CHAPTE

IVIAXIMA AND MINIMA

17.1 INTRODUCTION

In the previous chapters, we have learnt about various applications of differentiation. In this
chapter, we will use differentiation to find the maximum and minimum values of differentiable

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functions in their domains. In the end of the chapter, we will discuss applications of maxima and
minima in solving some applied problems.

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17.2 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF A FUNCTION IN ITS DOMAIN

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MAXIMUM Let f (x) be a real function defined on an interval [a, b]. Then, /(x) is said to have the
maximum value in \a, b], if there exists a point c in [a, b] such that f (x) < f{c) for all x e {a, h].

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In such a case, the number /(c) is called the maximum value of/(:e) in the interval [a, b] and the
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point c is called a point of maximum value of / in the A y
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interval [a, b].
Consider the function / given by /(x) = -(x -1) +10.
k
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koso

Clearly, domain (/) = R = (- oo , oo). y=A^)

We observe that
Ac)
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-(x-l)^<0 forallxeR
r ee

X' 0 b X
-(x-l)^+10< 10 forallxeR ^ Y
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Fig. 17.1 Maximum value of/(x)ati = c

/(x)<10 for all X e R
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/ (x) </ (1) for all X e R [v/(!)=-(!-1)2+10 =10]

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idnY

It follows from this expression that/ (1) = 10 is the maximum value of function/ and the point of
maximum value of / is x = 1. This fact is also evident from the graph of function / as shown in
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Fig. 17.2.

f{x)== - (x-l)2+10

Fig. 17.2 Graph off{x) = - (x - 1)^ + 10

MINIMUM Let f (x) be a real function defined on an interval [a, b].Thenf (x) is said to have the minimum
value in interval [a, b], if there exists a point c e {a, b]such that f (x) >/ (c) for all x e [a, b].
17.2 MATHEMATICS-Xil

In such a case, the number / (c) is called the minimum value of / (a:) in the interval [a, b] and the
point c is called a point of minimum value of / in the interval [a, b].

0 b

yy-

Fig. 17.3 Minimum value of/(x)atx = c

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Consider the function / given by / (x) = +5. Clearly, domain (/) = R = (- co , cc).
Now,

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>0 for all j: € K => +5 >5for all a: e R=>/ (a:) >5 for all x e R =>/{x) > /(O) for allx e R

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It follows from this expression and the above definition that
Jf[x) =

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●y
the minimum value of fimction f{x)=x +5 defined on R is 5
and the point of minimum value of / is x = 0. This observation
for
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0,5)
is also evident from the graph of / (x) = x^ + 5 as shown in
X’ X
<■ ■>
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Fig. 17.4. 0
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In the above discussion, we have seen that the function Y'

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f (jr) = - (x -1) +10, X e R has the maximum value but it does Fig. 17.4 Graph of/(x) = x^ + 5
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not attain the minimum value, because -(x-1) +10 can be

made as small as we please, which is also evident from the graph (Fig. 17.2). The function
/(x) = x^ +5 attains the minimum value 5 at x = 0, but it does not attain the maximum value at
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ad

any point in its domain. In fact, / (x) can be made as large as we please. From the graph of / (x)
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(Fig. 17.4), we find that the values of / (x) are increasing rapidly. That is why it does not attain
the maximum value.
d
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Let us now consider the function / (x) = sin x defined on the interval [0,2 tt] .
in

Clearly, -1 < sin x < 1 for all x e [0, 2 7t]. So, -1 5/ (x) < 1 for all x e [0, 2tc].
F

Also, / - =1 and / — = -l.

■^UJ ■’[ij
for all X e [0, 2;t]
\ / \^J

Thus, / (x) attains both the maximum value 1 and the

minimumvalue -1 in the interval [0, 2 ti] . Points x = Jt/2
and X = 3n/2 are respectively the points of maximum and
minimum values of / in the interval [0, 2 x]. This is also
evident from the graph of / (x) as shown in Fig. 17.5. Fig. 17.5 Graphof/(x) = siny,0 SxS2n
Now, consider the function/ given by / (x) = x^defined on
(- 2, 2). Clearly, it is an increasing function in the given interval. So, it should have the minimum
value at a point closest to - 2 on its right and the maximum value at a point closest to 2 on the left.
In fact, it is not possible to locate such points as shown in Fig. 17.6. Therefore, / (x) = x^ has
neither the maximum value nor the minimum value in the interval (- 2,2).
MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.3

V A

[x) = ^

X' X

^ (-2,0) O (2,0) ^

yr

Fig. 17.6 Graph of f{x) =

It follows from the above discussion that a function / defined on an interval I.

(i) may attain the maximum value at a point in I but not the minimum value at any point in I.

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(ii) may attain the minimum at a point in I but not the maximum value at any point in I.
(hi) may attain both the maximum and minimum values at some points in I.
(iv) may not attain both the maximum and minimum values at any point in I.

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Let us now discuss more examples on the maximum and minimum values of functions in their
domains.

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ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

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BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)
EXAMPLE 1 Find the maximum and the minimum values, if any, of the following functions
oorr
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(i) f(x) = 3x^ + 6x+S,xgR (u) f{x) = -1 x- 11 + 5forallxeR
sf
(hi) /(x) = sin 3x + A,x g{-n/2 , n/2) (iv) f{x)=x^ +lforallxeR [NCERT]
sk

(v) fix) = sin (sin x)forallx eR (vi) f{x) =\x+3\forallx^R.

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oook

SOLUTION (i) We have, f{x) = + 6x + 8 = 3 (x^ + 2x +1) + 5 = 3 (x +1)^ + 5.

eBB

Clearly, 3 (x + 1)^ >0 for all i e R

=>
3{x + lf+5 > 5 foraU xeR => f(x)>f(-l) foraU xeR. [V /(-I) =5]
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Thus, 5 is the minimum value of f{x) which it attains at a: = -1.

ad
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Since f{x) can be made as large as we please. Therefore, the maximum value does not exist
which can be observed from Fig. 17.7.
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AY
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innd

(^*)=3(x+1)2+5
FFi

(-L5)

X' X
< >
(-1,0) 0

vr

Fig. 17.7 Graph of/(x) = 3(ar+ 1)^ +5

(h) Wehave, /(x) =-| x-11 + 5 foraU xeR.

Clearly, | x -11 > 0 for aU x e R
=> -|x-l|<0 foraUxeR=>-|x-l[+5<5forallxsR=> '^(x) <5 for all x e R.
So, 5 is the maximum value of/(x).
17.4 MATHEMATICS-Xtl

Now, f{x) =5=> - + 5=5=>|x-l| = 0::^ x = l.

Thus, /(x) attains the maximum value 5 at x = 1. Since /(x) can be made as small as we please.
Therefore the minimum value of/(x) does not exist (see Fig. 17.8).
(iii) We have, /(x) = sin 3x + 4 for all x e R
Clearly, -1 ^ sin 3x < 1 for all x e R
-1+4^ sin3x + 4<l + 4 forallxeR
3 < sin 3x + 4 <5 for all X € R ^ 3 </(x) <5 for all x e R.
Thus, the maximum value of/(x) is 5 and the minimum value is 3.

A V

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(-ji/6,3)

<0 *

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X' X <■
c X' o X
<■ —jr—71 7T TT 7t TT ->

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2 I 6 6 3 2

Fig. 17.10 Graph of f{x) = x^ + 1

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Fig. 17.9 Graph of/(x) = sin 3x + 4
ororF
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K K

Now, /(x) = 5 sin 3x + 4 = 5 => sin 3x = l=> 3x=-^=^x 6

s ff
7t

So, fix) attains its maximum value 5 at x = —. (see Fig. 17.9).

k

6
YYouo
okso

TI n

Also, fix) = 3 => sin3x + 4 = 3=> sin3x=-l=> 3x = -^

=> x = -
6
BBoo

So, fix) attains the minimum value 3 at x = - —.

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(iv) We have, fix) = x^ +1, x e R. Here, we obsen^e that the values of fix) increase when the
ad
ouur
Yo

values of x are increased and /(x) can be made as large as we please by giving large values to x.
So,/(x) does not have the maximum value. Similarly,/(x) can be made as small as we please by
giving smaller values to x. So fix) does not have the minimum value also. (See Fig. 17.10).
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idnY
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(v) We have, /(x) =sin (sinx), x e R. Clearly,

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-1 < sin X < 1 for all x e R

sin (-1) < sin (sin x) < sin 1 for all x e R sin x is an increasing function on [-1,1]]
- sin 1 ^ fix) < sin 1 for all x e R A

This shows that the maximum value of /(x) is sin 1 and the
Rx)=|i + 3|
minimum value is - sin 1.

(vi) We have, fix) = |x + 3| for all x e R <

(-3,0) O X
X'

Clearly, I X + 31 >0 forallxeR ^ /(x)>0 for all xeR.

So, the minimum value of fix) is 0, which it attains at x = - 3. YSl,
Fig. 17.11 Graph ofRx) = |* + 3]
Clearly, /(x)=[x+ 3| does not have the maximum value.
(See Fig. 17.11).
MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.5

EXERCISE 17.1
BASIC

Find the maximum and the minimum values, if any, zvithout using derivatives of the follozvingfunctions:
1, fix) =4x^ -4j: + 4on R 2. f{x) = - (x -1)^ + 2 on [NCERT]
3. fix) =1 AT + 21 on R 4. f{x) = sin 2x + 5 on R [NCERT]
5. fix) =1 sin 4a: + 31 on R [NCERT] 6. fix) =2x^+5 onR
7. /W=-lx + l| + 3onR[NCERT] 8. fix) = I6x^ ~ 16x + 28 on R
9, f ix) = x^ - Ion R
ANSWERS
1. Min. = 3, Max. dose not exist. 2. Max. = 2, Min. does not exist.

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3. Min. = 0, Max. does not exist. 4. Max. = 6, Min. = 4.
5. Max. = 4, Min. = 2. 6. Max and Min. both do not exist.
7. Max. = 3, Min. does not exist. 8. Min. = 24, Max. does not exist
9. Max. and Min. both do not exist.

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HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
2. We have, fix) = - (a: -1)^ for all a: e R

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Clearly,
r FF
<0forall ateR^ -(a:-1)^+2 < 2for all a: e R /(a:)<2 for all a:eR.
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So, fix) attains maximum value 2 at a:=1 and the minimum value does not exist as
/ (x) can be made as small as we please.
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4. We have,/(x) = sin2x + 5, xeR.
k

Clearly, -1 < sin 2x ^ 1 for all x e R

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=> 5 -1 < sin 2x + 5 < 1 + 5 for all x e R => 4 </ (x) < 6 for all x g R.
BBoo

So, the minimum and the maximum values of / (x) are 4 and 6 respectively.
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5. We have, / (x) = | sin 4x + 31, x g R. We know that

-1 < sin 4x < 1 for all X € R.
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=> 3-l< sin 4x+ 3^1 + 3 for all xgR

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^ 2 < sin 4x + 3 < 4 for all X E R

=> 2 < I sin 4x + 31 < 4 for all X G R => 2 £/ (x) < 4 for all x g R
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So, the minimum and the maximum values of / (x) are 2 and 4 respectively.
7. We have, / (x) = -1 x +11 + 3, x e R. We know that
FFin

-1 X +1 I < 0 for all X E R ^ - |x +1[ + 3 < 3 for all x e R => / (x) < 3 for aU x e R.
So, the maximum value of / (x) is 3. As fix) can be made as small as we please. So, the
minimum value of / (x) does not exist.

17.3 LOCAL MAXIMA AND LOCAL MINIMA

In the previous section, we have discussed about the greatest (maximum) and the least
(minimum) values of a function in its domain. But, there may be points in the domain of a
function where the function does not attain the greatest (or the least) value but the values at
these points are greater than or less than the values of the function at the neighbouring points.
Such points are known as the points of local minimum or local maximum and we will be mainly
discussing about the local maximum and local minimum values of a function.
LOCAL MAXIMUM ^ function fix) is said to attain a local maximum at x^= a if there exists a
neighbourhood ia-3,a + S) of a such that
fix) < fid) for all X eia-d,a + S), x¥= a.
17.6 MATHEMATICS-XII

or, f{x)~f{a) < Qfor all X s{a-8, a -i- S), x*a.

In such a case, f{a) is called the local maximum value of f{x) atx =a.
LOCAL MINIMUM A function f{x) is said to attain a local minimum at x = a if there exists a
neighbourhood {a ~b,a + of a such that
f{x) > f{a) for all x e{a - b, a + S), x ^ a
or, f{x) -f{a) >0for all x e{a ~ b, a + S), x ^ a.
The value of the function atx = a i.e. f{a) is called the local minimum value of f{x) at x = a.
The points at which a function attains either the local maximum values or local minimum values
are known as the extreme points or turning points and both local maximum and local minimum
values are called the extreme values of f{x). Thus, a function AY

attains an extreme value at x = a if /(a) is either a local maximum

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value or a local minimum value. Consequently, at an extreme
point 'a', fix) - /(a) keeps the same sign for all values of x in a
deleted neighbourhood of a.
In Fig. 17.12 we observe that the x-coordinates of the points A, C

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and £ are points of local maximum and the values at these points X

i.e. their y-coordinates are the local maximum values of /(x). The o
■>

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x-coordinates of points B and D are points of local minimum and
Fig. 17.12

their y-coordinates are the local minimum values of /(x).

fofroF
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NOTE By A local maximum (or local minimum) value of a function at a point x = a, we mean the greatest
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(or the least) value in the neighbourhood of point x = a and not the maximum (or the mmimum) in the
domain of the function. In fact a function may have any number of points of local maximum (or local
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minimum) and even a local minimum value may be greater than a local maximum value. In Fig. 17.12 the
YYouor

minimum value at D is greater than the maximum value at A. Thus, a local maximum value may not be
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the greatest value and a local minimum value may not be the least value of the function in its domain.
r ee

It follows from the above definition that if a is a point of local maximum of a function/, then in
ouru

the neighbourhood of a the graph of / should be as shown in Fig. 17.13. Clearly, / (x) is
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increasing in the left neighbourhood (a - 6, a) of point a and decreasing in the right

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neighbourhood of x = a.
/' (x) > 0 for X e (a - 6, a) and, /' (x) < 0 for x 6 (a, a + ^
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iYn

A y AY
FFind

>0
<0

>
o n-6 a + 5 X O fl-8 a + 8 1c
Fig. 17.13 Point of local maximum Fig. 17.14 Point of local minimum

This suggests that /' (a) must be zero.

Similarly, if a is a point of local minimum of a function /, then in the neighbourhood of a the
graph of / should be as shown in Fig. 17.14. Here, we observe that/ (x) is decreasing in the left
neighbourhood (a - 6, a) of A and increasing in the right neighbourhood (a, a + 5) of a.
 17.7
MAXIMA AND MINIMA

/'(a:) <0 forx e(fl-6, (?) and,/’(.r) >0 for :x: e(fl, fl+6).
This also suggests that /' {ci) must be zero.
In view of the above discussion we state the following theorem (without proof) which is known
as the necessary condition for points of local maximum or minimum.
THEOREM Anecessary condition for ^a) to be an extreme value of a function f(x) is that f' (a) = 0,
in case it exists.

REMARK 1 This result states that if the derivative exists, it must be zero at the extreme points. A
function may however attain an extreme value at a point without being derivable thereat. For example, the
function f{x) - \ x\ attains the minimum value at the origin even though it is not derivable at x = 0.

w
y = -x !/ = ^

Flo
ee
o

t TT X

Fr
'k y for
ur
Fig. 17.15 Graph of/(x) = | x Fig. 17.16 Graph of/(x)=

REMARK 2 This condition is only a necessary condition for the point x = a tobe an extreme point. It is
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not sufficient i.e., f'{a)=0 does not necessarily imply that x-ais an extreme point. There are functions
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for which the derivatives vanish at a point but do not have an extreme value thereat. For example,
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for the function f{x) = x^, we have /' (0) = 0 but at x = 0 the functiondoes not attainane.xtreme value
eB

(See Fig. 17.16). In fact on the left of point x = 0, the curve is concave down and on its right the cwve is
concave up. That is, the concavity off{x) changes x as increases through O. Such points are called points of
ur

inflection. If x = c is a point of inflection of a function f{x), then f"{c) = 0and f" (x) change its sign as x
ad

increases through 'c'.

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REMARK 3 Geometrically the above condition means that the tangent to the curve y = f{x) at a point
where the ordinate is maximum or minimum is parallel to the x-axis.
d

As discussed in Remark 2 that all x,for which f '(x) = 0, do not give us the extreme values.
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REMARK 4
in

The values of xfor zvhich f'(x) = 0 are called stationary points or turning points and the corresponding
values offfx) are called stationary or turning values offix).
F

REMARK 5 The values of xfor which f'(x) = 0 or, f'{x) does not exist are knoion as critical points.
17.4 FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST FOR LOCAL MAXIMA AND MINIMA
In the previous section, we have seen that an extreme point (point of local maximum or
minimum) the derivative of the function either does not exist or in case it exists, it must be zero.
We have also seen that if a is a point of local maximum value of a function /, then there exists a
neighbourhood (r? - 6, n + 8) of r? such that
/' (x) > 0 for all X e (fl - 5, fl) [See Fig. 17.13]
and. /' (x) <0 for all X € (fl , fl + 5).
In case, a is a point of local minimum value of function /, then there exists a neighbourhood
(ii - 6, ^ of such that
/' (x) <0 for all X 6 (fl - 5, a)
and. f (x) >0 for all X 6 (fl, + 5) [See Fig. 17.14]
17.8 MATHEMATtCS-XII

In the light of these observations, we state the following theorem (without proof) for finding the
points of local maxima or local minima.
THEOREM 1 (First derivative test) Let f be a differentiable function defined on an interval I and let a el.
Then,

(a) x = a is a point of local maximum value of f, if

(i) /' («)=0
and, (ii) /' (a:) changes sign from positive to negative as x increases through a
i.e.f (a:) > Oat every point sufficiently close to and to the left ofa,andf'{x) < Oat every point sufficiently

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close to and to the right of a.
(b) x^aisa point of local minimum value of f, if
(i) /' {a) = 0
and, (ii) f'(x) changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through a

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i.e. f (a:) <0at every point sufficiently close to and to the left of a, and f (a:) >0at every point sufficiently

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close to and to the right of a.

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(c) If f (fl) = 0 and f (a:) does not change sign as increases through a, that is, f (a:) has the same sign in
the complete neighbourhood of a, then a is neither a point of local maximum value nor a point of local
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sffoo
minimum value. In fact, such a point is called a point of inflexion.
The above theorem suggests the following algorithm to find the points to local maxima or local
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minima of differentiable functions.

Yo
oo
Y

ALGORITHM
BB

Stepl Put y= fix)

rre

Stepn Find—.
dx
ouu
YY
ad

Step III Put ^

dx
= Oand solve this equation for X. Letc-\, Cn, c^,...,Cjfbe the roots of this equation. Points

CiC2,c^,...,Cfj are critical points (stationary values ofx) and these are the possible points where
dd

the function can attain a local maximum or a local minimum. So, we test the function at each
Re
iinn

one of these points.

F

Step IV Consider x = Cp

If ^ changes its signfrom positive to negative as x increases through c^, then thefunction attains
a local maximum atx = c^.
1

If ^ changes its sign from negative to positive as x increases through Cy then the function
attains a local minimum at x = Cy
If does not change sign as x increases through Cy then x = Ci is neither a point of local
dx

maximum nor a point of local minimum. In this case x = Ci is a point of inflexion.

Similarly, we may deal with other values ofx.
Following examples will illustrate the above algorithm.
 17.9
MAXIMA AND MINIMA

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

EXAMPLE 1 Find all the points of local maxima and minima of thefunction f{x) = x -bx +9a:-8.
[NCERT]

SOLUTION Lety-f{x)=x^ -6x^ + 9 - 8-Then, ^ =f{x) = Sx^-12x + 9 = 3{x^ -4a:+ 3).

The critical points of f{x) are given by /' (x) = 0 or, ^ = 0.

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Now,
dx
= 0 3(x^ -4x+ 3) = 0 X = 1, 3.
We have to examine whether these points are points of local maxima or local minima or neither
of them. +

ee
— oo 1 00

We have = 3{x-l)(x-3) Fig. 17.17 Signs of — for different values of x.

