CHAPTER a

CONTINUITY

8.1 INTUTIVE NOTION OF CONTINUITY

Intutively a function is continuous in its domain if its graph is a curve without breaks or jumps
throughout its domain and a funchon is continuous at a point in its domain if its graph does not

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have breaks or jumps in the immediate neighbourhood of the point. Consider the graph of a
function / (x) shown in Fig. 8.1. It is evident from the graph that / (x) is not defined &tx = a.
Consequently, there is hole in the curve y =/(x) and sof{x) is not continuous at x =fl. We also
observe that L = K i.e. x-*a~
lim^ / (x) = ar-M?'*'
lim / (x) and so lim / (x) exists. Thus, the continuity

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of / (x) at X = fl is destroyed, if lim / (x) exists but / (x) is not defined atx=a.
x-*a

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YA
r FF YA

A‘1)
ir
fofroF
u
ks
A<^)
L R
soo
YYouor

> O
o a a X
BBook

Aa) is not defined, limy(x) exists A<i) is defined, exists and not equal to/Tn)
r ee

x-*a x-*a

Fig. 8.1 Fig. 8.2

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ad

Let us now consider the function / whose graph is shown in Fig. 8.2. Clearly, L = R i.e.
lim / (x) = lim / (x). Consequently lim /(x) exists. But, there is hole in the curve because
Yo

+ x-*a
x-*a x~*a

lim /(x) is not equal to / (a). So, / (x) becomes discontinuous at x = <? if, lim /(x) exists but it
d
Re

x-*a x-*a
iYn

is not equal to the value o( f at x = a.

FFind

In Fig. 8.3, we observe that L K i.e. lim /(x)?^ lim+ /(x). So, lim /(x) does not exist.
x-¥a x-*a x-^a

Also, / (x) is not continuous at x = <7. Thus, the continuity of / at x = <7 is also destroyed, if
lim / (x) does not exist. This happens due to the jump in the values of / (x) as x crosses 'a'.
YA

A“)

L
■>
■> O a
X
O a X
Ax) is defined at x = a, lim A^) = + »
x-» a~
lim/(x) is not same as lim Ax)
X—
x-^a*
Fig. 8.3 Fig. 8.4 (i)
8.2 MATHEMATICS-XII

The continuity of a function / is also destroyed if either of the two limits Urn f{x) and
x-*a

lim + / (a:) or both tend to + oo or - co and / (a) is finite as is evident from Fig. 8.4 (i), (ii).
x-*a
Y A

m
L^R
L ; R

>
0 a X 0 a
X

looww
Rx) is defined at x = a, lim _f[x) = + /(fl) exists and is equal to/(a).
* a
and = + »
Functionyi^x) is continuous at point x = a
Fig. 8.4 (ii) Fig. 8.5

It follows from the above discussion that a function f{x) can be continuous at a point x=aiii

ree
(i) f(a) is defined. (ii) lim f{x) exists and, (iii) lim f{x)=f{a).
X —> a x-*a

ree F
r FF
This is also evident from Fig. 8.5. Thus, we define continuity of a function at a point as follows. fofroF
8.2 CONTINUITY AT A POINT
u
DEFINITION Afunction f{x) is saidto he continuous at a point x = a of its domain,ijf x-*a
lim f{x) =f(a).
ks

Thus,
os o

(/‘(x) is continuous at <=> x^a lim^ f (x) = lim f(x)=f{a)

lim f{x)=f{a) o x->rt
YYouor
BBook

If/(x) is not continuous at a point x = a, then it is said to be discontinuous at x = fl.

r ee

If lim / (x) = lim + f{x)^f{a) , then the discontinuity is known as the removable
ouru
ad

X -> fl x-*a
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discontinuity, because/(x) can be made continuous by redefining it at point x = a in such a way

that/(fl) = lim /(x).
d
Re

X->fl
inY

If lim f{x)^ lim /(x), then/(x) is said to have a dfscontmuify o/^irsf/cind.

FFind

X —> a X -> a'*’

A function /(x) is said to have a discontinuity of the second kind at x = fl iff

lim / (x) or, lim /(x) or, both do not exist.
x->a x-*a'*'

A function / (x) is said to be left continuous or continuous from the left at x = fl, iff
(i) lim / (x) exists and. (ii) lim /(x) =/(fl)
x-*a X -> a

A function / (x) is said to be right continuous or continuous from the right at x = fl, iff
(i) lim + / (x) exists and. (ii) lim + fix) = f (fl)
X -4 a x->-a

It follows from the above definitions that

/ (x) is continuous at x = fl iff it is both left as well as right continuous at x = a.

CONTINUITY 8.3

REMARK A function f (x) fails to be continuous at X = a for any of the following reasons.
(i) lim / {x) exists but it is not equal to f (a).
X -*a
(ii) lim / (:t) does not exist.
X -^a

This happens if either lim f (x) does not exist or, lim f (x) does not exist or both lim f{x)aiid
x-*a X —> n

lim f (x) exist but are not equal.

(iii) /is not defined at x=a i.e. f (<i) does not exist.
8.3 ALGEBRA OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

Regarding the continuity of the sum, difference, product and quotient of functions, we have the
following theorems.

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THEOREM 1 Let f and g be two real functions, continuous at x=a. Let a be a real number. Then,
(i) f + g is continuous atx = a. (ii) f -g is continuous at x = a.

FF loo
(iii) a / is continuous at x = a. (iv) fg is continuous at x = a.
1 .
(v) - IS continuous at x =a, provided that f (a) ^ 0.

ree
/
/

reeF
(Vi) is continuous at x = a, provided that g (a) 9^ 0.
8
oroFr
r ur
PROOF Since/and^ are continuous at x: = fl. Therefore, lim / (x) =/(a) and lim g{x)=g{a).
s ff
X X->fl
(i) We find that

lim {f + g){x) = lim {f{x) + g{x)) = lim f{x) + lim ^(a:)

k
YYouo

X (3 X ^ (7 X -*a x-*a
kos o

= /(«)+g{fl) ^ fix) =f{a)and, lim ^(x) = g(a)

BBoo

x-*a x~*a
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/ + ^ is continuous at x: = a.
ad
ouur
Yo

(ii) We find that

lim if-g)ix) = lim (f{x)-g{x))= lim /(x)-iim g{x)
d

x-*a x-*a X->fl X->(7

Re
idnY

= f{a)~8ia) fix) =/(fl)and, lim g{x) = g {a)

FFin

x-*a x-*a

= if-g)ia)
/-g is continuous at x: = a.
(iii) We find that

lim (a f) (x:) = X-»fl

X-»fl
lim a/(x:) = a lim f (x) = a/ (a) V lim / (xr) = / (a)
x~>a x->a

af is continuous at x: = u.
(iv) We find that
lim ifg){x) = lim
X a X—*(J
[f{x)gix)] = lim f (x) lim ^(xr) = f (a) g (a) ={fg){a)
X x-*a

So, fg is continuous at x: = o.
8.4 MATHEMATICS-XII

(v) We find that

r
1 1 1 1 1 1
lim — (x) = lim T (a)
x-*a x-*a
fix)) lim /(x)
x-*a
/(fl) /
1 .
So, — is continuous at a: = fl
/
(vi) We find that
lim / (x)
fix) x—>a

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lim — (x) = lim ■ - id)
x->a x-*a lim g(x) g(a) S
x->a

/ .
So, — is continuous at x = a.
g

e
THEOREM 2 Let f and g be real functions such that fog is deifned. If g is continuous atx = a and f is

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FFrlo
continuous at g ia), show that fog is continuous at X = a.

F
[^ROOF Since fog is defined. Therefore, Range (g) c Domain (/) => ^ (a:) e Domain if) for all

ee
X € Domain (^)

Fr
ouru
Now, ^(x) is continuous at X = fl => lim ^(x) = gia)

/ is continuous at g ia) sor r

kffo
lim fig(x)) = fig id))
os
ook
Yo
Y

^ fig (x)) = fig ia)) [From(i),x^a => gix)-^g(a)]

Bo

X->fl
reeB

lim ifog)ix) - ifog)ia) =>/o^ is continuous at x = <7.

x-*a
oouY
ur

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
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BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

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Type I ON TESTING CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION AT A POINT WHEN THE FUNCTION HAS SAME
nidn

DEFINITION ON BOTH SIDES OF THE GIVEN POINT

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—; X 0
F

Test the continuity of the following function at the origin: f ix) = ^ a:

Fi

EXAMPLE 1 ●V rt

^ ; a: = 0
SOLUTION We observe that:

(LHLatxssQ) = lim fix) = lim fiO-h) - lim fi~h)

x->0“ /t->0 h-*0

lim
-h\ lim
h
lim -1 = -1
h-*0 -h h^O -h /j^O

and. (RHLatx = 0) = lim + fix) = lim /(0 + /i) = lim /(/j)

X ^ 0 h^O /i-^O

h h
lim lim lim 1-1
h^O h h^O h h->0

Thus, we obtain: lim fix) ^ lim + / (x). Hence,/(x) is not continuous at the origin.
x^O x-»0
CONTINUITY 8.5

ALITER We have.
^=1 ; X > 0
1:^1 .
X

— ; X 0 -X X, x>0
fix) = < X or, fix) = = -1 ; X <0 X

^ ; x =0 X -X, x<0
1 ; x =0

(LHL at X = 0) = lim fix) = lim -1= -1 ●●● fix) = -1 for X < 0 and x -> 0
x->0 means that x < 0 such that x 0

fix) =1 for X > 0 andx -)■ 0"^

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(RHL at X = 0) = lim + fix) = lim 1=1
a:->0 x-»0 means that x > 0 such that x -¥0

lim fix) ^ lim + fix).

x^O x^Q

Hence, fix) is not continuous at the origin.

e
sm X

re
+ cos X, X 0
EXAMPLE 2 Show that the function fix) given by fix) is continuous atx = 0.

rFFl = ■ x

ree
F
2 , x =0

rrF
SOLUTION We observe that

(LHLatx = 0) = lim fix) = h-¥0

Um fiO-h) = lim fi~h)
sffoo
ouur
h^O
kosk

lim
sin (- h) sin h
+ cos (- h) = lim + lim cos /i = 1 +1 = 2
Yo

h^O -h h^O h h-^0

oo
Y
BB

(RHLatx = 0) = lim + fix) = lim fiO + h) = lim /(ft)

ft^O ft->0
rre

x->0
sin ft sin ft
lim + cos ft = Hm + lim cos ft =1 + 1 =2
ouu

h-*0 ft ft->0 ft
Y

h->0
ad

and. m = 2
dY

lim fix) = lim + fix) =/(O). Hence,/(x) is continuous at x = 0.

x->0
innd
Re

COS t
; f^n/2
EXAMPLES Examine thefunction fit) given by fit) =\ n/2-t ' for continuity at t =n/2.
Fi
F

1 ; t = n/2
SOLUTION We observe that:

(LHL at f = 7t/ 2) = lim /(f)

(71 COS (tt/2 - ft) sin ft

= lim / —ft lim Um = 1
● ~ ^{2 ft-»0 7i/2-(tt/2 - ft) ^->●0 ft

and, (RHL at t = 7t/2) = Hm /(f)

t 7t/2‘*‘
71 cos (ti/2 + ft) -sin ft sin ft
= lim f — + h = lim = lim = lim =1
h^O V2 7i/2-(ti/2 + ft) h->0 -ft ft->0 ft
and. /(^/2)=1.
Um /(f) = lim +
/(f) =/(tc/2). So,/(f) is continuous at f = 7i/2.
f-^7t/2” f -»n/2
 8.6 MATHEMATICS'XII

Type II ON TESTING CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION AT A POINT WHEN THE FUNCTION HAS DIFFERENT
DEFINITIONS ON BOTH SIDES OF THE GIVEN POINT

Let a function /(.v) be defined as

Hx) ; if A

/w={
(j)(A-) ; if x<a 4>(a) ; if A<fl
y (a) ; if -v>fl
or, /(A) = (a) ; if A >a or, f{x)=\ k ; if A = a
^ (a) ; if A > fl

To test the continuity of such functions at a = n, we have to find left hand and right hand limits of
/(a) at x~a. For finding these two limits one can use the method which we have used in

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previous examples or we can use the following method:
V A —> rt"" <=> A < and X a
(LHLatA = fl)= lim /(a)= lim ({)(a) lim /(A)=lim (j)(A) [v/(a) = <|»(a) for a <fl]
x-*o
x-*a X -*a
x-*(t

e
re
Now, lim (j) (a) can be calculated by various methods of evaluating Limits as discussed in the

FFrllo
x-*n

chapter on limits.

reF
e
Similarly, we have
uoru
X -> a'' <» A ><7& A -> <?

osFr
(RHLatA=rt)= .V lim /(a) = x-*a
lim v{a) . / (a) = A Urn
-> fl
vj/(a) [v/(a) = \^/(a) for a > a]
fkfor
Now, lim v|/(a) can be calculated by various methods of evaluating limits.
kso
●V^fl
ooo

EXAMPLE 4 Discuss the continuity of the functionf{x) at x =1/2, where

Y
Yo
BB

1/2-x . 0<a<1/2
f(x) = 1 ; A=1/2 [CBSE 2011]
Y
r ree

3/2-a ' 1/2<a<1

ouu

SOLUTION We observe that:

ad
Ydo

(LHLatA = l/2) = lim /(a) = lim (1/2-a) ■■■ - A for 0 < A < -
.V -* Ml 2
nidn

= 1/2-1/2 = 0 [Using direct substitution method]

Re
F

lim /(a) = lim (3/2-a) -A for - <A ^1

Fi

and. (RHLatA=l/2) =
2
a-^1/2+ x^Ml
= 3/2-1/2 = 1 [Using direct substitution method]
Clearly, lim /(a) 5* lim /(a).
A ^1/2" .t^l/2^

Hence, /(a) is not continuous at a =1/2. Clearly, /(a) has discontinuity of first kind at a =1/2.
2-A, A <2
EXAMPLE 5 Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) given by /(a) = 2 +A, A>2
flf A = 2.

SOLUTION We observe that:

(LHLat a=2) = lim /(a) = lim (2-a) = 2-2 = 0 ['.■ /(a) = 2 - a for a < 2]
a->2" a-»2

and. (RHL at A = 2) = lim + /(a) = lim (2 +a) = 2 + 2= 4 [■●■ fix) = 2 + A = for A > 2]
A-+2 A-+2
 CONTINUITY 8.7

lim f{x) ^ lim f(x). Hence, f{x) is not continuous at a: = 2.

x-^2~

5x-4 , when 0 < AT < 1 .

EXAMPLE 6 ShoJV that fix) = IS continuous at x =1.
[4a:^-3a: / when l<x<2
SOLUTION We have,
(LHLatA:=l) = lim f(x) - lim 5a: - 4 =5x 1-4 =1 [v /(at) = 5a: - 4, when a: < 1]
x-^1"

(RHLatA:=l) = Urn fix) =]im 4x^-3x= 4{1)^ -3(1) = 1 fix) = 4x^ -3x,x> 1]
and. /(I) = 5 X 1 - 4 = 1 [-.● fix) =5x -4, where a: <1]
lim fix) = /(I) = lim+ /(x). So,/(a:) is continuous at a: = 1.

w
x^r X->1

EXAMPLE 7 Show that the function f ix) - 2a: -1 a: [ is continuous at x = 0. ICBSE 2002]

Flo
SOLUTION We have,
fix) = 2a:-|:c| = 2a:-a:, ifA:>0_ a: , if a:>0

eeee
2a:-(-a:) , if a:<0 ” 3a: , if a: < 0

Fr
Now,
(LHL at a: = 0) = lim / ix) = lim 3x = 3 X 0 = 0
x->0 x^0“ for
ur
(RHLatA: = 0) = lim + /(A:)= lim + A:=0 and,/(O) = 0
x->0
ks

^ /{^) = lim fix) =/(0). So, / (a:) is continuous at a: = 0.

Yo
oo

Type in ON FINDING THE VALUE(S) OF A CONSTANT GIVEN IN THE DEFINITION OF A FUNCTION

eB

WHEN IT IS CONTINUOUS AT AN INDICATED POINT

A function/(a:) is continuous at a point a: = fl iff lim /(a:)= lim + fix)=fia).

ur

x~^a x -*a
ad

But, lim fix) = lim + fix) => lim fix) exists.

Yo

x-*a x-*a x->a

Thus,/(a:) is continuous at a: iff lim fix)=fia) .

x~*a
d
Re

We will use this result in finding unknown quantity in the definition of a function when it is
in

given to be continuous at a given point.

F

x^ -9 , 3
EXAMPLES Determine the value ofkfor which the function fix) = x-3 is continuous

k ^ x^3
at X = 3.

SOLUTION It is given that fix) is continuous at a: = 3.

lim fix) = /(3)
x-*3

lim fix) = k [v/(3)=fc]

x->3

2-9 (a: - 3) (a: + 3)

lim - = k => lim = k => lim (x+3) = k => 6 - k
3 a: - 3 x^ 3 x-3 x^ 3

Thus, /(a:) is continuous at x = 3, if /c = 6.

 8.8 MATHEMATICS-XII

EXAMPLE 9 Find the value of the constant kso that the function given below is continuous atx = -l.
-2x -3 , X ^ -\
fix) = x + 1
X x = -l

SOLUTION Given that /(x) is continuous at x = -1.

^ fix) = /(-1)
x-*-1

oww
x^ - 2x - 3
lim = X [V fi-l) = X]
x-»-l X +1

(x-3)(x + l)
= X => lim (x - 3) = X => -4: = X

e
lim
x->-l x + 1 x->-l

re
So, fix) is continuous at x = -1, if X = - 4.

FFrllo
2x-l , x<2

reF
EXAMPLE 10 Find the value of 'a' if thefunction fix) defined by /(x) = a , x = 2 is continuous

e
x +1 , x>2
uoru
osFr
atx = 2.

SOLUTION We find that: fkfor

(LHLatx=2) = lim fix) = lim (2x-1) = 2 x 2-1 = 3,
x^2~ x^2
kso

(RHLatx = 2) = lim fix) = x-»2

lim (x +1) = 2 +1 = 3, and, /(2) = a
ooo
Y
Yo

+
x->2
BB

Since /(x) is continuous at x = 2. Therefore,

lim fix) = lim /(x) = /(2) =>3 = 3= fl=>fl = 3
Y
r ree

x^2" x->2"^
ouu

Thus, /(x)is continuous at x = 2, if = 3.

ad
Ydo

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

ON TESTING CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION AT A POINT WHEN THE FUNCTION HAS SAME

nidn

Type I
DEFINITION ON BOTH SIDES OF THE GIVEN POINT
Re

● 1
F

X sm — , X 0 is continuous at x = 0.
Fi

EXAMPLE 11 Show that the function f{x) given by fix) =■ X

0 , x =0
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We observe that:
1
(LHLatx = 0) = lim fix) = lim fiO-h) = lim fi~h) = lim h sin
/i—>0 h—>0 /i—>0 -h
x->0"
n
= lim /i sin — = 0 x (an oscillating number between -1 and 1) = 0
h~*0 hj

(RHLat x=0) = lim fix) - lim /(0 + /i) = lim fih) = lim /i sin
h->0 h^O h-*0 u
= 0 X (an oscillating number between -1 and 1) - 0
and. /(O) = 0.
Thus, we find that: lim /(x)= lim + /(x) =/(0). Hence,/(x) is continuous at x = 0.
x-»0 x->0
CONTINUITY 8.9

-1 , zvhen x 0
EXAMPLE 12 Shota that the function f(x) given by f(x)=- + x (5

0 / when X = 0

discontinuous atx = 0. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

SOLUTION We observe that:

(LHLatx = 0)= lim /(x) = h-*0

lim /(0-/i)= h-*Q
lim f{-h)
x->0

= lim = lim gU^_0-l = -l lim ^U

,, =o
h-^0 e -l//f+ 1 h^O
1+1 0 + 1 h^O

eVh

w
and. (RHLatx = 0) = lim /(x) = lim /(0 + /i) - lim f{h)
h-*0 h-*0

,lim -rm
.'/'-I

Flo
1 1-0
lim = 1
h^O e^''’ +1 1/h 1 + 0
h^O 1+1/e

e
rree
(LHLatx = 0) (RHLatx = 0)

r FF
So, / (x) is not continuous at x = 0 and has a discontinuity of first kind at x = 0.
7i/;jc II ON TESTING CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION AT A POINT WHEN THE FUNCTION HAS DIFFERENT
uurr
for
DEFINITIONS ON BOTH SIDES OF THE GIVEN POINT

EXAMPLE 13 Discuss the continuity of the function of given l7y/(x)=|x-l|+|x-2| at x =1 and

kss

x=2.
ooook
Yo

SOLUTION We have,
fix) = |x-l|+|x-2|
eB

-(x-1)-(x-2) , if x<l - 2x + 3 , if X <1

/ (x) = ■ (x -1) - (x - 2) , if 1 < X < 2 => / (x) = 1 , if 1 < X < 2

urr

(x-l)+(x-2) , if x>2 2x-3 , x>2

ad
Yo

Continuity at x = 1:
dY

lim /(x) = lim (-2x + 3) = -2x 1 + 3 =1, lim /(x) = lim + 1 =1 and,/(I) =1.
+
x^r JC^1“ X->1 X->1
Re
innd

Urn /(X) =/(!) = lim /(x). So,/(x) is continuous at X = 1.

