UNIT – I

PART – A
1. Define system.

When a number of elements or components are connected in a sequence to

perform a specific function, the group thus formed is called a system.

2. Define control system.

When the output quantity is controlled by varying the input quantity the system is
called control system.

3. Define open loop system.

The control systems in which the output has no effect upon the input quantity
are called open-loop control system.

4. Define closed loop system?

Control systems in which the output has an effect upon the input quantity in such
a manner as to maintain the desired output value are called closed loop systems.

5. Define transfer function.

The ratio between the laplace transform of output and laplace transform of input
is called transfer function.

6. What is negative feedback?

If the overall gain of the s/m decreases, then it is called negative feedback.

7. State Newton’s second law of forces.

It states that the sum of applied forces is equal to the sum of opposing forces
acting on a
body.

8. Define block diagram.

A block diagram of a system is a pictorial representation of the

functions
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performed by each component and of the flow of signals.

9. What are the elements of block diagram

The elements of block diagram are

1. Block
2. Summing point
3. Branch point

10.Define signal flow graph.

A signal flow graph is a diagram that represents a set of simultaneous

linear algebraic equations.

11. Define node.

A node is a point representing a variable or signal.

12. Define input node.

The node which has only outgoing branches are called input node. This is
also known as source node.

13. Define output node.

The node which has only incoming branches are called output node. This is
also called as Sink node.

14. Define non-touching loops.

If the loop does not have a common node then they are said to be non-
touching loops.

15.Give some basic properties of signal flow graph.

1. It is applicable to linear systems only.

2. A node in the signal flow graph represents the variable or signal.

3. The signal flow graph of system is not unique.
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16. Find the number of forward paths in the given signal flow graph.

Two forward paths

P1 = G1 G2 G3 G4 G5
P2 = G6 G4 G5

17. What are the components of feedback control system?

The components of feedback are plant, feedback path elements, error

detector and controller.

18. Why negative feedback is preferred in control system?

The negative feedback results in better stability in steady state and rejects
any disturbance signals. It also has low sensitivity to parameter variations.

19. Compare open loop and closed loop system.

Open loop Closed loop

Inaccurate and unreliable. Accurate and reliable.

Simple and economical Complex and costlier.

Stable Great efforts are needed to design a stable system.

20. What are the basic elements used for modeling mechanical translational
system?

Mass, springand dashpot.

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21.What are the basic elements used for modeling mechanical rotational system?

1. Moment of inertia

2. Spring
3. Dashpot.
23. Name the two types of electrical analogous for mechanical system.

Force – Voltage analogy.

Force – Current analog

24. What is transmittance?

The transmittance is the gain acquired by the signal when it travels from
one node to another node in signal flow graph.

25. Mention the electrical analogous of simple thermal system.

The electrical analogous of simple 1st order thermal system is RC parallel circuit.

26. What is the effect of positive feedback on stability?

The positive feedback increases the error signal and drives the output to
instability. But sometimes the positive feedback is used in minor loops in control systems
to amplify certain internal signals or parameters.

27. What are the characteristics of negative feedback?

Accuracy in tracking steady

state value. Rejection of
disturbance signals.

28. Write the force balance equation of ideal dashpot?

dx
fb B dt f

29. Write the torque balance equation of an ideal rotational mass element.
Jd 
2
T Tj
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 2
dt

30. Write the analogous electrical elements in force-voltage analogy

for the elements of mechanical translational system.

Force, F  Voltage, C
Mass, M  inductance, L
Stiffness, K  Capacitance,
C
Frictional
coefficient, B  Resistance, R

31. Write the rule when two blocks are in cascade.

G1 G2

G1 G2

Cascade rule G1-G2 =G1 x G2

32. What are the advantages and disadvantage of open

loop systems? Advantages of open loop systems

1. The open loop systems are simple and economical

2. The open loop systems are easier to construct
3. Generally, the open loop systems are stable

Disadvantages of open loop systems are

1. The open loop systems are in accurable and un reliable

2. The changes in the output due to external disturbances are not corrected
automatically

33.What are the advantages and disadvantages of closed loop systems?

The advantages of closed loop systems are

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 1. The closed loop systems are accurate

2. The closed loop are accurate even in the presence of non- linearities
3. The sensitivity of the systems are accurate even in the presence of non-
linearities

The advantages of closed loop systems are

1. The closed-loop systems are complex and costlier

2. The feedback in closed loop system may lead to oscillatory response

3. The feed back reduces the overall gain of the system

4. Stability is a major problem in closed loop system and more care is needed to
design a stable closed loop system.

34.Give some examples of control system.

The examples of control systems are

(i) Temperature control system

(ii) Traffic control system
(iii) Numerical control system

(iv) Position control system

35.What is a linear time variant and linear time invariant system?