FFrlo
dx dx

r
rF
The changes in signs of ~ for different values of x are shown in Fig. 17.17. Clearly, ^
dx changes

ee
dx
sign from positive to negative as increases through 1. So, x = 1 is a point of local maximum.
ouru
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Also ,^
dx
changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through 3. So x = 3 is a point of
local minimum.
ffosor
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EXAMPLE 2 points of local maxima and local minima as well as the corresponding local
maximum and local minimum values for the function f{x) - (x -1) ^ (x +1)^.
ook
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SOLUTION Lety=/(x)=(x-l)^(x + l)^. Then,

Y
Bo

= 3(x-l)^(x + l)^ + 2(x + l)(x-l)^ = {x-l)2(x + l) {3(x + l) + 2(x-l)}

reeB

dx
^y
oouY

= (x-l)^(x + i)(5x + l).

ur

dx
ad

At points of local maxima or local minima, we must have

dY

o 1
= 0 => (x-l)^(x + l)(5x + l) = 0 => X = 1 or, X = -1 or, X = --
5
dx
nidn
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Now, we have to examine whether these points are points of local maximum or local minimum
or neither of them.
F
Fi

Since (x -1)^ is always positive, therefore the sign of ^ is same as that the (x +1) (5x + 1). The
changes in signs of — for different values of x are shown in Fig. 17.18.
dx
4 4

-1 _1 1
5

dy
Fig. 17.18 Signs of ^ for different vaiues of x.
Clearly, — does not change its sign as x passes through 1. So x = 1 is neither a point of local
dx

maximum nor a point of local minimum. In fact, x = 1 is a point of mflexion.

Clearly, — changes sign from positive to negative as x passes through -1. So, x = -1 is a point of
dx
local maximum.
17.10 MATHEMATICS-XII

The local maximum value of/(a:) at :c = -l is/(-l) =(-2)^ (-1+ 1)^ = 0.

It is evident from Fig. 17.18 that ~ changes sign from negative to positive as x passes through
-1/5. So, x = -l/5 is a point of local minimum.
1 / 1^ 3456
The local minimum value of/(a:) at a: = — is/ — -
5 V 5/ 5 5 3125

EXA.MPLE3 Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function
f{x) = x^ -6x^ + 12X-8.
SOLUTION Lety=/(A:)=A:^-6A:^ + 12A:-8.Then,^
dx
= 3a:^-12a: + 12 = 3{x-2)^.

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<^y + +

The critical points of y -f{x) are given by —

dx
= 0. - CC 2
>
CO

dy
<dy Fig. 17.19 Signs of -f for different values of x.
Now
^ dx
= 0 => 3(a:-2)^ = 0 => a: = 2. dx

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We observe that — = 3 (x - 2)^ > 0 for all x^2. Thus, — does not change sign as x increases

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dx dx

rFl
through a: = 2.

Fre
Hence, a: = 2 is neither a point of local maximum nor a point of local minimum. In fact, it is a

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point of inflection.
EXAMPLE 4 Show that the function f{x)=4x^-18x^+ 27x-7 has neither maxima nor
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sffoo
minima. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have,
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y=f{x)=4x^-18x^ + 27x-7 => ^ =12a:^-36a: +27 = 3 (4x^-12a: +9) = 3 (2a:-3)^

Yo
oo

dx
Y
BB

dy
The critical points of y =f(x) are given by dA:
= 0.
rre

dy
= 0=> 3(2x-3)2=0=> 2a:-3 = 0=>a: = |. Clearly, ^ = 3 {2a:-3)^ > 0 for all a: |
ouu

Now,
YY
ad

dx

dy
Thus, does not change its sign as x increases through x = 3/2 as shown in Fig. 17.20. Hence,
dd

a: = 3/2 is neither a point of local maximum nor a point of local minimum. In fact, it is a point of
Re
iinn

inflection.
F

+ +
<- ■>
— CO 3/2 CO

dy
Fig. 17.20 Signs of for different values of x.
dx

EXAMPLE 5 Find the points of local maxima, local minima and the points of inflection of the function
f{x) =:^ ~5x^ +5x^ -1. Also, find the corresponding local maximum and local minimum values
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Lety =/(x) =a:^ -5a:^ +5a:^ -l.Then,
^
dx
=5a:^ -20a:^ +15a:^ =5Ar^ (x^ ~4x+3) =5x'^ (.r-1) (x-3)
The critical points of y =f{x) are given by —
dx
= 0.
dy
Now,
dx
= 0=i’ 5a:^ (^-1) (x-3) =0=> a: = 0, a: =1, a: = 3.
 MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.11

Clearly does not change its sign as x increases through 0. So, a: = 0 is a point of inflection.
" dx
+ +
<-— ■>
dy
It is evident from Fig. 17.21 that — changes its 0 1 3
— CO CO

dx
Fig. 17.21 Signs of — for different values of x.
dx
sign from positive to negative as x increases
through 1. So, x=l is a point of local maximum. Tlie local maximum value of f{x) is
/(l)=l-5 + 5-l = 0.
We observe, from Fig. 17.21, that ~ changes its sign from negative to positive as x increases
dx
through 3. So, ;r = 3 is a point of local minimum. The local minimum value of f{x) is

ooww
/(3) = 3^-5x 3^+5x 3^-1 =-28.
EXAMPLE 6 Find the local maxima or local minima, if any, of the function f{x) - sin x + cos x,
0 < a: < — using the first derivative test. [NCERT]

e
We have, y = f{x) = sin x + cos a: => ^ -

ree
SOLUTION cos x - sm X

rFl dx

Fre
The critical points of y =f{x) are given by ^ = 0.

rrF
dx
7t 7t
Now, — = 0 => cos X - sin a: = 0 => tan x = 1 =>x= — V 0<x<-
ouur
dx
sffoo4 2

Now, we will see whether x = ^ is a point of local maximum or a point of local minimum or none
okks

of these.
Yo
oo
Y

In the left neighbourhood ^ ~ ^ ha^ e

BB
rre

n
x<— => cosx>sinx=> cosx-sinx>0=> —>0
4 dx
ouu
YY

In the right neighbourhood of x = ^, we have

ad

71 dy
x>— => cosx<sinx=> cosx-sinx<0^ ^<0
dd

4 dx
Re
iinn

Thus, ^ changes its sign from positive to negative as x increases through So, /(x) attains a
F

7t
local maximum at x = —.
4

EXAMPLE? Find the local maximum or local minimum, if any, of the function f(x) = sin^ x + cos^ x,
0 < X < -^ using the first derivative test.
SOLUTION We have,
y = f(x) = sin^x + cos^x
'I 0 ^
= 4 sin ^ X cos x - 4 cos x sin x= - 4 cos x sin x (cos x - sin x)
dx

^y =_ - 2 sin 2x cos 2x = - sin 4x

dx
17.12 MATHEMATICS-XII

The critical points of y =f{x) are given by ^ = 0.

Now, ^ dx
= 0 - sin 4a: = 0 => sin 4a: = 0 => 4a: = tc => x=—
4
0 < x < — /. 0 < 4x < 2ti
2

In the left neighbourhood of x = ^, we have

dy <0
x<-=>4x<7i^sin4x>0^-sin4x<0=> ,
4 dx
7C

In the right neighbourhood of x = —, we have

x>— => 4x>71=> sin4x<0=> -4sin4x>0=^ ^>0

4 dx

ww
Thus, — changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through —. So /X
dx
7C
4
=
^ is a point of
local minimum. The local minimum value of / (x) at x = — is

Flo sm —
K
+
n
cos — Y_i1

e
4j

rere
EXAMPLES Find the ipoints at which the function/given by f{x) = (x-2)^ (x +1)^ has

r FF
(i) local maxima (ii) local minima (iii) points of inflexion [NCERT]
uurr
SOLUTION We have,
for
fix) = (x-2)^(x + 1)3
fix) = 4(x-2)^{x + 1)3+ 3(x-2)^(x + 1)2 = (x - 2)^ (x +1)^ (7x - 2)
kss

fix) = (x-2)2{a: + 1)2{x-2)(7x-2)

ooook
Yo

The critical points of /(x) are given by /' (x) = 0.

eBB

Now, /'(x) = 0 => X = 2,

urr

Since (x -2)^ (x +1)^ is always positive. So, sign of/' (x) depends upon the signof{x-2) (7x-2).
ad

2
Yo

The changes in signs of /' (x) as x increases through — and 2 are shown in Fig. 17.22.
dY

+ + +
—>
- oo -1 2 2 CO
Re
innd

Fig. 17.22 Signs of/'(x) for different values of x.

Fi

2 2 .
Clearly, /' (x) changes its sign from positive to negative as increases through —. So, X = —
7
IS a

point of local maximum.

We observe that /' (x) changes its sign from negative to positive as x increases through 2.
So, X = 2 is a point of local minimum.
There is no change in the sign of /' (x)as increases through-1. So,x =-1 is a point of inflexion.
EXERCISE 17.2
BASIC

Find the points of local maxima or local minima, if any, of the following functions, using the first
derivative test. Also, find the local maximum or local minimum values, as the case may be:
1. fix) = (x-5)4 2. fix) = x^ - 3x [NCERTl

3. /(x)=x^{x-l)^ 4. /(x)={x-1)(x + 2)2

MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.13

5. /w = [NCERT] 6. f{x)=x^ -6x^ ■¥9x + \5

7. f{x) = sin 2^, 0<;c<71 8. f{x) = sin ;c - cos x,Q<x<ln INCERT]

f{x) = sin 2x - ^ < j: < —

7t
9. f{x) = cos x,0 <x <n 10.
2
71 7C
11. f{x) = 2sii\ x-x, — <;c< —
2 2
12.
f {x)=x -Jl -X ,0<x<l [NCERT]

r/ V X 2
Z
13. fix) = x^{2x-l)^ 14. -,x>0

ANSWERS
1. X =5 is a point of local minimum, local minimum value = 0.

w
2. X = -1 is a point of local maximum, local maximum value = 2
a: = 1 is a point of local minimum, local minimum value = - 2.

Flo
3. a: = 1 is a point of local minimum, local minimum value = 0

e
3 108
j is a point of local maximum, local maximum value = - 3125
x =

ree
FFr
4. a: = 0 is a point of local minimum, local minimum value = - 4
a: = - 2 is a point of local maximum, local maximum value = 0.
for
ur
5. Local maximum at a: = 0, Local maximum value = —
2
kkss
6. a: = 1 is a point of local maximum, local maximum value = 19
Yo

a: = 3 is a point of local minimum, local minimum value = 15.

oo

K
7. X = — is a point of local maximum local maximum value = 1
eB

37t
a: = — is a point of local minimum local minimum value = -1.
ur
ad

— is a point of local maximum, local maximum value = V2

YYo

8. a: =

a: = ^ is a point of local minimum, local minimum value = - V2.

d
Re
in

9. None in the interval (0,7t)

F

10. X = — is a point of local maximum, local maximum value = - —

6 ^ 2 6

^ is a point of local minimum, local minimum value = -

7C
X = ~
+ —.
11. X - — is a point of local maximum, local maximum value = -/3 - —
3 3
- 71
X = — is a point of local minimum, local minimum value = -V3+^.
3 3
2 2 V3
12. Local maximum at a: = — , Local Maximum value - —
3 9
1 1
13. Minimum at a = — , Local Minimum value = -
4 ' 512
14. Minimum at a = 2, Local Minimum value = 2
17.14 MATHEMATICS-Xn

HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

2. Wehave, f (x) = -3x^ f (x) = 3x‘^-3 = 3{x-l){3: + l)

The critical points of f{x) are given by /' (x) = 0.
Now, fix) = 0 => 3(x -1) (:r +1) = 0 => x = \,-l.
The changes in signs of /' (x) for different value of x are as shown in Fig. 17.23.
+ +

- 00 -1 2 00

Fig. 17.23 Signs of/'(j:) for different values of x.

Clearly, /' (x) changes its sign from positive to negative as x increases through -1. So, x = -1

ooww
is a point of local maximum with the local maximum value given by /(-I) = (-1) ^ - 3 (-1) = 2.
As /' (x) changes its sign from negative to positive as x increases through 1. So, x = 1 is a
point of local minimum with the local minimum value / (1) = 1 - 3 = - 2.

e
-2x
5. We have, /(x) = fix) =
+

ree
<■
x^ + 2 (x^ + 2)^ 0

rFl - * «>

Fig. 17,24 Signs of/'(x) for different values of x.

Fre
The critical points of /(x) are given by f'{x)= 0.

rrF
-2x
Now, fix) = 0 => = 0 => X = 0
(x^+2)^
ouur
sffoo
The signs of/'(x) for different values of x are shown in Fig. 17.24. Clearly,/'(x) changes its
sign from positive to negative as increases through 0. So, x = 0 is a point of local maximum
okks

with the local maximum value /(O) = 1/2.

Yo
ooo

8. We have, / (x) = sin x - cos x, 0 < x < 27t => /' (x) = cos x + sin x
BB

For a local maximum or minimum, we must have

3n 7 K
rr e

/'(x) = 0 => cos X + sin X = 0 => tan x = -1 => x = T'T

ouu

f 1 1 . nr . ( X + -
Tt
Now, /' (x) = cos X + sin X = V2 V2 = V2 sm
ad
YY

cos X + sm X
V2 4/

In the left neighbourhood of X = 3ji/4,wehave

dd

V2sinfx + -4/ >0=> fix) >0

3 7t 71
Re
iinn

X < => X + — < 7C =>

4 4 V
3 71
F

In the right neighbourhood of x = ~ , we have

3 7t 7t
X > => X + — > 71 => V2sin x + - <0=>/'(x)<0
4 4 ^ 4/
3tc 3 7C
Thus, /'(x) changes its sign from positive to negative as X increases through—. So,x = —

is a point of local maximum with the local maximum value given by

./ 3 . 3 K 3 TZ
sm - cos = V2
4 4
7 71
In the left neighbourhood of x = —, we have
7 K
X < => x + — <27i=>V2sin x + — <0^/'(x)<0
4 4 4/
MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.15

7 7t
In the right neighbourhood of a: = — , we have
7 K ^ ■ f
X > ^ x + — > 2k =i> v2 sin -
x +— > 0 => /' (a:) > 0
4 4 4 J '
7 K
Thus, /' (x) changes its sign from negative to positive as x increases through —.
7 K
So, X =
^ is a point of local minimum with local minimum value given by
f7n\ . 7n 7 n
sm -cos = -V2.
4 4

12. We have
X 2-3x

ww
/ (x) = X ^1-x, X > 0 => f'{x)= ^1-x -
2^1-x " 2^l-x
2-3 j: 2
At critical points of /(x), we must have /' (x) = 0 =>■ = 0 => x = -

Floo
2^1-X 3

2 A

e
X —
2-3x

eere
+

Now, /' (x) = 3 . ^ <■

2^1^ ■ 2^1^
2/3
- CO CO

Fig. 17.25 Signs oif‘{x) for different values of x.

FFr
oorr
uur r
The changes in signs of /' (x) as x increases through 2/3 are shown below:
s ff
Clearly, /' (x) changes its sign from positive to negative as x increases through 2/3 . So,
● ● ■ ' /2^ 2
sk

X = 2/ 3 is a point of local maximum with the local maximum value / —

YYoo

V 3/ 3V3
ooko

17.5 HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVE TEST

eBB

As we have seen in the previous section that finding the local maximum or local minimum by
first derivative test is very time consuming and of course tedious for beginners because it is
uurr

slightly difficult to determine the change in the sign of / '(x) as x increases through the points
ad

given by/' (x) = 0. We have another test known as the Higher order derivative test which enables
Yo

us to find the points of local maxima or local minima more easily and more quickly.
THEOREM (Higher Order Derivative Test) Let f be a differentiable function defined on an interval I and
dY
Re

let c be an interior point of I such that

nind

^ (c) = Oand, (ii) f ” (c) exists and is non-zero.

n -
(i) /'(c) =/”(c)=/'"(c) =...=/
FFi

Then,
ifn is even and f ” (c) < 0 => x = cisa point of local maximum
ifn is even and f ” (c) > 0 => x = cisa point of local minimum
ifnis odd, x = c is neither a point of local maximum nor a point of local minimum.
This theorem suggests the following algorithm to find the points of local maximum and local
minimum.

ALGORITHM

Step I Findf'(x)
Step II Putf'(x) =0 and solve this equation for X. Let cj ,c„ be the roots of this equation. Points
C] ,C2,...,c„ are stationary values or critical points of f(x) and these are the possible points
where the function can attain a local maximum or a local minimum. So, we test the function at
each one of these points.
17.16 MATHEMATICS-XIl

Step III Find f " (x). Consider x = Cj.

0, then x = cj is a point of local maximum.
If f"(cj)>0. then x = ci is a point of local minimum.
If fief) = 0, we must find f"'(x) and substitute in it cj for x.
Iff"'(ci) ^ 0,thenx- cj is neither a point of local maximum nor a point of local minimum and
is called the point of inflection.
Iff '"(cj) = 0, we must find fl^ (x) and substitute in it Cj for x.
If f (cj) < 0, then x = cj is a point of local maximum and if f (c^) > 0, then x = Cj is a
point of local minimum.
Iff^^{c{) =0, we must find f ^ {x),and so on. Similarly, the points may be tested.
POINT OF INFLECTION An arc of a curve y=f{x) is called concave upward if, at each of its points, the arc
lies above the tangent at the point (see Fig. 17.26).

w
YA YA

Flo
reee
FFr
o X o X
urr
Fig. 17.26 Concave upward curve
for
Fig. 17.27 Concave upward curve

If y =f{x) is a concave upward curve, then as x increases, / '(x) either is of the same sign and
kkss

increasing (see Fig. 17.26) or changes sign from negative to positive (see Fig. 17.27). In either case
f'{x) is increasing and so/"(x) >0.Thus, for a concave upward curve f"(x) > 0.
Yo
ooo

An arc of a curve y = /(x) is called concave downward if, at each of its points, the arc lies below the
eB

tangent at the point.

If an arc of a curve y =/(x) is concave downward, then as x increases,/'(x) either is of the same
sign and decreasing (see Fig. 17.28) or changes sign from positive to negative (see Fig. 17.29). In
r

either case/' (x) is decreasing and so/ " (x) < 0. Thus, for a concave downward curve/ " (x) < 0.
ou
ad
YY

YA YA
nndd
Re
Fi

■>
>
o X
O X

Fig. 17.28 Concave downward curve Fig. 17.29 Concave downward curve

POINT OF INFLEXION A point of inflection is a point at which a curve is changing concave upward to
concave downward, or vice-versa.
YA

<- >

. fic)

0 X
Fig. 17.30
MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.17

A curve y =‘f{x) has one of its points a: = c as an inflection point, if

(i) f " (c) = 0 or is not defined and
(ii) f "{x) changes sign as x increases through x = c.
The later condition may be replaced by/'"(c) ^ 0 when/"'(c) exists.
Thus, x = cisa point of inflection if f "(c) = 0andf"'(c) ^ 0.
PROPERTIES OF MAXIMA AND MINIMA

(i) If f(x) is continuous function in its domain, then at least one maximum or one minimum
must lie between two equal values of f(x).
(ii) Maxima and Minima occur alternately, that is, between two maxima there is one
minimum and vice-versa,

(iii) If f(x) 00 as X fl or b and f'(x) = 0 only for one value of x (say c) between a and b, then

ww
/(c) is necessarily the minimum and the least value.
If f(x) as x a OT b, then/(c) is necessarily the maximum and the greatest value.

FF loo
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

ree
BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

EXAMPLE 1 Find all the points of local maxima and minima and the corresponding maximum and

reeF
minimum values ofthefunction f(x) = - — x^ -8 x^ - — x"^ +105.
oroFr
r ur
SOLUTION We have. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
s ff
y +105 => /'(x) =-3x^-24x^-45x = -3x(x^ + 8x + 15)
k
YYouo

The critical points of /(x) are given by /' (x) = 0.

kos o

Now, /'(x) = 0 => - 3x(x^ + 8 X +15) =0 => - 3 x(x + 3) (x + 5) = 0 => x = 0, - 3, -5

BBoo

Thus, X = 0, X = - 3 and x = - 5 are the possible points of local maxima or minima.

r ee

Let us now test the function at each of these points. We have,

f'(x) = -3x^ -24x^ -45x => /"(x) = ~9x^ -48x-45
ad
ouur
Yo

At x = 0; We have, / "(0) = - 45 < 0.