Fi

x^r

Continuity at x = 2:
lim /(x)= lim 1=1, lim / (x) = lim (2x - 3) = 2x 2-3 = 1
x^2" x->2"

and. /(2) = 2x 2-3 = 1.

lim / (x) = lim + / (x) = / (2). So, / (x) is continuous at x = 2.
x->2“ x^2

Type III ON FINDING THE VALUE{S) OF A CONSTANT GIVEN IN THE DEFINITION OF A FUNCTION
WHEN IT IS CONTINUOUS AT AN INDICATED POINT

EXAMPLE 14 find the value of the constant k so that the function given below is continuous at x = 0.
1 - cos 2x , x*Q
m = 2x^
k / x =0
8.10 MATHEMATICS’XII

SOLUTION It is given that the function f{x) is continuous at x = 0.

lini fix) = /(O)
a:->0

1 - COS 2x
lim = k
a: 0 2x^
2 sin^ X sin X x2
lim = k ^ lim = cf=>l^=Jt=>fc=l
x->0 2x^ i-»0 X

Thus, fix) is continuous at a: = 0, if /: = 1.

log (1 + flx) - log (1 -bx) , if
EXAMPLE 15 If the function fix) defined by fix) = X

is continuous at x = 0,find k. k , if x = 0

w
SOLUTION Since /(x) is continuous at x = 0.
lim fix) = /(O)

Flo log(l + flx)-log(l-l7x)

e
lim [●■m=k]

rree
x->0 X

r FF
lim
|log(l+flx) log(l-bx)]
uurr
log (1 + ax) log(l-bx)
for
lim - lim
X a:->0 X
kss

log (1 + ax) log(l - M

a lim ~i~b) lim
ooook
Yo

x->0 ax x->0 i~b) X

log (1 + x)
eB

rt (1) - (- b) (1) = k => a + b = k Using: lim = 1

x-»0 X
urr

Thus,/(x) is continuous atx = 0, if cf =<? + b.

ad

● 2
, X?i0
Yo

sm ax

EXAMPLE 16 Find the values of 'a' so that the function fix) defined by fix) = ● x2
dY

1 , X=0
Re
innd

may be continuous at x = 0.
Fi

SOLUTION The function fix) will be continuous at x = 0, iff

lim fix) = /(O)
x->0

:_2
sm ax
lim = 1 [v/(0)=l]
x-»0 x^
2
f sin ax']
a lim = 1 => a^ (1)^ = 1 => = ± 1
x-»0 V ax

Thus, /(x) will be continuous at x = 0, if a = ± 1.

3ax + b , if X >1

EXAMPLE 17 If the function f (x) given by f (x) = 11 , if x=l is continuous at X = 1,

5flx - 2b , if X <1

find the values ofaandb. [CBSE 2002,2010,2011,2012]

CONTINUITY 8.11

SOLUTION We find that:

{LHLat;c=l)= lim f{x)= lim {5ax-2b)-5a-2b

x^r

(RHLatx=l) = lim f{x) = lim (3ax + b) ~3a+b and, / (I) = 11.

Since / {x) is continuous at a: = 1.

lim_ f{x)=
X ^ 1 X
lim f {x) = f (1)

lim f (x) =f (1) and, lim + f (x) - f (1)

x^l“ x^l

5a-Th - 3a+b = 11 => 5fl - 2b =11 and 3a+b =ll=>fl = 3 and b = 2

ww
1 - cos 4x
, if a: < 0

EXAMPLE 18 fix) = , if a: = 0. Determine the value of a so that f (a:) is

FF loo
a

, if x>0

ree
-4

continuous at X = 0.
[CBSE 2010,2012,2013, NCERT EXEMPLAR]

rFee
SOLUTION For / (a:) to be continuous at a: = 0, we must have

F
oor r
rur
lim f(x)= lim + f{x)=f (0)
x->0 x->0
s ff
lim f {x) = lim f{x) = a

x->0 x->0'^
k
YYoou
ookos

1 - cos 4a: 1 - cos 4a:

Now, lim f{x) = lim V fix) = for a: < 0
2
x-).0" x^O
BBo

2 sin^ 2x
re

=>
lim f {x) = lim
X-9-0 X 0
ouur
ad

sin 2a: f = sin 2x-n2

Yo

lim fix) =2 lim 2x 4x lim

2x
= 8(1)^ = 8 -(ii)
x->0 X-+0 X x^O
dY
Re

and. lim fix) lim

idn

fix) = for a: > 0

x->0'^ X-+0
^16 + Vx-4 yjl6 + Vx - 4
FFin

lim fix) - lim

X —» 0 16 + Vx-16 ■^16 + 4x + 4

lim
x-^O'^+
/ (x) = lim
x^O
.^16 + 4x + 4 =4+4=8 ...(hi)

From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get fl = 8.

BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

(4'"-l)^
EXAMPLE 19 Determine f (0) so that the function f (x) defined by / (x) = 2^
X , . X
sm - log 1 + —
4 ® 3
becomes continuous at x = 0.
 8.12 MATHEMATICS-XII

SOLUTION For / (x) to be continuous at a: = 0, we must have

lim fix) =/(0)
a:-»0
>3
4^ -1

(4^-1)^ lim
X

/ (0) = lim / (a:) = lim 2^ 2>

x-»0 ;t->0 x^
in -
4
log 1 +
3 sm - log 1+^3
4

4x - x2
X 3
4; 3

(log, 4)3 = 12(log, 4)3.

/(O) =

ww
1
— X —
4 3

V2cos x-1 K (

Flo
EXAMPLE 20 // / (x) = , x ^ — .Find the value off — so that f(x) becomes continuous
cot x-1 4 4;

ee
atx = n! 4. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

rere
K

r FF
SOLUTION For / (x) to be continuous at x =—,
4
we must have
uurr
7t
lim.. /(x)=/
foor
x-*n/4

Vlcosx-l
ks s

=> / — = lim
Yoo

4y X-»7c/4 cotx-1
ooook

n . . fX n . f X- + —
K
^/2 2sm
eBB

cos X - cos - sm
2 S)
/

^=-V2 lim 2 8
TC 71

/ — = lim 7t
X smxsm —
4
4; X -»7t/4 cot X-cot-
X —> n/4
cos X sm — sm X cos -
7U 71
uurr

4 4 4;
ad

. /'X 7l'\ . X 7t
Yo

sm sm — + —
/ 7T ,— U 8j [2 8 71
=> / - =-2V2 lim X sm X sm —
dY

4; x^n/A 7C 4
-sm X —
4J
Re
innd

rX 7t X 7C
sm sm — + —
FFi

/f^j = -2^/2 lim

2 8j 2 8 . 7t
^x smx sm —
ar->n/4 - . f X 7t fX K 4
-2sm cos
2 8 2 8

.
sm
f —+
X —k') sm
. f' —71 + —
7C
I2 8) X 7t
= V2
8 8 . 7C . 7t 71 1
^ f — =V2 lim
r-
smx sm — X sm — sm — = sm —
X^rt/4 fX 71 4
cos
7t 71 4 4 4 2
cos
2 8 8 8

EXAMPLE 21 Proz?e that the greatest integer function [x] is continuous at all points except at integer
points. [NCERT]

SOLUTION Let/(x) =[x] be the greatest integer function and let /c be any integer. Then,
k-1 , if)t-l<x<fc
fix) = [X] = k , if <x <fc + 1
[By definition of [xj]
CONTINUITY 8.13

Now,
(LHL atx = k) = lim f{x) = ]im f{k - h) = lim [it - ^]
x-^k h^O /i->0

= lim (fc -1) = k -1 [v k-l<k-h<k [k-h] = k-l]

h^O

and.
(RHLatx = cf)= lim + f(x) = lim f{k + h) = lim [k + h]
x-*k ft->0 h-^0

lim k = k [-.■k<k + h<k + l lk + h] = k]

/i->0

lim f{x) ^ lim + f{x) .

x^k x-^k

w
So, f{x) is not continuous at x = k.
Since k is an arbitrary integer. Therefore, f{x) is not continuous at integer points.

Flo
Let a be any real number other than an integer. Then, there exists an integer k such that
fc -1 <a <k.

reee
Now,
(LHLat^:=fl) = lim f{x) = lim f{a-h) = lim [a-h]

FFr
X ~*a /i 0 h->0

lim k -1 = k -1 [v k -1 <a -h <k [fl -/i] = cf -1]

urr
h^O
for
{RHLat;c = rt) = lim f{x) = lim f{a + h)
x^a^ h-*0
kkss

V cf-l<fl + cf <fc
Yo
ooo

= lim [a+h] = lim (fc-l)=fc-l

h-*0 h-¥0 [a + h] = k-l
eB

and. f{a) =fc-l [■.● cf -1 < fl < cf [fl] = cf -1]

Thus, lim f(x) = lim + f{x) = f{a)
X- a x-i-a
r
ou
ad

So, f{x) is continuous at x -a. Since a is an arbitrary real number, other than an integer.
YY

Therefore, f{x) is continuous at all real points except integer points.

EXAMPLE 22
Letf{x + i/)= f{x) + f iy) for all x,y sR. If f (x) is continuous at x = 0, show that
nndd
Re

f (x) is continuous at all x.

SOLUTION Since/(x) is continuous at X = 0. Therefore,
Fi

lim / (x) = lim / (x) = / (0)

+
x^O x^O

lim f{0-h) = lim f{0 + h) -f{0)

/i->0 h->0

=>
lim f{0 + {-h))= lim f(0 + h)=f (0)
fc->0 h-^0

lim [/(0)-f/(-fc)] = ftlim

ft -> 0 -»0
[/(0)+/(fc)] =/(0) [Using :/(x + y)=/(x)+/(y)]

/(0)+ lim f{-h) =/(0)+ lim f{h) =/(0)

ft^O ft-^0

lim f{-h) - lim f (h) = 0

ft-»0 ft^O

Let a be any real number. Then,

8.14 MATHEMATICS-XII

lim / (:t) - lim f (a-h) = lim f {ci + {- h))

X->(? h^O h-¥0

lim fix) = lim I/(fl)+/(-/:)] [-f{x + y) = f{x)+f{y)]

x^a h^O

Um f (x) = f (a) + lim / (- h)

x-*a
h^O

lim f [x) = / (a) + 0 [Using (i)]

x-*a

lim f{x)= f{a).

x->a

and, lim / (::c) = lim f {a-h h)

ww
x->a h^O

lim fix) = lim \fia) + fih)] [V f{x + y)=f{x)-^fiy)]

x-*a h-^’O

lim f ix) - f (fl) + lim / (/z)

h-^0

FF loo
ree
x-^a

lim fix) = fia) + 0 = / (fl) [Using (i)]

reeF
x a

Thus, we have oroFr

r ur
lim fix) = lim fix) =fia)
s ff
x-^a x-*^a

f (x) is continuous atx = a.

k
YYouo

Since n is an arbitrary real number. So, / (a:) is continuous at all ^ e R.

kos o
BBoo

Type IV ON CONTINUITY OF COMPOSITE FUNCTION

Show that the function f ix) = | sin a: + cos x \ is continuous atx = n.
r ee

EXAMPLE 23

SOLUTION Let gix) = sin a: + cos x and hix) = | a: |. Then,

ad
ouur

ihog) (a:) =higix)) =?j (sinA: + cosA:) =| sinA: + cosA;|=/(A:)

Yo

In order to prove that/ (a:) is continuous at a: = n. It is sufficient to prove that ^ (a:) is continuous
at X = 71 and h (x) is continuous at g (;:) = sin n + cos ti = -1.
d
Re
idnY

Now, lim g(x) = lim (sinx + cosx) = sin 7t +cos t: = -1 and, g(;i) =-l
FFin

x->n X-»Jt

lim g^(x) = ^ (ti). So, ^ (x) is continuous at X = tc.

X -> 71

Let y = gin) = -1. Then,

lim hiy) = lim |y| = lim -y=-(~l) = 1 and, h igin)) = h i~l) =|-lj = 1.
y^-1 y^-i

lim hiy) = higin))

y-^-1
lim h igix)) = h igin)) => lim (5’(^)) ^ {^(^)) Mx) is continuous at g (;:)
g(x) -»-l ^(x)->g(7t)

Hence, / (x) = hog (x) is continuous at x = tl

CONTINUITY 8.15

EXERCISE 8.1
BASIC

-x-6
; if X ^ 3
1. A function/(x) is defined as f{x) = :c-3 . Show that f{x) is continuous
5 ; if =3
at a: = 3.

-9
; if x^ 3
2. Afunction/(A:)isdefinedas f{x) = x-3 . Show that f{x) is continuous atx = 3.
6 ; if a: = 3

w
; for a: 1
3. Iffix) = AT-1 Find whether f{x) is continuous at a: = 1.
2 ; for x=l

Flo
sin 3a:
, when x=^0
4. If fix) Find whether f{x) is continuous at a: = 0.

ee
X
1 , when a: = 0

Fr
5. If fix) I , if X 0 Find whether / is continuous at x = 0.
1 , if X = 0 for
ur
1 - cos X
, when X 0
6. Let/{x) = x2 . Show that/(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.
ks

1 , when X = 0
Yo
oo

^“1^1
—-, when X 5^ 0
eB

7. Show that/(x) = 2 is discontinuous at x = 0.

2 , when x = 0
ur

\x -a
, when x^ a
ad

8. Show that fix) -■ is discontinuous at x = fl.

Yo

x-a

1 , when x=a

l + x2
nd

, if 0<x<l
Re

9, Show that/(x) = is discontinuous at x = 1.

l2-x , if x>l
Fi

3x- 2 , x<0
10. Examine the continuity of the function /(x) = x + 1 , x>0
at x = 0.

Also sketch the graph of this function.

x>0

11. Discuss the continuity of the function/(x) = X = 0 at the point x = 0.

x<0

X , 0<x<l/2
12. Discuss the continuity of the function /(x) = 1/2 , x=\!2 at the point X =1/2.
1 -X , l/2<x^l
2x-l ,x<0
13. Discuss the continuity of /(x) =● atx = 0. [CBSE 2002]
2x +1 , X > 0
8.16 MATHEMATICS-XII

-I
, x^l
14. For what value of k is the function f{x) =■ x -1 continuous at x = 1 ?

k , x =l

x^ -3x +2
, if x^l
15. Determine the value of the constant cf so that the function/(a:) = x-1
k , if x = l
is continuous at x = 1
.2
X
if 0<x<l

16. If/(x) = 2 ' . Show that / is continuous at x = 1.

2x^ - 3x + - ifl <x<2

w
2 '
X -| x| , X5i 0
17. Prove that/(x) =● x is discontinuous at x = 0.

Flo
2 , x =0

ee
2x^ + cf , if X > 0
18. If/(x) = , then what should be the value of k so that / (x) is

Fr
- 2x^ + cf , if X < 0
continuous at X = 0.
for
ur
19. For what value of X, is the function / (.v) =
\{x^-2x) , if X < 0
continuous at x = 0?
4x + l , if X > 0
ks

What about continuity at x = ± 1 ? INCERT]

Yo
oo

'2x + l ; ifx<2

20. For what value of k is the function f (x) = I k x =2 continuous at x = 2?

eB

3x-l ; x>2

[CBSE 20081
ur

sin 5x
ad

if x=?i 0
Yo

21. For what value of A: is the function/(x) = 3x continuous at x = 0 ?

k , if x = 0

[kx^ , if x<2
nd
Re

22. Determine the value of the constant k so that the function /(x) = is
3 if x>2
Fi

continuous at x = 2. INCERT]
sin 2x
, if X 0 is
;
23. Determine the value of the constant k so that the function /(x) = 5x
k , if x = 0
continuous at x = 0. [CBSE 2007]
flx + 5 , if X < 2
24. Findthevaluesoffl sothatthefunction/(x) = x-1 , if x>2
is continuous at x = 2.

[CBSE 2002]

BASED ON LOTS

25. Discuss the continuity of the following functions at the indicated point(s):
cos , x^O
(i) /W = \xj atx = 0 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
0 , :t = 0
CONTINUITY 8.17

2 ■
1
X sin , X It 0 (:c - a) sin , a
(ii) m = \x) at x = 0 (iii) fix) = \x-a) a.tx=a

0 , .t = 0 0 , x=a

-1 1-x"
, if a: 0 , x^l
(iv) f{x) = I log (1 + 2x) at.Y = 0 {v)f{x)=\i-x H € N at a: = 1

7 , ifAT = 0 n-l , x=\

x^ -1| , for X 1
21a:| + a:^
,x=^0 at x = 0
(vi) fix) =\ x-1 at X = 1 (vii) /(x) = x

2 , for X = 1 0 ,x = 0

ww
(Viii) fix) =p a \ sin , for X fl
\x~aj at x = fl [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
0 , for X = fl

FF loo
X

26. Prove that the function /(x) =● |x| + 2x^ remains discontinuous at x = 0,

ree
k , x=0

[NCERT EXEMPLAR]

rFee
regardless the choice oik.

F k cos X , x^nll
oor r
rur
27. Find the value of cf if/(x) is continuous at x = It/2, where/(x) = n~2x
s ff
3 , x = 7c/2
k

[NCERT]
YYoou
ookos

sin 2x , X 0
28. For what value of/c is the function/(x) = ■ X continuous at x = 0 ?
BBo

it , x =0
re

2x + 3 sin X
29. If / (x) = , X 0 is continuous at x = 0, then find / (0).
3x + 2 sin X
ouur
ad

1 - cos 4x
Yo

, when X 0
30. Find the value of for which /(x) =● 8x^ is continuous at x = 0.
k , when x = 0
dY
Re
idn

[CBSE 2000 C, 2017, NCERT EXEMPLAR]

31. In each of the fol]owing, find the value of the constant k so that the given function is
FFin

continuous at the indicated point:

1 - cos 2kx if X 0
at x = 0
(i)/W= x2
8, if X = 0
nx if X ?!= 1
(x-1) tari— , at X =1
(ii) fix) =
k , if X = 1

(iii) /(X) =
k (x^ - 2x) , if X < 0
at x = 0 [NCERT]
cos X , if X > 0

fcc + 1 , if X < 7t
(iv) /(X) = at X = 71 [NCERT]
cos X , if X > 71
8.18 MATHEMATICS-XII

'kx + 1 , if :« < 5
(V) fix) if a: > 5
at a: =5
3x -5 ,

-25
, x=^5
(Vi) fix) a: -5 at a: =5 ICBSE2007]
k , X =5

(vii) fix)
kx^ ,x>l at x=l [CBSE2007]
4 , a:<l

(viu) fix) ^|jt{ar^+2),ifa:<0

1 3a: + l
at X = 0. [CBSE2010]
, if X > 0

x^+x^-16x + 20
,x 2

w
(ix) fix) (x-2f at X = 2. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
k ,x = 2

Flo
32. Find the values of a and b so that the function / given by
1 , ifx<3

eee
fix)=-ax + b, if3<x<5 is continuous at x = 3andx = 5. ICBSE 2013]
7 , ifx>5

Fr
33. Find the relationship between 'a' and 'b' so that the function 'f' defined by
flx +1, if X < 3 . for
fix) = is continuous at x = 3. [CBSE2011]
ur
fcx + 3 , if X > 3
34. If the functions / (x), defined below is continuous at x = 0, find the value of k:
ks

1 - cos 2x
Yo

, x<0
oo

2x2
fix) = k , x =0 ICBSE 2010]
eB

X
, x>0
1^1
r

BASED ON HOTS
ou
ad

sin 3x
, if X < 0
YY

tan 2x
3
35. Show that fix) = , if X = 0 is continuous at x = 0
nd
Re

2
log (1 + 3x) , ifx>0
Fi

e^^-1
36. Find the value of 'a' for which the function / defined by
a sin — (x +1), X < 0
2
fix) = is continuous at x = 0. ICBSE 2011]
tan X - sin X
, X > 0
x3
37. Detemune the values of a, b, c for which the function

sin (fl +1) X + sin X , for x < 0

X

fix) = c , for X = 0 is continuous at x = 0.

yjx-i-bx^ -4x , for X > 0

^^3/2
CONTINUITY 8.19

1 - cos kx

38. Uf{x) = ■
X sm X
is continuous at a: = 0, find k. (NCERT EXEMPLAR]
1
, a: = 0
2

x-A
+ a , if a: <4
lx-4|
39. lff{x) = ■ a + b , if a: = 4 is continuous at a: = 4, find <2,6. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
a:-4
+ b
x-4\ , a x>4
{ x^ f X
log 1+ -

ww
aj
40. Let f{x) = , x*^0. Find the value of / at x = 0 so that / becomes
X

continuous at x = 0.

