who exchanges Internet traffic with
other tier 1 providers.

Tier 1 Internet providers are the networks that provide the backbone of
the Internet. We call them backbone Internet providers. These providers
build infrastructure such as the Atlantic Internet sea cables. They provide
traffic to all other Internet providers, not end users.

Without tier 1 Internet providers, Internet traffic could not be exchanged

between continents and countries

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 LANs, WANs, and the
Internet

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Overview of Network Components

The network infrastructure contains three categories of network

components:
▪ Devices
▪ Media
▪ Services

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▪ Network devices:
•Computers
•Hubs
•Switches
•Routers
•Wireless access points
▪ Network media:
•Twisted-pair copper cabling
•Fiber-optic cabling
•Radio waves
▪ Network services:
•E-mail
•File sharing

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Network Devices
▪ Switches
• A switch has several ports and refers to a table of MAC
addresses to determine which port to use to forward the
frame.

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 ▪ Routers
• Devices that connect entire networks to each other. They use IP
addresses to forward packets to other networks.
• A router can be a computer with special network software installed
or can be a device built by network equipment manufacturers.
• Routers contain tables of IP addresses along with optimal routes
to other networks.

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▪ Wireless Access Points (WAP)
• Provide network access to wireless devices such as laptops and
PDAs.
• Have limited range of coverage.

▪ Multipurpose Devices
• Perform more than one function.
• More convenient to purchase and configure just one device.
• Combines the functions of a switch, a router and a wireless access
point into one device.

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 Network Media
▪ Communication across a network is carried on a medium.
The medium provides the channel over which the message
travels from source to destination.

Provide the pathway

for data transmission

Interconnect devices

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Network Media
▪ Metallic wires within cables - data is encoded into electrical
impulses
▪ Glass or plastic fibers (fiber optic cable) - data is encoded as
pulses of light
▪ Wireless transmission - data is encoded using wavelengths
from the electromagnetic spectrum

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Network Representations

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 ▪ Network Interface Card –
A NIC, or LAN adapter, provides the physical connection to the
network at the PC or other end device. The media that are
connecting the PC to the networking device, plug directly into
the NIC

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Topology Diagrams
provide a visual map of how the network is connected.

•Physical topology diagrams - Identify the physical location of

intermediary devices and cable installation.
•Logical topology diagrams - Identify devices, ports, and
addressing scheme

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Types of Networks
Network infrastructures can vary greatly in terms of:
▪ Size of the area covered
▪ Number of users connected
▪ Number and types of services available
▪ Area of responsibility

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LANs, WANs, and the Internet
LANs and WANs
▪ Local Area Networks
• Spans across small geographical area
• Interconnects end devices
• Administrated by a single organization
• Provide high speed bandwidth to
internal devices
▪ WAN Area Networks
• Interconnects LAN
• Administrated by multiple service
providers
• Provide slower speed links between
LANS

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The Internet

The Internet is a worldwide collection of interconnected networks

(internetworks or internet for short).
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 Network Addressing

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 IPv4 Addresses and
Subnet Masks

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IPv4 Addresses and Subnet Masks
Purpose of the IPv4 Address
▪ What is an IPv4 Address?
• Is a logical network address that identifies a particular host
• Configured and is unique on the network for communications
• Is associated with a network interface card

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IPv4 Addresses and Subnet Masks
IP Address Structure
▪ IPv4 Addressing
• 32 binary bits
• For ease of use, the 32 bits are group into four 8-bit bytes called octets.
• The octets are represented in dotted-decimal notation.

▪ Binary to Decimal

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IPv4 Address Structure
Binary Notation
▪ Binary notation
refers to the fact
that computers
communicate in
1s and 0s
▪ Converting binary
to decimal
requires an
understanding of
the mathematical
basis of a
numbering
system –
positional notation
© 2008 Cisco
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IPv4 Address Structure
Binary Number System

© 2008 Cisco
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IPv4 Address Structure
Converting a Binary Address to Decimal
Practice

128 + 0 + 32 + 16 + 0 + 0 + 0 +0 = 176

128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 255

© 2008 Cisco
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IPv4 Address Structure
Converting from Decimal to Binary

© 2008 Cisco
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IPv4 Address Structure
Converting from Decimal to Binary Conversions

© 2008 Cisco
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IPv4 Addresses and Subnet Masks
Parts of an IP Address
▪ Networks and Hosts
• Logical 32-bit IPv4 address is hierarchical and is made up of two parts
o Network
o Host

When a host is configured with an IP address, it is entered as a dotted

decimal number, such as 192.168.1.5. This IP address must be unique on a
network to ensure data can be sent/received.
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 IPv4 Subnet Mask
Network Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4 Address

▪ To define the network and host portions of an address, a

devices use a separate 32-bit pattern called a subnet
mask
▪ The subnet mask does not actually contain the network
or host portion of an IPv4 address, it just says where to
look for these portions in a given IPv4 address
© 2008 Cisco
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IPv4 Subnet Mask
Bitwise AND Operation

1 AND 1 = 1 1 AND 0 = 0 0 AND 1 = 0 0 AND 0 = 0

© 2008 Cisco
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IPv4 Subnet Mask
IPv4 Network, Host, and Broadcast Address

© 2008 Cisco
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Types of IPv4 Addresses
IPv4 Address Classes and Default Subnet Masks
▪ Classful Addressing
• Class A (0.0.0.0/8 to 127.0.0.0/8) supports extremely large networks.
• Class B (128.0.0.0 /16 – 191.255.0.0 /16) supports the needs of
moderate to large size networks.
• Class C (192.0.0.0 /24 – 223.255.255.0 /24) supports small networks
with a maximum of 254 hosts.

