Engineering Graphics

ENGINEERING DRAWING AND DESIGN

(ELK 361E) Engineering graphics is the primary
medium of design. All designs begin
Overview of an Engineering Graphics with graphics and end with graphical
documents from which products and
projects become realities.
Lecturer Ali Sinan ÇABUK, PhD.

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11/22/2017 1

Effectiveness of Graphics Language

Engineering Graphics
1. Try to write a description of
this object.
• is a visual means to develop ideas and
convey designs in a technical format. 2. Test your written description
by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
• is the dominant means to description.
communication among engineers in
You can easily understand that …
industry.
The word languages are inadequate for describing the
size, shape and features completely as well as
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concisely.

Composition of Graphic Language Freehand drawing

The lines are sketched without using instruments other
Graphic language in “engineering application” use than pencils and erasers.
lines to represent the surfaces, edges and contours
Example
of objects.

The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting” .

A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments

or computer methods.

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 Straight Line
1. Hold the pencil naturally.
Horizontal line Vertical line
2. Spot the beginning and end points.

3. Swing the pencil back and forth between the points, barely
touching the paper until the direction is clearly established.

4. Draw the line firmly with a free and easy wrist-and-arm

motion

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Small Circle
Method 1 : Starting with a square
Nearly vertical
inclined line 1. Lightly sketching the square and marking the mid-points.

2. Draw light diagonals and mark the estimated radius.

3. Draw the circle through the eight points.

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Nearly horizontal
inclined line

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Small Circle Large Circle

Method 2 : Starting with center line 1. Place the little finger (or pencil’ s tip) at the center as a
pivot, and set the pencil point at the radius-distance from
1. Lightly draw a center line.
the center.
2. Add light radial lines and mark the estimated radius. 2. Hold the hand in this position and rotate the paper.
3. Sketch the full circle.

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

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 Arc Steps in Sketching
Method 1 : Starting with a square

1. Block in main shape.

2. Locate the features.
3. Sketch arcs and circles.
Method 2 : Starting with a center line
4. Sketch lines.

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Example Instrument drawing

Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.

Example

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DRAWING TOOLS DRAWING TOOLS

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1. T-Square 2. Triangles 18

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 DRAWING TOOLS DRAWING TOOLS

2H or HB for thick line

4H for thin line

3. Adhesive Tape 4. Pencils 19

5. Sandpaper 6. Compass 20

DRAWING TOOLS DRAWING TOOLS

7. Pencil Eraser 8. Erasing Shield 21

9. Circle Template 10. Tissue paper 22

DRAWING TOOLS Computer aided drawing (CAD)

The drawings are usually made by commercial software
such as AutoCAD, solid works etc.

Example

11. Sharpener 12. Clean paper 23 24

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 Advantages of using CAD systems Engineering
• constant quality drawing Drawing
• creation of database
• creation of library
• saving on repetition
• greater accuracy
• multicolor drawing

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Elements of Engineering Drawing Basic Knowledge for Drafting

Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language
and word language.
Graphics Word
Graphics language language
language
Describe a shape Line Projection Geometric
(mainly). types method construction Lettering

Word
language
Describe size, location and
specification of the object. 27 28

PROJECTION METHOD

Perspective Parallel
PROJECTION
METHOD Oblique Orthographic

Axonometric Multiview
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 PROJECTION THEORY Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an
observer’s eye and an object.

The projection theory is used to graphically represent There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converging
3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).

Parallel projection Perspective projection

The projection theory is based on two variables: Line of sight
Line of sight
1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)

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Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which Disadvantage of

the image is created. Perspective Projection
The image is produced by connecting the points where
the LOS pierce the projection plane. Perspective projection is not
used by engineer for manu-
Parallel projection Perspective projection facturing of parts, because
Plane of projection Plane of projection
1) It is difficult to create.
2) It does not reveal exact
shape and size.
Width is distorted

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MEANING
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique
in which the parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the
projection plane

Object views from top

1

2
1 5 2 3 4

Orthographic 5
3

Projection 4
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Projection plane

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 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
Orthographic view depends on relative position of the object NOTES
to the line of sight.
Rotate
Orthographic projection technique can produce either
Two dimensions of an
1. Multiview drawing
object is shown. Tilt
that each view show an object in two dimensions.
More than one view is needed
to represent the object. 2. Axonometric drawing
that show all three dimensions of an object in one view.

Multiview drawing Both drawing types are used in technical drawing for

Three dimensions of an object is shown. communication.

Axonometric drawing 37 38

Axonometric (Isometric) Drawing Multiview Drawing

Advantage Easy to understand Advantage It represents accurate shape and size.

Disadvantage Shape and angle distortion Disadvantage Require practice in writing and reading.

Example Distortions of shape and size in isometric drawing Example Multiviews drawing (2-view drawing)

Circular hole
becomes ellipse.

Right angle becomes obtuse angle.

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Introduction
Standards are set of rules that govern how technical
drawings are represented.