Floo
+ 2
-16
, if X 2
41. l{f{x) = ■ 4* -16 is continuous at X = 2,findlc. INCERT EXEMPLAR]

ee
k , ifx = 2

eer
cos^ x-sin^ x-1

FFr
i;

, X 0
42. If/(:c) = ■ Vx^+l -1 is continuous at x = 0, find k.
oorr
uur r
s ff
k , x =0
1 - cos 7 (x - 7t)
43. Extend the definition of the following by continuity /(x) = at the
sk
YYoo

5 (x - 7l)^
ooko

point X = 7C.
eBB

44. Discuss the continuity of the / (x) at the indicated points:

(i) fix) = |xl+|x-l at X = 0,1.
uurr

(ii) fix) = I x-11 +1 X +1 atx = -1,1. INCERTEXEMPLAR]

ad
Yo

1 -sin^ X if x<-
7t

3 cos^ X 2
dY

45. Let/(x) = ■ a , if X = — . If / (x) is continuous at x = -, find a and b.

Re
ind

6 (1 - sin x) ■ e 2^
FFin

' lfx>-
{rt-2xf 2
(CBSE 2008, 2016]
ANSWERS

3. Continuous 4. Discontinuous 5- Discontinuous 10. Discontinuous

ll. Discontinuous 12. Continuous 13. Discontinuous 14. 2

15. -1 18. k is any real number.

19. There is no value of X for which it is continuous at x = 0. At x = ± 1, / (x) is continuous
20. k=5 21- 5/3 22. 3/4 23. 2/5
24. -2 25. (i) Continuous (ii) Continuous (iii) Continuous
(iv) Discontinuous (v) Discontinuous (vi) Discontinuous (vii) Discontinuous
(viii) Continuous 27. 6 28. 2 29. 1 30. 1
8.20 MATHEMATICS-XII

-2 -2
31. (i) cf = ± 2 (ii) k = (iii) No value of k (iv) k =
n 71

(v).=| (vi) A: =10 (vii) A: = 4 (viii) A: =1/2 (ix) k=7

1
32. a = 3,b=-8 33, 3fl-3&=2 34. A:=l 36. a=-
2

37. fl=-

a +b
|,i.ER-10),c=i 38. ±1 39. a = l,h = -l

40. 41. 1/2 42. -4 43. 49/10

ab
1
44. (i) Continuous, (ii) Continuous 45. fl=-,&=4
2 '

ww
HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

kx^ , x< 2 is
22. If/(;c) = continuous at a: = 2, then

FF loo
^ , -i>2
lim f{x)= lim /(x)=/(2)=> lim kx^ = _v0+
lim 3 =A: (2)^ => 4A: = 3 => k= —

ree
x^2~ x^2
+
x-)-2~ x-*2 4

k cos X 71

reFe
n~2x 2 : K
27. It is given that/(a:) = ■ is continuous at a: = —.
oor rF
2
rur
71
3 , a: = —
2
s ff
lim /(.v)=/[/
k

—»jt/2 \2
YYoou
okso

k cos .V
lim = 3 => cf lim sin (k/2-x) _ k = 3 => cf = 6
k2 2{n/2-x) ^
BBoo

x~>n/2 7t-2A: 2
r ee

31. (iii) It is given that / (a:) =

k{x^ -2x), X < 0
cos X , a: S 0
ouur
ad

lim / (a:) = lim k {x^ - 2a:) = 0 for all k

Yo

lim /(a:) = lim + cos a: = 1 and,/(0) = cos 0 = 1

d
idnY
Re

x^O

Clearly, there is no value of cf for which lim / (a:) = lim f {x)=f (0) may hold good.
FFin

x->0" x^O'*'

Hence, there is no value of cf for which / (x) is continuous at x = 0.

fcx + l,x<7i.is ^
(iv) It is given that / (x) = contmuous at x = tl
cos X , X > 71

x-)-n
lim fix) = lim^ X -> JI
2
lim cfx + 1 = lim cosx = cf7t + l=> cf7c + l=cos7r=> fc7i4-l=-l=>fc = —
x-*n X —> n'*’ 7t

8.4 CONTINUITY ON AN INTERVAL

CONTINUITY ON AN OPEN INTERVAL A function f(x) is said to be continuous on an open interval (a, b)
iff it is continuous at every point on the interval (a, b).
CONTINUITY ON A CLOSED INTERVAL A function f(x) is said to be continuous on a closed interval [a, b]
iff
CONTINUITY 8.21

(i) f is continuous on the open interval (a, b) (ii) lim f{x)=f{a) and, (Hi) lim f{x)=f(b).
I ->fl x^b~

In other words, fix) is continuous on [a, b] iff it is co7itinuous on (a, b) and it is contmuous at a from the
right and at bfrom the left.
CONTINUOUS FUNCTION A function fix) is said to be continuous, if it is continuous at each point of its
domain.

EVERYWHERE CONTINUOUS FUNCTION A function fix) is said to be everywhere continuous if it is

continuous on the entire real line (- oo, oo).

8.5 PROPERTIES OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

In this section, we shall learn some properties of continuous functions and prove the continuity
of some standard real functions in their domains.

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THEOREM 1 Iff and g are two continuous functions on their common domain D, then
(i) f + g is continuous on D (ii) f -g is contmuous on D

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(iii) fgis continuous onD (iv) a f is continuous on D, where a is any real number.

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(v) — is continuous on D-{x: ^(j:) 0| (vi) — is continuous on D ~{x-.fix) ^ 0)
g /

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PROOF Let a be an arbitrary point in common domain D. Since / and g are continuous on D. So,
they are also continuous at V. ^
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^ fix) =/(«) and lim g(:e) = g(a)
foor ...(i)
x-*a x-*a

(i) We find that

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lim (/ + g) (x) = lim (/ (x) + ^ (a:)) = lim / (a:) + lim g (x)

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x-*a x-*a X ~>a I -> fl

f (a)+g (a) = (f + g) (a) [Using (i)]

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f + g is continuous at a: =
uurr

Since a is an arbitrary point in D. Hence, / + ^ is continuous on D.

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(ii) We find that

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lim if-g) (x) = lim (J{x)-g{x)) = lim f{x)- lim g{x)

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x-*a x->a x->a x-*a

= fia)-gia)= if-g){a) [Using (i)]

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f ~ g is continuous atx = a.
Since a is an arbitrary point inD. Hence, f -gis continuous inD.
(iii) We find that
lim (fg){x) = lim (fix) g(x)) = lim f(x)x lim g(x)
x-¥a x-*a x-^a x-*a

= /(«) g(«) = ifg) («) [Using (i)l

fg is continuous atx = a.
Since a is an arbitrary point in D. Hence, fg is continuous in D.
(iv) We find that
lim {af){x) - lim (a/(ar)) = a lim /(ar)= af{a) = (a/) (fl) [Using (i)]
x~*a a: -> fl x-^a

a / is continuous at a: = a.
Since a is an arbitrary point in D. Hence, (ff is continuous in D.
 8.22 MATHEMATICS-XM

(v) Let fl eD such that^(fl) ■* O.Then,

[im /(j:)
/ /w x->a /(«) /
lim (x) = lim ^ («)
x-*a
g{x) lim g{a)
x-*a

f .
— is continuous at a: = fl.
S
f
SmceflisanarbitrarypointinDsuchthat^(fl) O.Hence, —is continuous on D -|A::g(x) ^ 0}.
g

(vi) Let <7 € D such that / {a) # 0. Then,

\ (.t) = lim
1 1 1
lim [Using (i)]

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x-^a
f{x) lim fix) f{a)
1 .
— is continuous at x - a.

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f

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Since a is arbitrary point in D such that f{a) # 0. Hence, 1// is continuous on D - {a: : f{x) * 0).
Q.E.D.

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THEOREM 2 Jhe composition of two continuous functions is a continuous function.
PROOF
Let / and g be two real functions such that gof exists. Then, Range (/) c Domain (^).
for
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Let fl be an arbitrary point in the domain of/. Then,
a € Domain (/) ^ / (c) e Range (/) ^ / (a) e Domain{^) [■.● Range (/) c Domain (g)]
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Since / and g are continuous on their domains. Therefore,

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oo

a e Domain (/) and / (a) e Domain (g)

=> /is continuous at a: = <7 and g is continuous at/ {a)
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=> lim fix) =/(fl)and lim giy) = gifia))

x-*a
y^f(a)
ur

lim fix) = / (fl) and lim g(J(x)) = gifia)), wherey = fix)

ad

f{x) ->/(<!)
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x-*a

lim gifix)) = gifia)) [v x^a^ fix)^fia)]

x-*a
d
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lim gof ix) = gof ia) go/is continuous at a: = a.

in

x->a
F

Sinceis an arbitrary point in its domain. Hence, gof is continuous. Q.E.D.

THEOREMS
Iff is continuous on its domain D, then \f\is also continuous on D.
PROOF Recall that | / ] (known as absolute function) is defined as | /1 (x) = | / (a:) |.
Let 13 be an arbitrar)^ real number in D. Then, / is continuousat a.
lim fix) = / (i3)
x^a
Now,

lim \f\ix) = lim \fix)

x-*a x-*a
[By definition of | /1 ]

lim \f\ix) =
x-*a
lim fix) = fia) \ = \f\ia)
x->a

/[ is continuous at a: = a.
Since a is an arbitrary point in D. Therefore, | /1 is continuous in D. Q.E.D.
CONTINUITY 8.23

REMARK
The converse of the above theorem may not be true. For example, consider the function
1 , if X eZ
fix) = if X sR - Z

Let a be an arbitrary integer. Then,

lim f (x) = lim f{a-h) = lim -1=~1 [●/ h > 0, a - h ^ Z as h is very small]
x-*a
h^O /t->0

lim f {x) = lim f{a + h) = lim -1 = -1 and, f(a) = 1.

x-*a ‘ h->0 li-¥0

lim / (;t) = lim / (.v) * f («)

x-^a

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So, f is discontinuous at X = a.
Nozv, \ f \ {x) = \ f (x) \ = 1 for all x eR. So, \ f\ is a constant function and hence , it is everywhere
continuous.

THEOREM 4 A constant function is everywhere contmuoiis.

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PROOF Let f{x) = c, where c is a constant. Clearly, the domain of a constant function is R.
Let a be any real number. Then,

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lim fix) = lim c = c and,f{a) = c. 1 -

x—*a X —» rt
oroFr
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lim f (x) = f (fl) ^ / (a:) is continuous at x = a.
s ff
X -> fl

But, fl is an arbitrary real number. Hence, / (a:) is continuous on R. Q.E.D.

k
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REMARK 1 It is evident from the graph of a constant function that is everywhere continuous.
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THEOREM 5 The identity function is everywhere continuous.

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PROOF Let f (x) = X for all x e K be the identity function. Let a be any real number. Then,
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lim / (x) = lim x = a and, / (a) = a.

x-*a x-^a
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lim / (x) = / (fl). So,/(x) is continuous at X = a.

ouur
Yo

x-*a

Since « is an arbitrary real number. Hence, / (x) is continuous on R i.e. it is everywhere

continuous.
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REMARK 2 The above fact can be easily observedfrom the graph of the identity fmction. Q.E.D.
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THEOREM 6 A polynomial function is everywhere continuous.

PROOF Let f {x) =Uq + aix + ajx^ +... + fl„x", n eZ,n> 0, x e R be a polynomial function.
We shall prove the theorem by induction on n.
Step I Whenn = 0, we have
f (x) =
Clearly, / (x) is a constant function which is everywhere continuous
When n - 1, we have
/ (^) = %+a-i X.
Clearly, / (x) is the sum of a constant function and a multiple of the identity function. So, being
the sum of two everywhere continuous functions, / (x) is everywhere continuous.
Step II Let every polynomial function of degree at most n be everywhere continuous.
Consider a general polynomial function of degree {n + 1).
 8.24 MATHEMATICS-XII

+ 1
g(:c) = aQ + aiX + a2X^ + ... + a„x’^ + a„ + 1 x" , where 0.

g{x) = aQ+x{a-^+a2X + ... + 0jjX^'~'^ + Ojj^-^x”)

Clearly, it is the sum of a constant function Aq (which is everywhere continuous) and the product
of the identity function x (which is everywhere continuous) and the polynomial function
ai^ + a2 X +... + I of degree at most n (which is everywhere continuous by induction
assumption). Therefore, g (at) is everywhere continuous.
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, a polynomial function is everywhere
continuous.

A simple consequence of the above theorem is the following: Q.E.D.

COROLLARY Every rational function is continuous at every point in its domain.
Six)
PROOF Let / (a:) = h (a:) 0 be a rational function. Then, g (a:) and h (at) are polynomial

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h{x)'
functions.

The domain of / (a:) is the set D = R - {.y : ^ (y) = 0}.

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Since polynomial functions are everywhere continuous. Therefore, g (y) and h (y) are

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continuous on D.

g{x)
Hence, by theorem 1, / (y) = is continuous on D.

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h (y)

F
THEOREM 7 The modtdus function is everywhere continuous. oor r
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PROOF We know that the identify function is everywhere continuous.
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Also, if / is continuous, then | /1 is also continuous. Therefore, | y | is everywhere continuous.
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Q.E.D.
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THEOREM 8 The exponential function a^, a >0is everywhere continuous.

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PROOF Letf{x) = fl^.Then,

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-I -1
lim - lim Y + 1 = lim X lim Y+ lim 1 =(log^ flx 0) +1 =1.
uur r

Y->0 Y Y -> 0 Y Y->0 .Y->0

ad
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Let c be an arbitrary real number. Then,

~^=a^x^=a^ =f{c)
c-h 1
lim / (y) = lim f (c-h) = lim a = a lim a lim
h->0 a'‘
dY

x->c /i->0 h-^0 h-^0

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c+h
and. lim / (y) = lim f (c + h) = lim a = a<^ lim = <7*^ X 1 = = / (c)
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x-^c* lt-*0 /j^O h->0

lim / (y) = lim^ / (y) = / (c)

x->c Y C

So, / (y) is continuous at y = c.

Since c is an arbitrary real number. Hence, / (y) = a^ is everywhere continuous.
Q.E.D.
COROLLARY e^ is everywhere continuous.
THEOREM 9 The logarithmic function is continuous in its domain.
PROOF Let/ (y) = logc Y, where c > 0be the logarithmic function. Clearly, domain (/) =(0, co).
Let a be an arbitrary point in (0, oo). Then,
lim / (y) = lim f {a + h)
Y —> fl h-*0
 8.25
CONTINUITY

lim / (x) = lim log. (fl + h)

r h
lim / (x) = lim log^ a 1 + —

f { h
lim + / (x) = lim ] logj- a + log^ 1 + —
x-*a
/I-+0 a

h
lim / (x) = logc a + lim log^ 1 + -
i h-*0 { ^
f.logc fi1 + -^
\

a
h
lim / (x) = logc ^ ^ X —

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h ^ 0 h a
X

logc 1 + 'a
h
lim / (x) = logc ^ X lim

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h /i->0 fl

ree F
=:> lim +
r FF
/ (x) = logc ^ + logc c X 0 = logc ^ = / (®)
X-^fl
fofroF
Similarly, we obtain : lim / (x) = / (fl)
u
X->fl“
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lim / (x) = / (fl) = lim /(x). So,/(x) is continuous at X = a.

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/j
YYouor

x-^a
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Since is an arbitrary point in (0, co). Hence, / (x) is continuous on (0, co). Q.E.D.
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THEOREM 10 The sine function is everyivhere continuous.

PROOF Let / (x) = sin x and let a be an arbitrary real number. Then,
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ad

lim / (x) = lim f {a + h)

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X fl'*’ -> 0

lim + / (x) = lim sin {a + h)

d

h->0
Re

x-*a
inY

lim / (x) = lim {sin a cos h + cos a sin /t)

FFind

X -*a
h^O

lim / (x) - sin a lim cos h + cos lim sin h

X-><7
h^O

lim / (x) = sin a x 1 + cos x 0 lim sin /i = 0 and lim cos h = 1

+ h~*0
x-*a

lim + / (x) = sin fl = / (a)

x->a

Similarly, we obtain
lim / (x) = / (a)
x-*a

lim / (x) = / (fl) = lim /(x). =i> / (x) is continuous at X = (j.

X-»fl X -> 17
 8.26 MATHEMATICS-XII

Since fl is an arbitrary real number. Hence,/(x) = sin :r is everywhere continuous. Q.E.D.

THEOREM 11 The cosine function is everywhere continuous.

PROOF Let/(a:) = cos a: and let <7 be any real number. Then,
lim + / (x) = lim f {a + h)
h->0

lim + / (x) = lim cos {a + h)

X -*a h->0

lim + / (x) = lim {cos a cos h - sin a sin h]

X -*a h^O

lim / (x) - cos a lim cos h - sin £7 lim sin h

x-^a h^O /j->0

w
lim / (x) = (cos £7) X 1 - sin £7 X 0 lim cosh=l and lim sin h=0
x^a /j->0

lim

Flo/ (x) = cos £7 = f (a)

e
x-*a

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Similarly, we obtain

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lim / (x) = / (£7)
X ->a
uurr
lim /(x) =
for
lim + /(x) = f (a). So,/(x) is continuous at x = a
X-^(l a: —» fl
kss

Since a is an arbitrary real number. Hence, / (x) is everywhere continuous. Q.E.D.

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THEOREM 12 The tangent function is continuous in its domain.

PROOF Let / (x) = tan x. Clearly, domain (/) = K -j (2n +1) ~ :neZ
eB

sm X
We have, /(x) = tan x = . Since sin x and cos x are everywhere continuous. Therefore,
urr

cos X
ad
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/ (x) = tan X is continuous for all x e K except when cos x 9^ 0. But, cos X = 0 at
X = {2n + l) k/2, n e Z.
dY

Hence,/(x) = tan x is continuous for all x e K - {{2t7 +1) tc/2 :n e Z|. Q.E.D.
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innd

THEOREM 13 (i) The cosecant function is continuous in its domain.

(ii) The secant function is continuous in its domain.
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(iii) The cotangent function is continuous in its domain.

PROOF It is the direct consequence of the above Theorems and Theorem 1.
THEOREM14 / (x) = sin” ^ x is CO«fmwoi£S on [-1,1].
PROOF
Let £7 be an arbitrary point in [-1,-1]. Lety = sin” ^x. Then, x = siny.
X £7 => sin y -> £7 => y ^ sin ” ^ £7.
lim / (x) - lim sin”^x = lim
● -1
Thus, y = sm a = / (£7)
X -*a X -^a
y->sin” ^ a
So, / (x) is continuous at X = a.
Since a is an arbitrary point of [-1, Ij. Hence, / (x) = sin” ^ x is continuous on [-1, Ij.
Q.E.D.
REMARK Proceeding as above, it can be shoivn that all inverse trigonometric functions are continuous
in their respective domains.
CONTINUITY 8.27

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

Tijpe I ON TESTING THE CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION IN ITS DOMAIN

\x-4\ x-^ 4
EXAMPLE 1
If a function f is defined as f(x)-■ x-4 . Shoxv thatf is everi/zuhere continuous
0 X =4

except at x = 4.
SOLUTION We have.
x-4\ x^4

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fix) = x-4 '
0 , x =4

x-4
x<4

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ee
x-4 - (x - 4), .r < 4
fix) = ● =1 ; x>4 ●●● \x-4

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x-4 x-4, x>4

r FF
0 x-4
uurr
foor
Whenx<4, we have /(x)=-l, which, being a constant function, is continuous at each
ks s
point X < 4.
Yoo

Also, when x > 4, we have f{x) =1, which, being a constant function, is continuous at each
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point X > 4.
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Let us consider the point x = 4. We find that

lim fix) - lim -1 = -1, lim /(x) = lim 1=1 and, /(4) = 0.
uurr

x->4 ar -♦ 4 x-*i
+ ar^4
ad
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lim fix) ^ lim fix). So, fix) is not continuous at x = 4.

x->4
dY

Hence,/(x) is everywhere continuous, except at x = 4.

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innd

sin 2x , if X < 0
FFi

EXAMPLE 2 Discuss the continuity of the function fix) = ● X

X + 2 , if X > 0
sin 2x
SOLUTION When x < 0, we have fix) = . We know that sin 2x as well as the identity
X

function x both are everywhere continuous. So, the quotient function — ^ = fix) is
continuous at each x < 0.

When, X > 0, we have/(x) =x + 2, which being a polynomial function, is continuous at each

X > 0. Let us now consider the point x = 0. We find that
sin 2x sin 2x
lim fix) - lim - 2 Bm = 2 (1) = 2, lim + fix) - lim x + 2 = 2
x-»0 x->0 X 2x X 0 x-»0

and. /(O) =0 + 2 = 2
8.28 MATHEMATICS-XII

lim f{x) - lim + f{x) =/(0). So,/(x) is also continuous at a: = 0.

x->0

Hence, f{x) is everywhere continuous.