So, X = 0 is a point of local maximum. The local maximum value of/(x) at x = 0 is/(0) =105.
d
Re

At x = -3: We have, /"(-3) =-9 (-3)^ -48 (-3) -45 = 18

idnY

>0
FFin

So, X = - 3 is a point of local minimum. The local nninimum value off(x) at x = - 3 is

/(-3)=-|(-3)^-8(-3) 3 «(_3)2+i05=^
2 4

Atx = -5: Wehave, / "(-5) =-9 (-5)^ - 48 (-5) - 45 = - 30<0

So, X = - 5 is a point of local maximum. The local maximum value of f(x) at x = - 5 is

/(-5) = -1 (-5)^ - 8 (- 5) 3 - ^ 5)2 + 105 = ^

EXAMPLE 2 Find all the points of local maxima and minima and the corresponding maximum and
minimum values ofthefunction f(x) = 2x - 21 x + 36x - 20.
SOLUTION Wehave, /(x) = 2x^-21 x^ + 36x-20 =>/'(x) = 6x^-42x+36
The critical points of /(x) are given by /' (x) = 0.
Now, fix) = 0 => 6x^-42x+ 36 = 0 => (x-l)(x-6) = 0 => x = 1, 6.
17.18 MATHEMATICS-XII

Thus, x = l and a: = 6 are the possible points of local maxima or minima.

Now, we test the function at each of these points.
We have, f"{x) = 12x-42.
Atx = 1: We have, / "(1) = 12 - 42 = - 30 < 0.
So, X = 1 is a point of local maximum. The local maximum value is /(I) = 2 - 21 + 36 - 20 = - 3.
Atx = 6: Wehave, /"(6) =12(6)-42 = 30 > 0
So a: = 6 is a point of local minimum. The local minimum value is
/(6) = 2(6) 21 (6)^ + 36 X 6 - 20 = -128.
EXAMPLES Find the points of local maxima and local minima, if any, of each of the following functions.

ww
Find also the local maximum and local minimum values, as the case may be:

(i) fix) = sin 2a; - x, where - ^ < a; < — (ii) fix) = sin a: +1 cos 2x, where 0 < a: < —
71

Flo
(iii) /(a:) =sin^ a: + cos'* X, 0<x < -^

e
eree
SOLUTION (i) We have, /(x) = sin 2x - x => /' (x) =2 cos 2x -1

FFr
The critical points of /(x) are given by /' (x) = 0.
n
uurr
fix) = 0 ^ 2cos2x-l = 0 => cos 2x = — =>2x = - — or, 2x = — ● <X 7I< 2x < 7t
^ 2 3 3
orr 2 2
n n
sfo
=> X — or, X =
6 6
kks
Yoo
71 71
Thus, X = — and x = — are possible points of local maxima or minima.
oooo

6 6
eBB

Now, we test the function at each of these points.

Clearly, fix) = -4 sin 2x.
urr

71 7t
—

At x = ~ x/6: We have, / = -4sin = -4x = 2 ^/3 > 0. So, X = - -6 is a point

n

V 6/ V 3, 2
ad
YYo

f 71 7C 41 71
of local minimum. The local minimum value is f — = sin
3; 6
+— =
^ I 6) 2 ^e
dd

71
Re

= -2V3<0.
inn

At x = 7i/6: Wehave,/" — = - 4 sin — =

\ 6, 3 2
F

71 f 7r' . 71 TC V3 7T
So, X = — is a point of local maximum. The local maximum value is / — = sm
3 6 2 6

(ii) Wehave, fix) = sin x +cos 2x, where 0 < x <-^ fix) = cos X - sin 2x.

The critical points of fix) are given by /' (x) = 0.

fix) = 0=> cosx-sin2x = 0 => cosx-2 sinxcosx = 0 => cos x (1-2 sinx) = 0
7C 7C 7t
=> cos X = 0 or, 1 - 2 sin X = 0 => cos x=0 or, sinx=—=> x=— or x= — ●.● 0 < X < -
2 2 6 2

TZ
Thus, X = - is a point of local maximum or local minimum. Let us now test the function at this

point.
Clearly, / "(x) = - sin x - 2 cos 2x ^ f " — = - sin — - 2 cos — = i-2xi=-l<0
V 6/ 6 3 2 2 2
MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.19

So, X = — is the point of local maximum.

6

PTTl i 7C 71 1 7t 1 1 (\ 3
The local maximum value is f — - sm — + - cos —
UJ 62 3 2 2V2 4

(iii) We have, f{x) = sin^ x + cos^ x, where 0<x<^.

/'(a:) = 4 sin^:ccosx-4 cos^x sin a: = -4 cos a: sin x{cos^ a: -sin^ a:) = -2 sin 2a: cos 2a:
=> / '(a:) =-sin 4a:.
At points of local maximum and minimum, we must have

ww
n
f'{x) = 0 ==* -sin 4a: = 0 => 4a: = tc => x = - 0 <X < 0<4x<2ti
4 2

Now, f"{x) = -4cos4x =>/"f-

V4
= -4 cos 71 = (-4)(-l) = 4>0

Flo
e
So, x = ~ is a point of local minimum and the local minimum value is

eree
f 7t
● 4 ^ 4 (1 f +fi-V= 4*^4
^ ^ ^2

FFr
/ T sm — + cos
4 4 IV2J ^V2,
uurr
EXAMPLE 4
orr
Find the points of local maxima or local minima, if any, of thefollowingfunctions. Find also
the local maximum or local minimum values, as the case may be:
sfo
(i) /(x) = sin X + cos X, where 0 < x < -^ (ii) f{x) = sin X - cos x, where 0 < x < 2tc
kks
Yoo
oooo

[CBSE2015]
(iii) /(x) = sin 2x, where 0 < x < 7t (iv) /(x) = 2 cos X + X, where 0 < x < tcv
eBB

71
(v) /(x) =2 sin X-X, <x <-.
2
urr

SOLUTION (i) We have, /(x) = sin x + cos x, where 0<x<^.

ad
YYo

/ ’ (x) = cos X - sin X.

The critical points of/(x) are given/'(x) = 0.
dd

7t
Re

/' (x) = 0 => cos X - sin X = 0 => cos X = sin X tan X = 1 => x = — v0<x<-
inn

4 2J
F

Thus, X = -^ is a point of local maximum or minimum.

/tj\ K %
Now, fix) = -sin X-cos X => f" — - sm — cos — = - V2 < 0.
U) 4 4

So, X = — is a point of local maximum.

The local maximumvalue is f —

71
sm — + cos —
7t
1 1 _ i = V2.
^ u 4 4 ■ ■ V2
(ii) We have.
/(x) = sin X - cos X, where 0 < x < 27t => /' (x) = cos x + sin x
At points of local maximum and local minimum, we must have
fix) = 0
3 7t 7tc
cosx+sinx = 0=> sinx = -cosx=> tanx = -l=>x = or, X = — [●.● 0 < X < 27t]
4 4
 MATHEMATICS’XII
17.20

3k
Thus, x = — andx =
4 ^ are possible points oflocal maximum or minimum. Let us now test the
function at each of these points. Clearly, f"{x) = - sin x + cos x.
At x = 3k/4: We have,
3k
/
n
= -sm
. 3n
+ cos
3tc
L = __
— < 0. So, X = — is the point of local maximum.
. 4 , 4 4 “ V2 V2 V2
\ 1 _2 _ nr
The local maxunum value is / — = sm
4
-cos
V 4 ^
.7k 7ii 1 1 2
Wehave,/”f—'
7 71

oww
\4) = .sm_
4 + cos-=^ + ^=;^>0.
At x =
4
7k
So, the function attains a local minimum at x =
4

The local minimum value is / V ^4 y

. 7k 7k
^ ^ = -V2.

e
sm cos
4 4 V2 V2

ree
rFl
(iii) We have.

Fre
f{x) = sin 2x, where 0 < x < tu => / '(x) = 2 cos 2x.

rrF
At points of local maximum or local minimum, we must have
ouur
sffoo 71 3ti
/'(x) =0 => 2cos2x = 0 =>cos2x = 0 ^ [v0<x<7C.*.0<2x<2ti]
okks

Thus, X = - and x = — are possible points of local maximum or local minimum. Let us now test
Yo

4 4
ooo

the function at these points. Clearly, / "(x) = - 4 sin 2x.

eBB

At x =
4
We have, /"f-l =
V4y = -4sin^ = -4<0. So,x = ^isa point of local maximum.
uurr

The local maximum value of /(x) is / \4>

j = sin -2 = 1.
ad
YYo

3tc . / 3 7t' 3 71 3tc

At x = —: We have,/' — = 4 sin — = 4 > 0. So, X = is a point of local minimum.
dd

4 I 4 J 2 4 '
Re
iinn

The local minimum value of/(x) is / 'll] = sm

. 37t
= -l.
F

. 4 , 2

(iv) We have, /(x) = 2 cos x + x, where 0<x<tc=> /'(x) =-2sinx + l

At points of local maximum and minimum, we must have
7C 5 7t
fix) = 0 => -2sinx + l = 0=> sinx = — =>x = — [v 0<X<7l]
2 6'~6

Thus, X = — and x = — are possible points of local maximiun or minimum. Let us now test the
6 6

function at these points.

Clearly, / "(x) = - 2 cos x
Atx = —:6 Wehave,/"f—l
^ {ej
= -2cos —-6 = -V3<0.So,x = -isa
6
point of local maximum.
^K^ _ K K nr K
The local maximum value of /(x)is/ = 2cos- + -= v3+-
6 6 6
vo>/
MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.21

5n 5k

U = - 2 cos — = Vs > 0. So, a: = — is a point of local

Atx = —: We have, / — minimum.
6 6 6

5k A 5k 5k 5k
The local minimum value of f{x) is / — = 2 cos — + — = -V3 + —.
V 6 6 6 6

(v) We have,/(x) = 2 sin x-a:, where-k/2 < a: < k/2 => /'(^) = 2cosx-l
The critical points of f{x) are given by f'(x)= 0.
f'{x) = 0 => 2cosx-l = 0 cos X = 1/2 => x = ±k/3 [v-k/2<x<k/2]
Thus, X = ± k/ 3 are points of local maximum or minimum. Clearly, / " (^) = - 2 sin x.
At X = - n/ 3: We have,
/"(-K/3)=-2sin (-K/3)=2sin k/3 =2V3/2 = V3 >0.

ww
So, X = - k/ 3 is a point of local minimum.
The local minimum value is/(-k/3) = 2 sin (-k/3)-(-k/3) - -V3+k/3.
Atx = n/3: We have,/"(k/3) = -2 sin k/3 = - Vs < 0. So,x = k/3 is a point of local maximum.

Flo
The local maximum value is /(k/ 3) = 2 sin k/ 3 - k/ 3 = V3 - k/ 3.

e
eree
EXAMPLE 5 find the local maximum and local minimum values of

FFr
f{x) = secx + log cos X, 0 < X < 271. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
uurr
SOLUTION We have,

orr
/(x) =secx + 21ogcosx => /’(x) = secx tan x - 2 tan x = tan x(secx -2)
sfo
The critical points of /(x) are given by /' (x) = 0.
kks
Yoo

f'{x) = 0 =0^ tan X (secx -2) = 0 => tan x = 0 or sec x = 2 => tan x = 0 or cos ^ ~
oooo

K 5k
X = K, X = — [v 0<x<2k]
eBB

3' T
Thus, X = K, X = —,
3 3
— are possible points of local maximum and local minimum.
urr

Now, /' (x) = tan x (secx - 2)

ad
YYo

/"(x) = sec X (secx -2) + tan x secx = sec x (secx -2) + secx (sec x -1)
=>
/"(x) =2sec^x -2sec^x-secx
dd
Re
inn

Let us now investigate critical points for points of local maximum and local minimum.
K
= 2sec^ —-2 sec^ —-sec— = 2x 8-2x 4-2 = 6 >0
F

Atx = -: Weobtain,
3 ^ l3j 3 3 3

Thus, X = —3 is a point of local miniraum. The local minimum value of f{x) is given by

/f-'
u. = sec-^+ log =2 + log-^ =2-2 log2
At x=n: We obtain, f" (k) =2 sec^K-2 sec^K - sec k =-2-2 + 1 =-3 <0
Thus, X = K is a point of local maximum. The local maximum value of /(x) is given by
/(k) =secK + logcos k = -1 + log 1 =-l.
Atx = —:
3
Weobtain, f"(—
I 3 j = 2sec^ —-2sec^
3 —-secy
3 = 2(2)^-2(2)^+2=10>0
Stt
Thus, X = — is a point of local minimum.
17.22 MATHEMATICS-XII

rsji'i
The local minimum value is given by / — - sec —
3
+ logcos^—3 = 2 + log ”4 = 2-2 log 2.
V 3 ^

EXAMPLE 6 Show that none of the follozving functions has a local maximum or a local minimum:
(i) + .v^ + x + 1 (ii) e-'^ (iii) logx (iv) cos X, 0 < X < 71 [NCERT]

SOLUTION (i) Let/(a:) = + x +1. Then, f'{x) = 3x^ + 2x + 1.

At points of local maximum or minimum, we have
/' (,y) = 0 => 3x^ + 2x + 1 = 0
But, this equation gives imaginary values of x. So, /' (x) ^ 0 for any real value of x. Hence, / (x)
does not have a maximum or minimum,

(ii) Let/ (x) =e'^.Then, f'(x)=e^. Clearly, /' (x) Ofor any value of x. So,/(x) does not

ww
have a maximum or a minimum.

(iii) Let /(x) = log x.Then, /' (x) =”. Clearly,/'(x) 0 for any value of x e Domain (/).

Flo
So, / (x) = log X does not have a maximum or a minimum,

e
(iv) Let /(x) =cos .x. Then,/'(x) =-sin x. Clearly,/'(x) ^ 0 for any x e(0, tu).

rere
So,/(x) = cos X does not have a maximum or minimum on (0, tt).

r FF
EXAMPLE 7 Find the maximum profit that a company can make, if the profit function is given
P(x)=41 +24x-18x^. [NCERTl
uurr
for
SOLUTION We have,
2 /

P(x) = 41+24x-18x^ => —|P(x)| = 24-36 X and P (x) =

kss

- 36
dx\ ) dx^
ooook
Yo

For maximum or minimum, we must have

eBB

d
— P (x) = 0 => 24 - 36x = 0 => X = -
dx 3
urr

d^ f 2
Also, P (X) - 36 < 0. So, profit is maximum when x = —.
ad

dx^ 3
Yo

'Jx = 2/3

+ 24 x (2/ 3) -18 (2/ 3)^ = 49

dY

Maximum profit = (Value of P(.x) at x = 2/ 3) = 41

At what points, the slope of the curve y = ~x^ + 3x^ + 9x -27 is maximum? Also, find the
Re

EXAMPLES
innd

maximum slope. [NCERT EXEMPLARl

Fi

SOLUTION The slope m of the curve y = -x^ + 3x^ + 9x - 27 at point (.x, y) is given by
m = ^ = -3x^ + 6x + 9
dx
dm d}m
= -6x + 6 and = -6
dx dx^
For maximum or minimum values of m, we must have
dm
= 0=> -6x+6 = 0=>x=l
dx
d^m
Clearly, = - 6 < 0 for all x. So, m is maximum at x = 1. Putting x = 1 in (i), we obtain m = 12.
dx^
Puttingx = l in the equationy =-x^ + 3x^ + 9x-27, we obtainy = -16. Hence, the slope of the
given curve is maximum at tire point (1, -16) and the maximum value of the slope is 12.
MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.23

EXAMPLE 9 Iff{x) = a log\ x \ + bx^ + xhasextremevalucsut X --1 and at x = 2, then find a and b.
SOLUTION We observe that f{x) is defined for all x # 0.
Now, f{x) = fl log I XI + + X => /' (x) = - + 2bx +1
X

It is given that /(x) has extreme values at x = -1 and x = 2.

/ ' (-1) = 0 and /' (2) = 0
-a-2b + l =0 and ~ + 4b +1 0 => a + 2b =1 and a + 8b = -2
2

Solving these equations, we get: a = 2 and b=-l/2.

EXAMPLEIO It is given that at x = 1, thefunction x^ - 62x^ +ax + 9 attains its maximum valueon the

ww
interval [0,2]. Find the value of a. [NCERTl

SOLUTION Let /(x) =x^ - 62x^ + flx + 9. Then, / '(x) = 4x^ - 124x + a.

FF loo
It is given that /(x) attains its maximum at x = 1.
/'(I) = 0=>4-124 + fl = 0 => = 120

ree
BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

rFee
ax -b
EXAMPLE 11 J/y = has a turning point P (2, - l),find the values of a and b and show
(x-1) (x-4)

F
oor r
rur
that y is maximum at P.
s ff
SOLUTION We have,
ax ~b ax -b
k

y =
YYoou

(x-l)(x-4) x^-5x + 4
ookos

^ _ (x^ -5x + 4)a-{ax~b) (2x-5)

BBo

dx
(x^ -5x+4)^
re

{4-10+ 4) a-{2a-b) (4-5) b

ouur
ad

dx Jp
(4-10 + 4)^ 4
Yo

Since P is a turning point of the curve (i). Therefore,

dY
Re

= 0 => -~ = 0 => & = 0 ...(iii)

idn

dx 4
FFin

ax -b
Since P(2, -1) lies on y = Therefore,
(x-l) (x-4)
2a-b 2a -b
-1 => -1 = => 2a-b = 2 ...(iv)
(2-1) (2-4) -2

From (iii) and (iv), we get a=l,b =0.Substituting the values of a andb in (ii), we get
dy _ (x^-5x + 4)-x(2x-5) -x^ + 4
dx
{x^-5x + 4f (x^ -5x + 4)^
dP-y _ (x^ -5x+ 4)^ (~2x) -(-x^ + 4) 2(x^ -5x + 4)(2x -5)
dx^ (x^-5x + 4)^
d^y _ -2x(x^-5x + 4) + 2(x^ -4) (2x-5)
dx2 (x^-5x + 4)^
17.24 MATHEMATICS-XII

f j2 \
(-2) (-4) = -1 <0
Now, = 0 and,
dx
A 2,-1) dx^
A2,-1) (-2)3
So, y is maximum at P when a=\ and b =0.
BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

n V. l/e
EXAMPLE 12 Show that the maximum value of IS e
\xj

SOLUTION Leti/=— =x ^=e Differentiating with respect to x, we obtain

_ _

ww
dx dx

^ - e-^^°S^{l + ]nx)=-y{l + \nx)

dx

d^y _ y

Flo [Differentiating with respect to x]

e
(1 + In x) - ^

eree
dx^ dx X

x-^
^ = X ^ (1 + In x)^ - = x"-'^(l + lnx)2-x""^“^

FFr
dx^ X

oorr
uur r
At points of local maximum and local minimum, we must have
1
sf
^ = 0 ^ -y(l + lnx)=0 => l + lnx = 0=5‘ lnx = -l=> x = e~^ =
dx e
sk
Yoo

Now,
ooko

-l/e
d^y m
-1/e
1^^2 /^N-l/e-1 X 0-e^
“^+ 1 e-1 + 1 <0
eBB

1 + In - = -e

dx^ /x=l/e
\ej ej \e)

So, X = l/e is a point of local maximum. The local maximum value of y is obtained by putting
uurr
ad

x=l/e iny and is equal to

Yo

●1 IP
EXAMPLE 13 Show that sin^ 0 cos^ 0 attains a maximum, when 0 = tan
dY
Re

SOLUTION Let y = sin^ 0 cos'^ 9. Then,

innd

^ = p sin^“^ 0 cos 0 cos'^ 0 + sin^ 9 q cos^^^ 0 (- sin 9)

FFi

d0j

^ = psii,P-'0
d0
cos ^^'^Q-qsmP'^'^Q cos ‘I ^9 = sin^ ^Ocos*^ ^0(p cos^0-^sin^0)

dy = sin^ 0 cos^ 0 pcos^ 0-gsin^ 0 = sinP 9 cos^ Q{p cot Q-q tan 0)
de sin 0 cos 0

For maximum or minimum, we must have

dy = 0
d0

sinP 0 cos‘i 0 (p cot 0 - ^ tan 0) = 0

sin^ 0 = 0 or, cos^ 0 = 0 or, p cot 0 - g tan 0 = 0
-1 P
sin^ 0 = 0 or, cos*^ 0 = 0 or, tan 9 = - => 0 = 0 or, 0 = — or, 0 = tan — = a (say)
}jq 2
MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.25

Now, ^ = sinP 9 cos'^ 0 (p cot 9 - (J tan 0) ^ = y (p cot 0 - tan 0)

d^y _ dy
dQ^ ^
M0
(p cot 0 - g tan 0) + y (- p cosec^ Q - q sec^ 0)
d^y^
dS^ de ''e = a
-
v.--ys~ +sin^0cos^0 - p cosec^ 0 - g sec^ 0
''6=a p U
^ y
=j>
= 0 - sin^ 0 cos^ 0 (p cosec^ 9 + q sec^ 0) < 0
[d9^ 9= a

oww
Hence, y is maximum when 0 = a = tan-' I
V y'
EXERCISE 17.3
BASIC

e
1. Find the points of local maxima or local minima and corresponding local maximum and

ree
rFl
local minimum values of each of the following functions. Also, find the points of inflection,