Drawing Standard Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey

the same meaning to everyone who reads them.

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 Standard Code Partial List of Drawing Standards
Country Code Full name Code number Contents

Turkey TS Turkish Standard JIS Z 8311 Sizes and Format of Drawings

JIS Z 8312 Line Conventions
USA ANSI American National Standard Institute
JIS Z 8313 Lettering
Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard JIS Z 8314 Scales
UK BS British Standard JIS Z 8315 Projection methods
Australia AS Australian Standard JIS Z 8316 Presentation of Views and Sections
Germany DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung JIS Z 8317 Dimensioning

ISO International Standards Organization

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Drawing Sheet Orientation of drawing sheet

1. Type X (A0~A4) 2. Type Y (A4 only)

A4
Trimmed paper of

c
a size A0 ~ A4. d
A3
d c Drawing
Standard sheet size Border Drawing space
space Title block
(ISO) A2 lines Title block
A4 210 x 297
c

A3 297 x 420 A1
A2 420 x 594 Sheet size c (min) d (min)
A4 10 25
A1 594 x 841
A3 10 25
A0 841 x 1189
A2 10 25
(Dimensions in millimeters) A0 A1 20 25
A0 20 25 46

Drawing Scales Drawing Scales

Length, size Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow
of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
SCALE 1:1 for full size
dimension of the same element of the object.
SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)

Size in drawing Actual size SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond

to “true size” of the object and they are independent of
:
the scale used in creating that drawing.

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 Basic Line Types Meaning of Lines
Types of Lines Appearance Name according All lines should be dark, bold and of consistent density and thickness
to application

Continuous thick line Visible line

Visible lines represent features that can be seen in the
Continuous thin line Dimension and leader
current view
lines, Extension line
Hidden lines represent features that can not be seen in
Hatching lines
the current view
Dash thick line Hidden line
Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers
Chain thin line Center line
of circles, axis of axisymmetrical parts
Chain, thick at ends Cutting plane
and at changes of Dimension and Extension lines indicate the sizes and
direction, thin elsewhere location of features on a drawing
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Example : Line conventions in engineering drawing

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST
UVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKLM
NOPQRSTUVWXYZABCDEF
Lettering
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST
UVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKLM
NOPQRSTUVWXYZABCDEF

Example Placement of the text on drawing

Text on Drawings
Dimension & Notes
Text on engineering drawing is used :

To communicate nongraphic information.

As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance
where text can communicate the needed information
more clearly and quickly.

Thus, it must be written with

Legibility - shape
- space between letters and words

Uniformity - size
- line thickness
Notes Title Block

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 Lettering Standard Basic Strokes
ANSI Standard This course
Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved
Use a Gothic text style, Use only a vertical Gothic
either inclined or vertical. text style.
Use all capital letters. Use both capital and
lower-case letters.
Use 3 mm for most Same. For letters in title Examples : Application of basic stroke
text height. block it is recommend to use 4 5
“I” letter 1 “A” letter 1 2 “B” letter 1
5~8 mm text height
Space between lines N/A. 3 6

of text is at least 1/3 Follows ANSI rule. 3

2
of text height.

Suggested
Upper-case Strokes
letters & Sequence
Numerals Suggested Strokes
Lower-case Sequence
letters
Straight line
letters

Curved line
letters

Curved line
letters &
The text’ s body height is about 2/3 the height of a capital
Numerals
letter.

Stroke Sequence Stroke Sequence

I L T F
V X W

E H

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 Stroke Sequence Stroke Sequence
N M K Z O Q C G

Y A 4

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Stroke Sequence Stroke Sequence

D U P B
5 7

R J 1 2

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Stroke Sequence Stroke Sequence

S 0 3 6
l i

8 9

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 Stroke Sequence Stroke Sequence
v w x k j y f t

z r

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Stroke Sequence Stroke Sequence

c o a b g n m h

d p q e u s

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Word Composition Word Composition

Look at the same word having different spacing between letters.

A) Non-uniform spacing
JIRAPONG
JIRAPONG Spacing

Contour || || \/ \ | )( )| |(
B) Uniform spacing General conclusions are:

JIR A P O N G Space between the letters depends on the contour of

the letters at an adjacent side.
Good spacing creates approximately equal background

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area between letters. 72
Which one is easier to read ?

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 Space between Letters Space between Letters
5. Curve - Slant 6. Slant - Slant
1. Straight - Straight 3. Straight - Slant

7. The letter “L” and “T”

2. Straight - Curve 4. Curve - Curve

slant slant

slant
73 straight 74

Example : Good and Poor Lettering Sentence Composition

GOOD
Leave the space between words equal to the space
Not uniform in style. requires for writing a letter “O”.

Not uniform in height. Example

Not uniformly vertical or inclined. ALL ODIMENSIONS OARE OIN

MILLIMETERS OUNLESS
Not uniform in thickness of stroke.
OTHERWISE O SPECIFIED.
Area between letters not uniform.

Area between words not uniform.

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