EXAMPLE 3 Discuss the continuity of the function f{x) =<

^
x
, if:c^0
0 / if^: = 0

SOLUTION We have.
- X
= -l , ifx<0
x

— , if X 0 X, if X > 0

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f{x) = => fix) = — =1 , if x>0
-X, if X < 0
X
0 , if x = 0
0 / if X 5= 0

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We observe that f{x) is a constant function for all x < 0 as well as for x > 0. So, it is continuous for

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all X > 0 and for all x < 0. Consider the point x = 0. At x = 0, we find that

Fr
(LHLatx = 0) = lim f(x) = lim -1 = -1 and, (RHL at x = 0) = lim /(x) = lim 1=1

rF
x-»0 x->0
uurr
(LHLatx = 0) (RHLatx = 0)
for
So, f{x) is not continuous at x = 0. Hence,/(x) is continuous at each point, except at x = 0.
s
kks

2x-l , ifx<0
Discuss the continuity of the function f{x) given byf(x) =
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EXAMPLE 4
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2x + l , ifx>0
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[CBSE 2002]

SOLUTION When X < 0, we have/(x) = 2x-1. Clearly,/(x) is a polynomialfunction for x < 0.

So, /(x) is continuous for all x < 0.
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ad

When X > 0, we have /(x) = 2x +1. Clearly, /(x) is a polynomial function for x > 0. So, it is
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continuous for all x > 0.

Let us now consider the point x = 0. At x = 0, we find that

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lim /(x) = lim (2x-l) = -1 and. Urn f{x) = lim (2x + l) = 1.

in

x^O x->0
F

lim /(x) ¥= lim + f(x)

x->0 x->0

So,/(x) is not continuous at X = 0. Hence,/(x) is everywhere continuous except at x = 0.

Type II ON FINDINGTHE VALUERS)OF A CONSTANTGIVEN IN THE DEFINITION OF A FUNCTION WHEN
IT IS CONTINUOUS ON ITS DOMAIN

kx^ / ifx^2 IS,

EXAMPLE 5 Determine the value of the constant k so that the function f(x) =
1 3 , ifx>2

continuous. [NCERT]
SOLUTION When x < 2, we have /(x) = k x^, which being a polynomial function is continuous
at each x < 2.

When X > 2, we have /(x) = 3, which being a constant function is continuous at each x > 2.
CONTINUITY 8.29

Let us now consider the point a: = 2. At = 2, we have

(LHL at a: = 2) = lim f(x) = lim
x-*2
= 4 [●-● fix) = kx^ for a: < 2]
x^2~

(RHLatA: = 2)= lim + /(a:) = lim 3 = 3 ['■' /(^) = 3 for a: > 2]

x^2 x-*2

and, f(2) = k{lf = 4k.

As fix) is continuous in its domain. Therefore, it is also continuous at a: = 2. Consequently, we
have

lim fix) = /(2) = lim fix) => 4^: = 3 => cf = -

X-J.2+ 4

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1 , if a: < 3
EXAMPLE6 If fix) = ■ ax + b , if 3<a:<5 . Determine the values of a and b so that fix) is
7 , iI5<x

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continuous.

SOLUTION The given function is a constant function for all a: < 3 as well as for all a: > 5. So, it is

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continuous for all a: < 3 as well as for all x > 5. We know that a polynomial function is
continuous. So, the given function is continuous for all x € (3,5). Thus,/(x) is continuous at each
X 6 R except possibly at x = 3 and x = 5.

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At X = 3, we have oroFr
r ur
lim fix) = lim 1=1, lim /(x) = lim ax + b = 3a + b and,/(3)=1
s ff
3“ 3
k
YYouo

For /(x) be continuous at x = 3, we must have

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lim fix) = lim fix) = fi3) => 1 = 3a+ b -(i)

BBoo

x^3“ x-> 3
r ee

At X = 5, we have
/(^) = Ihn ax + b = 5a + b, lim + fix) - lim 7=7 and, /(5) = 7
x^5 x->5
ad

x->5 x^5
ouur
Yo

For fix) to be continuous at x = 5, we must have

lim fix) = lim fix) = /(5) => 5a+ b =7 ...{ii)
d

x->5” X-+5''’
Re
idnY

Solving (i) and (ii), we get: a = 3,b --8.

FFin

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

EXAMPLE 7 Show that the function f defined by fix) = 11 - x +1 x | is everywhere continuous.

[NCERT]

SOLUTION Let^(x) = 1 - X +1 XI and h(x) = | x | be two functions defined on R. Then,

ihog) (x) = higix)) = ft(l-x + |x|) =|l-x + |x|| = fix) for all x eR.
Since (1 - x), being a polynomial function and | x | being a modulus function are continuous on R.
Therefore, ^(x) = l-x+|x| is everywhere continuous. Also, /t(x)=|x| is everywhere
continuous. Hence, / = hog is everywhere continuous.
|l-x-x|, if X <0 (1 - 2x), if X < 0
ALITER We have, fix) = 11 - x +1 x| | = ● 1 -x + x| ,ifx>0 “I 1 ,ifx>0
 8.30 MATHEMATICS-XII

For X < 0, we have f{x) = l~2x. Clearly, f{x) is a polynomial function. So, f{x) is continuous for
ail a: < 0.

For x>0,f{x)=l, being a constant function, is continuous. So, a: = 0 is the only point of possible
discontinuity.
Now, lim f{x)= lim (1-2a)=1 and lim f{x)= lim 1=1
x->0 i->0 x^0+ x^O

Thus, lim f{x)=f{0)- lim + /(a:). So,/(x) is continuous at x = 0. Hence,/(a:) is everywhere

AT->0" x->0

discontinuous.
EXAMPLE 8
Prove that f{x) = ^\x\-x is continuous for all x>0.
SOLUTION Let^(A') =[ x|-a: and /?(a:) =Vx. Clearly, domain (^) = R and domain (/i) = [0, oo).

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Also, ^(a:)) and h{x) are continuous in their domains.
We observe that

Domain {hog) = {a: e Domain (^): ^(a:) 6 Domain (h)}

Flo = {a: G R : I a; I - X e [0, co)} = (a: g R : a: > 0| = [0, oo)

e
Since g(A:) and h{x) are continuous on their respective domains. Therefore, hog: [0, co) ^ R is

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also continuous.

r FF
^x-x=0 ,if a:>0
ALITER
We have, f{x) = ^\x\ -x => f{x) -■
uurr
for
yj-x-x =-s/-2a, if a: <0
For .A > 0, we have f{x) = 0, which being a constant function, is continuous.
kss

For 'A < 0, we have f{x) = yj-2x

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Yo

We know that the square root function is continuous in its domain. So, f{x) = ^-2x is
continuous for all a < 0.
eBB

Now,
lim /(a) = lim = 0 and, lim + /(a) = lim 0=0
urr

x-»^0 x^O x-»0 x->0

ad

lim /(a)=/(0)= lim /(a). So,/(a) is continuous at A = 0.

Yo

.T-»0 x-»0+
dY

Hence, /(.v) is everywhere continuous.

m (a^ - 2a) /
Re

ifA<0
innd

EXAMPLE 9 Determine the value of the constant m so that the function /(a) = cos A , ifA>0
Fi

is continuous.

SOLUTION When a < 0, we have /(a) = m(x^ - 2a), which being a polynomial is continuous at
each A < 0.

When A > 0, we have /(.a) = cos a, which being a cosine function is continuous at each a > 0.
Let us now consider the point a = 0. At a = 0, we have
(LHL at A = 0) = lim /(a) = x->0
lim m (x^ - 2a) = 0 for all values of m.
x-»0

and. (RHLatA = 0) = lim /(a) = lim cos a = 1

x^O x^O

Clearly, lim /(a) lim /(a) forany valueof w. So,/(A)cannotbemade continuous for any
x->0“ x^O'*'

value of m. In other words, the value of m does not exist for which/ (a) can be made continuous.
CONTINUITY 8.31

BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

EXAMPLE 10
Given fix) = —^.Find the points ofdiscontinuity of the compositefunction f (f(x)).
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We find that

lim fix) = lim / (1 - /i) = lim - C30 and, lim f{x) = lim / (1 + h) - lim — —» oo
X->1 h->0 h-*0-h h^O h->Q h

lim fix) * lim fix)

X -► 1” X 1'*’

ww
So, fix) is discontinuous at x = 1. Also, fix) is not defined at x = 1. So, for x 1, we obtain
1
/(/W)=/|- x^
x-1 1

x-1

Flo
x-1
Let six) =f if ix)) =

e
.Then,
2-x

eree
2-h-l fl
lim ^(x) = lim gi2-h)= lim = Um —1 00

FFr
x->2" h^O /i-yO 2-(2-/i) h-*o\h
uurr
2 + h-l
and. lim + g(x)= lim gi2 + h)~ lim
h^O h^02~i2 + h)
= lim
h^O
1
orr
h
—> -CXD
sfo
X-V2

lim g(x) ^ lim g(x) or, \im f f ix) ^ lim + / / (x)

kks
Yoo

+
x-»2" x^2 x^2 \ x->2
oooo

So, fifix)) is discontinuous at x = 2. Hence, /(/(x)) is discontinuous at x = 1 and x = 2.

eBB

EXERCISE 8.2

BASIC
urr

sm X
ad

, x<0
1- Prove that the function fix) = ● x
YYo

is everywhere continuous.
x+1 , x>0
dd

X , x^O
Re

2. Discuss the continuity of the function /(x) = ● | x

inn

0 , x=0
F

3- Find the points of discontinuity, if any, of the following functions;

x^-16 , if X 9^2
^ - x^ + 2x - 2 / if x^l
(i) fix) = * 4 , if X = 1 (ii) fix)=\ x-2
16 / Lfx = 2

sm X sin 3x , if X 0
, if X <0
(iii) fix) = ■ X (iv) fix) = ■ X

2x + 3 , X >0 4 / if X = 0

sm X x^ + x^ + 2x^ , if X 5* 0
+ cos X , if X 0
(v) fix) =\ X (Vi) fix) = tan ^ X
5 , if X = 0 if x = 0
10
 8.32 MATHEMATICS-Xll

e"' -1 , if X 0 lx-31 , if X > 1

(vii) fix) = log, (1 + 2x) (viii) fix) =
7 , if X = 0 4 2 4 , if X < 1

|x| + 3 , if X < - 3
(ix) / (x) = J - 2x , if - 3 <x < 3 ICBSE 20101
6x + 2 , if x> 3

x^O-1 , if x<l
(X) fix) = [NCERT]
, if X > 1

ww
2x if X <0
(xi) m = 0 if 0<x<l [NCERT]
4x if X >1

Flo
sin X - cos X , if x 0
[NCERT]

e
(xii) fix) = -1 , if x =0

eree
-2 , if x<-l

FFr
(xiii) fix) = < 2x , if -1 <x <1 [NCERT]
uurr
2 , if x>l
orr
sfo
4. In the following, determine the value(s) of constant(s) involved in the definition so that the
given function is continuous:
kks
Yoo
oooo

sin 2x
, if X 0 kx + 5, ifx<2
(i) fix) = 5x (ii) fix) = x-1. ifx>2
eBB

3k , if X = 0

2 if x<3
kix^ + 3x) / ifx<0
urr

(iii) /(X) = cos 2x , ifx>0 (iv) fix) = \ax + b if 3 < X < 5

ad

9 ifx>5
YYo

4
, ifx<-l
dd

(v) fix) = ■ +b , if -1 < X < 0

Re
inn

cos X , ifx>0
F

^1 + px -^1-px , if -1 <x <0

X
(Vi) fix) = JSE 2013, NCERT EXEMPLAR]
2x + l
, if0<x^l
x-2

■ 5 , if x<2
(vii) fix) = ■ ax + b , if 2<x<10 [NCERT]
21 , if x>10

k cos X X < —
n

k-2x 2
n

(viii) /(X) = ● 3 X = — ICBSE 2010]

2
3 tan 2x
Tt
X > —
2x - 71
2
CONTINUITY 8.33

BASED ON LOTS

, if 0 <:c <1
a

5.
The function f{x) - a , if 1 <x< V2 is continuous on [0, co). Find the most
2h^-4b
, if -Jl <x <00
x^
suitable values of a and b.
6.
Find the values of a and b so that the function / (:f) defined by

oww
X + a4l sin x , if 0 < a: < 7i/4
f {x) = ● 2x cot X + b , if 7i/4 <x < 7t/2 becomes continuous on [0, k].
cos 2a: - b sin a: , if 71^2 < a: < tt

x^ + ax +b , 0 < a: < 2

ee
7.
The function / (a:) is defined by / (a:) = 3a:+ 2 , 2 < a: < 4. If / is continuous on

FFrlo
r
lax + 5b ,4<x<8

rF
ee
[0,8], find the values of a and b.
2x-l , if x<2
ouru
rF
8. Discuss the continuity of the function /(x) = 3a:
, if a: > 2 ■
ffosor 2
sm X
os k
9. , a:<0
Prove that /(x) =■ x is everywhere continuous.
a: + 1 , a:>0
ook
Yo
Y

2 1
10.
a: sin - , a: 5* 0
Is/W =
Bo

X a continuous function? [NCERT]

reeB

0 ^ x =0

BASED ON HOTS
oouY
ur

7C
tan —X
ad

11. u
If/{a:) = for a: find the value which can be assigned to/(a:) at x = n/4
dY

cot 2x

so that the function/ (a:) becomes continuous every where in [0, ti/2].
nidn
Re

12.
Discuss the continuity off{x) = sin [ a: |. [NCERT]
F
Fi

13.
Show that the function g (a:) = a - [x] is discontinuous at all integral points. Here [a] denotes
the greatest integer function. [NCERT)
14.
Discuss the continuity of the following functions:
(i) / (a) = sin A + cos a (ii) / (a) = sin a - cos x (iii) / (a) = sin a cos a [NCERT]
15.
Show that/ (a) = cos x^ is a continuous function. [NCERTl
16. [NCERT]
Show that/ (a) = | cos a | is a continuous function.
17. [NCERT]
Find all thepointsof discontinuity of/defined by/(a) = | a| - | a + 1 |.

18.
Given the function/(a) =—^ . Find the points of discontinuity of the function/(/(A)).
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
8.34 MATHEMATICS-XII

Find all point of discontinuity of the function f{t) = , where t = —

x-1
f + f —2

INCERT EXEMPLAR]
ANSWERS

2. Discontinuous at x = 0

w
3.'(i) ^=1 (ii) x = 2 (iii) x = 0 (iv) X = 0 (v) X = 0
(vi) x=0 (vii) x = 0 (viii) Nowhere discontinuous
(ix) Discontinuous at x = 3 (x) Discontinuous at x = 1
(xi) Discontinuous at x = 1 (xii) Everywhere continuous

e
(xiii) Everywhere continuous 4. (i) ^=ri= (ii) ^ = “2

wr
lloo
15

r
(iii) No value of can make/ (iv) a -7f2,b =~17/2 (v)fl = 3,fe=l

F
u
(vi) p = -l/2 (vii) a = 2, b = 1 (viii) 6 5. a=-l,b =l OT a=l,b-1

r FF
6. fl = Tt/6, & = -7r/12 7,fl = 3,b = -2 8. Everywhere continuous.

ree
. K 1

rs
10. Continuous 12, Everywhere continuous
2
uo
oF
k
14, (i) Everywhere continuous (ii) Everywhere continuous
(iii) Everywhere continuous 17, No point of discontinuity
oofr
18. Discontinuous at x = -2 and x = -5/2 19. Discontinuous x = 1/2,1, 2.
sf
ko
Y
HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
B
Yo

3, (x) We have,
BY
oo

x^^^-l , X<1
fix) = ■
er

x2
re

, X>1
uu

Clearly, /(x) is a polynomial function for all x <1 as well as for all x >1. So, / (x) is
od

everywhere continuous except possibly at x = 1.

Yo
ad
n

Now, lim f (x) = lim x^°-l=l-l=0 and, lim -t-

lim x^ =1^ =1
/(x)= x^l +
x->r x^r x-^1
ndi
Re
F

Clearly, lim f(x) ^ lim + / (x). So,/(x) is not continuous at x =1.

Fi

x->l"

Hence, / (x) is everywhere continuous except at x = 1.

’2x , X < 0
(xi) We have, / (x) = 0 , 0<x<l
4x , X >1

At X = 0, we have
lim / (x) = lim 2x = 2 x 0 = 0, lim / (x) = lim 0 = 0 and, / (0) = 0
x->0“ x->0“ x-*0'^

Thus, lim /(x) = lim + / (x) =/(0). So, / (x) is continuous at x = 0.

x^0“ X-+0

At X = 1, we have
lim / (x) = lim 0=0, lim / (x) = lim 4x = 4
x->r x^i
CONTINUITY 8.35

lim f (x) ^ lim f{x). So,/(x) is not continuous at a: =1.

X ->● r X -»1"^

For X <0, f (x) is a polynomial function which is everywhere continuous. For x e [0,1], / (x)
is a constant function which is also continuous. For x >1,/ (x) is a polynomial function

which is everywhere continuous. Hence, / (x) is everywhere continuous except at x = 1.

sin X - cos X , X 0
(xii) We have, / (x) = -1 , X = 0
. Clearly, / (x) is continuous for all x * 0.

Now, lim /(x) = lim (sin x-cos x) = sin 0-cos 0 = -1 = / (0)

oww
x->0 x->0

So, / (x) is continuous at x = 0. Hence, / (x) is every\vhere continuous.

-2,x<-l
(xiii) We have, / (x) = ■ 2x , -1 < x < 1

e
[2 , x>l

re
FFrllo
As / (x) is a constant function for all x < -1 and all x > 1. So, / (x) is continuos for all x < -1

rF
and all x > 1. For x e (-1,1), / (x) is a polynomial function which is always continuous.

ee
Thus, / (x) is continuous for all x except possible at x = -1,1.
ouru
sor rF
Contimiity at x = -l: We observe that
lim /(x) = lim -2 = -2, lim /(x) = lim +
2x = - 2 and, / (-1) = - 2
x^-1" x^-r
kffo
x->-1

lim /(x) = lim f (x) =f {-1). So,/(x) is continuous at x = -l.

os
+
ook

x~*-l
Yo
Y

Continuity at X =1: Clearly,

Bo
reeB

lim / (x) - lim + 2 = 2, lim / (x) = lim 2x = 2 x 1 = 2 and, / (1) =2

x^r
ouY

X-J-l X->1
ur

lim /(x)= lim /(x)=/(l)

ad

^1”
Yo

So, / (x) is continuous at x = 1. Hence, / (x) is everywhere continuous.

d

5 , x<2
nidn

4. (vii) It is given that /(x) -■ ax+ b , 2<x<10iseverywherecont inuous.

Re

21 , x>10
F
Fi

So, it is continuous at x = 2 and x = 10.

lim fix) - lim + /(x)=/(2) and. lim f (x) = lim /(x)=/{10)

x^2 x->10"

lim 5 = lim ax + b=5 and. lim ax + b = lim 21 = 21

+ +
x-»2" x^2 x^l0~ x-»10

=> 5 = 2a+ b and lOfl + b = 21 => a = 2, b =1

2 ...
x“ sm — , X # 0
10. We have, /(x) = X . Clearly, / (x) is continuous for all x * 0.
0 , x =0

Now,
2 1
lim / (x) = lim x sin — = 0 x (An oscillating number between -1 and 1) = 0 -f (0)
X -> 0 X
 8.36 MATHEMATICS-XII

So, / (a:) is continuous at a: = 0. Hence, / (a:) is everywhere continuous.

12. Let fl be any real number. Then,
lim / (a:) = lim sin | a: | = lim sin \a - h\ - sin | a \
x->a~

lim / (a:) = lim + sin I a: I - lim sin | fl + | = sin | fl ] and, / (fl) = sin | a |
X-* a X ->a
h-^0

lim f (x) = lim f(x) = / (fl)

X -*a~ x-^a^

So, / (a:) is continuous at x-a. Since a is an arbitrary real number. Hence, / (a:) is
everywhere continuous.
13. Let fl be any integer. Then,

ww
lim v(a:) = lim = ?(fl-/i) = lim {a-h)-[a-h] = lim (a-h) ~{a-l) =a-{a-1) =1
h-¥0 h-^Q h->0

X h^O h-*0

FF loo
lim + g(x)=lim g{a + h)=]im {a + h)-[a + h]= h-*0
lim {a + h)-a~a-a = Q

ree
lim g{x) ^ lim g(A:). So, ^ (a:) is discontinuous at a: = fl.

reeF
X -*a

Since a is an arbitrary integer. Hence, g (a:) is discontinuous at all integral points.

oroFr
14. We know that sin x and cos x are everywhere continuous. Therefore, sin x + cos x,
r ur
sin a: - cos x and sin x cos x are everywhere continuous.
s ff
15. Let/(at) = cos a: and fl be any real number. Then,
k

2
YYouo

/ (■^) = lina f {a~h)= lim cos (fl - h) = cos fl

kos o

x-*a
/j->0 h-¥0
BBoo

2
Um f{x)= lim f{a + h)= lim cos(fl + /i) =cosfl and,/(fl) = cos fl
^1^0 ;i->0
r ee

lim f{x) = lim / (a:) =/(fl). So,/(a:) is continuous at at = fl.

ad
ouur

x-*a x->a
Yo

Since 'a' is an arbitrary real number. Hence, / (a) is everywhere continuous.