Fre
if any:

rr F
(i) f{x) =x^ - 62x^ + 120a: + 9 (ii)/(a:) = - 6a:2 4-9a: + 15
ouur
(iii) /(x)=(x-1)(x + 2)2
sfoo
(iv) /(x)=2/x-2/x^,x>0
(V) /(x)=xc^ (vi) /(x) =x/2 + 2/x, X > 0
kks
Yo
oooo

(viii) /(x)=x^32-x^,-5<x<5
1/3
(vii) /(x)=(x + l)(x + 2) ,x>-2
2
eBB

(ix) /(x) = x^ - 2flx^ + X, > 0, X e R (x)/(x)=x + —, a>0, x^O

X

(xi) f(x)=Xyj2-x^ -V2<X<V2

uurr

(xii) /(x) = X + ^1 -X, X <I

ad

2. Find the local extremum values of the following functions:

YYo

(i) /(x)=(x-l)(x-2)^ (ii) /(x)=x^l-x,x<l (iii) /(x)=-(x-l)3(x + l)2

dd

BASED ON LOTS
Re
iinn

3. The function y = a log x + bx^ + x has extreme values at x = 1 and x = 2. Find a and b.
F

4. Show that
log^ has a maximlun value at x = e.
X
INCERT]

5. Find the maximum and minimum values of the function /(x) = —— + X.

6. Find the maximum and minimum values of/(x) = tan x - 2x.

7. If / (x) = X + ax +bx + c has a maximum at x = -1 and minimum at x = 3. Determine
a, b and c.

8. Provethat/(x) =sinx + v^cosxhasmaximumvalueatx =—. INCERT EXEMPLAR]

6

ANSWERS
1. (i) Local Max. at X =1, Local Max. value = 68
Local Min. at x = 5, - 6; Local Min. values are - 316 and -1647.
 17.26 MATHEMATICS-XII

(ii) Local Max. at a: = 1, Local Max. value = 19, Local Min. at a: = 3, Local Min. value = 15
(iii) Local Max. at a = - 2, Local Max. value = 0, Local Min at a: = 0, Local Min value = - 4
(iv) Local Max. at a = 2, Local Max. value =1/2
(v) Local Min. at a = -1, Local Min. value = -1 /e
(vi) Local Min. at a = 2, Local Min. value = 2
3
(vii) LocalMin.atA = -7/4, Local Min. value =-
44/3
(viii) Local Max. at a = 4; Local Max. value = 16, Local Min. at a = - 4; Local Min. value = -16
4.3
(ix) Local Max. at a = fl/3, Local Max. value = , Local Min. at a = ., Local Min. value = 0
27

loow w
(x) Local Max. at a = - fl. Local Max value = - 2a, Local Min. at a = a, Local Min. value = 2a
(xi) Local Max. at a = 1, Local Max. value = 1, Local Min. at a = -1, Local Min. value = -1
(xii) Local Max. at a = 3/4, Local Max. value = 5/4
2. (i) Local Max. value = 4/27 at a = 4/ 3, Local Min. value = 0 at a = 2
2

ree
(ii) Local Max. value = —P= at A = 2/ 3

rree F
r FF
(iii) Local Max. value 3456/3125 at a = -1/5; Local Min. value = 0 at a = -1
3. fl = -2/3,b=-l/6 5. Local Max. value = - 6 at a = - 4; Local Min. value = 2 at a = 0.
6. Local Max. value = -1 - 3k/2 at a = 3ti/4; Local Min. value = 1 - tc/2 at a = 7t/4.
fofr oF
u
7. a = -3,b = -a, c e R
ks

17.6 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES IN A CLOSED INTERVAL

YYouro
soo

Let y =/(a) be a function defined on b]. By a local maximum (or local minimum) value of a
function at a point c e [., b] we mean the greatest (or the least) value in the immediate
BBook

neighbourhood of a = c. It does not mean the greatest or the maximum (or the least or the
r ee

minimum) of/(a) in the interval b]. A function may have a number of local maxima or local
minima in a given interval and even a local minimum may be Y A
ouru
ad

greater than a local maximum.

Yo

Thus, a local maximum value may not be the greatest (the

maximum) value and a local minimum value may not be the
least (the minimum) value of the function in any given interval
d
Re

as shown in Fig. 17.31.

iYn

However, if a function /(a) is differentiable and consequently m

FFind

continuous on a closed interval [., b], then it attains the r >

o X
absolute maximum (absolute minimum) at stationary points Fig. 17.31
(points where /' (a) = 0) or at the end points of the interval
b]. Thus, to find the absolute maximum (absolute minimum) value of the function, we choose
the largest and the smallest amongst the numbers /(fl),/(cj),/(C 2), ●●●, /(qt)//(^) where
A = Cl, C2,q, are the stationary points.
We may use the following algorithm for finding the maximum (absolute maximum) and the
minimum (absolute minimum) of a function/defined on a closed interval b].
ALGORITHM

Step I Find f' (a)

Step II Put f' (a) -=0 and ifnd values ofx. Let cj ,C2, ■■■,€„ be the values of x.
Step III Take the maximum and minimum values out of the values f(a).f(cj), f(c2), f(c„). f(b).
The maximum and minimum values obtained in step III are respectively the largest (or absolute
maximum) and the smallest (or absolute minimwn) values of the function.
 MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.27

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

EXAMPLEi Findthemaximumandminimumvaluesoff{x) = -24a: + 107 in the interval [1, 3].
SOLUTION We have, [NCERT]
f{x)=2x^ -24X + 107 /'(x) = 6a:2-24
Now, f'(x) = 0 ^ 6:c^-24 = 0=> = ±2
But, x=-2z[l, 3]. So a: = 2 is the only stationary poiiit. Let us now compute the values oif(x) at
x = l,2, 3. We find that

ww
/(I) = 2-24 + 107 =85,/(2) = 2 (2)^ - 24 (2) + 107 =75
and. /(3) = 2(3)^-24x 3 + 107 =89
Clearly, largest of these values is 89 and the least is 75. Hence, the maximum value of/(x) is 89

Flo
which it attains at x = 3 and the minimum value is 75 which is attained at x = 2.

e
eree
EXAMPLE 2 Find the maximum and minimum values of f{x) = sin a; in the interval [n, 2k].
SOLUTION We have, f{x) = sin s:. Therefore,/' (x) = cos x.

FFr
At stationary points, we must have
uurr
371
f'{x) = 0 cos X = 0 => x = —
2 orr [v xe [71,2 7:]]
sfo
3t:
Let us now compute the values of /(x) at x = t:, 2k. We find that
2 '
kks
Yoo

. 3t:
oooo

/(t:) =sin 7t = 0,/ = sm

— = - 1 and /(2t:) = sin 2t: = 0.
V 2
eBB

The greatest and the least of these values are 0 and -1 respectively. Hence, the maximum value
of /(x) is 0 which it attains at x = re and 2t:, and the minimum value is - 1 which it attains at
urr

X = 3k/2.
EXAMPLES Find the absolute maximum value and the absolute jninunum value of the following
ad
YYo

functions in the given intervals:

n2
n
+ x^in[-2, 25]
dd

(i) /W= -r-x (ii) /(x) = sin X + cos x in [0, t:] [NCERT]
V2
Re
inn

SOLUTION (i) We have,

F

fix) = . --X
2. j
+x/wherexE[-2,25] =>/'(x)=-2(l/2-x)+3x^=-1 + 2x+3x2
At the points of local maximum and local maximum, we must have
/'(x)=0 3x^ + 2x-1 = 0 => {3x-l)(x + l) = 0 => x = l/3,-l

The values of /(x) at these points and also at the end-points of the interval are computed as given
below.
^2 ^2
1
+ (-2)3 =^5-8=-
7
=_
1
1 _ 7
4'-^l3j U 3
+
4 3 J " 36 27 " 108'
+ {-l)^=^4 and,/(2.5)=f--2.5
157
+ (2.5)3
V2
157 7
Of these values, the maximum value of / (x) is and the minimum value is
4
17.28 MATHEMATtCS-XII

157 7
Thus, the absolute maximum = and, the absolute minimum = —.
8 4

(ii) We have,
f{x) - sin X + cos :c, where e [0,7i] => f'{x) = cos;c-sinA:
The critical points off{x) are given by
/ '(x) = 0 =i> cos X - sin X = 0 => cos x = sin x => tan x=l=> x = t:/4
Let us now calculate the values of/(x) at the critical points and the end-points of the inter\'al.
/(O) =sin 0 +cos 0=1, /(;r/4) =sin tc/4 + cos tt/4 = V2 and,/(7c) = sin rt+ cos n = -l.
Of these values, the maximum and minimum values of / (x) are -Jl and -1 respectively.
So, absolute maximum = V2 and, absolute minimum = -1.

ww
EXAMPLE 4 Find both the maximum and the minimum value of 3x^ - 8x^ + 12x^ - 48x + 1 on the
interval [1,4],
SOLUTION Let /(x) = 3x“^ 8x^ + 12x^ -48x +1. Then,/'(x) = 12x^ -24x^ + 24x -48.
Thecriticalpointsof/(x)are given by/’(x) = 0.

Flo
e
Now, fix) = 0

eree
=> 12x^ 24x^ + 24x - 48 = 0

FFr
=> X 3-2x^+2x-4=0=:>x2(x-2) + 2(x-2)=0=>(x-2)(x^ + 2)=0 =>x = 2 [.-x^ + l^O]
oorr
uur r
The values of/(x) at critical points and at the end-points of the interval are computed as follows:
sf
/(2)=-59, /(I) =-40 and /(4)=257.
Of these values the largest and the smallest values are /(4) = 257 and /(2) = -59.
sk
Yoo

So, the minimum and maximum values of/(x) on [1,4] are -59 and 257 respectively.
ooko
eBB

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

+ ^ cos 2x in[0, tc/2].

uurr

EXAMPLE 5 Findithe maximum and minimum values of f{x) = sin x

ad
Yo

SOLUTION We have, /(x) = sin x + ^ cos 2x. Therefore, /' (x) =

cos X - sin 2x.
dY

At stationary points, we have

Re
innd

n 7C 7C
●.● 0 < X < -
fix) = 0 => cos X - 2 sin X cos X = 0 => cos X = 0 or, sin X = —
2
=> X = — and x = —
2 6 2
FFi

Let us now calculate the values of /(x) at these points and at the end-points of the interval. We
find that
1 1
/(O) = sinO + ^cosO = f(^
. K \ 71 3 j 7t
= sin —+ —COS —=— and,/ — = sm — + — COS 7t = —
Z Z V O 6 2 3 4 ''Uj 2 2 2

3 1
Of these values, the leagest value is — and the smallest value is —. Thus, the maximum and
3 1 ^ .n ^
minimum values of f{x) are — and - respectively which it attains at x = —
6
and X = 0, x = —
2

respectively.
Find the maximum and minimum values of fix) = x^^ - x
20
EXAMPLE 6 in the interval [0,1].
SOLUTION Let/(x)=x^° -x^'^.Then, /'(x)=50x^^ -20 x^^.
At Stationary points, we must have
 MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.29

fix) = 0 => 50x^^ -20:c^^ =0 => (50a: 30 -20) = 0

30 /2^1/30
x = 0 or, 50a: = 20 ^ X = 0 or, a: =
>.5
The values of f{x) at these points and at the end-points of the interval [0,1] are as given below.
^2'll/30 ^2\50/30 2\20/30 3 (2
n2/3
Now,/(0) =0,/ —
w / 5J 5) “ sj ls“^ 5 l5
and,/(I) =1-1=0.
n1/3
3/2
Of these values, the maximum value is 0 and the minimum value is —
sis;
Thus, the maximum value of/(a:) in [0,1] is 0 and the minimum value of/(a:) in [0,1]
3/2 ^

w
5U
IS —

EXAMPLE 7 Find the maximum and minimum values of f{x) = x + sin 2a: in the interval [0, 2jt].

Flo [NCERTl

e
reee
SOLUTION We have, f{x)=x + sm 2x. Therefore,/'(x) =1 + 2 cos 2x.

FFr
At stationary points, we have
/' (x) = 0 => 1 + 2 cos 2x = 0 => cos 2 x = - 2^
for
ur
2k Ak K 2k
2x = — or, 2x = — => X or, X [●.● 0 < X < 2;r 0 < 2x < 4k]
3 3 3 3
kkss

Let us now compute the values of /(x) at these stationary points and at the end-points of the
Yo

interval [0, 2k].

oo

Now,
n . ● n n ^
/(O) = 0 + sm0 = 0, / — = — + sm — = — + —, f — =— + sm
■ '2.K K ->[3 r(2K'\ 2k . 4k 2k
eB

— =
l3j 3 3 3 2 I 3 J 3 3 3 2
and. /(2tc) = 2tc + sin 4 7t = 27t + 0 = 2re.
ur

Of these values, the maximum value is 2jr and the minimum value is 0. Thus, the maximum
ad

value of /(x) is 2ti and the minimum value is 0.

YYo

EXAMPLE 8 Find the difference between the greatest and least values of the function f{x) = sin2x-x
o«[-7e/2, n/2], [NCERTEXEMPLARl
d
Re

SOLUTION We have, /(x) = sin 2x - x. Therefore, /' (x) = 2 cos 2x -1.

in

At stationary points, we must have

F

/' (x) =0 => 2cos2x-l = 0 => cos2x = i2 => 2x =-—3'

K 71 K
— => X = -
3 6 6

Let us now compute the values of /(x) at these stationary points and also at the end-points of
the interval [-k/2, ;t/2].
Now, /(x) = sin 2x -X
^/ 71^ . , . K K k\ K K V3 K
f — =sm(-7i) + - = -, / —
3j'^6 2 6
= sin + —
2j ^ ^ 2 2 I 6j
/ K~\
= sm
. K 71
V3 7t ^ rf^
and, f — = sm 71 —
71 7C

3 6 2 6 ^ \2 2 2

Of these values, the largest is ^ and the least is - —. So, the greatest and the least values of
7t
/(x) on [-7c/2, 7t/2] are 7t/2 and -ti/2 respectively. Hence, required difference = 7L
2)
 17.30 MATHEMATICS-XII

EXAMPLE9 Sholo that f{x) =sin :r(l + cos x) is maximum at x=^in the mterval[0, t:].
SOLUTION We have,
f{x) = sin X (1 + cos x).
in"^ X = cos X + cos x - (1 - cos x)
f'{x) = cos X (1 + cos x) - sin
/' (x) = 2 cos^ X + cos X -1 = (2 cos X -1) (cos x + 1).
At stationary points, we have

/ =0 => (2 cos x-1) (cos x + 1) =0 => cos x = ^ or, cos x = -l =>

1 71

x =or,
3 x = 7t.
Let us now compute the values of x at these stationary points and at the end-points of the
interval. We find that

w
3 VI
/(0)=0,/U
K 7t
= sin — 1 + cos -—-— and /(tc) = 0.
V J 3^ 3J

Flo
3 VI 3 VI
Of these values, the maximum value is —. Hence,/(x) attains the maximum value — at
4 4

e
rree
X = 7c/ 3.

r FF
EXERCISE 17.4

BASIC
uurr
1. Find the absolute maximum and the absolute minimum
for values of the following functions
in the given intervals:
kss

x2
(i) fix) = 4x - y in [ - 2, 45] [NCERTl (ii) /(x)=(x-l)2 + 3in [-3,1] [NCERT]
ooook
Yo

(iii) fix) = 3x^ - 8x ^ + 12x^ - 48x + 25 in [0, 3] [NCERT]

eB

(iv) fix) =(x - 2) V^-1 in [1, 9]

2. Find the maximum value of 2x^ - 24x +107 in the interval [1,3]. Find the maximum value
urr
ad

of the same function in [- 3, -1]. [NCERTl

Yo

3. Find absolute maximum and minimum values of a function / given by

dY

fix) = 12x^^ ^ - 6x^'' ^, X e [-1,1]. [NCERTl

Re
innd

4. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of a function / given by

Fi

fix) =2x^ -15x^ + 36x +1 on the interval [1,5]. [NCERT]

BASED ON LOTS

5. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function / given by
fj

fix) = cos X + sin X, x e [0, ti]. INCERT]

ANSWERS

1. (i) Absolute Maximum = 8 at x = 4, Absolute Minimum = -10 at x = - 2

(ii) Absolute Maximum = 19 at x = - 3, Absolute Minimum = 3 at x = 1
(iii) Absolute Maximum = 25 at x = 0, Absolute Minimum = - 39 at x = 2
2 4
(iv) Absolute Maximum = 14VI at x = 9, Absolute Minimum =
3VI
atx = —
3

2. Maximum value = 89 at x = 3 in [1,3], Maximum value = 139 at x = - 2 in [- 3, -1]

MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.31

3. Absolute Maximum =5/4, Absolute Minimum = 1

9 1
4. Absolute Minimum, value = — ai x = — Absolute Maximum value = 18 at a: = -1
4 8'
5. Absolute Maximum value = 56 at a: =5, Absolute Minimum value = 24 at a: = 1

17.7 APPLIED PROBLEMS ON MAXIMA AND MINIMA

In this section, we will discuss some applied problems on maxima and minima for which
following results will be very useful.
(i) For a square of side x: Area = x^, Perimeter = 4a:.
(ii) For a rectangle of sides x and y: Area = xy, Perimeter = 2 (a: + y).
(iii)
For a trapezium: Area = ^ (Sum of parallel sides) x (Distance between them).

w
'y
(iv) For a circle of radius r; Area = nr , Circumference = 2n r.

Flo
3 2
(v) For a sphere of radius r: Volume =—Ttr, Surface Area = 47ir .
^ 3

reeee
(Vi) For a right circular cylinder of base radius r and height h:

FFr
Volume = h, Surface = 2nrh+ 2tc , Curved surface = 2ii rh.

(vii) For a right circular cone of height h, slant height I and radius of the base r:
for
ur
Volume = — Kr h, Curved surface = n r/. Total surface = Ttr^ + nrl.
kkss

(viii) For a cuboid of edges of lengths x, y and z: Volume = xyz, Surface = 2 {xy + yz+ zx).
Yo
oo

(ix) For a cube of edge length x: Volume = x , Surface Area = 6 a: .

eB

V3 2
(x)
Area of an equilateral triangle =—^{Sidey.
+ f{x), {f (a:)}^, {f{x)]^^^, log f{x)
r

REMARK If kisapositiveconstant, thenafunctionoftheformkf{x),k

ou
ad

will be maximum or minimum according asf{x) is maximum or minimum provided thatf(x) > 0.
YY

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
ndd
Re

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

Fi

EXAMPLE 1 Find two numbers whose sum is 24 and whose product is as large as possible.
[NCERTI
SOLUTION Let the numbers be x and y. Then,
a: + y = 24 (given) ...(i)
Let P be the product of these numbers. Then,
p = Ary = a: (24 - a:) [Using (i)j
dP d^P
P = 24a: -x^ => = 24 - 2a: and = -2
dx dx^
dP
The critical points of P are given by dx
= 0.

dP
= 0 => 24-2a: = 0 => a: = 12
dx

U^P
Also, = - 2 < 0. So, P is maximum when A' = 12.
dx^
 17.32 MATHEMATICS'XII

Putting = 12 in (i), we obtain y = 12. Hence, the required numbers are both equal to 12.
EXAMPLE2 Find two positive numbers xandy such that x + y = SOand xy is maximum. [NCERT]
SOLUTION Let P = It is given that x + y = 60. Therefore, x = 60 - y.
Now, P=xy^
dP d^P
P=(60-y)y3=60y3-y‘l => = 180y^ -4y^ and = 360y-12y^

w
dy rfy2
dP
The critical points of P are given by = 0.

dP

e
= 0.
^y

re
row
180y^ - 4y^ = 0 => 4y^ (45 - y) = 0 => y = 0, y = 45 => y = 45 y = 0 is not possible]
fd^P

eeF
Now, = 360 X 45 -12(45)^ = 12 x 45 (30 - 45) = - 8100 < 0

ullo
w /y = 45

FF
So, P is maximum when y = 45. Putting y = 45 in x + y = 60, we obtain x = 15.

srr
Hence, .xy is maximum when x = 15 and y = 45.

roF
k
EXAMPLE 3 Find two positive numbers x and y such that their sum is 35 and the product x^ y^ is
uor
maximum.
ofof [NCERT]
SOLUTION Let P = x^ y^. It is given that X + y = 35=> X = 35-y
Y
kos

Putting X = 35 - y in P = x^y^, we get

Yo
B

P = (35-y)V
oo
rY

dP
eerB

2(35-y)y5+5(35-y)V=(35-y) y^-2y+5(35-y)} = y4(35-y)(175-7y)

u

dP
= 7y^35-y)(25-y)
ou

^y
d
o
ad

dP
nY

The critical points of P are given by = 0.