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Types of IPv4 Addresses
Public and Private IP Addresses
• Private Addresses - IETF reserved some Internet address space for
private networks.

▪ Using Private IPv4 Addresses

• Does not connect directly to the Internet
• Visible on local network only
• Loopback address:
127.0.0.0 network

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Types of IPv4 Addresses
Unicast, Broadcast and Multicast Addresses
▪ A Message for Me
• Unique destination MAC
and IP addresses

▪ Something for Everyone

• Broadcast MAC and IP address:
o MAC address: FFFF:FFFF:FFFF
o Host portion of IP Address is all 1s

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Types of IPv4 Addresses
Unicast, Broadcast and Multicast Addresses (Cont.)
▪ Just for this Group
• A single packet is sent to a selected set of hosts in the multicast group
• Reserved IPv4 address
o Reserved multicast range: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
o Reserved multicast range on local network: 224.0.0.0 to
224.0.0.255

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How IPv4 Addresses are Obtained
Static and Dynamic Address Assignment
▪ Assigning Addresses
• Can be done statically or
dynamically
• Assign an IPv4 address, subnet
mask, default gateway and other
necessary info for network
communications

Static IPv4 addresses:

Hosts, such as servers and printers, that need particular addresses
Can be time consuming and error prone
Need to maintain an accurate list of which IPv4 addresses
Dynamic IPv4 AddressAssignment
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) allows for automatic
assignment of addressing information
Preferred method of assignment for a large network
IP addresses can be reallocated when they become available
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How IPv4 Addresses are Obtained
DHCP Servers
▪ Where Do DHCP Addresses Come From?
• Medium to large network
o Usually a local dedicated PC-based server
• Home network
o A wireless router can serve as a client to receive IP configuration
information from the ISP
o A wireless router can
act as a DHCP server
for the hosts in the local
network

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Device to Network
Connection
Network Addressing
Two Network Addresses
Network Addressing
Two Network Addresses (Cont.)
▪ When a laptop is
moved to a different
network, the MAC
address stays the
same, but the IPv4 and
IPv6 addresses
change.

▪ A MAC address is a
unique number that is
part of the NIC.

▪ IP addresses are
assigned by the
company or internet
provider.
Network Addressing
Displaying the Addresses
Network Addressing
IPv4 Address Format
▪ Two parts of an IP address:
• Network
• Host
▪ The subnet mask determines
which part of the address is
the network part.
Network Addressing
IPv6 Address Format
Network Addressing
Static Addressing
▪ Static address information
needed for communication
with other networks and the
internet:
• IP address
• Subnet mask
• Default gateway (address
of router so information
can be sent to other
networks)
• DNS server (converts
domain names or URLs to
IP addresses for easy
reachability or remote web
sites and devices)
Network Addressing
Dynamic Addressing

▪ IP addressing information
comes from a DHCP server
Configure a NIC
Selecting a NIC

Wired Wireless
Ethernet Ethernet

Wireless
Ethernet
Configure a NIC
Installing and Updating a NIC
▪ If installing a wireless NIC,
ensure antenna is positioned
for optimum reachability

▪ Use Device Manager to

view the driver details:
• Expand the Network
adapters category
• Right-click on specific NIC >
Properties or Update driver
Configure a NIC
Configure a NIC

▪ Wireless devices including

smart phones also need IP
addresses to participate on a
wireless network.
Configure a NIC
ICMP

ping command switch options

▪ Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is used to

test connectivity and send control and error messages.

▪ The ping command is part of ICMP.

Configure a Wired and Wireless Network
Connecting Wired Devices to the Internet
To connect a small office or
home wired network device:

1. Connect the cable to

device.

2. Connect other end of

cable to switch (yellow To modem To PC
port).
3. Connect cable between
the wireless router (blue
port) and the broadband
modem.
Configure a Wired and Wireless Network
Logging into the Router

▪ Open a browser and enter the

default IP address of the router.

▪ Change the default username

and password immediately.
LANs, WANs, and the Internet
Internet Connections
▪ Internet Access Technologies
• Internet Service Provider (ISP)
• Broadband cable
• Broadband Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
• Wireless WANs
• Mobile Services
• Business DSL
• Leased Lines

▪ Types of Internet Connections

• Home and Small Office
• Business

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