16. Let/ (a:) = | cos x \ and a be any real number. Then,
d
Re
idnY

lim / (a:) = /l->0

lim f (a-h) = /j->0
lim j cos {a-h)\ = | cos fl |
FFin

lim / (a:) = lim f (a + h) = lim cos {a + h)\ =1 cos fl I and, / (a) = | cos a

lim / (a:) =: Um f {x) =/(fl). So, / (a:) is continuous at a: = a.

x-*a

Since 'a' is an arbitrary real number. Therefore, / (x) is everywhere continuous.

17. We have.
-X + X + 1 , X<-1 1 x<-l

/(x)=|x|-|x + l| = ■ -x-(x + l) , -l<x<0=> f{x) = \-2x-l , -l<x<0

[x-(x + l) , x>0 -1 x>0

Clearly,/(x) is continuous for allx satisfyingx <-1, -1 <x <0 and x > 0.So, possibly
points of discontinuity are x = -1 and x = 0.
CONTINUITY 8.37

Continuiti/ at X = -l: Clearly,

lim f (x) = lim 1=1, lim f{x)= Urn (-2x-1) = - 2 x-1-1 =1
x->-l" x->-l“

and, /(-I) = -2x -1 -1=1

lim f{x) = lim /{x) =/(-!).

x->-r x^-l'^

So, / (x) is continuous at X = 1.

Continuity at x = 0: Clearly,

ww
lim / (x) = lim {-2x-1) = - 2 x 0-1 =-1,
x-»0 x->0

lim /(x) = lim + -1 = -1 and, /(O) = -2x0-1 = -1

x^O

Flo
e
lim /{x)= lim /(x)=/(0)

eree
x-^0 x->0'*'

FFr
So, / (x) is continuous at x = 0. Hence, / (x) is everywhere continuous.
uurr
18. Clearly, /(x) = is discontinuous at x = -2. Also, it is not defined at x = -2.
orr
sfo
1 1 x +2
For X 96 - 2, we have / (x) =/ 1
x + 2 + 2
2x + 5
kks
Yoo

x + 2
oooo

We observe that /(/(x)) is discontinuous and undefined at x = -5/2.

eBB

Hence, /(/(x)) is discontinuous at x = -2 and x = -5/2.

1 1
19. Wehave,/(x) = and t = — Clearly, t = is discontinuous and undefined at
t^+t-2 x-1 x-1
urr

x=l.
ad

1 1
YYo

For X ^ 1, we have f{t) = . This is discontinuous at f = 2 and f = 1.

t^+t-2 (f + 2)(f-l)
Forf=-2, f=^— 1
dd

=> X = — eind, For f =1, => x =2

Re

2
inn

x-1 x-1

Hence,/is discontinuousatx=l/2,x=landx = 2.
F

FtLL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQs)

x3-«3
, x=A a
1. If/(x)=. x~a
is continuous at x = then b =
b , x = fl

sin^flx
, X 0
2. If the function /(x) = ■ x2 is continuous at x = 0, then a =
1 , x =0

ax^-b, 0 <x<l
3. If the function/(x) = 2 ,x=l is continuous at x = 1, thena-b =
x +1 , 1<x <2
8.38 MATHEMATICS-XII

x + k , X <3
4. lff{x)=- 4 , a: = 3 is continuous at a: = 3, then fc =
3a; -5, a: > 3

A--4
+ A <4
|A-^
5. Let/(A)=- a+b , x =4. Then f{x) is continuous at a = 4 whenfl + t =
a-4
+ b ,x>4
|A-4t
cos 3a-cos A
, A 0
6. If f :R R defined by /(a) = a2 is continuous at a = 0, then X =
X ,x = 0

loow w
1 - sin A 7t
, X

7. lff(x)=\
9 ●
^ is continuous at a = then k =
71 2
2

ee
2-Va + 4

Fr
8. If/W = , A 0, is continuous at a = 0, then /(O) =
sin 2a
r FF
, A 3
9. If fix) = is continuous at a = 3, then k = rre
fofr oF
A - 3
u
2x + k , A = 3
ks
YYouro

X
s oo

10. h the function/(.a) = A-1

IS
given to be continuous at a = 1, then the value of fc
k ,x.^f
BBook
r ee

IS

11. The set of points where /(a) = a -[a] is discontinuous is

ouru
ad

1 - tan A 71 7T K ,/ 7t'
Yo

12. Let/(A) = ,x^ — ,Ae 0,— .IfftAliscontinuousin 0,— ,then/ — =

4x-k 4 12} ■ . 2j
d
Re

13. If/(A)=Asin — is everywhere continuous, then/(O) =

iYn

xj
FFind

1
14. Tlie set of points at which the function /(a) = is not continuous, is
log IA
flA + 1, if A >1
15. fff{x) = A + 2, if A < 1 is continuous, then 'a‘ should be equal to

16. If/(a) is continuous at A and lim f{x)= lim /(a) = cf, then A: is equal to
( sin
. ^3a x-*a~
, if A 0
A
17. If/(A)=- is continuous at a = 0, then k is equal to
- ,ifA = 0
2

18. The set of points of discontinuity of /(a) = tan a is

19. The set of points of discontinuity of/(.a) = [a] is ....
CONTINUITY 8.39

1
20. The set of points of discontinuity of f{x) = IS
x-[x]

ANSWERS

1. 2. ±1 3.2 4. 1 5. 0 6. -4 7. 0

1 1
8. - 9. 0 10. 2 11. Z 12. 13. 0 14. {-1,0,11
8 2

15. 2 16. f{a) 17. 6

18. j(2tt + l)^:Hez| 19. Z 20. Z

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQs)

w
Answer each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requirement of the
questions.

Flo
1. Define continuity of a function at a point.
2. What happens to a function / (x) at x = a, if lim / (a‘) =f (a) ?

ee
X -> <7

Fr
X
3. Find/ (0), so that/ (x) = becomes continuous at x = 0.
1-

X
for
ur
, X 0
4. If f (x) =< sin 3x is continuous at x = 0, then write the value of k.
k ,x = 0
ks
Yo

sin 10 X
5. If the function / (x) =
oo

, X 0 is continuous at x = 0, find / (0) .

X
eB

x^ -16
, if X 4
6. If/W=- x-4 is continuous at x = 4, find k.
r

A:,ifx = 4
ou
ad

2
sm X
Y

7. Determine whether /(x) =● ~ ,x*Q is continuous at x = 0 or not.

0 , x =0
nd
Re

1 - cos X
, X #0
Fi

8. If/W = x2 is continuous at x = 0, find k.

k , x =0

sin ^ X
,x^0
9. lff{x) = X is continuous at x = 0, write the value of k.
k , x=0

5x-4 0<x<l
10. Write the value of & for which / (x) = is continuous at x = 1.
4x^ + 3bx 1 < X < 2
kx
, X <0
11. Determine the value of constant 'Id so that the function / (x) = ^1 is continuous at

3 ,x>0

x = 0. [CBSE 2017]
8.40 MATHEMATICS-XII

.r^ + 3.r-10
, X * 2
Find the value of/: for which the function / (a:)=- :c-2 continuous atx = 2.
k

[CBSE 2017]

ANSWERS

1
2- /(x) becomes continuous at^:=fl 3. 2 4.
3
5- 10 6. 8

7. continuous 8. 1 9- 1 10. _i 11. _3 12. 7

ww
2

Flo
e
eree
FFr
uurr
orr
sfo
kks
Yoo
oooo
eBB
urr
ad
YYo
dd
Re
inn
F
CHAPTER 2
DIFFERENTIABILITY

9.1 DIFFERENTIABILITY AT A POINT

DEFINITION Let f{x) he a real valued function defined on an open intervaKa, b) and let c e(<i, &). Then,
f{x)-f{c)
f{x) is said to be differentiable or derivable at x = c, iff lim exists finitely.

ww
x-*c x-c

This limit is called the derivative or differential coefficient of the function f{x) a.tx=c, and is
df{x)

Flo
denoted by /'(c) or, Df (c) or.
dx
j x = c

e
reree
/(y)-/(c)
Thus, /' (c) = lim

r FF
x-^c x-c

Now,
uurr
f{x) is differentiable atx -c
foor
lim
f(x)-f{c) . ,
—- exists fimtely
ks s
<=>
x~*c x-c
Yoo
ooook

lim
f{x)-m lim
fix) -m
eBB

x-*c
x-c x-c

lim
fic-h)-f{c) f{c + h)-f{c)
uurr

o lim
h~^0 -h h->Q h
ad
Yo

lim
fjx)-f{c) fic-h)-fic)
or, lim is called the left hand derivative of / (x)
dY

X-¥C
x-c h-*0 -h
Re
innd

at a: = c and is denoted by / '(c“) or, Lf'{c).

FFi

lim
fjx)-fic) f{c + h)-f(c)
or, lim is called the right hand derivative affix)
x-c h-^Q h

at X = c and is denoted by / ’ (c"^) or, Rf' (c).

Thus, if is differentiable at x = c) o Lf '(c) = Rf' (c).
If L/'(c) Rf'(c), we say that/(x) is not differentiable at x = c.
MEANING OF DIFFERENTIABILITY AT A POINT As we have Seen in the chapter on continuity of a
function that if a function f{x) is continuous at a point x=a (say), then its graph is an unbroken
curve at {a, f{a)) and there are no holes and jumps in the graph of the function in the
neighbourhood of point x =a. Now, a natural question arises: What do we mean when we say
that a function f{x) is differentiable at a point x = c? In the following discussion we shall try to
answer this question.
 9.2 MATHEMATICS-Xil

Consider the functidn f{x) defined on an open interval {a, b). Let P {c, /(c)) be a point on the
curve y =f (x), and let Q(c-h, /(c -h)), and R{c + h, f{c + h)) be two neighbouring points on
the left and right hand side respectively of point P as shown in Fig. 9.1. Then,
f(c-h)-fic) AY
Slope of chord PQ = -h }/=A=‘)
IR {c + h,f(c+h))
f{c + h)-f{c)
and. Slope of chord PR = h
yp{c.m
We know that tangent to a curve at a point P (say) is the
limiting position of chord PQ when Q tends to P. Therefore, Q(c-h//(c-h)) X
■>
as /i -> 0 points Q and R both tend to P from left hand and ^ CT

right hand sides respectively. Consequently, chords PQ and Fig. 9.1

PR become tangent(s) at point P.

ww
/(c-h)-f(c)
Thus, lim = lim (Slope of chord PQ)
h^O -h h^Q

FF loo
= lim (Slope of chord PQ)
Q^P

ree
= Slope of the tangent at point P, which is the limiting position
of the chords drawn on the left hand side of point P.

reFe
f{c + h)-f{c)
and, lim
h
= lim (Slope of chord PR) oor rF
rur
h->0 h^O
s ff
= lim (Slope of chord PR)
R-*P
k

= Slope of the tangent at point P, which is the limiting position

YYoou
okso

of the chords drawn on the right hand side of point P ...(ii)

BBoo

Now,
r ee

f{x) is differentiable at x = c.
o lim
f{c-h)-f{c) _ lim
f{c + h)-f{c)
ouur
ad

h^O -h h^O h
Yo

Slope of the tangent at point P, which is limiting position of the chords drawn on the
left hand side of P is same as the slope of the tangent at point P, which is the limiting
d

position of the chords drawn on the irght hand side of P

idnY
Re

o There is a unique tangent at point P.

FFin

Thus, fix) is differentiable at point P, iff there exists a unicjue tangent at point P. In other words, f{x) is
differentiable at a pofnt P iff the curve does not have P as a comer point. Ya

Consider the function fix) = | x |. This function is not differentiable at .y = -x

X = 0, because if we draw tangent at the origin as the limiting

position of the chords on the left hand side of the origin, it is the line >
y = -x whereas the tangent at the origin as the limiting position of ^ 0 X

the chords on the right hand side of the origin is the line y = x.
Mathematically, left hand derivative at the origin is -1 (slope of the
line y = - x) and the right hand derivative at the origin is 1 (slope of V'

Fig. 9.2
the line y = x).
Let/(x) be a differentiable function at a point P. Then the curve y = fix) has a unique tangent at
P. Since tangent at P is the limiting position of the chord PQ when Q -> P. So, if fix) is
DIFFERENTIABILITY 9.3

differentiable at a point P, then chords exist on both sides of point P. This r^eans that the curve
exists on both sides of P. Consequently/(x) is continuous at P. r
It follows from the above discussion that, if a function is not differentiable at x = c, then either it
has (c, /(c)) as a comer point or it is discontinuous at x -- c.
Also, ever} differentiable function is continuous as proved below.
THEOREM If a function is differentiable at a point, it is necessarily continuous at that point. But, the
converse is not necessarily true.
OR

/(x) is differentiable atx=c=> /(x) is continuous at x =c

fix)-f(c)
PROOF Let a function /(x) be differentiable at x = c. Then, lim exists finitely.
x->c X -c

m-f{c)

ww
Let lim = f'ic) ...(i)
x-c

In order to prove that/(x) is continuous at x = c, it is sufficient to show that lim /(x) =/(c).

Floo
x-*c
Now,

. (M -fje)

ree
lim fix) lim (x-c)+/(c)
x-*c x-^c x-c

rFee
(m~fic)
lim/(x) = lim
(x-c)^ +/{c)
F
x-c oor r
rur
x-^c x-»c
s ff
lim fix) lim lim (x -c) + /(c) =/'{c) X 0 +/(c) [Using (i)]
x->c x-c x->c
osk
YYoou

lim fix) = /(c)

oook

x->c
eBB

Hence, fix) is continuous at x = c. Q.K.D.

REMARK The converse of the above theorem is not necessarily true i.e., a function may be continuous at
uur r

a point but may not be differentiable at that point. For example, the function fix) = | x | /s continuous at
ad

X = 0 but it is not differentiable at x = 0 (See Example 1 below.)

Yo

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
dY

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

Re
idn

EXAMPLE 1 Show that fix) = | x | is not differentiable atx = 0.

FFin

SOLUTION We observe that:

fix) -m fiO-h)-fiO) /(-^)-/(0)
(LHDatx = 0) = x->0
lim_ x-0
= lim
O-li-O h^O
lim
-h

-h h
lim = lim lim lim -1 = -1
h^O -h /i -)● 0 -h If -> 0 - /i /i 0

and. (RHD at X = 0) = lim

f(x)-m_ lim
fjO + h) -fjO)
x-»0
+ x-0 h-^Q h

lim m-m lim

/z|-|0 = lim
h
— = lim 1=1
h^O h /i->0 h h-^oh h->0

(LHD at X = 0) ^ (RHD at x = 0). So, fix) is not differentiable at x = 0.

 9.4 MATHEMATICS-XII

X -1, i{ X <2
EXAMPLE 2 Show that the function f{x) = 2x-3, if X >2 is not differentiable atx = 2.

SOLUTION We observe that:

m-f{2) _ (;r-l)-(4-3)
(LHD at X = 2) = lim lim [v f{x) = x-lfoTx<2]
x->2“ x-2 x^2 x-2

;r-2
lim lim 1=1
x^2 x-2 x^2

/W-/(2)_ (2x-3)-(4-3)
and. (RHDatx = 2)= lim = lim fix) = 2x - 3 for X > 2]
x^2'^ x-2 x^2 x-2

2x-4

ww
lim lim 2 = 2
x-*2 x-2 x-^2

(LHD at x = 2) (RHD at x = 2). So,/(x) is not differentiable at x = 2.

Flo
EXAMPLE 3 Show that fix) = x^ is differentiable at x=l and find f (1).

e
eree
SOLUTION We observe that:

FFr
fix)-fjr) _ lim
f{\-h)-fj\)
(LHDatx=l)= lim 1-ft-l
x-1
x-*r oorr
uur r
(i-;o^-i^ -2h + h‘^
sf
lim lim = lim (2-/i) =2.
ft->0 -h h^O -h h-*0
sk
Yoo
oook

and. (RHD at X = 1) = lim +

x-1 1 + h-l
eBB

x-*l

il + h)^-l 2h + h^
lim lim = lim (2 + fi) = 2
uurr

h-¥0 h h-*0 h h^O

ad
Yo

(LHD at X = 1) = (RHD at x = 1) = 2. So, /(x) is differentiable at x = 1 and /'(!)= 2.

dY

EXAMPLE 4 Discuss the differentiability o// (x) = x | x | atx = 0.

Re
innd

x^ , X £ 0
SOLUTION We have, fix) = x | x[ = ■ tCBSE 2020, NCERT EXEMPLAR]
FFi

-x^ ,x < 0
fix)-fj0)_ -x^-0
Now, (LHD at X = 0) = lim lim [Using definition of / (x)]
x-0 x->0 x-0

lim -X = 0
x->Q

fix)~fj0)_ x^-0
and. (RHD atx = 0) = lim lim [Using definition of / (x)j
x-0 x->0 x-0

lim X = 0.
x-»0

(LHD atx = 0) = (RHD atx = 0). So, / (x) is differentiable at x = 0.

 DIFFERENTIABILITY 9.5

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

1
sin , if X 0
EXAMPLE 5 Show that the function /(x) =● \xj
, if x = 0 is differentiable at x = 0 and
0

/'(0) = 0. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

SOLUTION We observe that:

fiO~h)-f{0) fi~h)-f{0)
(LHD at X = 0) = lim lim lim
x-4 0" x-0 h^O O-h-0 * h~^0 -h

1
{-h)^ sin -h
-0

ww
lim lim h sin
/j-»0 -h /j->0 .h)

= 0 X (an oscillating number between - 1 and 1) = 0

f{x)-m f(0 + h)-f{0)

Flo
and. (RHD at X = 0) = lim + lim

e
x-»0 x-0 h^O 0 + ^-0

eree
h^ sin - -0

FFr
lim
m-m = lim u lim h sin
1
h h \hj
uurr
h->0 h->0 h^O

= 0 X (an oscillating number between -1 and 1) = 0 orr

sfo
(LHD at X = 0) = (RHD at x = 0) = 0.
kks
Yoo

So,/(x) is differentiable at x = 0 and/ '(0) = 0.

oooo

. 1
X sm - , when x^O
EXAMPLE 6 Show that the function f{x) = ■ is continuous but not
eBB

X
, when X = 0
0

differentiable atx = 0.
urr

SOLUTION For the continuity of the function refer Example 11 on page 8.8 of Chapter 8.
ad
YYo

Now,
f(x)-f{0) fi0-h)-f{0)
(LHD at X = 0) = lim lim
dd

x-J-0 x-0 h^O O-h-0

Re
inn

u . f—
-hsm
F

= hm
f(-h)-0 = lim
K-hJ = - lim sin
/i-+0 -h h->0 -h h^O u
= A number which oscillates between - 1 and 1

(LHD at X = 0) does not exist.

Similarly, it can be shown that RHD at x = 0 does not exist. Hence, /(x) is not differentiable at
x = 0.

EXAMPLE? Show that the function /(x) = | x +1 ( + | x-l\forallx e R, is not differentiable at x =-1
andx = l. ICBSE 20151
SOLUTION We have,
-(x + l)-(x-l) = -2x,if x<-l
/(x) =1 X-1 I +1 X + 1 ! = ● x + l-(x-l) = 2 ,if-l<x<l
X + 1 + X -1 = 2x ,ifx>l
9.6 MATHEMATICS-XII

Differentiability afx = -1; We find that

(LHDatA: = -l) = lim
x^-r

-lx~l -2{x + l)
lim lim lim (-2)=-2
x-*-l x +1 .T - r x +1 x^-r

(RHDatx=-l) = lim fix)'/{-!) ^ lim

2-2
lim
0
lim 0=0
x-i-1) 1+ x + 1 1+ x + 1 x-^-l
+

(LHD at X = -1) (RHD at x = -1). So, /(x) is not differentiable at x = -1.