(iy
nid

dP
Re

= 0 => 7y^ (35-y) (25-y) = 0 => y = 0, 25, 35

F
Fi

But, y = 0 and y = 35 are not possible. So, y = 25.

Now, = 28y 3 (35 - y) (25 - y) - 7y^ (25 - y) - 7y^ (35 - y)
dy2
^d^P
= -7(25)^(35-20) = -7 (25)^ (10) <0
w Vy=25
Thus, P has maximum when y = 25. Putting y = 25 in (i), we obtain x=10. Hence, x^y^ is
maximum when x = 10, and y = 25.
EXAMPLE 4 Amongst all pairs of positive numbers with product 256, find those whose sum is the least.
SOLUTION Let the required numbers be x and y. Then, xy = 256 (given)
Let S = X + y. Then,
256
S = x + [Using (i)j
X
MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.33

dS 256 S 512
“ and,
dx X dx^ x^
dS
The critical points of S are given by — = 0.
dx
dS 256
— = 0 => 1 = 0 =5> = 256 => .r = 16
dx

d} S 512
Now, — > 0. Thus, S is minimum when x = 16.
dx^ (16)3 8
^x=16

Putting X = 16 in (i) we get y = 16. Hence, the required numbers are both equal to 16.
EXAMPLE 5
Find two positive numbers whose sum is 14 and the sum of whose squares is minimum.

ww
SOLUTION Let the numbers be x and y. Then,
x + y = 14
Let S be the sum of the squares of .r and y. Then,
S = + y^

Flo
e
S = + (14 - x)2 [Using (i)]

e
rere
S = Ix^- 28x +196 => — = 4x - 28 and

rFF
= 4
dx dx'^
dS
uur r
The critical points of S are given by — = 0.
dx
ffoor
dS
sks
= 0=>4x-28 = 0=>x=7
dx
Yoo
ooko

d}s
Clearly, = 4 > 0. Thus, S is minimum when x = 7.
dx^
eBB

Putting X = 7 in (i), we obtain y = 7. Hence, the required numbers are both equal to 7.
EXAMPLES The combined resistance R of two resistors and R2(Pi,i?2>0) is given by
uurr

1 J_ J_
ad

R Rj R2
Yo

IfRl + R2 =C(a constant), show that the maximum resistance R is obtained by choosing Ri =R2-
dY

SOLUTION We have,
Re
innd

1 1
+
— and Ri + R2 =C
FFi

R Ri ^2
1 _ R^ + R2 _ C c
R
[V R2=C-Ri1
^1 ^2 Rl R2 Rl (C-Rj)

R R^C-R^^ dR
= 1 -
2R 1
and
d^R 2

C dR-i C c

dR
The critical numbers of R are given by = 0.
dRl
dR

dRl
= 0 1 - ^
C = 0 ^ K,^ = £
2
d^R 2 C
Clearly, — < 0 for all values of R^ . Thus, R is maximum when Ri = —
dR? C ^ ^2
17.34 MATHEMATICS-XII

C C C
Putting Ri + R2=C , we get: ^2-^ .Hence, R is maximum when
R^=R2=C/2.
EXAMPLE 7 A beam of length I is supported at two ends and is uniformly loaded. IfW is the uniform load
- - ^ 1 TAr 2
per unit length, the bending moment M at a distance x from one end is given by M = — — lx — 2
Wx"^.

Find the point on the beam at which the bending moment has the maximum value.
SOLUTION We have,

WIx Wx^ _dM ^Wl - YJx d?-M

M = and = -W
2 2 dx 2 dx^
dM

ww
The critical numbers of M are given by dx
= 0.

dM Wl I
Now, = 0 => -Wx = 0=> = -
dx 2 2

Flo
d^M

e
Clearly, = - W < 0 for all values of x. Thus, M is maximum when x = l/2.
dx^

eree
Hence, the required point is at a distance of 1/2 from the supporting end.

FFr
EXAMPLE 8
Find the minimum value of ax+ by, where xy ~c and a,b, c are positive.
uurr
(CBSE2015,2020]
SOLUTION Let z = ax + by, where xy = c^. Then, orr
sfo
bc^
V xy =c^ => y =
kks
z = ax +
Yoo

X X
oooo

dz bc^ dh 2hc^
and—^
eBB

— =a-
dx dx^ x^
dz
The critical points of z are given by = 0.
urr

dx
ad

dz bc^ bc^ b
— =0 => a- - = 0 => A.'^ =
YYo

=t> x = ± - c
dx X a a

if rs2 -,
dd

b d^'^ 9 a Ct fii n c ■ ● ● r P
- c: We find that —^ = 2i)C^
Re

Atx = - > 0. bo, 2 is minimum at a: = cJ- .

inn

— X —

a dx^ b c c\b a
F

bc^
The minimum value of z is given by z =aj- c + -Mb = 2^c
b . ...
Putting X - -a c m (i)
a c

lb dh a a a
At .r = -. — c: We find that = 2bc^ - = -2-
„ C ● ●
- <0.So,2ismaximumatA: = -J- c.
i. P
a dx^ , bc^ \b c \b a

EXAMPLE 9 Show that all the rectangles with a given perimeter, the square has the largest area.
SOLUTION Let X and y be the lengths of two sides of the rectangle of fixed parameter P and let A
be its area. Then,
P = 2{x + y) and. A = xy ...(ii)
P
Now, P = 2(x + y) ^ y = - -a:

A fP d^ A
A = xy = X a:
Px
-x^ M ^ P 2x and = -2
V2 2 dx 2 dx^
MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.35

dA
The critical points of A are given by dx
= 0.

dA
= 0^^-~2x = 0 => P = 4a: => 2x + 2y = 4x => 2x = 2y => x = ij
dx

d^ A
Clearly, = - 2 < 0. Hence, A is maximum when x = y i.e. the rectangle is a square.
dx^

EXAMPLE 10
Show that of all the rectangles of given area, the square has the smallest perimeter.
[CBSE2011]
SOLUTION Let ^ and y be the lengths of two sides of a rectangle of given area A, and let P be the
perimeter. Then,
A = xy ...(i) and, P = 2(;c + y) ...(h)

w
Now, A =xy=>y= —
X

f A\ dP ( d}p 4A
P = 2{x + y) = 2 x + - =>

Flo
dx = 2 1 —j and dx^ x^
xj I x^J
dP

ee
The critical points of P are given by dx
= 0.

Fr
dP f A

dx
= 0 => 2 1-4
x^
= 0 => 1-
4=0=>
x‘^
x^ = A => x^ = xy => x^y.

or
ur
d^P 4A
Clearly, = — > 0 for all positive values of a:. Hence, P is minimum when x=y i.e the
sf
dx^
rectangle is a square.
ok
Yo

EXAMPLE 11 Show that of all the rectangles inscribed in a given circle, the square has the maximum area.
Bo

[NCERT, CBSE 2002, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2013]

SOLUTION Let ABCD be a rectangle inscribed in a given circle with centre at O and radius a. Let
re

AB = 2x and BC = 2y. Applying Pythagoras theorem in right triangle 0AM, we obtain

ou

OA^ = +OM^ => = x^ +y'^ y = ^a^ -x^

ad
Y

Let A be the area of the rectangle ABCD. Then,

= 4xy = 4x 4^ -x^
nd

A
Re

[Using (i)j
Fi

dA .2-2^2
= 4 a^-x^ ^ = 4)
dx
-x^
dA
The critical points of A are given by dx
= 0.
o
2y
dA y
= 0
dx ^—X—>M B
2x
a'^-2x^ a
4^-?= = 0 => a^ - 2x^ s: 0 => X =
P -^2 V2 Fig. 17.32

dA
Now,
dx
-x^
17.36 MATHEMATICS-XII

d^A
= 4 -2x-2)(«2_;,2)-1/2
dx^
d^A
= 4 - 4x (a^ - xY - 2x^) (-1/2) (a^ -x^)" ^^^ 2x)
dx^
d^A -4x x(a^-2x^)
= ‘i\
dx^

(d^A a a

Clearly, = -16 < 0. Thus, A is maximum when x - ● Putting x - in (i), we

dx^ V2
'x = a/ -J2
a
gety =

ww
V2
Now, x-y = a/-Jl => 2x = 2y = -Jla => AB = BC=> ABCD is a square.
Hence, area A is maximum when the rectangle is a square.

Floo
EXAMPLE 12 Show that the rectangle of maximum perimeter which can be inscribed in a circle of radius
a is a square of side yfla. [CBSE2002]

ee
SOLUTION Let ABCD be a rectangle in a given circle of radius a with centre at O. Let AB = 2x
and AD = 2y be the sides of the rectangle. Applying Pythagoras theorem in AOAM, we get

eer
AM^ + OM^ = OA^ => => y =

FFr
Let P be the perimeter of the rectangle ABCD. Then, oorr
uur r
P = 4x + 4y
s ff
P = 4x +
4^fl^ [Using (i)l
dP
4-^iL=
sk

o
YYoo

2y
ooko

dx y
A B
►M
dP
eBB

The critical points of P are given by = 0. 2x

dx
dP
= 0 Fig. 17,33
uurr

dx
ad

4x
Yo

= 0
-x2
dY

4x a
=> - x^ = X => a^ -x^ = x^ => 2x^ 1
Re

a => X
■J2
nind

-x2
FFi

dP 4x
Now, 4.—
dx -x^

2__^(-X)
=>
d^P -p -x2 -4a^
dx^ 2
(.2-:.2)3/2

-4a^ -8V2 a
< 0. Thus, P is maximum when x =
^dx^ ^ x = a! 1 a
2x3/2 a
V2
a~ —
2

a a
Putting X = in (i), we obtain y =
V2 y/2'
MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.37

Now, x-y= Oyfl => 2x=2y^ AB = BC => ABCD is a square.

2a
Hence, P is maximum when the rectangle is square of side 2x = = V2fl.
V2
EXAMPLE 13 AB is a diameter of a circle and C is any point on the circle. Show that the area of A ABC is
maximum, when it is isosceles. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION Let AB = 2a, AC = x and CB = y. Since AB is a diameter of the circle having centre
O and C is a point on the semi-circle ACB. Therefore, ZACB =

Applying Pythagoras theorem in AACB, we obtain

AB^ = + CB^ => (2fl)^ =x^ + y^ => y= a/4(J^-x^
Let A be the area of AACB. Then,

w
A=:-ACxCB = -xy
2 2 ^
A =—X [Using (i)]

Flo
2

x^

eee
V4fl^-x^ - _

dx 2
yj^a^-x^

Fr
dA
The stationary values of A are given by dx
= 0.
for
ur
dA 2a^.-x^
= 0 => = 0 => 2a^ =x^ => x = V2<?
dx
ks

-X
-x^ X -2x-{2a^-x^)x
Yo

2a'^-x^ ^ d^A V4fl^-Ar^ x(6a^-x^)

oo

dA
Now,
ylAa^ -x^ If (4f-x2)3/2
eB

V4? -X

r y \
d^A
r

Clearly, = -2 < 0. Thus, A is maximum when x = -J2a and y = -f2a.

ou
ad

dx^ 'x=4la
YY

Hence, the area of AABC is maximum when it is isosceles.

EXAMPLE 14 Tangent to the circle x^ + y^ = a at any point on it in the first quadrant makes intercepts
nd
Re

OA and OB on x and y axes respectively, O being the centre of the circle. Find the minimum value of
OA + OB.
Fi

[CBSE 20151
SOLUTION Let P (flcosG, flsinG) be an arbitrary point on the circle -\-y^ =a^.lf P lies in the
first quadrant, then 0 ^ 0 < k/2. The equation of tangent to x^ +y^ =a^ at P(i7cos0, flsinO) is
xcos8 + ysin0 = fl
The tangent to x^ + y^ = a^ aY

_at(xi,yi) isxxj-Hyyi _ B(0, a cosec 0)

This cuts X and y-axis at A {a sec 0, 0) and B (0, a cosec 0) P(fl cos 0, a sin0)

respectively. X’
O
i4(iJ sec 0,0)
<■ >
OA = fl sec 0 and OB = cosec 0 X

Let S = OA -t- OB. Then, S = a (sec 9 + cosec 0). I cos 0 + y sin 0 = fl

,2
dS
— =a (sec 0 tan 0 - cosec 0 cot 0)
dQ

Fig. 17.35
17.38 MATHEMATICS-Xli

d^S
and. = (sec^0 + sec0tan^0 + cosec^ 0 + cosec 0 cot^ 0)
dQ^
For maximum or minimum values of S, we must have
dS
dd
= Q=> a (sec 0 tan 0 - cosec 0 cot 0) = 0 => tan ^ 6 = 1 => tan 0=1^ ® ~ ^
d^S
At 0 = —, we obtain: = a (2>/2 + V2 + 2V2 + V2) = 6yf2a > 0
4 ^/0^
Hence, S is minimum at 0 = - and the minimum value of S is given by
4

S = a( sec— + cosec —I
4
= 2V2 a

ww
4

EXAMPLE 15 If the sum of the lengths of the hypotenues and a side of a right angled triangle is given,
show that the area of the triangle is maximum when the angle between them is 71/ 3.

Flo
[CBSE 2009,2014,2016,2017]

e
SOLUTION Let ABC be a right angled triangle with base BC-x and hypotenues AC =y such

ree
that x + y = k, where A: is a constant. Let 0 be the angle between the base and hypotenues. Let A

Fr
be the area of the triangle. Then,

rF
A = -BCxAC
1
= i a:
uurr
2
for
=> a2
s
kks

a"
^{{k-xf-x^}
Yo

[v x + y = k]
oooo

x‘^-2kx^
eB

A^ ...(i)
4

Differentiating with respect to x, we get

ur

dA 2k^x - 6kx^
ad

2A
YYo

dx 4

dA k^x-3kx^
dd

dx 4A
Re
in

dA
The critical numbers of A are given by dx
= 0.
F

dA k^ x - 3fcc^ k
Now, = 0 => = 0 ^ a: = —
dx 4A 3

Differentiating (ii) with respect to x, we get

2f^f
dx
+ 2A
d^ A
dx^
2k^-12kx
4
...(iii)

k ^ = 0. Putting dA d^A
When x = — = 0 and X = — in (iii), we get: <0.
3' dx dx 3 dx^ 4A
k k 2k
Thus, A is maximum when x = Putting .r = — in X + y = cf, we obtain y = —
3 3 3
k/3
In AACB, COS0 =
BC
^ cos 0 = — =>
X
cos 0 = 1^0=^.
AB y 2k/3 2 3
 17.39
MAXIMA AND MINIMA

Thus, area of triangle ABC is maximum, when angle 6 between base BC and hypotenuse AB is
7c/3.
EXAMPLE 16 Prove that the area of right-angled triangle of given hypotenues is maximum when the
triangle is isosceles.
SOLUTION Let h be the hypotenues of the right-angled triangle, and let x be its altitude. Then,
Base of the triangle = - x^. Let A be the area of the triangle. Then, ...(i)

A = -xJh^ -x'^
2 ^

oww
dA h
dx 2 dx J

x^ 1 h^ - 2x^

e
dA — ■

re
FFrlo
dx 2 h^-x^ A B

Fig. 17.37

rF
ee
dA
The critical numbers of x are given by = 0.
dx

rF
ouru
dA 1 - 2x^ h
= 0 ^ ■ . = 0 => /j^ = 2x^ => X
fosor
dx 2 Jh^-x^ ■ V2
skf
ooko

Now, dA _1 I }?-2x^
Yo
Y
Bo
reeB

d^A
dx^
i (-4AT) L=
.2
- X
+ (;,2 - 2x^) f-
K 2
il (;,2 - :f2)- 3/ 2 A
dx
0,2 _
ooY
uur
ad

d^A 1 -4.T x{lp--2x^) ^ d^ A

= - 2 < 0.
dY

dx^ -x
dx^ 7 x =
h

V2
nind
Re

2^ h
h h
Thus, A is maximum when :c - . Putting X = in (i), we get: Base =
F
Fi

V2 V2 2 ^/2 ■
h
Therefore, AB = BC = Hence, A is maximum when the triangle is isosceles.
42-
EXAMPLE 17 Show that the surface area of a closed cuboid with square base and given volume is
minimum, when it is a cube.
SOLUTION Let V be the fixed volume of a closed cuboid with length x, breadth x and height y.
Let S be the surface area of the cuboid. Then,

y = X^y
and. S = 2 (x^ + xy + xy) - 2x^ + 4xy ...(ii)

Now, S = 2x^ + 4xy

17.40
MATHEMATICS-XII

S = 2x^ + 4x ^ V V = x^y ●
.^ Xv-2 x^
4V dS AV
S = 2x^ + => — = Ax - ...(iii)
X dx

dS
The critical numbers of S are given by —
dx
= 0.
dS 4V
—
dx
= 0 =>4x-
x^
= 0 => V = x^ => y = x^ => X = y. [V V=x^y\

oww
Differentiating (iii) with respect to x, we get
d^S
= 4 +
8V
= 4 + ^ =43^ (d^s\ = 12 > 0.
dx^ x^ x^ X dx^
y = x

e
Hence, S is minimum when length = x, breadth = ;c and height = :r i.e., when it is a cube.

re
FFrlo
EXAMPLE 18 open tank with a square base and vertical sides is to be constructed from a metal sheet
so as to hold a given quantity of water. Show that the cost of the material will be least when depth of the

rF
ee
tank is halfof its width. [CBSE 2007,2010,2018]
SOLUTION Let the length, width and height of the open tank be x, x and y units respectively.
ouru
rF
Then, its volume is x^ y and the total surface area is x^ + 4xy. It is given that the tank can hold a
ffosor
given quantity of water. This means that its volume is constant. Let it be V. Then,
os k
V = x^y
ook
Yo

The cost of the material will be least if the total surface area is least. Let
Y

y
S denote the total surface area. Then,
Bo

y
reeB

S = x^ + 4xy ●●●{ii)
y
X
y
X

We have to minimize S subject to the condition that the volume V is

oouY
ur

constant. T
ad

Now, Fig. 17.38

dY

S = +4xy
Sc = x^2 + 4V
nidn

[Using (i)l
Re

X
F
Fi

dS 4V d^S 8V
— = 2x~ —XT and
=>
dx x^ dx^ = 2 + ^
dS
The critical numbers of S are given by —
dx
= 0.
dS 4V
Now, — = 0 => 2x-
dx ^2
- 0 => 2x^ = 4V => 2x^ = 4x^ y => X = 2y [●.● V = x^y]
d^ S 8V
Clearly, = 2 +
-^ > 0 for all X. Hence, S is minimum when x = 2y i.e. the depth (height) of
dx^
the tank is half of its width.

EXAMPLE 19 metal box with a square base and verticalsides is to contain 1024 cm^ of water, the
material for the top and bottom costs ? 5 per cm^ and the material for the sides costs ? 2.50 per cm^. Find
the least cost of the box. [NCERTEXEMPALRl
MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.41

SOLUTION Let the length, breadth and height of the metal box be x cm, x cm and y cm
respectively. It is given that the box can contain 1024 cm"^ of water.
1024
1024 = x^y => y =
y
Let C be the total cost in ? of material used to construct the box.
y
Then, y
X
y

C =5x^ +5a:^ +"x4xy => C =10x^ +10xy

X

X
We have to find the least value of C.
Fig. 17.39
Now,

ww
C =10x^ + 10:ry
C=10x^+10a:x1^ [Using (i)]

d^C

Flo
10240 dC 10240 20480
C=10x^ + = 20x- -^and—^ = 20 +

e
X dx x^ dx^

eree
dC
The critical numbers for C are given by = 0.

FFr
dx
dC 10240
uurr
Now, = 0 => 20:r- = 0=> =512 => x^ = 8^ => x = 8
dx
orr
sfo
^ d^C 20480
Clearly, = 20 + > 0. Thus, the cost of the box is least when x = S. Putting x = 8
dx^ 83
kks
Yoo
yx=8
oooo

in (i), we obtain y = 16. So, the dimensions of the box are 8x8x16.
eBB

Putting X = 8 and y = 16 in C = lOx^ + lOxy, we obtain C = 1920.

Hence, the least cost of the box is ?1920.
urr

●y

EXAMPLE 20 An Open box with a square base is to be made out of a given quantity of card board of area c
ad

c3
YYo

square units. Show that the maximum volume of the box is cubic units.