If the coefficients of the differential equations describing the system are

constant, then the model is linear time invariant system.

If the coefficients of differential equations are functions of time, then the model
is linear time varying system.

36. What are Analogue systems?

Systems whose differential equation is of identical form are called

analogous system.

37. What is Servo Mechanism?

A Servo Mechanism is a feed back control system used to Control position (or)
its derivative.
It has the following essential features.

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 1. It is a closed loop system

2. It is used to control position, velocity (or) Acceleration

3. Its characteristics include - Automatic control , Remote operation
- Fast response , High Accuracy

38. Define order of a system.

The highest power of the complex variables ‘S’ in the denominator of

transfer function is called as the order of a system.

39. What is the function of a error detector?

Error detectors are used to measure the error signal in control systems. The
error is the difference between the actual magnitude of output and magnitude of the
desired output.
40. Give Mason’s gain formula.

kFkK

Transfer functions =
1


Where

th
FK = Forward part gain of K forward path
K= Number of forward path,
 = Determinant of graph 
 = 1-Pm1 +Pm2 - Pm3+…… 

Pm1 = Sum of all individual loop gains taking once at a time

Pm2 = Sum of gain products of all possible combination of two non-touching

loopsPm3= Sum of gain products of all possible combination of three non – touching
th
loopsk = Value ofafter eliminating the loops which touch K forward path.
41. Define signal flow graph.

A signal flow graph is a graphical representation of the relationship between

variable of a set of linear algebraic equations.
42. What is node?

Node is a system variable which is equal to sum of all incoming signals.

43. Define Self loop.
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Self loop: A path starting from one node and terminates at same node without crossing
anyothernode even once.

44. Define path, Non-touching loop.

Path: It is the journey from one node to any other node in the direction of branch arrow

Non-touching loop: Loops are said to be non-touching if they do not posses any common node.

45.Give the properties of signal flow graph.

1. The algebraic equations which are used to construct signal flow

graph must be in the form of cost and effect relationships.
2. Signal flow graph is applicable to linear systems.
3. A node in the signal flow graph represents the variable (or ) signal.
4. A branch indicates the functional dependence of one signal on the other.

46.What are the basic components of an automatic control systems?

The basic components of an automatic control systems are the following.

(1) Error detector
(2) Amplifier and controller
(3) Actuator
(4) Plant
(5)Sensor

47. What are sensor?

Sensors are low – power transducers, which produces output signal as a

measure of the controlled variable.

48.What are the different types of control systems?

(i) Open loop control systems

(ii) Closed loop control systems

(iii) Linear and Non linear control systems
(iv) Time Variant and time invariant control systems
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49. What is a mathematical model? What are the different types?

A mathematical model consists of a collection of equations describing the behavior of

the system.

There are two types of mathematical modeling

(i) Input / output representations describing the relation between inputs and
outputs of a system

(ii) State model describing the relation between the input states and output states
of a system.
50.What is Synchro?

Synchro is an electromagnetic transducer that produces an output

voltage depending upon angular displacement.

51. What are servo motors?

The motors which are used for feedback control system are called servomotor.
It converts electrical signal into angular motion.
52. What is Synchro Transmitter?

A Synchro transmitter has star connected stator winding. The rotor is a salient pole
dump-bell shaped magnet with a single winding.

PART B

1. Write the differential equations governing the mechanical system and

determine the transfer function.
2. Write the equations of motion in ‘s’ domain. Determine the transfer function of
the
system.
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3. Write the differential equations governing the mechanical rotational system.

Obtain the transfer function of the system?

4. Reduce the given block diagram to its canonical form d hence obtain the
equivalent transfer function.
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5. Obtain C(S)|R(S) using block diagram reduction rules.

6. Find C(s)/R(s)by using Mason’s gain formula.

7. Draw the signal flow graph and find. C(s)/R(s)

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8. Write the differential equations governing the mechanical system. Draw the force-
voltage and force current electrical analogous circuits and verify by writing mesh
and node equations.

9. Write the differential equations governing the mechanical rotational system

shown. Draw the torque-voltage and torque current electrical analogous circuits
and verify by writing mesh and node equations.

10.Derive the transfer function of armature controlled dc motor.

11.Derive the transfer function of field controlled DC motor.
12.Use Mason’s gain formula for determining the overall T.F. of the system shown.
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13. Obtain the Transfer function of the mechanical system shown.

14. For the spring, damper and mass system shown in figure find the
differential equations governing the system.

15. Obtain the differential equations of the following mechanical systems

 (i)Figure:

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16. Using the block diagram reduction technique, find C/R.

17. Using Mason’s gain formula, find C/R of the signal flow graph shown in figure.
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