Differentiability atx= 1: We find that

oww
2-2 0
(LHDatx = l) = Hm lim lim lim 0=0
x-» 1” x-l x-*r x-i x-^r x-l x^r

fix)-fH) lx-2 X-U

(RHDatx=l) = lim + - lim lim 2 lim 2=2
x-l x-l x-^l"^ x-l X-J-1
+

e
x->l

FFrlo
re
(LHDatx=l) (RHDatx = l)
So, /(x) is not differentiable at x = 1. Hence, /(x) is not differentiable at x = -1 and x = 1.

ree
F
x/(fl)-g/(x)
EXAMPLE 8 Iffix) is differentiate atx-a, find x-*a
lim

rF
X-fl

fsoor m-fja)
ouur
SOLUTION Itgiventhat/(x)isdifferentiableatx = fl.Therefore, x-m
lim exists finitely.
x-fl
skf
m-fja)
ooko

Let lim =/'(«)

Yo

X->(l x-fl
Y

x/(fl)-fl/(x) X /(fl) - a fja) + a fja)-a fjx)

Bo

Now, lim = lim

reB

x-^a x-fl X-^fl x-fl

(x-fl) /(fl)-fl(/(x) -/(fl)} = lim

(x-fl) /(fl) -fl lim
m-fja)
= lim
uur
oY

x~*a x-fl x-*a x-fl x-^a x-fl

ad

= lim /(.)-» lim MzM =fja)-a fja)

dY

X fl X fl X -fl

x/(2)-2/(x)
innd
Re

EXAMPLE 9 If f (2) =4 And/' (2) =1, then find x-*2

lim x-2
Fi
F

SOLUTION Using definition of derivative, we obtain

lim
fjx)-fi2)
=/'(2) => lim /(x)-/(2)_^ [V /'(2)=1] -(i)
x-*2 x-2 x^2 x-2

Now,

lim
x/(2)-2/(x) lim
x/(2)-2/(2) +2/(2)-2/(x)
x^2 x-2 x->2 x-2

lim
(x-2)/(2)-2(/(x)-/(2)) _ lim
jx-2)f(2) -2 lim
fjx)-fi2)
x->2 x-2 x->2 x-2 x->2 x-2

= /{2)-2/'(2)= 4-2x1 = 2 (Using (i) and f{2) = 4]

x^ / (fl) - fl^ / (x)
EXAMPLE 10 If f (>^) Is differentiable at x = fl, find lim
X ->fl x-fl
 DIFFERENTIABILITY 9.7

fix)-fia)
SOLUTION It is given that / {x) is differentiable at x = a. Therefore, lim exists
x-^a x-a

finitely.
Let lim = /'(«)
x-^a x-a

Now, lim lim x^ f (a) -a^f {a) + f (a) jx)

x-^a x-a x-*a x-a

ix^-a^)f{a)-a^ {fix)-f(a)}
lim
x-*a x-a
lim
x-*a
ix^-a^)f{a) ^2(f(x)-f(a)
x-a x-a

f.ix)-f{a)
- lim (x + fl) / (a) - c?~ lim
x-^a x-*a x-a
= 2af,(a)-a^f'(a) [Using (i)]

ww
BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

r 1 ii

Flo
+ -

EXAMPLE 11 Discuss the differentiability of f (x) = , X 0

flfx = 0.

e
0 , X = 0

eree
SOLUTION We observe that:

FFr
1
- + -
I'l
\x Xj -Vx
X e = xe , x>0 oorr
uur r
0 , x =0
f(x) =
sf
f-l
— + -
11
V a: xJ
X e = x , x<0
Yoo
ks
oook

f(x)-m =_ x-O
eBB

Now, (LHD at X = 0) = lim lim =1 ['.● / (x) = X for X < 0 and / (0) = 0]
x-^0~ x-O x->0 x-O

and,
fix)-f{0)
(RHDatx = 0) = lim
uurr

x^O* x-O
ad
Yo

-2/x
X e -0 -2x
lim [*.■ / (x) = X e for X >0 and/(0) = 0]
dY

x~* 0 X
Re

lim e~ = 0.
innd

x->0
FFi

(LHD at X = 0) (RHDatx = 0). So,/(x) is not differentiable at x = 0.

x^ , x< c
EXAMPLE 12 choice of a and b is the function f (x) = is differentiable
atx = c. ax+ b , X >c
SOLUTION It is given that / (x) is differentiable at x = c and every differentiable function is
continuous. So, / (x) is continuous at x = c.
lim_ /(x) = lim
X-*C X
/(x)=/(c)

lim x^ = lim (ax + b) =

x-^c X-4C
[Using definition of / (x)]

c^ = ac + b -(i)
Now, /(x) is differentiable atx = c
9.8 MATHEMATICS-XII

=> (LHDatx = c) = (RHData: = c)

lim /(x)-f(c) _ lim /(x) -fjc)
x-c x-c
x->c

2 2
x^ -c (ax + /;) -
Um lim [Using definition of / (a:)]
x->c x-c x-*c x-c

x^-c^ ax + b -(ac + b)
lim lim [Using (i) ]
x-*c X — c x-*c x-c

a (x-c)
lim (at + c) = lim ^ => lim (:r + c) = lim a => 2c = a ...(ii)
x-*c x-*c x-c x-*c x-*c

From (i) and (ii), we get: c^ = 2c^ + b => b - -c Hence, a = 2c and b = -c^.

w
EXAMPLE 13 A function f:R^R satisfies that equation f(x + y)=f(x)f(}/) for all x,yeR,
f(x) ^ 0. Suppose that the function f(x) is differentiable at x = 0andf (0) = Z Prove that f (x) = 2 f(x).
[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
SOLUTION

Flo Wehave,/{x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all x,yeR

ee
/(0 + 0)=/(0)/(0) [Putting X = 0, y = 0]

Fr
m -mm
/(O) {l-/(0)}=0 [●.● f(x) ^ 0 for any x . ./(O) 9^ 0]
l-/(0)=0=i. /(0)=1 or
ur
sf
It is given that f(x) is differentiable at a: = 0 and /' (0) = 2.
/(0 + /z)-/(0) /(c + /t) -f(c)
/'(O) = lim Putting c = 0 in /' (c) = lim
ok
Yo

/i-»0 h /j->0 h
Bo

2 = lim
f{h)-m => 2- lim
m-1
h^O h /i->0 h
re

Now,
f(x + h)-f(x)
f'(x) = lim
ou

h^O h
ad

f(x)f(h)-f(x)
Y

=>
f'(x) = lim h
[●●● f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all x,yeR f(x + h) =f(x) f(h)]
/j->0
nd
Re

f'(x) =f(x) lim ^ f'(x)=2f(x) [Using (i)]

/i->0 h
Fi

Hence,/'(x) =2/(.t).
EXERCISE 9.1
BASIC

1. Show that/{x) = \x- 3 [ is continuous but not differentiable atx = 3. [CBSE 2012,20131
12X-13, ifx<3
2. Show that f(x) = is differentiable at x = 3. Also, find / '(3).
2x^ +5, if X > 3

3x-2
, 0<x<l
3. Show that the function / defined by f(x) = ■ 2x^ -X, 1 < X < 2 is continuous at x = 2,
5x-4, x>2

but not differentiable thereat. [CBSE 20101

DIFFERENTIABILITY 9.9

4. Find whether the following function is differentiable at = 1 and = 2 or not:

X , x<l
M = 2-x , l<x<2 [CBSE 2015]
-2+3x~x^' x>2

BASED ON LOTS

5. Show that/(at) = x^^ ^ is not differentiable at a: = 0.

6. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the function /(x) =| x\ +|x-l| in the interval
(-1,2). [CBSE 2015]
, if x<l

ww
+ 3x + <7
7. Find the vaiues of a and b so that the function /(x) = ● , if x>l
&X + 2

is differentiabie at each x e R. [NCERT EXEMPLAR, CBSE 2016]

FF loo
ax ^-b
8.1f/(x)= 1 is differentiable at x = 1, find a, b.

ree
, if|x|>l
^1
BASED ON HOTS

reFe
oroFr
rur
x'” sin , X# 0 .
9. Show that the function /(x) = ● \xj IS
s ff
0 , x =0
k

(i) differentiable at x = 0,ifm>l

YYouo
okso

(ii) continuous but not differentiable at x = 0, if 0 < m < 1

BBoo

(iii) neither continuous nor differentiable, if m < 0

r ee

I 2x - 31 [x] x>l
10. Show that the function /(x) = is continuous but not
ad
ouur

7tX
sin X<1
Yo

I 2
differentiable at x = 1.
d
idnY
Re

ANSWERS
FFin

3. 12 5. Continuous on (-1, 2) but not differentiabie at x = 0,1.

6. Not differentiable at x = 1, but differentiable at x = 2. 7.a = 3,b=5
8.i7 = -l/2,fc=-3/2
HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

7. Use (LHD at x = 1) = (RHD at x = 1) and, lim f{x) = lim + /(x) = /(I)

X->1

1
, if x<-l
X

8. / (x) can be re-written as; /(x) = (flX^ -&) , if -1 <x <1

1
, if x>l
X

Now, check continuity and differentiability of / (x).

 9.10 MATHEMATICS-XII

(2x-3)M
10.
/ (x) can be re-written as: / (x) = -(2x-3) , 1 <x<-
2
. (TlX^
Sin , X <1
1 2
Now, check continuity and differentiablility of / (x).

oww
9.2 DIFFERENTIABILITY IN A SET

A function f{x) defined on an open interval (a, b) is said to be differentiable or derivable in open interval
(a, b) if it is differentiable at each point of {a, b).
A function/(x) defined on [a, b\is said to be differentiable or derivable at the end points a and b if

e
it is differentiable from the right at a and from the left at b.

re
FFrlo
In other words, lim
m-f{a) and lim
fix)-fib) both exist.

F
x-b

ee
+ X -a
x^a x-*b

Fr
Iff is derivable in the open interval {a, b) and also at the end points a and b, thenf is said to be derivable in
ouru
the closed interval [a, b].

sor r
A function / is said to be a differentiable function if it is differentiable at every point of its
kffo
domain.

If a function is differentiable at each x e R, then it is said to be every where differentiable.

os
For example, a constant function, a polynomial function, sin x, cos x etc. are everywhere
ook
Yo
Y

differentiable.
Bo

SOME USEFUL RESULTS ON DIFFERENTIABILITY

reeB

(i) Every polynomial function is differentiable at each x eR.

oouY

(ii) The exponential function <j^, a > 0 is differentiable at each x e R.

ur

(iii) Every constant function is differentiable at each x e R.

ad

(iv) The logarithmic function is differentiable at each point in its domian.

dY

(V) Trigonometric and inverse-trigonometric functions are differentiable in their respective

domains,
nidn
Re

(vi) The sum, difference, product and quotient of two differentiable functions is
differentiable,
F
Fi

(vii) The composition of differentiable function is a differentiable function,

(viii) If a function / (x) is differentiable at every point in its domain, then
lim fjx + h)-fix) or, lim
fjx-h)-fix)
h^O h /i->0 -h

IS
called the derivative or differentiation of / at X and is denoted by/'(x) or, —(fix)),
dx
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

EXAMPLE 1
f// ix) = x^ + 2x + 7, find f (3).
SOLUTION We know that a polynomial function is everywhere differentiable. Therefore, / (x)
is differentiable at x = 3.
f{3 + h)-f{3)
f'{3) = lim
h-^0 h
DIFFERENTIABILITY 9.11

{(3 + /i)2 + 2(3 + /i) + 7} -{9 + 6 + 7}- 8/1 +

f'{3)= hm = lim - lim (8 + /i) = 8.
/j->0 h h~yO h h^O

EXAMPLE 2
Find f' (2) and f' (5) when f (x) = x^+7x + 4.
SOLUTION We know that a polynomial function is everywhere differentiable. Therefore, f(x)
is everywhere differentiable. The derivative of / at x is given by
f{x-¥h)-f(x) = lim {(a: + h)^ +7(x + h) ¥^-[x^ +7x + ^
fix) = lim

oww
h^O h h^O h

2hx + 7h +
lim - = lim {2x + 7 +h) = 2x + 7
/j->0 h /i->0

e
Putting X = 2 and X = 5 respectively in/'(.r) =2x + 7, we get

re
/'(2) = 2x2 + 7 = Hand /'(5) = 2x5 + 7 = 17.

FFrllo
EXAMPLE 3
For the function/given by f(x) = x^ -6x + 8,prove that f'(5) - 3 f' {2) =/'(8).

reF
SOLUTION Clearly, f{x) being a polynomial function, is everywhere differentiable. The

e
derivative of / at x is given by
uoru
/(x + /i)-/(x) {(x + h)^ - 6(x + h) + 8] - {x^ - 6x + 8}

osFr
f'{x) - lim lim
h-^0 h /j->0 h

lim
2/ix -6h + h^
fkfor
= lim (2x - 6 + /i) = 2x - 6
/i->0 h h^O
kso
ooo

f'{5)-3f'{2) = (2x5-6)-3(2x2-6) = 4 + 6 = 10 and, /'(8) = 2 x 8-6 =10.

Y
Yo
BB

Hence,/'(5)-3/'(2) = /'(8).
BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)
Y
r ree

1-x , X<1
ouu

EXAMPLE 4
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f (x) = «{(1-x) (2-x), l<x<2
ad
Ydo

3-x , x>2

SOLUTION When X < 1, we have / (x) = 1 - x. We know that a polynomial function is

nidn

everywhere continuous and differentiable. So,/ (x) is continuous and differentiable for all x < 1.
Re

Similarly, / (x) is continuous and differentiable for all x 6 (1, 2) and x > 2.
F
Fi

Thus, the possible points where we have to check the continuity and differentiability of / (x) are
X = 1 and X = 2.

Continuity at X = 1: We find that:

lim /(x) = lim (1-x) = 1-1 = 0 [v f (x) = 1 - X for X <1]
X->1“ x^l

lim /(x) = lim (l-x){2-x)=0 [v/(x) = (l-x)(2-x),forl<x<2]

and. /(I) = (1-1H2-1) = 0.

lim /(x) = lim / (x) =/(l). So,/(x) is continuous at x = 1.
X 1~ X I"*"

Continuity atx = 2: We find that;

lim /(x)= Urn (l-x)(2-x)=(2-l)(2-2) = 0 [v/(x) =(l-x)(2-x) fori <x<2]

x-^2" x->2

and. lim + /(x) = lim (3-x) = 3-2=1 [●.● / (x) = 3 - X for X > 2]
x->2 x-»2
 9.12 MATHEMATICS-XiE

lim f (x) ^ lim / (a:). So,/(x) is not continuous at a: = 2.

x-->2~ x->2

Differentiability at x=l: We observe that:

/W-/(l) (l-.r)-0
(LHD at X = 1) = lim lim [Using definition of / (at)]
x-yl' x-1 x->l x-\

w
x-1
lim = -1
x-j-l a:-1

il-x){l-x)-0
and. (RHDatA:=l)= lim = lim
X-1
[Using definition of / (a:)]
x-1 x->l

e
{x-D ix-2)

row
lim lim x-2 = 1-2 = -1

re
x-*'! x-1 x-^1

FFllo
eeF
Clearly, (LHD at a: = 1) = (RHDatA: = 1). So,/(a:) is differentiable at at = 1.

EXAMPLE 5
u
Differentiability at x = 2: Since/ (a:) is not continuous at a: = 2. So, it is not differentiable at a: = 2.
Discuss the differentiability off (a:) = |a:-1|+|a:-2|.

r
sFr
SOLUTION We have,
fix) = |x-l|+|x~2[
kro
uor
offo
-(x-l)-(x-2) forx<l -2x + 3 , X <1
f(x) = x-l-(x-2)forl<x<2 =>/(x) = 1 , l<x<2
kos
Y

(x-l) + (x-2) forx>2 2x-3 , x>2

Yo
eerBB
oo

When X < 1, we have / (x) = - 2x + 3 which, being a polynomial function is continuous and
differentiable.
rY

When 1 < X < 2, we have / (x) = 1 which, being a constant function, is differentiable on (1,2).
u

When X > 2, we have / (x) = 2x - 3 which, being a polynomial function, is differentiable for all
ou
ad
do

x>2.
nY

Thus, the possible points of non-differentiability of / (x) are x = 1 and x = 2. So, let us check the
differentiability of/(x) at these points.
nid
Re

Differentiability at x= 1:
F

fix)-f{l) (-2x4- 3)-l

Fi

(LHD at X = 1) = lim = lim [v /(x)=-2x+3forx<l]

x-1 x->l x-1

-2 (X-1)
lim lim =-2 = -2
x->l x-1

fix)-fH) _ 1-1
and. (RHD at X = 1) = lim+ lim = 0. [v /(x)=l forl<x<2]
X -> 1 x-1 X-1

(LHD at x=l) ^ (RHD at X = 1). So, / (x) is not differentiable at x = 1.

Differentiability atx = 2:
fix)-fi2)
(LHD at X = 2) = lim
x^2~ x-2

l-(2x2-3)
lim [v /(x)=l forl^x<2&/(2)=2x2-3]
x-^2 x-2
1 -1
A
lim = 0.
x-»2 X-2
DIFFERENTIABILITY 9.13

and. (RHD at X = 2) = lim

x-2

(2x-3)-(2x2-3)
lun [v f(x)= 2x-3hrx>2]
x->2 x-2
2x-4 2(x-2)
lim lim = 2
x^2 X-2 x->2 x-2

(LHDatx = 2) ^ (RHD at = 2). So,/(x) is not differentiable at x = 2.

REMARK
The function fix) giveii by f{x)=\x-ai\+\x-a2\+\x-a^\ +... + \x-Ot,\ is not
differentiable atx- ay a2, a^,a,,. However, it is continuous at these points.
BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

w
EXAMPLE 6 x^ + 3x + a , for x ^ 1
// M = is everywhere differentiable, find the values of
&X + 2 , for X > 1

Flo
a and b.
SOLUTION
For X < 1, we have / (x) = x + 3x + a which is a polynomial.

ee
For X > 1, we have / (x) = cfx + 2 which is also a polynomial. Since a polynomial function is

Fr
everywhere differentiable. Therefore, / (x) is differentiable for all x > 1 and also for all x < 1.
Thus, we have to use the differentiability of / (x) at x = 1 to find the values of a and b.
or
ur
Now,
sf
/ (x) is differentiable at x = 1
/ (x) is continuous at x = 1
ok
Yo

Urn / (x) = lim+ / (x) = / (1)

x-»r X-¥l
Bo

lim x^ + 3x + A = lim &x + 2 = 1 + 3 + a^ l + 3 + a=b + 2 => a-b+ 2 = 0

x-»l X->1
re

Again, / (x) is differentiable at x = 1.

ou
ad

(LHD at X = 1) = (RHD at x = 1)
fjx)~f{l) fjx)-f{l)
Y

lim lim
x->r x-1 -t- x-1
nd
Re

lim
x^ + 3x + A - (4 + a) = lim
{bx + 2) - (4 + a)
Fi

x->l x-1 X 1 x-1

x^ + 3x-4 fex-(2 + A)
lim lim
X-+1 x-1 x^l x-1

lim
(x + 4)(x-l) lim
bx-b
[From (i), 2 + a = &]
x-*l x-1 x-»l x-1

lim (x + 4) = lim b ^ 5 = b.
x-^l X->1

Putting & = 5 in (i), we get a = 3. Hence, a = 3 and b = 5.

EXAMPLE 7
Discuss the differentiability off (x) = | log^ x|/or x > 0.
SOLUTION We have.
- loge X , for 0 < X < 1
/(x)=|logeX{ =
logf X , for X ^ 1
Clearly,/(x) is differentiable for all x>l as well as for all x<l. So, we have to check its
differentiability at x =1.
 9.14 MATHEMATICS-XH

We have.

(LHDatAT = 1) = lim
x-1

- log a: - log 1
lim f{x) = - log^ a: for 0 < X < 1]
x-»l' x-1

lim
iog^ = - lim
log jl-h) =_ - lim
logd-^) = -1
x^r x-1 h^O l-h-l h-^0 -h

f{x)-f{l)
and, (RHD at X = 1) = lim +
x~*l x-1

log X - log 1 log (1 + h) ^ log (1 + h) ^ ^

w
lim lim lim
x-»l
+ x-1 h->0 1 + h-l h^O h

Clearly, (LHD at x = 1) (RHD at x = 1). So, / (x) is not differentiable at x = 1.

Flo EXERCISE 9,2

ee
BASIC

Fr
1- If /is defined by /(x) = x^, find/'(2).
2. If/ is defined by / (x) = x^-4x + 7, show that/'(5)
for = 2/' ^
ur
3- Show that the derivative of the function/given by/(x) = 2x^-9x^ + 12x + 9, at x = 1
and X = 2 are equal.
ks

4. If for the function O (x) = ^x^ + 7x-4,0'{5) = 97, find X.

Yo
oo

5. If/(x) = x^+7x^ + 8x-9,find/'{4).

eB

6. Find the derivative of the function / defined by / (x) = mx + c at x = 0.

BASED ON LOTS
r
ou
ad

7. Examine the differentiability of the function / defined by

2x+3,if-3^x<-2
Y

/(x) =■ x + 1 ,if -2<x<0 (NCERT EXEMPLAR!

x + 2 , if 0<x<l
nd
Re

8. Write an example of a function which is everywhere continuous but fails to be

Fi

differentiable exactly at five points.

BASED ON HOTS

9. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of / (x) =|log|x|j.

10. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of / (x)
. ,
(x - c) cos —
f 1 , X ^ c
11- Discuss the continuity and differentiability of / (x) = X -c

0 , X - c

12. Is I sin XI differentiable? What about cos | x | ?

ANSWERS

1- 4 4. 9 5. 112 6. m

7. Not differentiable at X = 0 and X =-2. 8./(;c) =|x|+|x-l|+|x-2|+|x-31+|x-4

9. Not differentiable at X = ± 1 10. Not differentiable at x = 0
DIFFERENTIABILITY 9.15

11* Not differentiable at :c = c

12- I sin a: j is not differentiable atx=nn,ne Z, cos| :r | is everywhere differentiable.

FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQs)

1.
The function f{x) = | x +11 is not differentiable at a: =

w
2.
The function g{x) = |x-l|+|x + l|is not differentiable at x =
3.
The set of points where/(x) =x-[x]not differentiable is
4.
The number of points in [-n, t:] where /(x) = sin"^(sin x) is not differentiable is

e
5.
The function/(x) = cos"^(cosx), x e {-2n, 2n) is not differentiable at x =

e
71 K

orw
6. The function /(x) = | sin x |, is not differentiable at x =

r
2' 2

F
ax^ + 3, X > 1

ullo
7.
Let/(x) = .If/(x) is differentiable at x =1, then a =

FF
x + —

e
sre
8. If/(x)=x|xl,then/'(-l)=

r
9.
If f{x) = XI XI, then /' (2) =

koF
10. The set of point where the function /(x) 2x -11 is differentiable, is
oofr x + 1, X <2
uor
11.
The set of points where the function /(x) = 2x-l,x>2
is not differentiable, is
sf
ko
Y
12. An example of a function which is everywhere continuous but fails to be differentiable
exactly at two points is
rBB
Yo
oo
eY

13. The set of points where /(x) = cos 1 ^ | is differentiable, is

14.
The set of points where /(x) = [ sin x | is not differentiable, is
re

15. The set of points at which the function f{x) = —-— is not differentiable, is
u

log|x|
d
ou
o

16.
The greatest integer function/(x) = [x], 0 < x < 2 is not differentiable at x =. [CBSE2020]
ad

_ANSWEHS
nY

1. -1 2. ±1 3. Z 4. 2 5. ± 71 6. 0 7. a =- 8. 2
nid
Re

2
F

9. 4
m K-{1} 11- (21 12. /(x)=|x-l|+|x-2 13. R
Fi

14. {0} 15. 1-1,0,!} 16. x=l

VERY SHORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS (VSAQs)

Answer each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requirement of the
question:
1. Define differentiability of a function at a point.
2. Is every differentiable function continuous?
3. Is every continuous function differentiable?
4. Give an example of a function which is continuous but not differentiable at a point.
5. If f (x) is differentiable at x = c, then write the value of lim / (x).
x-*c

6. If / (x) =1 X - 21 write whether /' (2) exists or not.

7. Write the points where / (x) = | logg x | is not differentiable.
8. Write the points of non-differentiability off (x) = | log | x|.
 9.16 MATHEMATICS-XII

9. Write the derivative of / (x) = | a: | ^ at a: = 0.

10. Write the number of points where/ (a:) =| x| +| a: -1 ] is continuous but not differentiable.
11. If lim
X -c
exists finitely, write the value of lim / (a:).
x->c
x-*c

12. Write the value of the derivative of / (a:) = | x -11 +1 x - 31 at a: = 2.

/(y)-/(4)
13. If / (x) = Jx^
^
+ 9, write the value of a->4
lim x-4

ANSWERS

2. Yes 3. No 4./(x) =| x| at x = 0 5./(c) 6. Does not exist 7.1

ww
8. ±1 9. 0 10. X = 0,1 11./(c) 12.0 13. i
5

Flo
ee
rere
r FF
uurr
foor
ks s
Yoo
ooook
eBB
uurr
ad
Yo
dY
Re
innd
FFi
CHAPTER IQ
DIFFERENTIATION

10.1 INTRODUCTION

In the previous chapter, we have learnt about differentiability of a function at a point. The same

ww
was extended to the domain of a function. In case, a
function is differentiable at every point of its
domain, then each point in its domain can be associated to the derivative of the function at that
point. Such a correspondence between points in the domain and the set of values of derivatives

Flo
at those points defines a new function which is known as the derivative or differentiation of the
given function. In the previous class, we have studied that the derivative of a function f{x) is

ee
given by

rere
fjx + h)-f{x) d ( f{x-h)-f{x)

r FF
d (c , \
-r f (^') = lim
h
or. —
dx V
/ (a:) = ,lim -h
dx /f->0
uurr
This is also called the derivative or differentiation
foor
with respect to x and is also denoted by/' (x)
or, Df{x). Sometime the derivative or differentiation of a fimction/(x) is also called the
ks s

differential coefficient of / (x). The process of finding the derivative of a function by using the
Yoo

above definition is called the differentiation from first principles or by flfc-initio method or by
ooook

delta method.
eBB

Following are derivatives of some standard functions which have been derived in Class XI from
first principles.
uurr

d , Hk n-l d
ad

(i) —{X)=nx (ii) -~(e ) = e (iii) — log^ fl , fl > 0

dx dx dx
Yo

r(iv)^ —^ (loge x)=-1

(v) ^ (log^x)=—
dY

,a>0,a^l
dx X dx X logj, a
Re
innd

. .. d
(vi) — (sin x) = cos X (vii) — (cos x) = - sin X (viii) — (tan x) = sec^ x
FFi

dx dx dx

2 d
(ix) — (cot X) = - cosec X (x) — (sec x) = sec x tan x (xi) —(cosecx) =-cosec X cot X
dx dx dx

Let us now have a brief recall of what else we have studied in Class XI.

10.2 RECAPITULATION

In the previous class, we have learnt about the following fundamental rules for differentiation,
(i) Differentiation of a constant functions zero i.e. , ,-W = o
dx

(ii) Let / (x) be a differentiable function and let c be a constant. Then, c f (x) is also
differentiable such that

4-
dx
cf{x) =c4~
dx \
fix)
 10.2 MATHEMATICS-Xli

i.e. the derivative of a constant times a function is the constant times the derivative of the
function,

(iii) Product rule: If / (x) and g (a:) are differentiable functions, then / (x) g (x) is also
differentiable function such that

^
dx \f{x)g(x)]=~(f
dx\ {x)]g{x)+fix).-^(g
J dx\ (x)
If / (x), g (x) and h (x) are differentiable functions, then
d (
f{x)gix)h{x)] = -^(f{x)]gix)h{x)+f{x)-f(g(x) ]h{x)-i-f(x)gix) dx V h{x)'j
d
dx \ ax \ J dx \ J

(iv) Quotient rule: If / (x) and g (x) are two differentiable functions and g (x) ^ 0, then

ww
^m\=
dx
dx dx v.

Flo
BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

ee
ILLUSTRATION 1 Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:

eer
2^ cot X

FFr
(i) (ii) e^ log ^[x tan x
oorr
uur r
SOLUTION (i) We have,
s ff
d 2^ cot X
sk
YYoo

dx
ooko

^ l2'cot;c
eBB

dx

= ■ ~ (2^) \ (cot x) X
-1/2
+ 2^ —dx (cot x)|J x" + 2^ cot X j— (x“
uurr

dx
[ dx
ad

+ 2^ (- cosec^ x) x“ + 2^ cot X X - i2 x“
Yo

-1/2
= 2^ loge 2 cot X X
dY

2^ logg 2 cot X 2^ cosec^ x 2

x-l
cot X
Re

7x xr
nind

X yfx
FFi

(ii) ~
dx
{e^ log -Jx tan x}

— I X i log X X tan x|
dx

1 d
2 dx log X tan x|
—2 I[ dx (e^) J log X tan x + e^
dx
(log x)lJ tan X + log X ● [ —dx (tan x)|J
1 ^ e^ tan x x , 2
- ● e log X tan x + +e log X sec x
X

1 3. r tan X
-2 e ) log X tan X + X
+ log X sec^ X
DIFFERENTIATION 10.3

lU.USTRATlON 2 Differentiate thefolloivingfunctions with respect to x:

e^ + sin X sin AT - ;c cos x
(i) (ii)
1 + log X X sm X + cos X

SOLUTION (i) We have,

d e^ + sin x
J ^
dx 1 + log X

—
(1 + log x) dx + sin x) - (e^ + sin x) —
dx
(1 + log x)

ooww
(1 + log xf
X X f 1 X

(1 + log x) {e + cos x) -(e + sin x) 0 + - e + sm X

V ^ (1 + log x) + cos x) -
x_

(1 + log x)^

e
(1 + log xf

ree
d

rFl sin X - X cos X

Fre
(ii)
dx X sin X + cos X

rrF
(x sin X + cos x) — (sin X - X cos x) - (sin x - x cos x) (x sin x + cos x)
dx dx
ouur
sffoo 2
(x sin X + cos x)
(x sin X + cos x) (cos x - cos x + x sin x) - (sin x - x cos x) (sin x + x cos x - sin x)
okks

2
Yo

(x sin X + cos x)
oo
Y

(x sin X + cos x) (x sin x) - (sin x - x cos x) (x cos x)

BB

2
(x sin X + cos x)
rre

,2.2 . \ / ● 2 2.,
(x Sin X + X sm X cos x) - (x sm x cos x - x cos x)
ouu

2
(x sin X + cos x)
YY
ad

2 2 2 2
X (sin X + cos x) X

2 2
dd

(x sin X + cos x) (x sin X + cos x)

Re
iinn

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

ILLUSTRATIONS //y =(1 + x) (1 + X^) (1 + X^) (1 + X®) ... (1 + X^

F

SOLUTION We have,

y =(1 + x) (1 + x^) (1 + x^) (1 + X®)... (1 + x^ )

(1 -x) (1 + x) (1 + x^) (1 + x*^) (1 + x^)... (1 + x^")
1-x

(1 - x^) (1 + x^) (1 + x^) (1 + x^)... (1 + x^")

1-x

2«+ 1
1-x

1 -X
n+1
2^+ 1
{l-x)4-{l-x^
dx
)-(l-x )4dx i^-x)
dx
 10.4 MATHEMATICS-XIl

H + 1
n +1 2 2« + I
dy X 'Vd-:*: )
dx

n + 1 2M + 1-1 n +1 2
n + 1 n + 1

dy_-2 X + 2 X

dx
{\-xf
n + 1
n + 1 .2
dy _-l X +1 (2" + ^-l)
dx
{\-x)^

ww
BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

ILLUSTRATION 4 Iff{x) =\COS x\, find f - andf'i— .

n
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have, ^ ^ ^

Flo
n „ 71
cosx, if 0 <x < — - sm AT, if 0 < X < —

e
2 ^ /'(AT) = 2

ree
fix) =1 cosx 71 7C
- COSX, if — <X < 7C Sin X, if — < X < 7c

Fr
i 2 2

rF
uurr
Note that /(x) is not differentiable at x = ^.
/ \
for
■YSti') = sin
. —3tc = —;=
1
■■■ /' i == - sin —4 = —^ and, /' [ —
s
V2 M 4 4 V2
kks

f _\
Yo

7C j n ^
oooo

ILLUSTRATION 5 Iff{x) =\ COS X ~smx\, find f - andf - . iNCERT EXEMPLAR]

SOLUTION We have. ) \^ )
eB

cosx-smx, if 0 <x < —

4
fix) =1 cosx-sinx|
ur

71
- (cosx -sinx),if — <x< —
ad

4 2
YYo

7C 7C
cosx-sinx, if 0 <x < -sinx-cosx, if 0 <x <-
\ /'W =
4
dd

/w=
Re

7C 7t 71
sinx-cosx, if - <x<- cosx + smx, if — <x< —
in

4 2 4 2
F

/ N
V3+1 V3+1
. 7t 71
= -sin —cos—=
6 6 2
and /' UJ
f- 71 . 7C
- cos—+ sm— s=
3 3 2

ILLUSTRATION 6
^//(^) =! log XI, X > 0, find f (1/e) <7«d/'(e). (NCERT EXEMPLAR]
SOLUTION We have.
-log X, if 0 < X < 1 -l/x,if 0<x<l
/(x)=|logx| = - =>/'(x) = =-./' ie) =\/e and/' (1/e) = -e
logx, if X I l/x,ifx>l
10.3 DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE TRiaONOMETRiC FUNCTIONS FROM FIRST
PRINCIPLES

In the previous class, we have learnt that the derivative of a function / (x) is given by
/(x + /7)-/(x) fix~h)~fix)
= lim
h^O
= lim
h i [f '^>1 ft-+0

The process of finding the derivative of a function by using the above definition is called the
differentiation from first principles or, by fl&-initio method or, by delta method.
DIFFERENTSATION 10.5

In this section, we will find the derivatives or differentiation s or differential coefficients of

sin~ ^ X, cos
-1
X, sec x, cosec ^ X and cot ^ x from first principles.
Following results will be very useful to find the same:

(i) sin ^ a: ± sin ^ y = sin ^ J x -Jl -y^ ± y ^1 -x^

(ii) cos ^ x± cos ^ y = cos
-1 2
-X

It n
-1 1 -1 a: ± V ~a n-l
(iii) tan * a: ± tan y = tan M ^ }■ (iv) lim - = na

iTxy x->a X -a

w
(v) lim
sm X
= 1, lim sin (a: - fl) _ ^ (vi) lim
tan X
= 1, lim tan {x-a) _ ^
AT^O X x-^a X - a x^O X x-^a x-a

Flo
. -1 -1
sm tan ^-1
^=1
a
(vii) lim — =1, lim (viii) lim = logg a,a>0,a*l

e
x->0 X x->0 x x->0 X

reee
logg (1 +a:) logfl (1 + at)

FFr
(ix) lim (x) lim = log«e.
x-»^0 a: x->0 X

THEOREM 1 ^a: G (-1,1), then the differentiation o/sin ^ x with respect to x is -7 —.

for
ur
1
kss
i.e.. —
dx
(sin ^ x) = for X g(-1, 1)
Yo
oo

PROOF Let / (x) = sin ^ x. Then, f(x-i-h) = sin

-1
(x + h)
eB

/(x+h)-/(x)
-f(/(x))
dx = h-*0
lim h
ur

-1
in" ^ (x + /i) - sin
^(/(x))
ad

= h~>0
lim
X
YYo

dx h

|(x + h) -Jl -X -Jl -(x + h)^ ●

..-1
sm
d
Re

= lim
in

dx h
F

sin
(x + /i) -^l-x^ ~x^l-{x + hf I l{x + h)yll^-X^jl^^[x + }^\
^(f(x)) = h-^Q
lim — X -i

|(x + /i) a/i -x^ -x-^l-(x + ft)^ ■

dx h

■f
dx (/(X)) = h^O
lim |(x + h) ^1-x^ - x^l-(x + hf j h

(x + hf (1 - x^) - x^ {1 - (x + hf]
^(/(x)) = h-*0
lim
1

|(x + /l) -^1 -x^ + X'Jl -(x + /l)^|

dx h

= lim
{x + hf-x^ 1
X 7 ■ —Y

I (x + /i) -Jl - x^ +x^l-(x + /i)^i

dx /j ->0 h
 10.6 MATHEMATICS-XII

d 1
(f{x)) = lim {2x + h)x

|(x +/i)-JTT? + j:-^l-(a: + /i)^|

dx h^O

d 2x 1
=>
^(/W) =
2x^1-x^
dx

1
Hence, —
dx
isin'^x) = , where -1 < x < 1. Q.E.D.

-1 1
THEOREM 2 If x e (-1,1), then the differentiation of cos X with respect to x is -

ooww
1 -x^
i.e., —
dx
(cos~ ^ x) = 2
-X

PROOF
Let / (x) = cos ^ X. Then, / (x + h) = COS \x + h)
/(x + h)-/(x)

e
fif(x)) = h^O
lim r

ree
dx h

rFl -1 -1

Fre
d cos (x + h) - cos X
^(/(x» = h^O
.lim

rrF
dx h

\x + h)
n n . -1
— sm — sm X
ouur
d
sffoo
2 2 -1 -1
— if{x)) = lim cos X — sm X
dx /2->0 h 2

^ (x + h) - sin
-1
X
okks

d sm

^(/W) = - liin
Yo

dx h^O h
oo
Y

d 1
BB

(/(.T)) = - [See Theorem1]

dx
rre

d 1
Hence, — (cos ^ x) = - Q.E.D.
ouu

dx
YY
ad

1 1 d 1
THEOREM 3
The differentiation of tan X with respect to x is
l + x2
i.e., ^
dx
(tan ^ x) = 1 + x^
dd

PROOF
Let / (x) = tan ^ x. Then, / (x + h) = tan ^ (x + h)
Re
iinn

d f(x + h)-fix)
Now, ^(/(x))
dx = h-)’0
lim h
F

x + h- x
tan ^ ●
d
lim
tan ^ (x + ft) - tan ^ x lim
1 + X (x + li)
dx ft->0 ft h-t’O ft

- 1 ft
tan
2
d 1 +X + ftx 1 1 1
=> — (/ (x)) = lim ● ● X = lx
dx ft^O
ft (1 + + af) 1+/
2
1 + X + ftx

1
Hence, —
dx
(tan ^ x) = for all X € R. Q.E.D.

1 1
THEOREM 4
The differentiation o/cot" ^ x w;/fft respect toxis - I.e., — (cot
/ 1.-1 \
x) = -
l + x^ dx l + x^
DIFFERENTIATION 10.7

PROOF
= cot ^ a:. Then, f (x) = —2 - tan and sof{x + h) = —2 - tan ^ {x + h)
d f{x + h)~f{x)
—if(x)) = lim
dx h^O h

- tan ^ (a: + /i) I -

71 71
- tan ^ X
d
=> -rifix)) = lim
2 2
lim
tan ^x-tan ^{x + h)
dx h^O h h-*0 h

oww
-h
tan
. -1 x~{x + h) tan
-1
■ 2
d
l + x{x + h) I+ x +xh
(fix)) = lim lim
dx h-^0 h b-yO h

e
-h
tan ^

re
FFrlo
2
d 1 + X + hx 1 -1 -1
=> — (/ (x)) = lim ● 1 X

rF
■ X

ee
dx ;i->o
-h 1 + x^ +hx l + x^ l + x^
1 +x^ + hx

rF
ouru
d 1
Hence, (cot ^ x) = - fosor Q.E.D.
dx 1 + x^
skf
1
THEOREM 5
IfxeR-[-l,l], then the differentiation of sec~ ^ xwith respect toxis
ooko

x^-1
Yo

1
Y

i.e., (sec ^ x) =
Bo

dx
X
reeB

PROOF
Let/(x) = sec
-1
X. Then, / (x) =
tan ^ yjx^ -1 , ifxSl
ooY
uur

-1
Case I W?ie7i X > 1. 71-tan ifx^-1
ad

We have, /(x) = tan“^ ^x^ -1 and f(x + h) = J(x + hf-l

- 1
dY

tan

d f(x + h)-f(x)
nind

if (x)) = lim
Re

dx /7->0 h
F
Fi

-1
d tan -1 - tan
=>
dx /i-»0 h

d
-f lim — tan~^
(/W) = h-^0
^(x + hf-l-J7^
^(x + hf-lx^x^-l
dx h 1 +

-1 - -1
tan ^
d i+p+hf -1 X -1
^(x + hf-l
(/(x))= lim ● ^ —r—^
J(x + hf-l-^x^-l
dx

hjl + ^(x + hf -lx ^x^ -1

h-*0

1 + -1 X -1
 10.8 MATHEMATICS-XII

d 1 {x + hf -1) 1

dx /i->0 h
1 +
J(x + hf -1 X -1 -1+f^
d 1 2hx + 1
if{x)) = lim ■ X

^(x + hf-lxjx^-l
dx h
yj(X + hf-
h->0
1 +

d 2x + h 1
(fix)) = lim ● X

^(x + hf-lxJ7^ J(x + hf-l+J?^

dx

ww
/i->0
1 +

d 2x 1 1
-^(/(x)) =

Floo
X

1 + x^-l
^x^-l+^x^-l
dx
x

ee
d 1
Case II Whenx <-l: Proceeding as in Case I, we obtain: -^(sec ^ x) = -

eer
X:jx^ -1
dx

FFr
1
for :r > 1 oorr
uur r
Thus, we obtain: — {sec ^ .r) =
x-Jx^ -1
s ff
dx 1
for -1
xl^
sk
YYoo
ooko

1
Hence, ~ (sec ^ x) = r for all x^±l.
eBB

|3:| Jx^-1
dx

Q.E.D.
uurr

-1
ad

THEOREM 6lfx eR -[-1,1], then the differentiation of cosec ^x with respect to xis
|xi -^-1
Yo

-1
i.e.. — (cosec" ^ x) = for all x^± 1.
dY

dx
|x|^/?^
Re
ind
FFin

-1 -1
PROOF Let f (x) = cosec X. Then, / (x + h) = cosec (x + h)
d /(x-f/Q-/(x)
(fix)) = lim
dx h^O h

cosec ^ (x + h) - cosec ^ x
●—(/(x)) = lim
dx /t-»0 h

\x + h)
71 7C -1
— sec — sec X

d 2 2
^(/(x))
dx
= lim /7
/f^o

-1
d sec {x + h) - sec ^ X
^(/{x))=-
dx lim
h->0 h

d 1
^(/W)
dx
= - [See Theorem 5]
|x| yx^-1
DIFFERENTIATION 10.9

1
Hence,
dx
(cosec ^ x) = for all X ± 1.

Q.E.D.
The above results and derivatives of other standard functions are listed below for ready
reference.