[CBSE 2001C, 05,2012, NCERT EXEMPLARl

dd
Re
inn

SOLUTION Let the length, breadth and height of the box x, x and y units respectively. It is given
that the area of the card board is c^ sq. units.
F

2 1
X + 4xy - c
Let V be the volume of the box. Then,
= x^y ...(ii)
c
2 -X
2^
V = x^ [Using (i)I
4x

x3 dV c2 3x2 3x
V = —X- and
4 4 dx 4 4 dx2 2

dV
The critical points of V are given by ——
dx
= 0.
dV 3x2
Now, =0 => X = -i
dx 4 4 V3
17.42 MATHEMATICS-Xll

fd^V -3c
Clearly, < 0. Thus, V is maximum when x = —f
dx^ 2V3 V3‘
Jx=c/-f3

Putting X = in (i), we obtain y = Putting x = and y = in (ii) the maximum

c
volume of the box is given by V = — x — = cubic units.
3 2 V 3 6/3

EXAMPLE 21 The sum of the surface areas of a rectangular parallelopiped with sides x, 2x and — and a
3
sphere is given to be constant. Prove that the sum of the volumes is minimum, ifx is equal to three times
the radius of the sphere. Also, find the minimum value of the sum of their volumes.

oww
INCERT EXEMPLAR, CBSE 2016]
SOLUTION Let y be the radius of the sphere and let S be the constant value of the sum of the
surface areas of the parallelopiped and the sphere. Then,
f X x \ 0 9 7

e
S = 2 xx2x + 2xx— + —xx + 4;iy rs- S = 6x + 4rcy^ ...(i)
3 3 J

ree
rFl
Fre
Let V be the sum of the volumes of the sphere and the parallelepiped. Then,
4 ^ X

rrF
V = — Tiy +xx2xx —
3 ^ 3
ouur
sffoo
4 S-6x^ 2 3 S-6x^
V=-Ky^-i--x^
3 ^ 3 3
= — Tl
4jt 3
V S = 6A:^ + 47:y^ => y^ = 4n
okks
Yo

1
(S-6x2)3/2
ooo

=> V =
SyfH 3
eBB

dV
=>
dx
J^x-(S-6a:^)^/2(-12x)+-x3a:2
Sjn 2 3
=> dx
~{S-6x^)^^'^x + 2x'^ ...(ii)
uurr

dV
The critical numbers of V are given by = 0.
ad

dx
YYo

Now,
dV
%(S-6xY^^x + 2x‘^=0 =>
3x
dd

= 0 => - (S-6x^)^/2 =2x^

Vi
Re

dx
iinn

^(S-6r^)^/^=2x=> 9(S-6x^)=47tx^ [Squaring both sides]

F

in

9 (4Tty^) = 4ju^ => 9y- = x

^ => x=3y [Using (i)]
X 2 4tia,'^
Putting X = 3y or, y = — in (i), we obtain S = 6x + .
3 9

18x^
Differentiating (ii), we obtain:
dx^
3 (S-6x^)V2
Vji
+ 4x
Vi

When X = 3\/ or, xf - —, we obtain

3
1/2
d^V -3 Unx^ 18x^ 27x 27 X
+ 4x = -2x + + 4x = + 2x>0
dx^ Vi [ 9 Vi f ●- Vix jt n

^3
MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.43

X 4 2
So, V is minimum when x = 3y. Putting :c = 3y or, i/ =—
— inV = — TW^ + —x^, we obtain
3 ^ 3
V=-K .f 2 3
- +-x"’ = -x^
2 ^ z'
1+
2n\
3 3J 3 3 27

Hence, the sum of the volume is minimum when x = 3y i.e. x is equal to three times the radius
of the sphere and the maximum value of the sum of the volumes is V = — a:
2 3
'i+^l

w
3 V 27;
EXAMPLE 22
Show that the triangle of maximum area that can be inscribed in a given circle is an
equilateral triangle.
SOLUTION Let ABC be a triangle inscribed in a given circle with centre O and radius r.

e
The area of the triangle will be maximum if its vertex A opposite to the base BC is at a maximum

e
distance from the base BC. This is possible only when A lies on the diameter perpendicular to

o
rw
BC. Thus, AD 1 BC. So, triangle ABC must be an isosceles triangle. Let OD = x.

r
Applying Pythagoras theorem in right triangle ODB, we get

F
OB^ = OD^ + BD'^ = x^ + BD^ => BD = ^jr^ -x^

ullo
FF
BC = 2BD = 2^r'^-x^

e
srre
Also, AD = AO + OD = r + X. Let A denote the area of A ABC. Then,

oF
1

k
^ (BC X AD)
A =
fofr
uor
A = -^ X 2 ^r^ -x^ .y{r + x)
o
(r + a:) yjr^ -x^
Y
kos
A =
Yo
rBB

dA 2 x{r + x)
oo

= [Differentiating with respect to a:]

eY

=> - a:
dx - X
re

2 2
dA r -rx - 2x
u

dx
d
ou
o
ad

dA
The critical numbers of A are given by = 0.
nY

dx
dA ^ -rx~2x^
= 0 => -
=0 (r-2A:)(r + A:)=0 => r-2.v = 0 => at=-^ [v r + A:?iO]
nid
Re

dx
F
Fi

2 2
dA r -rx - 2x
Now,
dx

d^ A (- r - 4.r) (r -rx- 2x ) x
+
[Differentiating both sides with respect to x]
dx^ (r2-x2)3/2
d^ A
= -2V3 <0
dx^
y x = r/2

^ => BD = -J3r
Y
Thus, A is maximum when x= —. Therefore, BD = - X
2 2

In A ODB, we obtain
BD f3r/2
tan 0 = => tan 0 = = V3 => e = 60° => ABAC = 0 = 60°
OD r/2
17.44 MATHEMATICS-XII

But, AB = AC. Therefore, ZB = ZC = 60°. Thus, we obtain ZA = ZB = ZC = 60°.

Hence, A is maximum when A ABC is equilateral.
EXAMPLE 23
A wire of length 36 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is to be made into a
square and the other into a circle. What should be the lengths of the two pieces, so that the combined area of
the square and the circle is minimum?
SOLUTION Let the length of a side of the square be x metres and the radius of the circle be
y metres. It is given that the length of tl\e wire is 36 m.
4x + 271 y = 36 => 2x + Tty = 18
Let A be the combined area of the square and the circle. Then,
A = + ny^ ...(ii)

ww
, 2 ri8-2xf
A = X +n [Using (i)]
7t

A = x^ +-{18~2x)^

Flo
n

e
d^A
i(-2) =
dA 8
= 2x + ~{18-2x)(-2) = 2x--{18-2x) and. = 2- 2 + -

eree
dx 7t 7t dx^ 71 jt

FFr
dA
The critical numbers of A are given by = 0.
uurr
dx
dA
= 0 => 2x--(18-2x) = 0 => X =
36
orr
sfo
dx 7t 7t + 4

^d^A 8 36
kks
Yoo

Clearly, = 2 + — > 0. Thus, A is minimum when x =

dx^ J jr = 36/n + 4
oooo

7t 7t+ 4
eBB

36 18
Putting X = in (i), we obtain y = . So, lengths of the two pieces of wire are
7U+ 4 7t+ 4
urr

36 144 18 36 71
4x = 4 X m and 27ty = 27tx m
7C+ 4 71 + 4 71+4 71+4
ad
YYo

Hence, the combined area of the square and the circle is minimum when the lengths of two
144 3671
dd

pieces are metres and metres.

71+4 7t+4
Re
inn

EXAMPLE 24
A figure consists of a semi-circle with a rectangle on its diameter. Given the perimeter of
F

thefigure, find its dimensions in order that the area may be maximum. [CBSE2002]

SOLUTION Let ABCD be a rectangle and let the semi-circle be described on side AB as diameter.
Let AB = 2x and AD = 2y. Let P be the perimeter and A be the area of the figure. Then,
2

P = 2x + 4y + 71X
2
and, A
= {2x)(2y) + ^ ...(h)

K X
Now A = —

7Ux2
A - X (P - 2x - 7C x) + [Using (i)] A B

2
2y
A = Px-2x^ -7CX
2
+
2
2
KX dA d?-A D -> 2jc <— c
A = Px - 2x^ - = P-4x-7ixand = -4-7t
Fig. 17.41
2 dx dx^
MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.45

dA
The critical numbers of A are given by dx
= 0.

dA P
= 0 ^P-Ax-nx=0=>x =
dx 71+4

d^A p
Clearly, = - 4 - 7t < 0 for all values of x. Thus, A is maximum when x =
dx^ 71 + 4

p P
Putting X = in (i) we get y = . So, area of the figure is maximum when dimensions
7T+ 4 2 (71 + 4)
2P p
of the figure are: Length = 2x = and Breadth = 2u = .
7X+ 4 ^ 71+4

EXAMPLE 25 A square piece of tin of side 24 cm is to be made into a box without top by cutting a square

ww
from each corner andfolding up the flaps to form a box. What should be the side of the square to be cut
off so that the volume of the box is maximum? Also, find this maximum volume.
SOLUTION Let X cm be the length of a side of the square which is cut-off from each comer of the

Floo
plate. Then, dimensions of the box as shown in Fig. 17.42 are Length = 24 - 2x, Breadth = 24 - 2a:
and height = x.

ee
24-2x- ->

eer
X

FFr
X

oorr
uur r
IN
X
s ff
. . .

! X

(<■ 24 cm
sk
YYoo
ooko

Let V be the volume of the box. Then,

eBB

dV
V = (24 - 2a:)^ x = 4x^ - 9Sx^ + 576x => = 12x^-192x + 576 and = 24x-192
dx dx^
uurr

dV
ad

The critical numbers of V are given by = 0.

Yo

dx
dV
= 0 => 12a:^ -192X + 576 = 0
dY

dx
Re

x^-16a: + 48 = 0=> (x-12)(a:-4) = 0 => x = 12,4

ind
FFin

But, X = 12 is not possible. Therefore, x = 4.

d^V
Clearly, - 24 X 4 -192 < 0. Thus, V is maximum when x = 4.
dx^ 7x = 4
Hence, the volume of the box is maximum when the side of the square is 4 cm.
Putting X =4 in =(24-2x) x, we obtain that the maximum volume of the box is given by
=(24-8)^x4 =1024 cm^.
EXAMPLE 26 A rectangular sheet offix perimeter with sides having their lengths in the ratio 8:15 is
converted into an open rectangular box by folding after removing squares of equal area from all four
comers. If the total area of removed square is 100 square units, the resulting box has maximum volume.
Find the length of the sides of the rectangular sheet.
SOLUTION Let the sides of rectangular sheet be 8fl and 15fl units respectively. Let the length of
each side of the squares of same size removed from each comer of the sheet be x units. Then, the
dimensions of the open box, formed by folding up the flaps, are:
17.46 MATHEMATiCS-XIl

Length = 15a - 2x, breadth = - lx, height = x

15a-lx

IH

Let V be the volume of the box formed. Then,

V = (15fl - 2x) {8a - 2x) x

ww
dV d^V
V = 120fl^ x-^8a-ip- + 4x^ = 120(1^ - 92ax + 12x^ and = - 92fl + 24:c
dx dx^
dV
The critical numbers of V are given by = 0.

Flo
dx

e
dV
= 0=> 120fl^-92fl.r + 12;c^ =0

eree
dx
5a

FFr
30fl^-23flA:+3;c^ = 0 => (5fl - 3a:) (6fl - a:) = 0 => x~(>a,x = —
3
uurr
But, a: = 6fl is not possible as for x = 6a breadth = 8a~l2a = -Aa, which is not possible.
orr
sfo
...
5a 5a d^V 5a
So, a: = — = -92a + 40a = -52a < 0. Thus, V is maximum when x= —.
3 3 dx^ 3
kks
Yoo

It is given that total area of four squares removed from each comer of the sheet is 100 sq. units.
oooo

25fl^
.-. 4a:^ =100=> A-^ =25=> = 25^t7^=9=5>i7 = 3
eBB

Hence, the dimensions of the sheet are 15a = 45 and 8a = 24.

urr

BASED ON LOTS
ad
YYo

EXAMPLE27 Find the volume of the largest cylinder that can be inscribed in a sphere ofradiusr cm.
[CBSE 2009, 2012]
dd

SOLUTION Let h be the height and R be the radius of the base of the inscribed cylinder. Let V be
Re
inn

the volume of the cylinder. Then,

V = TiR^h c
F

B'/

Applying Pythagoras Theorem in AOCA, we get

2
OA^ =OC^+CA^ => r^ = = r

2) 4

Substituting the value of R in (i), we get B

2^
V = K
2 -
^
-
h
4

V = nr^h--h^,
dV
Ttr
2 2>Tih^ and
d^V 3nh

4 dh 4 dl? 2
dV
The critical numbers of V are given by = 0.
dh
3 4r^
dV
s=0 => Ttr^ = 0 => /i^ = => /j=4
dh 4 3 Vs"
MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.47

fd^V 2r
Clearly, = - -JSnr < 0. Thus, V is maximum when h =
[dh^ 2r ^/3●
73

2r (2
Putting h = in = r ^ - —, we ob tain R =
4 '
—r. Substituting the values of K ^ and h in (i).
41 1/3
we find that the maximum volume of the cylinder is given by
47cr^
V = nR^h ^ K (2~r 2V -:=
13 43 343 / V

EXAMPLE 28
Show that a cylinder of a given volume which is open at the top, has minimum total surface

ooww
area, provided its height is equal to the radius of its base. [CBSE2011,2014]
SOLUTION Let r be the radius and h be the height of a cylinder of given volume V. Then,
0 V
V
= nr^h => h = —^

e
Let S be the total surface area of the cylinder which is open at the top. Then,

ree
S = 2nrh + nr'^

rFl
Fre
V 1
S = 27rr X + nr lUsing (i)]

rrF
2
nr

2V 2 dS 2V d4s 4V
S = ■¥nr^, — + 2nr and -^ + 2;:
ouur
r dr
sffoo dr^ r^

The critical numbers of S are given by — = 0.

okks
dr
Yo

dS 2V
+ 2nr = 0 => V = 7cr^ => nr\ = Tcr^ z=> h = r [v V =nr^h]
ooo

— = 0 => -
dr
-j-
r^
BB

Clearly, —;r + 2n > 0. Hence, S is minimum when h = r i.e., when the height
rr e

dr'^ y r = h
h^
ouu

of the cylinder is equal to the radius of the base.

ad
YY

EXAMPLE 29 Show that the height of the closed cylinder of given surface and maximum volume, is equal
to the diameter of its base. [NCERT,CBSE2012]
dd

SOLUTION Let r be the radius of the base and h be the height of a closed cylinder of given
Re
iinn

surface area S. Then,

S-2nr^
F

S = 2nr^ + 2nrh => ft =

27tr

Let V be the volume of the cylinder. Then,

V = n r^h
2^
2 S-2nr
V = nr [Using (i)]
2nr

rS-2nr^ rS 3, —
dV = — , r 2 and. d^V
S 3ti
V = nr = - 6nr
2 2 dr 2 dr^
dV
The critical numbers of V are given by dr
= 0.

dV
Now, = 0 => 3nr^ = 0 => S = 6nr^ => 2nr^ + 2nrh = 6nr^ => h = 2r.
dr 2
17.48 MATHEMATICS-XII

d^V
Clearly, = - 6it r < 0 for all r. Hence, V is maximum when h = 2r i.e., when the height of
dr^
the cylinder is equal to the diameter of the base.
EXAMPLE 30 Show that the height of a cylinder, which is open at the top, having a given surface area and
greatest volume, is equal to the radius of its base. [CBSE 2004,2010]
SOLUTION Let r be the radius and h be the height of a cylinder of given surface S. Then,
S - 7ir^
S - nr^ + 2nrh => h ~ -(i)
2Ttr

Let V be the volume of the cylinder. Then,

V = Kr^ h
2^
2 S-nr

w
V = nr [Using (i)]
2nr
\

Sr-nr^ Sr nr^ dV S 3 2 ^

Flo
V = = -3nr
2 2 2 dr 2 2 dr^

ee
dV
The critical numbers of V are given by = 0.
dr

Fr
dV
= 0 => — =0 => S = 3nr^ nr'^ + 2nrh = 3nr'^ => r = h.
dr 2 2
for
ur
Clearly, = - 3rcr < 0. Hence, V is maximum when r = h i.e., when the height of the cylinder is
dr^
ks

equal to the radius of its base.

Yo

EXAMPLE 31 _ Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere
oo

2a
of radius a is [NCERT, CBSE 2001,2012,2013,2014]
VI-
B
re

SOLUTION height of the cylinder ABCD which is

Let r be the radius of the base and h be the
inscribed in a sphere of radius a. It is obvious that for maximum volume the axis of the cylinder
ou

must be along the diameter of the sphere. Let O be the centre of the sphere such that OL = x. By
ad

symmetry, O is the mid-points of LM. Applying Pythagoras Theorem in AALO, we get

Y

OA^ = OL^ + AL^ => = x'^+AL^ => AL = ^a^ -x^

nd
Re

Let V be the volume of the cylinder. Then,

V = n{Ahf^lM
Fi

=> V = n (AL)^ X 2 (OL) = n{cP' -x^).y2x= In (fl^ .r -

dV d^V
= 2n{cP' - 3x^) and = -12nx
dx dx^
dV
The critical numbers of V are given by = 0.
dx
dV a
= 0 =5- 2n{a^ - 3x^) = 0 => r =
dx ■ V3 Fig. 17.45

^d^V a a
Clearly, = -12 TUX < 0. Hence, V is maximum when x = and hence
dx^ V3 V3
7.x = fl/Vs
2a
LM=2x =
V3‘
In otherwords, the height of the cyclic of maximum volume is 2a/-J3.
MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.49

EXAMPLE 52 Show that the semi-vertical angle of a cone of maximum volume and given slant height is
-1 1
tan“^ V2 or cos INCERT, CBSE 2011,2014]
V3‘
SOLUTION Let a be the semi-vertical angle of a cone VAB of given slant height 1.
In A AOV,
VO OA VO OA
cos a and sin a = => cos a = and sin a = => VO -1 cos a, OA = / sin a
VA VA I I

Let V be the volume of the cone. Then,

V = (VO)

1 7
V = — 71 (/sin a) (/ cos a)

w
3

1 ,3 . 2 dV
V = — 7t/ sm a cos a - sin ^ a + 2 sin a cos
3 da 3

Flo
dV_ .

e
2 2
- sin a + 2 cos

reee
sm a a
da 3

FFr
dV
The critical points of V are given by = 0.
da
dV for
ur
= 0
da
kkss
nP . 2 2
sm a - sin a + 2 cos a = 0
Yo

3
oo

Fig. 17.46
eB

2cos^ a = sin^ a => tan^ a = 2 => tan a = V2 ['.● a is acute.'. sin a 0]

1 1
[●.* tan a = -Jl]
ur

cos a
V3
●Jl + tan^ a
ad
YYo

Differentiating (i) with respect to a, we get

d^V nl^
< 2 2 2 Ttt 2 2
— (“3 sin a cos a + 2 cos'^ a -4sin acosa) = — cos a (2-7 tan a)
d
Re

3 3
in

1 -4ti/2
F

= -7c/3 (2-7x2) = <0.

3 V3 3V3
tan a = -Jl

Thus, V is maximum, when tan a = V2 or, a = tan“^ V2 i.e. when the semi-vertical angle of the
cone is tan"^ V2.

EXAMPLE 33 Shoiv that the semi-vertical angle of a right circular cone of given surface area and
maximum volume is sin -im [NCERTl
13
SOLUTION Let r be radius, I be the slant height and h be the height of the cone VAB of given
surface area S. Then,
S-itr'^
S - Tcr^ + Krl ^ =
Ttr

Let V be the volume of the cone. Then,

17.50 MATHEMATICS-XII

y = — nr^h
3
1
=> = -7.2,4 -r2) [v /2=r2 + /72] I
9 9
h
2
S - TO""
y2 =IL,4 -r2 [Using (i)]
9 nr A "V

Fig. 17.47
2 „4
y2 =
7T r (S-Tcr2)2 -71^ ,4
9 2 2
-9 S(Sr2 -27ir^)
7.^

ooww
Let Z = V' . Then, V is maximum or minimum according as Z is maximum or minimum.
dZ rf2z
Now, Z = -S(Sr2-27ir^)
9
=> dr ^ S(2Sr-STtr^) and dr2
-(2S-247ir2)
9
dZ

e
The critical numbers of Z are given by = 0.

ree
dr
dZ

rFl
Fre
Now, = 0 =>2Sr-87cr^ = 0=> S = 47rr2 => r2= — ...(hi)
dr 4t:

rrF
d^z'] S( S \
< 0. Thus, Z is maximum when r2 = —
Clearly, 25-247. X —
ouur
dr^ ''r 2_ S 9
sffoo 4t. 9 47.
4;.
9 9
i.e. 5 = 47tr . Hence, V is maximum when 5 = 4t. r
okks
.
Yo

Now, S = 4^nr^ => nrl+nr^ = 4nr^ => I = 3r.

oo
Y

1
BB

r r
sm a = —.Hence, V is maximum when a = sm
/ 3r 3 3J
rre

EXAMPLE 34 Show that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R is
ouu

8/27 of the volume of the sphere. [NCERT, CBSE 2008,2010 C, 2012,2013,2014,2016]

YY
ad

SOLUTION Let VAB be a cone of greatest volume inscribed in a sphere of radius R. It is obvious
that for maximum volume the axis of the cone must be along a diameter of the sphere. Let VC be
dd

the axis of the cone and O be the centre of the sphere such that OC = x. Then,
Re
iinn

VC = VO + OC = K 4- X = height of the cone.

Applying Pythagoras Theorem in AACO, we get
F

0A2= AC2+0C2 => AC2 = OA2-OC2=R2_;^.2

Let V be the volume of the cone. Then,
y = l7.(AC)2 (VC)
V = -3 7.(R2 -;c2)(K +x)
dV
dx
= -7.1^2
3
-a;2-2;r(R + .Y)
dV rf2y
-n{R^ -2Rx-3x'^) and ~k{-2R-6x)
dx 3 rfx2 3
dV
The critical numbers of V are given by dx
= 0.
MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.51

dV
= 0
dx

=> R^-2Rx-3x^=0=> (R-3x){R+x) = 0^ R-3x = 0 ^ X = —3 [■.■ R+x^O]

^d^V 4 R
Clearly, — R n < 0. Thus, V is maximum when x = —.
dx^ 3 3
/x=R/3
R
Putting a: = — in (i), we obtain
3

R\ 32nR^
V = Maximum volume of the cone = -n R^ R+ —
3 9 3J 81

ww
= Afi,K3l =
8
(Volume of the sphere).
27 U 27

EXAMPLE 35 Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of greatest curved surface which can be
inscribed in a given cone is half of that of the cone.

Flo
ICBSE 2010 C, 2012,2013,2020]

ee
SOLUTION and height h = VO. Let a cylinder of base
Let VAB be the cone of base radius r = 0A

rere
radius OC = x and height = 00' be inscribed in the cone. Clearly, AVOB ~ AB'DB.

rFF
VO ^ OB h
— B'D =
h{r-x)
B'D DB B'D
uurr
r - X r foor V

Let S be the curved surface area of the cylinder. Then,

ks s
S = 2tc(OC)(B'D) O'
Yoo

A'
h{r-x) 2nh 2
oook

S = 2 to: {rx - X )
r r
eBB

dS 2nh d^ S 4 n /z
(r - 2x) and X

dx r dx^ r
uurr

dS £- g a
The critical numbers of S are given by — = 0.
ad

T
dx
Yo

dS 2nh Fig. 17.49

(r-2x) = 0=>x = -
dY

dx r 2
Re

d^ S
innd

- 4 Tl /z Y
Clearly, <0 for all X. Hence, S is maximum when ~ radius of the cylinder
dx^ r
FFi

is half of the radius of the cone.

EXAMPLE 36 Show that the volume of the greatest cylinder ivhich can he inscribed in a cone of height h
4 /l
and semi-vertical angle a is — nh tan a. Also, show that height of the cylinder is —.
27 3

[NCERT, CBSE 2001C, 2007,2008,2010,2017,2020]

SOLUTION Let VAB be a given cone of height h, semi-vertical angle a and let x be the radius of
the base of the cylinder B' DC which is inscribed in the cone VAB.
hxAVO' A'
O'A'
tana = = _^=> VO' = xcota=> 00' = VO-VO' = /z-xcota
VO VO’

Let V be the volume of the cylinder. Then,

V = tc(0'B')^(00')
17.52 MATHEMATICS-XII

V = Ttx^ {h-x cot a) -(ii)

dV d^V A' B'

= 2n xh - 3n x cot a and - 2nh-6nx cot a
dx dx^ X

dV
The critical numbers of V are given by = 0.
dx
A' c- B
dV 2h
= 0 => 27t x/i - Stt cot a = 0 => x = — tan a [●.● x 0]
dx 3 Fig. 17.50

(d^V 2h
Clearly,
dx^ x=
2h
tana
= K (2h -4/]) =-2nh <0. Hence, V is maximum when ^ ^ “●

w
3
2h
Putting X = —
3
tan a in (ii), the maximum volume of the cylinder is given by

Flo
2h 2h
V =: K — tan a h- — = —nh^ tan^ a.

L 3 3 ) 27

ee
2h , , , 2h h
Putting x=— tana in (i), we get: 00' = /i-xcota = n - ■— - —

Fr
3 3 3

Hence, height of the cylinder = 00' = —.

3
or
ur
sf
BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

EXAMPLE 37 Let AP and BQ be two vertical poles at points A and B respectively. If AP =16 m,
ok
Yo

BQ = 22m and AB = 20m, then find the distance of a point R on AB from the point A such that
Bo

2 2
RP + RQ is minimum. [NCERT,CBSE 20101
SOLUTION Let K be a point on AB such that AR = x Then, RB = (20 - x) m.
re

Applying Pythagoras Theorem in A’s RAP and RBQ, we get

ou

=x^ +16^
ad

RQ^ =22^ +(20-x)^

Y

and. ...(h)

PR^-t-RQ^=x^+16^+ 22^+(20-x)^ = 2x^ 40X + 1140

nd
Re

Q
Let Z =Rp2 +RQ^. Then,
Fi

dZ d^Z
Z=2x^-40x + 1140 => = 4x - 40 and =4
3
dx rfx2
dZ
The critical numbers of Z are given by dx
= 0.

dZ
= 0=> 4x-40=0=> x=10
dx

d^Z
Clearly,
dx
^ = 4 > 0 for all x. So, Z is minimum when x = 10. Thus, RP^ + RQ^ is minimum
when, the distance of R from A is 10 m.

EXAMPLE 38 If the length of three sides of a trapezium other than base are equal folO cm, then find the
area of trapezium when it is maximum. [NCERT, CBSE 2010,2013]
MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.53

SOLUTION Let ABCD be the given trapezium such that AD = DC =BC =10 cm. Draw
DP and CQ perpendiculars from D and C respectively on AB. Clearly, A APD = A BQC. Let
AP = X cm. Then, BQ = x cm.

Applying Pythagoras Theorem in A APD and A BQC, we obtain: DP =QC =^100 - x^.
Let A be the area of trapezium ABCD. Then,
10 cm
A =
^{AB +CD)xDP
A = i (10 +10 + 2x) X ^100 - x^ ●5/

ooww
A=(10 + x) ^100
10 cm

4 a: cm p
i xcm B

dA x(10 + x) _100-10a:-23:^
■^100 Fig. 17.52
dx
-JlOO-a:^ ■^jlOO-x^

e
ree
dA

rFl
The critical numbers of A are given by = 0.

Fre
dx

100-lOx-2:^2

rrF
dA
= 0 => = 0
dx
^100
ouur
sffoo
=> 100 - lQx-2x^ =0 =5* +5:r -50 = 0 => (x + 10) (x -5) =0 => x=5 [v x > 0 .-. x + 10 9^ 0]
dA 100-10x-2x^
okks

Now,
Yo

dx
VlOO-x^
oo
Y
BB

(100-10x-2x^)x
(-10-4x) +
d^A -JlOO - x^ 2x^-300x-1000
rre

dx^ 100-x^ (100-x2)3/2

ouu
YY
ad

(d^A] -30
<0
dx^ ^l75
Jx=5
dd

Thus, the area of the trapezium is maximum when x = 5. Putting x = 5 in (i), the maximum area is
Re
iinn

given by
F

A=| (10+5) ^100-25 =^^cm^

EXAMPLE 39
A telephone company in a town has 500 subscribers on its list and collects fixed charges of
? 300 per subscriber. The company proposes to increase the annual subscription and it is believed that
every increase ofX 1 one subscriber will discontinue the service. Find what increase will bring maximum
revenue? (NCERTEXEMPLARl
SOLUTION Let the increase of ? x in annual subscription of ? 300 maximize the profit of the
company. Due to this increase of ? x, x subscribers will discontinue the service. Therefore,
Number of subscriber using the service = 500 - x
Annual subscription of each subscriber = ? (300 + x)
Let R be the total annual revenue of the company. Then,
dR d^R
R=(500-x)(300 + x) =J» K =150000+ 200x-x^ => = 200 - 2x and = -2
dx dx^
17.54 MATHEMATICS-XII

dR
The stationary values of R are given by dx
= 0.

dR
= 0 => 200-2x = 0 => :r=100
dx

d^R
Clearly, = - 2 < 0 for all X So, R is maximum when x = 100.
dx^
Thus, the total revenue received will be maximum if annual subscription is increased by ?100.

EXAMPLE 40 Find the point on the curve = ^x which is nearest to the point (2,1).

SOLUTION Let P(.v, y) be a point on y^ =4xand i4(2,1) be the given point. Then,

w
f 2 n2
_ y
AP^ = {x-lf + {y-lf ^ AP^ '--2
4
+(y-l)2 [v y^ =4x x = y^/4]

Flo
Let Z = AP^. Then, Z is maximum or minimum according as AP is maximum or minimum.

ee
n2 ( 2
Now, Z =
y^
L„2 +(y-lf^
dZ
=2 y- -2lf^1+2(y-l)=^ -2 and.
d^Z 3y^

Fr
^y 4 U J ' 4 dy^ ~ 4
rfZ
The critical numbers of Z are given by for
= 0.
ur
dy
dZ y^— = 0=>y^=8=>y = 2
ks
= 0 ^
Yo
oo

3 (2)^
Clearly,
■—^— = 3 > 0. Thus, Z is minimum when y = 2.
eB

dy^ ^y = 2

Putting y = 2in y^ = 4x, we obtain .r = 1. So, the coordinates of P are (1,2). Hence, the point (1,2)
ur
ad

on y^ = 4x is nearest to the point (2,1).

Yo

EXAMPLE 41 A jet of an enemy is flying along the curve y = x +2. A soldier is placed at the point {Z, 1).
nd

What is the shortest distance between the soldier and the jet?
Re

SOLUTION Let P{x, y) be the position of jet and the soldier is placed at A (3, 2). Then, the
Fi

distance between the soldier and jet is given by

AP = ^(.v-3)2+(y-2)2 = - 3)2 + [vy = x2 + 2]

Let Z = AP^. Then, Z =(x - 3)^ +
Clearly AP is maximum or minimum according as Z is maximum or minimum.
dZ d^Z
Now, Z = (x-3)^ +x^ => dx = 2 (x - 3) + 4x^ and = 12x^ + 2
dx^
dZ
The critical numbers of Z are given by = 0.
dx
dZ
dx
= 0 => 2 (x - 3) + 4x^ = 0 =s» 2x^ + X - 3 = 0
(x-l)(2.x^ + 2x+ 3)=0 => x=l [●.● 2x^ + 2x + 3 = 0 gives imaginary values of x]
MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.55

f d^z] = 12+2 = 14 > 0. Thus, Z is minimum when x = 1. Putting ^=1 in

Clearly,
dx^ yx = i

i/ = x^ + 2, we obtain i/ = 3. So, the coordinates of P are (1,3). Hence, AP is minimum when jet is
at the point (1,3) on the curve.
Putting x=l and y = 3 in AP =-J(x- 3)^ +(y-2)^, we obtain; AP =-J{l - 3)^ +1^ = VS.
Hence, the shortest distance = J5.
EXAMPLE42 Find the shortest distance between the line y-x = \ and the curve x = y .

SOLUTION Let P (f ^, t) be any point on the curve x = y^. The distance S of P from the given line is
f^-f + 1 f^-f + 1

w
S = [*.● -1 +1 > 0 for alU e P]
42 42 V2

^ dH
i = V2

Flo
and
dt ~ 42 dt^ 42

e
reee
dS
The critical numbers of S are given by —
dt
= 0.

FFr
dS 1
— = 0=s-2f-l=0=>f =
dt 2
for
ur
d?-S
Clearly, = V2 > 0 for all t. So, S is minimum when ^ ■
kss

if ^1
Yo
oo

1 t^-t + \ 2) 2 3V2
Putting t = - in S = , the minimum value of S is S =
eB

42 42 8

EXAMPLE 43 Find the shortest distance of the point (0, c) from the parabola y = x, where
ur

0 < c <5. [NCERTl

ad
YYo

SOLUTION Let P {x, y) be any point on the parabola and Q (0, c) be the given point. Then,
Pq2 ^ .^2 + (y _ + (x^ - c)^ [vy = x^]
d
Re

PQ^=x^-x^ (2c-l) + c^
in

Clearly, PQ will be minimum when PQ^ is minimum. Let Z = PQ . Then,

F

YA
Z=x^-x^ (2c-l) + c^ VI

Q (0, d
dZ d^Z
= 4x^-2x(2c-l) and = 12x^-2(2c-l)
dx dx^
dZ <■ ■>
The critical numbers of Z are given by = 0. X' o X
dx
dZ y Y'
= 0
dx Fig. 17.53

4x^-2x(2c-l)=0
2c-l

2x{2x^ -(2c-l)} = 0 => x = 0,x=±^^^ => X = 0, X = ± a, where a =

V 2
17.56 MATHEMATICS-XII

^ 7 ^
Clearly, = 12a - 4a = 8a >0. So, Z is minimum at a: = ± a.
[dx^ = ± a

Hence, PQ is minimum at :r = ± a. Putting jc = ± a in PQ^ =x^ + {x^ - c)^, the minimum value
of PQ is given by
2c-1 f 2c-1 1 4c-1
PQ^=a^+{a^-cf=—^
2
+
2
-c
2
+- =
4 4
PQ =
2

Hence, the minimum distance is

2

EXAMPLE 44 Pind the area of the greatest isosceles triangle that can be inscribed in a given ellipse
having its vertex coincident with one end of the major axis.

w
[NCERT,CBSE 20101
2 2
X
SOLUTION
Let the equation of the ellipse be ^ ^ = 1. Let APQ be an isosceles triangle

Flo
a

having one vertex at A {a, 0). Let the coordinates of P be {a cos 0 , sin 0). Then the coordinates
of Q are {a cos 0, -b sin 0). Let A be the area of A APQ. Then,

eeee
A =
^ (PQ) {AM) = ^ (2& sin 0) (fl - fl cos 0) = ab (sin 0 - sin 0 cos 0)

Fr
Ay
dA
dQ
= ab (cos 0 - cos^ 0 + sin ^ 0) for B(0^ P(fl cos 0, b sin 0)
ur
dA X-
o X
= ab (cos 0 - cos 20)
^A'{-a.O) ■M . -jAia, 0) ^
kss
dQ
Yo

dA
oo

The critical numbers of A are given by dO

= 0. B'(0, -b) Q(fl cos 9, -b sin 0)
eB

vr
dA
= 0 Fig. 17.54
dQ
r

2k
ou
ad

ab (cos 0 - cos 20) = 0 ^ cos 0 = cos 2 0 => 0 = 27t - 20 => 0 = —

YY

dA d^A
Now, = ab (cos 0 - cos 2 0)^ = (- sin 0 + 2 sin 20)
dQ dQ^
nd
Re

2k d^A , . 2k _ . 4k^ , V3
For 0 = we obtain; = ab - sm — + 2 sm — = ab -2x <0
Fi

3' rf0^ 3 3J 2 2

Hence, A is maximum when 0 = 2k/ 3. The maximum area A is given by

A
A = ab
, .
sm
2k . 2k
sm — cos — = ab
2KA , y[3 '
^ X —
l] 3V3 ab.
3 3 3 J 2 2 2 4

2 2

EXAMPLE 45 Find the area of the greatest rectangle that can be inscribed in an ellipse = 1.
a

ICBSE 2013]
2 2

SOLUTION Let PQRS be a rectangle inscribed in the ellipse ^ ^ = 1. Let the coordinate of
a^ b^
P be (flcos0, cfsin0). Then, the coordinates of Q, R and Sare (-flcos0, l^sin 0), (-flcos0, Ijsin 0)
and {a cos 0, -b sin 0) respectively. Let A be the area of rectangle PQRS. Then,
 17.57
MAXIMA AND MINIMA

A = PQ X PS = 2fl cos 9 X sin 0 = 2ab sin 20 ...(i) Q(- a cos 9, b sin 0) B P{a cos 6, b sin 0)
dA d^A
= 4ab cos 20 and = - Sab sin 20 A
dO rf0^ <■ ■>
X' -4' X

dA
The critical numbers of A are given by = 0. S(flCos6,-fcsin 0)
(- a cos 0, -1> sin 0) B'
dQ
^Y-
dA
= 0 Fig. 17.55
de
K 3k K 3tc
=> cos 20 - 0 cos 20 = 0^ 20 = — or, — ^ 9 = — or, 0 =
2 2 4 4

ooww
fd^A
Clearly, = - Sab sin — = - Sab < 0. So, A is maximum when 0 = —. Putting 0 = -^4 in (i).
dG^ e=~
IT 2 4
4

the maximum value of A is given byA= lab ^ = lab. Hence, the area of the greatest rectangle

e
ree
rFl
is lab sq. units.

Fre
EXAMPLE 46 A point on the hypotenuse of a right triangle is at distances a and b from the sides of the

rrF
2/3 4-
triangle. Show that the minimum length of the hypotenuse is {a 1j2/3)3/2_
INCERT, CBSE 2008]
ouur
sffoo
SOLUTION Let AOB be a right triangle with hypotenuse AB such that a point P on AB is at
distances a and b from OA and OB respectively, i.e. PL = a and PM = b.
okks

Let ZOAB = 0. In A's ALP and PMB, we obtain

Yo
oo

PL
Y

sin0 and cos 0 =

BB

AP
a
rre

sin0 = and cos 0 =

AP
ouu

Let I be the length of the hypotenuse AB. Then,

YY
ad

I = AP +BP
I = a cosec 0 + & sec 0
dd

O L A

dl Fig. 17.56
Re
iinn

= -acosec 0cot 0 + Ij sec 0 tan 0

dG
F

d^l
and. fl cosec ^ G + a cosec 0 cot^ G + b sec^ 0 + b sec 0 tan^ 0
dQ^
dl
The critical numbers of / are given by dG
= 0.

dl
= 0
dG

- fl cosec 0 cot 9 + sec 0 tan 0 = 0 => - fl cos 0 ^ & sin 0 = 0 => tanH = ^
sin^ 0 cos^ 0 b

^fl^
1/3
a
1/3 ^1/3
tan 0 = ^ sin 0 = and, cos 0 =
bj a 2/3 ^j,2/3
^l/3 n1/3
dh / a
Clearly, 7T > 0 for tan 0 = - . Thus, / is minimum when tan 0 = -
dQ ^ \b bJ
 17.58 MATHEMATICS-XII

The mirdmum value of / is given by

n2/3 n2/3
I = a cosec Q + b secQ = a -JlTcot^ + b -^iT'tan^~0 = aJl + fb
a
+ b,l +
KaJ Kb
2/3
/= (a + b2/3j3/2_
EXERCISE 17.5
BASIC

1. Determine two positive numbers whose sum is 15 and the sum of whose squares is
minimum.
2. Divide 64 into two parts such that the sum of the cubes of two parts is minimum.
3. How should we choose two numbers, each greater than or equal to - 2, whose sum is 1 /2 so

ww
that the sum of the first and the cube of the second is minimum?
4. Divide 15 into two parts such that the square of one multiplied with the cube of the other is
minimum,
5. (i) Of all the closed cylindrical cans (right circular), which enclose a given volume of 100

Flo
cm^, which has the minimum surface area? [NCERT, CBSE 2014]

e
ree
(ii) Amongst all open (from the top) right circular cylindrical boxes of volume 125ti cm^,

FFr
find the dimensions of the box which has the least surface area. [CBSE 2020]
6. A beam is supported at the two ends and is uniformly loaded. The bending moment M at a
uurr
distance x from one end is given by
orr Wx W x^
sfo
WL W 2
(i) M=^ X
2
a: (ii) M=—-
3
- 3
kks

Find the point at which M is maximum in each case.

Yo
oooo

7. A wire of length 28 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is to be made into a
square and the other into a circle. What should be the lengths of the two pieces so that the
eB

combined area of the circle and the square is minimum? [NCERT, CBSE 2007,2010]
8. A wire of length 20 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces will be bent into shape of
urr

a square and the other into shape of an equilateral triangle. Where the wire should be cut so
that the sum of the areas of the square and triangle is minimum?
ad

[CBSE 20051
YYo

9. Given the sum of the perimeters of a square and a circle, show that the sum of their areas is
least when one side of the square is equal to diameter of the circle.
dd

[NCERT, CBSE 2005,2011,2014]

Re
inn

10. Find the largest possible area of a right angled triangle whose hypotenuse is 5 cm long.
[CBSE 2000]
F

11. Two sides of a triangle have lengths'fl' and'b' and the angle between them is 6. What value
of 6 will maximize the area of the triangle? Find the maximum area of the triangle also.
[CBSE 2002 Cl
12. A square piece of tin of side 18 cm is to be made into a box without top by cutting a square
from each comer and folding up the flaps to form a box. What should be the side of the
square to be cut off so that the volume of the box is maximum? Also, find this maximum
volume. [NCERT]
13.
A rectangular sheet of tin 45 cm by 24 cm is to be made into a box without top, by cutting off
squares from each comers and folding up the flaps. What should be the side of the square to
be cut off so that the volume of the box is maximum possible? [NCERT]
14.
A tank with rectangular base and rectangular sides, open at the top is to be constructed so
that its depth is 2 m and volume is 8 m^. If building of tank costs ? 70 per square metre for
the base and ? 45 per square matre for sides, what is the cost of least expensive tank?
[NCERT, CBSE 2009,2019]
MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.59

15. A window in the form of a rectangle is surmounted by a semi-circular opening. The total
perimeter of the window is 10 m. Find the dimensions of the rectangular part of the
window to admit maximum light through the whole opening. +
[NCERT, CBSE 2000,2002,2011,2014]
16. A large window has the shape of a rectangle surmounted by an equilateral triangle. If the
perimeter of the window is 12 metres find the dimensions of the rectangle that will produce
the largest area of the window. [CBSE 2011]
17. Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere
2R
of radius R is [NCERT]
VI-
18. A rectangle is inscribed in a semi-circle of radius r with one of its sides on diameter of
semi-circle. Find the dimensions of the rectangle so that its area is maximum. Find also the

w
area.

BASED ON LOTS

Flo
19. Prove that a conical tent of given capacity will require the least amount of canvas when the
height is V2 times the radius of the base. [NCERT, CBSE 2007, 2011,2013]

ee
20. Show that the cone of the greatest volume which can be inscribed in a given sphere has an

Fr
altitude equal to 2/3 of the diameter of the sphere.
21. Prove that the semi-vertical angle of the right circular cone of given volume and least
curved surface is cot“^( V2). for [CBSE2014]
ur
22. An isosceles triangle of vertical angle 20 is inscribed in a circle of radius a. Show that the
area of the triangle is maximum when [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ks
Yo
oo

23. Prove that the least perimeter of an isosceles triangle in which a circle of radius r can be
inscribed is 6VIr. [CBSE 2016]
eB

24. Find the dimensions of the rectangle of perimeter 36 cm which will sweep out a volume as
large as possible when revolved about one of its sides. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ur

25. Show that the height of the cone of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of
ad

radius 12 cm is 16 cm. [CBSE2005]

Yo

26. A closed cylinder has volume 2156 cm^. What will be the radius of its base so that its total
surface area is minimum? [CBSE2000C]
nd
Re

27. Show that the maximum volume of the cylinder which can be inscribed in a sphere of
Fi

radius 5-VI cm is 500 Ticm 3 . [CBSE 2004]

2 2
28. Show that among all positive numbers a: and 1/with r + y =r~, the sum a: -i- y is largest
when x=y = rf -J2.
29. Determine the points on the curve = 4y which are nearest to the point (0,5).
30. Find the point on the curve = 4x which is nearest to the point (2,- 8). .
31. Find the point on the curve = 8y which is nearest to the point (2,4). [CBSE 2007]

32. Find itie point on the parabolas x^ = 2y which is closest to the point (0,5).
33. Find the coordinates of a point on the parabola y = x^+7x + 2 which is closest to the
straight line y = 3x -3. [CBSE 2015]

34. Find the point on the curve y^ = 2x which is at a minimum distance from the point (1,4).
(CBSE 2011]
 17.60 MATHEMATICS-XII

35. Find the maximum slope of the curve y = - + 3x^ + 2x - 27.

fx'^
36. The total cost of producing x radio sets per day is ? — + 35x + 25 and the price per set at
\ ** )

which they may be sold is ? 50 - —I. Find the daily output to maximize the total profit.
{ JC fX
37.
Manufacturer can sell x items at a price of ^ 5 each. The cost price is ? - + 500

Find the number of items he should sell to earn maximum profit. [NCERT,CBSE2009]
38. An open tank is to be constructed with a square base and vertical sides so as to contain a

ooww
given quantity of water. Show that the expenses of lining with lead will be leash if depth is
made half of width.
39. A box of constant volume c is to be twice as long as it is wide. The material on the top and
four sides cost three times as much per square metre as that in the bottom. What are the
most economic dimensions?

e
40. The sum of the surface areas of a sphere and a cube is given. Show that when the sum of

ree
rFl
their volumes is least, the diameter of the sphere is equal to the edge of the cube.

Fre
BASED ON HOTS

rrF
41. A given quantity of metal is to be cast into a half cylinder with a rectangular base and
semicircular ends. Show that in order that the total surface area may be minimum, the ratio
ouur
sffoo
of the length of the cylinder to the diameter of its semi-circular ends is n:{n+ 2).
42. The strength of a beam varies as the product of its breadth and square of its depth. Find the
okks

dimensions of the strongest beam which can be cut from a circular log of radius a.
Yo
ooo

43. A straight line is drawn through a given point P (1,4). Determine the least value of the sum
BB

of the intercepts on the coordinate axes.

44. The total area of a page is 150 cm . The combined width of the margin at the top and bottom
rr e

is 3 cm and the side 2 cm. What must be the dimensions of the page in order that the area of
ouu

the printed matter may be maximum?

ad
YY

45. The space s described in time t by a particle moving in a straight line is given by
s =t^ - 40f ^ + 30 + 80f - 250. Find the minimum value of acceleration.
dd

46. A particle is moving in a straight line such that its distance s at any time t is given by
Re
iinn

4
-2t + 4t - 7. Find when its velocity is maximum and acceleration minimum.
F

ANSWERS

1. 15/2,15/2 2. 32, 32 11^1

U VsJ' V3
50\1/3
4. 6,9 5. (i) The cylinder with radius — (ii) Radius = Height = 5 cm
V 71 y

L L 28n 112
80V3 180
6. (i) x = - (ii)x=^ 7. m. 8.
m
71 + 4 71+4 9 + 4V3' 9 + 4^3
25 2 7T
10. —cm^
4
11. —, Area = — 12. 3 cm, 432 cm ^
2 2
20 10
13. 5 cm 14. ? 1000 15. Length - , Breadth =
7t+ 4 K + 4
MAXIMA AND MINIMA 17.61

12 18-6^3
16. 18. V2r, Area =r^ 24. 12 cm, 6 cm
6-73' 6-V3 72
{
26. 7 cm 29. (± 27^ 3) 30. (4,-4)
31. (4,2) 32. (± 272, 4) 33. (-2,-8)

w
34. (2, 2) 35. 5 at (1,-23) 36. 10 imits 37. 240

1/3 n1/3 ^l/3

9c 9c /32c
38. = - 3, cf = - 9, c e R 39. Length =2 — , Breadth =! — , Height =
16 16 81

e
2a 2
42. Breadth = , Depth = 2a 43. 9
73

e
3

o
wr
r
44. Length= 15 cm. Width = 10 cm 45. a = - 260 at f = 2

F
2
46. Velocity is max. at t = 2 - 73 , Acceleration is min. at f = 2

ullo
r FF HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

e
rsre
5. Let r be the radius and h be the height of the closed cylindrical cane of volume 100 cm .
Then,

oF
uo
k
100
Ttr^ h = 100 => = ...(i)
nr
2 oofr
sf
Let S be the surface area of the can. Then,
ko
Y
200
S = 2nr h + 2nr‘^ => S = + 2nr^ [Using (i)
BB
Yo

r
Y
oo

dS 200 S 400
^ + 4 71 r and dr^ -5- + 47C
er

dr
re
uu

dS
The critical numbers of S are given by — = 0.
dr
od
Yo
ad

n1/3
dS 200 50
— = 0 ^
^ + 47tr = 0 => 4nr^ = 200 => r =
n

dr n

d^S /50V^^
ndi

Clearly, ^ > 0 for all r. Hence, S is minimum when r =

Re

\n J
F

dr
Fi

7. Let r be the radius of the circle and x meter be the length of each side of the square. Then,
14 - 2x
27cr + 4x = 28=> 7cr + 2A:=14^r = ...(i)
n

Let A be the combined area of the circle and the square. Then,
14-2x 2
A = nr^ +x^ n + X [Using (i)]
n

dA 8 d'^A 8
=> A = -(14 -2xf +x^ = -{7-x)^ + x^ ^ — {7 -x) + 2x and
n n dx n dx^ n

dA
The critical numbers of A are given by dx
= 0.

dA 8 28
= 0 => -~(7-x) + 2x = 0 => a: =
dx n Tt + 4
 17.62 MATHEMATICS-XII

iP'A 8 28
Clearly, = — > 0 for all X. Hence, A is minimum when a: =
K 71 + 4

112 112 28 K
The lengths of two partions are 4a: = meter and, 28 - m respectively.
7t + 4 rt + 4 71 + 4

9. Let X be the length of the each side of the square and y be the radius of the circle. Let S be the
sum of their perimeters. Then,
S-4a:
S = 4A: + 27iy => y = 2n
...(i)

w
Let A be the sum of the areas of the square and the circle. Then,
A = a:^ + 7t y^ = a:^ + —
4 K
(S - 4a:)^ [Using (i)]

dA d^A 8

roow
e
= 2 a.'- — (S - 4 a:) and = 2 + -
dx n dx^ n

re
dA
The critical numbers of A are given by dA:
= 0.

reF
dA

uFFll
= 0 => 2 a:- -iS-ix) = 0=> 7tA:-S+4A: = 0^ a: =
S

e
dx n 7C+ 4

d?-A S
Clearly,

sFr
= 2 + - > 0 for all x. So, A is minimum when x - and for this value of
dx^ 71 7t + 4

foro
1 4S S
uor
X the value of y is given by y =
fk
2 71 2 71
S-
71+4 2 (tt + 4)
okso
Clearly, x = 2y i.e. side of the square is equal to the diameter of the circle.
Y
Yo

Hence, A is minimum when side of the square is equal to the diameter of the circle.
oo
BB

12. Let the length of the each side of the square which is cut from each comer of the tin sheet be
X cm. By folding up the flaps, a cuboidal box is formed whose length, breadth and height
are 18 - 2.r, 18 - 2a: and x respectively. Then, its volume V is given by
rYree
ouu

V =(18-2a:)(18-2a:)a: = 324 a:-72 + 4 a:^

ad

dV
Ydo

dV
=> = 324-144x + 12x^ and = -144 + 24X
dx dx^
nidn

The critical numbers of V are given by

Re

dV
= 0 =i> 324 -144 X + 12 = 0 => x^ -12x + 27 = 0 => x = 3, 9.
F

dx
Fi

But, X = 9 is not possible. Therefore, x = 3. Clearly = -144 + 72 = -72 <0.

^ dx^ ^x=3

So, V is maximum when x = 3 i.e. the length of each side of the square to be cut is 3 cm.
13. Let the length of a side of the square be x cm and let V be the volume of the box. Then,
V = (45 - 2 x) (24 - 2x) x. Now, proceed as in Q. No. 10.
14. Let the length and breadth of the tank be x and y meters respectively. It is given that the
volume of the tank is 8m ^ and height is 2m.
4
2xy = 8=>xy = 4=>y= — -(i)
X

Let C be the cost of the tank. Then,

C = 70 xy + 45 (2 X 2y + 2 X 2x) = 70 xy + 180 y + 180 x
720
=> C = 280 + +180 X
X
[Using (i)]
 17.63
MAXIMA AND MINIMA

dC 720 d^C 1440

— +180 and ●—^
dx dx^
dC
The critical numbers of C are given by dx
= 0.

dC 720
dx
= 0 =>
X
^ + 180 = 0=> x=2
d^C^
Clearly, - 180 > 0. So, C is minimum when x = 2.
7x = 2
720
Putting 3T = 1 in C = 280 + — + 180x, we get C = 1000. Hence, the cost of least expensive
tank is ^ 1000.

w
15. Let the width and height of window be 2.v m and y m respectively. It is given that the
perimeter of the window is 10 m.

Flo
2x + 2y-¥KX = 10 ^ y = 5 - (tth- 2) ...(i)

Let A be the area of the window. Then

ee
X X
Tt 0
A = 2xy + -x'^

Fr
=> A = lOx -{k + 2) x'^ + ^x"^
y
[Using (i)]
for
ur
dA d?-A
= 10 - 2x (n + 2) + Tt X and. = -2(jt+2) + ;i = -7i-4
dx dx^ -> 2x <-
ks

dA Fig. 19.57
The critical numbers of A are given by = 0.
Yo

dx
oo

dA 10
= 0=>10-2x(7t + 2) + 7tA: = 0=> X =
7U + 4
eB

dx

d^A 10
Clearly, - 7c - 4 < 0 for all x. So, A is maximum when x =
r

dx^ 7t +
ou
ad

20
5(7t+2) _ 10 . Hence, the dimensions of the window are 2x and y =
y=5-
YY

(7t+4) Tt+4

17. LetOC =OG =xThen, AC = ■^R^-x'^.

nd
Re

Let V be the volume of the cylinder. Then.

Fi

V =n ^ 2x = 2n{R^ x-x^)
dV d^V
= 2 Tt(R^ - 3x^) and 12 K.X
dx dx^
dV
The critical numbers of V are given by = 0.
dV R
Now, = 0=>K^-3x^=0=> x^=
dx V3
(d^V -12TtR R
Clearly, < 0. So, V is maximum when x - and height of the
dx^ R V3 >/3
'x=-.
73
2R
cylinder ==2x = 73-
 17.64
MATHEMATICS-Xn

19. Let r be the radius of the base h be the height and / be the slant height of the conical tent of
volume V and surface area S. Then,
1 ')
V = /lands = nr I
3

Now, S = nr I

=> = n^ r'^ => Z =n^ r\r^ + h\ where Z = h

=> 2 = 7C^ r2
9V^ ] 3V At B
V V = — nr^ h h=
T
0
3 7^2 r4 Fig. 19.59

ww
9^2 ^2 181^2 ^22 2 2 54V2
=> Z = 7^2 ^4 ^ = 47.2,3 -Y- and —^
r2 dr

Clearly, Z is maximum or minimum according as S is maximum or minimum.

Flo
dZ
The critical numbers of Z are given by dr = 0.

e
rere
dZ 18^2
= 0 => 4 7.2 = 0 => 4 7.2 =18 1/2^2 7.2 2-4 h^^h=^r

r FF
= n r
dr r^
d^Z 1/2
Clearly, = 127.2 r2 + 54
uurr
-T- > 0 for all values of V and r.
dr2 r‘*
for
So, Z and consequently S is minimum when h = -Jlr.
kss

35. Slope m of the curve is given by m = ^ = - 3;r^ + 6x + 2.

ooook

dx
Yo

dm d^m
Now, m = -3a:2 + 6A: + 2 =>
eBB

= -6x+6 and = -6
dx dx^
dm dm
The critical numbers of m are given by = 0. Now, = 0 ^ -6x + 6 = 0=>a: = 1.
urr

dx dx
ad

d^m
Yo

Clearly,
dx2 = - 6 < 0 for all X. So, m is maximum when x = 1. Putting x = 1 in the equation
dY

of the curve, we get y = -23. Thus, slope is maximum at the point (1, -23). The maximum
Re
innd

value of slope is m = 5.
36. Profit P is given by
Fi

/ 2
X X^
P = Revenue-Cost = 50— x- —+ 35x+25 ^ =? -x2+15x-25
1) 4 4

37. Suppose X items are sold to maximize the profit P. Then P = Revenue - Cost
f X \ f Y ^ 24 x2 dP 24 X rf2p 1
=> p^x 5 — - + 500 =>P = —X- -500 => and —s
100 5 5 100 dx 5 50 dx^ 50
dP
The critical numbers of P are given by dx
= 0.

dP n 24 X = ,.0 => X
= 0=> = 240
dx 5 50

d^P
Clearly,
dx2 = - ^ < 0 for all X. Hence, profit P is maximum when 240 items are sold.
 17.65
MAXIMA AND MINIMA

43. The equation of a line passing through P(l,4) is y-4 = where m<0. Its
w-4
intercepts on the axes are and - {m - 4) respectively.
m

Let S be the sum of the intercepts. Then,

S 8
Ay and
?n-4 - 4 dS
S = -(m-4) = -m+ 5 — => = -1 +
3
m m dm m dm^ m

dS
The critical numbers of S are given by = 0.
dm
dS
Now
dm
= 0 => -l + -^ = 0 ^
m
= 4 => m = -2 {: m < 0]

ww
For m = = 1 >0. So, Sis minimum whenm = -2.
dm^
For m = - 2, The sum of the intercepts is given by S = 2 + 5 + 2=9.

FF loo
FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQ$)

ree
1
1- If/W = , then its maximum value is
4x^ + 2:c + l

reFe
-n n
2. The minimum value of /(x) = sin x in ~l'2 IS
oroFr
r ur
s ff
3. The maximum value of f{x) = sin x + cos 3: is
k

4. \i f{x) has the second order derivative at x = c such that/’(c) = 0 and f"{c) > 0, then c is a
YYouo
koso

point of
BBoo

5. If/'(x) changes its sign from positive to negative as x increases through c in the interval
r ee

(c - /i, c + h), then x = c is a point of

6. If/'(x) changes its sign from negative to positive as x increases through c in the interval
ad
ouur

{c-h, c + h), then x = c is a point of

Yo

7. The positive real number x when added to its reciprocal gives the minimum value of the
sum when, x-
d
Re
idnY

8. The real number which mrist exceeds its cube is

a,b, x > 0 takes on the least value at x equal to

FFin

9. The function/(x) =ax +—,

X

10. If 1/ = fllogx + i>x^ + xhas its extreme values at x =1 and x = 2, ihen{a,b) =

11. If the function f{x) = a sin x + —
3
sin 3x has an extremum at x = -^,
3 then a =
12. The maximum value of/(x) = x e~^ is
13. If the function/(x) = x^ - 62x^ +ax + 9 attains a local maximum at x = 1, then a =
14. If the sum of two non-zero numbers is 4, then the minimum value of the sum of their
reciprocals is
15. If X and y are two real numbers such that x > 0 and xy = 1. Then the minimum value of x +1/
IS

16. The number that exceeds its square by the greatest amount is
 17.66
MATHEMATICS-XII

17. If m and M respectively denote the minimum and maximum values off{x) = {x -1)^ + 3 m
i
the interval [-3,1L then the ordered pair {m, M) =
- 2 250.
18. The minimum value of/(.v)=;r'^ + is
X

19. The maximum slope of the curve y = -x^ + 3x^ + 9:r -27 is
X 2
20. The function f{x) = — + — has a local minimum at x =
2 X

21. The least value of the function f{x) =ax + -(a>0,b >0, x>0) is
X

ooww
ICBSE 2020, NCERT EXEMPLAR]
ANSWERS
4
1. - 2. -1 3. V2 4. Local minimum 5. Local maximum
3

e
6. Local minimum 7. 1 8. 4 r 2 _i

ere
9. 10. 11. 2
V3 a 3' 6
1

rFl
Fre
1
12. - 13. 120 14. 1 15. 2 16. - 17. (3,19) 18. 75
e 2

rrF
19. 12 20. 2 21. l^fab
sffoo
ouur
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQs)
kosk
Answer each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requirement of the
question:
Yo
oo
Y

1. Write necessary condition for a point x = c to be an extreme point of the function / (x).
BB

2. Write sufficient conditions for a point x = c to be a point of local maximum.

rre

3. If / (x) attains a local minimum at x = c, then write the values of /' (c) and/ " (c).
ouu
Y
ad

4. Write the minimum value off (x) = x + — , x > 0.

X
dY

1
5. Write the maximum value of / (x) = x + —, x < 0.
innd

X
Re

6. Write the point where / (x) = x logg x attains minimum value.

Fi
F

7. Find the least value off(x) = ax + -, where a>0,b>0 and x > 0.

X

8. Write the minimum value of / (x) = x^.

9. Write the maximum value of /(x)=x^'^^.
logy
10. Write the maximum value of / (x) = ,if it exists.
X

ANSWERS

l./'(c)=0 2./'(c) = 0 and /"(c)<0 3. /'(c)=0 and /"(c)>0

4. 2 5.-2
\e e)

7.2-f^ 8. c -Me 9. 10. -

e