(i) ^(x")=nx (iii) 4~

dx (a^) = log,, a
ji-l
(ii) =
dx dx

(iv) (log,, x) = -X (v) 4- (logfl (vi) — (sin x) = cos x

oww
dx dx X log,, a dx

d 2 2
(vii) — (cos x) = - sin X (viii) — (tan x) = sec x (ix) — (cotx) = -cosec X
dx dx dx

(x) — (sec x) = sec x tan x (xi) — (cosec x) = -

e
cosec X cot X
dx dx

re
FFrlo
(xii) 4~ (sin'^ x) - , ^ —
1
dx
(xiii) —
dx
(cos~^ x) = -

Fee
(xiv) ^(tan ^ x) =—~
1

Fr
(xv) — (cot ^ x) = -
ouru
dx l+x^

(xvi) — (sec ^x) =

1
(xvii) — (cosec ^ x) = sor r
-1
kffo
dx dx
X -1
os
ook

Following examples will illustrate some more applications of differentiation by first principles.
Yo
Y
Bo

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
reeB

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

oouY

EXAMPLE 1
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x from first-principles:
ur

2
ad

lx xf sin X
(i) (ii) e (iii) c
[CBSE 20031 (iv) c
dY

SOLUTION (i) Let/(x)=c^ . Then, / (x +/i) =

nidn

/(x + /i)-/(x)
4-{fix)) = lim
Re

dx h->Q fi
F
Fi

Ihx+h'^ X
2

-^{/{x)) = lim
e e -e
= lim
dx h^Q h /i-j-0 h

2 ^2hx^h^ 2hx + h^
4-if{x)) = h-^0
lim /
-1
● X
dx 2h x + h^ h

2hx+h^
^ (/(*)) =/ lim
e -1
■

X lim (2x + Ii)

dx h-*0 2hx + h^ h^O

^ 0
4-{f{x)) = lim
e -1

dx 0->O 6
X ij^O
lim (2x + h), where 0 = 2h x + h^
10.10 MATHEMATICS-XII

d v2 *2
X1X 2* = 2xe

^(/)=...
dx

(ii) Utf(x)=e^’‘.ThenJ{x + h) =
d fix+ h)-fix)
^ifix))
dx = h-¥0
lim h

d ^2{x+h)_^2x 2x
.e
2h
-e
2x

-^ifix))
dx = h-*0
lim h
= lim -
fc->0 h
\ / \

d 2x -1 2x e^-l
-^ifix))
dx
= 2e lim
2h
= 2e lim , where y = 2h

w
A->0 y-^0 y

d
-^ifix)) = 2e^^xl = 2e
2x
●: lim -

Flo
dx y-^0 y

e
4-(.^) = 2.

reee
2x

dx

FFr
Let/(x)=e^ .Then,fix+ h) = e yjX+h
xr
(iii)
d fix+ h)-fix) for
ur
^ifix))
dx = h^O
lim^ h
\
kss

d
■T-CfW) = lim lim
Yo

dx h-»o h h-¥0 h
oo
eB

^ (/(*)) = e'^ lim ^^x+h-fx ^jxTh~-Jx

\

dx h-¥0
^x + h-^ h
ur
ad
YYo

=>
4-(f(x)) = e'^ h-^0
lim (^/m-VjcX^jcTfc+Vjc)
.Jx + h-yfx h Qx + h + -Jx )
d
Re
in

d xr lim x + h-x
-r(/W) = « X lim
where y = ^jc + -V^
F

dx / \ >
y->o y ft-+0
h Jx + h+ri
< >

[v when y->0]
\
d r 1
-^CfW)
dx
= e X 1 X V lim -
y-^0 y

(iv) Letfix) ^e^^\Then, fix + h) =

d /(;c + /»)-/(x)
i-ifix)) = ft->0
lim h

g8in(jt+/i) _g8in* g8in(x+ /()-sinx

ifix)) = lim = e®*"* lim
dx h-*0 h h-^0 h
DIFFERENTIATION 10.11

d sinx ^sin(x+ h)-smx -1 sin {x + h) - sin x 1

^ -r(/W)
dx
= ^ lim ■ X ■

sin (x + ft) - sin x ft

^sin(j:+ ft)-sin X -1 sin (a: + ft) - sin at

lim ■ ● X lim
dx ft->0 sin {a: + ft) - sin a: ft->0 ft

where
..hm 2 sin (ft/2) cos ^(at + ft/2)
/-aw)
dx
= lim
)/->0 y
X
ft->0
^
2 (ft/2)
, y - sin (a: + ft) - sin x
{: when ft -> 0, y 0]

oww
d
=> -r(/W) = ^
smA
lim
-1 1 X lim
sin (ft/2)
^ X lim cos(x + ft/2)
dx y-»0 y ft->0 h/1 ft->0

d smx smx

e
(1) X (1) X (cos x) = e X cos X
dx

re
EXAMPLE 2 Differentiate xe^ from first principles.

FFrllo
SOLUTION Let / (a:) = xe^. Then, / (a: + ft) = (a: + ft)

rF
ee
f(x + h)-f{x)
/-(/W) = lim
ouru
dx ft

sor rF
ft^o
1+ ft X X + ft x + ft
d {x + h) e -xe {xe ~xe^) + he
— (/(a:)) = lim lim
dx ft 0 ft ft
ft^O
kffo
ft ft
-1 x+h e -1 x+h
os
— {f{x)) = lim ■ xe^ - + e xe^ lim + lim e
ook
Yo

dx ft^O ft ft->0 ft ft-^0

Y
Bo

d
-^{fix)) = + ix + l)e\
reeB

dx
ouY

BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

ur
ad

EXAMPLE 3 Differentiate log sin x by first principles.

Yo
d

SOLUTION Let / (a:) = log sin a:. Then, f {x + ft) = log sin (a: + ft).
f (x + h)-fix)
-^{f(x)) = ft^O
lim
nidn

dx ft
Re

sin (a: + ft)

F
Fi

log sm x
d log sin (a: + ft) - log sin a: _
-r(/W)
dx
= lim
ft->0 ft ft->0 ft

log n + sin (x + ft) ^ log 1+

sin (x 4* ft) - sin X
sin X sm X
d
(fix)) = lim lim
dx h^O ft h^O ft

sin (x + ft) - sin x

log 1+
sin X
d sin (x + ft) - sin x
(fix)) = Hm — X ● >

dx h^Q
, sin (x + ft) - sm x
ft (
sm X
J
sin X
10.12 MATHEMATICS-XII

sin {x + h) - sin X
log n +
sin X
sin (x + h) - sin X
^(/W)
1
lim — X X
dx h
sin {x + h) - sin x sin X

sm X

sin {x + h) - sin X h
log O + sin a:
2 sin
2
cos x + -
2
-^c/w)
1
lim —— X lim -^x
dx /i->0 sin {x + h) - sin x h^O h sm x

smAT

sin (a: + ft) - sin a: . (h^ ft

log ●] 1 + sm cos X + -
12J 2) 1

ww
smA:
lim X lim
dx sin (a: + ft) - sin a: h-*0 ftl sin X

smx 2

Flo
1
= 1 X cos a: X = cot X.

ee
dx sin X

rere
EXAMPLE 4 Differentiate log sec xfrom first principles.

r FF
SOLUTION Let / (a:) = log sec x. Then, f (x + h) = log sec {x + ft)
uurr
f(x + h)-f(x)
foor
lim
h^O ft
ks s

log sec (x + h) - log sec x

Yoo

(/W) lim
oook

dx h-^0 ft
eBB

log
[ sec (a: + ft) log 1+
cos X
-1 ^
sec a: cos (a: + ft)
uurr

lim lim
dx ft ft^O ft
ad
Yo

cos X - cos {a: + ft)

log ● 1 +
dY

cos (a + ft) cos X - cos (a + ft)

=>
f(/W) lim X
Re
innd

dx cos A - cos (a + ft) cos (a + ft)

ft
cos (a + ft)
FFi

cos A - cos (a + ft) O2 sm

. ft . ft
log ■ 1 + A + — sm —
cos (a + ft) 2 2
=> = lim X lim
rfA ll->0
COS A - cos (a + ft) h^O ft cos (a + ft)
COS (a + ft)
ft
5 in A + — ^ . ft
2 sm
sm A
— (/ (a)) = 1 X lim 2 =ix X 1 = tan A.
rfA /j ^ 0 cos (a + ft) ft cos A

2 J
-1
EXAMPLE 5 iff (x) = A tan Xrfind f (V3) fty /Vsf principles.
 DIFFERENTIATION 10.13

SOLUTION We have,
fjx + b)-fix)
f'{x) = lim
/i-»0 h

/'(>/3) lim
/(V3 + Ji)-/(V3) lim
(V3 + h) tan“^ (V5 + h)~^ tan"' V3
h->0 It h-*0 h

/'(V3) lim Vsjtan ^(V3+/i)-tan'^V3 |+/ilan”^{V3+/i) h

h-*0

1 ( V3 + /1-V3 I

oww
V3
/’(V3) lim tan lim tan ' {-^3 + li)
h->0 h
_i + V3(V3 + ;oJ'' h^O

h
tan ^
4 +V3/i

e
1 -1
/'(V3) Vs lim ● X ==- + lim tan (43+ h)

re
/i-+0 h 4 + V3/z h -+0

FFrlo
4 + V3fi

Fee
/'(V3) Vs X 1 X — + tan
-1
V3 = ^ + tan ^ Vs.

Fr
ouru
4 4

sor r
1
EXAMPLE 6 Differentiate COS (2x+3) from first principles.
SOLUTION Let / (X) = cos" ^ (2x + 3). Then, f{x + h)= cos" ^ (2x + 3 + 2h).
kffo
f{x^h)~f{x)
os
lim
ook

dx h
Yo

h^O
Y

-1
(2x + 3 + 2/i) - cos ^(2x+3)
Bo

d cos
=>
— (fix)) lim
reeB

dx h-^0 h
oouY

-sm~‘^(2x + 3 + 2h)\ -
n n . -1
— sm (2x + 3)
ur

2 2
lim
ad

h-*0 h
dY

.... -1
(2x + 3)-sin"^(2x + 3 + 2/1)
4-ifM)
sm
lim
nidn

dx h-*0 h
Re

(2x+3).,ll^2xV3 + ^ ~{2x+3 + 2h),fT(2^^7^

-1
F
Fi

sm

=>
^{/(x))=
dx lim -
h-*0 h

sin ^ Z Z
4-(fix))
dx
= lim Z
X —
h '

where Z =
{2x + 3) -{2x+3 + 2hf ~{2x +3 + 2h) ^ -(2x + 3f
● -1 Z
V
^if{x)) = h-*Q
lim —h
sm
lim = 1
dx /J-J.0 Z

f(/(x)) = lim
(2x + 3) yjl~(2x+3 + 2hf ~(2x+3 + 2h)Jl-(2x+3f
dx h-^0 h
10.14 MATHEiUlATlCS'XII

{2x + 3f [I ~{2x+3 + 2h)^] ~{2x+3 + 2hf (1-(2a:+3)^}

-^if{x)) = lim
h |(2x + 3) ^l-{2x+3 + 2hf +{2x+3 + 2h) Jl~(2x+3f
dx /?->0

d
f (/W) = lim (2x +^‘^-(2x+3 + 2hf
h I (2x + 3) -{2X+3 + 2hf +(2x+3 + 2h) ^l~{2x+3^
dx h->0

- 4h (2x + 3) - 4/j^
f^(/W) = lim

h |(2x + 3} ^l-(2x+3 + 2hf + (2;c + 3 + 2h) ^l-(2x+3)^|

dx h->0

oww
-4(23:+ 3)-4h
f = lim
h^O
(23: + 3) -{2x+ 3 + 2hf + (2x + 3 + 2h) ^1 -(2^: + 3)^

e
4 {2x + 3) 2

re
=

2 {2x + 3) Jl-(2x+3f yjl-(2x+3)^

dx

FFrlo
Fee
F.XAMPLE 7 Differentiate from first principle.

Fr
/ Ian X JiaT\{x+ h)
ouru
SOLUTION Let / (x) = e^ . Then, f {x + h) = e''

~ if ix)) = lim
fix + h)~f(x)
h
sor r
ax h->0
kffo
Jianix+h) M nx Jtan (i + h) - Jiarix
os
-1
4- (f (^)) =
e\ -gy tan X e* *
lim e'
ook
Yo

h
Y

dx h^O h h^O
Bo
reeB

d ,r , J ianx
fran{x+ h) - fran x I Jtan ix + h) - Jtan x
-rifix)) = e^ lim - X
oouY

dx h^O
yjtan (x + h) - ^tan x h
ur
ad

/tan(x+ h) - fran x
e^ ^ -1 ^tan (x + h) -^tan x
^(/W) = lim
dY

● X lim
dx /i-»0
^tan ix + h) - ^tan x h-*0 h
nidn
Re

X 1 X lim tan (x + /i) - tan X ^ 1

F
Fi

dx ft->0 ft
^tan (x + h) + ^tan x
d Jtanx sin ft
— ifix)) = e^ X lim X , ^ ,
rfx ;? -> 0 h cos (x + h) cos X /tan (x + h) + Jtan x

d //●/ XX JJanx 1 1 2
-T if (^)) = ^ ^ X s: - - — ., sec X.
dx
cos^x 2^tanx 2^tanx
EXAMPLE 8 Differentiate x tan ^ xfrom first principles.
SOLUTION Let / (x) = X tan ” ^ X. Then, / (x + ft) = (x + ft) tan " ^ (x + ft)
/(x + ft)-/(x) (x + ft) tan"^ (x + ft) -X tan" ^ x
f(J(x))
dx = h->0
lim ft
= lim
h->0 ft
 DIFFERENTiATION 10.15

tan ^ {x + h) - tan x ^ /i tan h^ (x + /i)

^ ^(/W)
dx
= h^O
lim X ■
h

x-¥h-x
X tan ^
1 +x(x + h)')
-^{f{x))=
dx lim
h-*0
\

h
+ h^O
lim tan ^ (x + h)

. -1 h
tan

ooww
1 + x(x + h)
-^(f{x)) =x h^o
lim ■
1 -1 ^ X -1
> + tan X - ^ + tan X
dx Tt ^ {1 + X (;c + h)] 1 + x
l + x{x + h)

EXAMPLE 9 Differentiate sin ^ ffx{0 <x < l)from first principles.

e
ree
SOLUTION
rFl Let f (x) = sin” ^ Then,/ {x + h) =sin” ^ + ft

Fre
/(x + ft)-/(x)
^
dx (/ (x)) = h^o
lim
rrF
ft
ouur
sffoo
.in ^ yjx + h - sin
-1

4-(f(x))
dx
= ft-+0
lim ft
okks

^ l^x+ft -X - ^r^"x -ft I

Yo

sm
oo

-fifix)) = lim
Y
BB

dx ft-»0 ft
rre

sin ^ Z Z
-^(/(x))
dx
= ft-»0
lim Z ft' where
X —
Z = ^x + ft ^1 -x - Vx - x - ft
ouu
YY
ad

● -1 Z
7
-^if(x)) = ft-^0
lim -ft
sm
●/ lim lim
sm
^=1
dx z z
dd

ft^O z^o
Re
iinn

(x + ft) (1 - x) - X (1 - X - ft) 1
=>
(/ (x)) = lim
^x + ft^ ^fx ^1 - X - ft
F

dx ft-+o ft X +

j~{f(x)) = /i-^O
lim
ft(l-x + x) 1
dx ft
^x + ft^ X +
Vx ^1 - X - ft
^(/(x))= lim ^^
1 1

dx h^O ^x + h X +
■v/x ^l-x-h 2 Vx -X

REMARK if should be noted that — IS <m operator such that when it is applied on y - fix) gives us
dx

if (x)) = A/so, ^ IS «of simply afraction obtained by dividing dy by dx. For example, if is
applied on sin x it gives us cos x i.e., {sin x) = cos x. The operator—is called the differential operator,
dx dx
10.16 MATHEMATICS-XII

Input

ft
Operator
dx

'a

Outpu' ^ 4:W))
dx

Fig. 10.1
EXERCISE 10.1
BASIC

ooww
Differentiate the following functions from first principles:
3x ax+ b cos X
1. e 2. e 3. e 4. e 5. e

BASED ON HOTS

e
ree
Differentiate each of the following functions from ifrst principal:

rFl
Fre
■JcoTx S. X 2 e X 9. log cosec x 10. sin ^ {2x + 3)
6. log cos X 7. e

rrF
ANSWERS
ouur
1. -e ^ 2. 3e
3x
3. ae
sffoo
ax+ b
4. -e
cos X ■
sin X 5. 6. - tan a:
V2I
okks

2
cosec^A: 8. {x^ + 2a:)
Yo

9. - cot X 10.
7. - ,
ooo

2 ^cot X
Y
BB

10.4 DIFFERENTIATION OF A FUNCTION OF A FUNCTION

rr e

In this section, we will study about the differentiation of composition of two or more functions.
ouu

THEOREM (ChainRule) Iffrx) and g(x) are differentiable functions, thenfog is also differentiable and
YY
ad

ifogn^) =f'igi^)) 8'i^)

dd

d
or, fx wl-
Re
iinn

dx dg{x) dx K

PROOF Since / (a:) and g (a:) are differentiable functions. Therefore,

F

f(x + h)-f(x) g{x + h)-g{x)

^if{x)) = lim
dx /i-»0 h
and
dx h^O h
...(i)

fog {X + h) - fog (x) _ lim

f\g{x^h)}-f{g{x)\
Now, lim
/i->0 h h-^0 h

f{g(x + h)\ -f {g (a:)} ,, g(x + h)-gjx)

i{(fos)M} lim
h^O g(x + h)-g{x) h

lim f {gjx + h)} -f{g(a-)} X lim

g{x + h)~g{x)
g{x + h)-g{x) /i-»0 h

Given that g(x) is differentiable and therefore it is continuous and hence lim g(x + h) = g(x).
/i->0
DIFFERENTIATION 10.17

f \g {x + h)} - f \g {x)\ g{x + h)-g{x)

i{(H) (.)} lim
g{x+h)^g{x) g(x + h)~g{x)
X lim
h

REMARK 1 The above rule can also be restated as if 2=/(y) and y=g{x], then ^= — -^
dx dy dx
OR

Derivative ofz with respect tox = (Derivative ofz with respect to y) x (Derivative ofy with respect to x)
REMARK 2 This chain rule can be extended further.
Derivative of z with respect to x = (Derivative ofz with respect to u) x (Derivative ofu with

ww
respect to v) x (Derivative ofv with respect to x)
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

Flo
BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

e
EXAMPLE 1 Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:

rere
sin.t
(i) sin (x^ +1) (ii) e (iii) log sin x

r FF
SOLUTION (i) Let y = sin (x^ +1). Putting u = x^ +1, we get
uurr
2 du
foor
y = sin u and u = x +1 ^ = cos u and — = 2x
du dx
kss

<^y
=^ X— = (cos u) 2x = 2x cos +1) {: u = + 1]
Yoo
ooook

dx du dx

~ Isin {x^ +1)1 = 2x cos (x^ + 1)

eBB

Hence,
dx

ALITER We have,
uurr

d
— {sin (x^ +1)} = Isin {x^ +l)\x— {x^ +1)
ad

dx
d (x^ +1} dx
Yo
dY

d
— (sin (x^ +1)1 = (cos (x^ +1)) X 2x {sin (.v^ +1)} = cos (x^ +1)
Re

dx
d{x^ + l)
innd
Fi

— {sin
dx
+1)} = 2xcos(x^+l).
sin .T
(ii) Let y = e . Putting u = sin x, we get
^y =_ u du
y = e" and u = sin x => du
e and — = cos x.
dx

dy _ dy ^ du _ e
u
cos .r = cos x e
sm X
[●.● u = sin x]
dx du dx

d , sin X sin X
Hence, -r {e e cos X.
dx

sin X d I sin X, d smx

ALITER _{e {e 1 X — {sin x} = e X cos X.
dx d (sin x) dx

(iii) Let y = log sin x. Putting u = sin x, we get

10.18 MATHEMATICS-XII

du
y = log u and m = sin a: => = - and cos X.
du u dx

_ dy ^ du _ 1
- X cos X
1
X cos X = cot X.
dx du dx u sm X

d
Hence, — {log sin a:} = cot x.
dx
d d d 1
ALITER
— {log sin x] = {log sin a:) X — (sin x) = — X cos AT = cot X
dx d (sin x) dx sin X

EXAMPLE 2
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:

ooww
2 2
2 sin X
(i) log sin X (ii) e (iii) sin {e^ )
SOLUTION (i) Let y = log sin x^. Putting v=x^ and u = sin
2
x = sm V, we get
2 <iy 1 du dv
y = log u, u = sin v and v = x — - coszj and = 2x.

e
du u' dv dx

ree
dy dy du dv 1 . 1

rFl = -=^x — X — =-x cosuX 2x = — cos y X 2x [●.● M = sin u]

Fre
dx du dv dx u sm V

rrF
dy
dx
= (cot v) 2x = 2x cot x^ [V v = x'^]
ouur
d 2
sffoo 2
Hence, — (log sin x ) = 2x cot x
dx
okks

d ,, .2, d 2 d
ALITER
— {log sm X } = {log sin X } X j- (sin x^) X (x^)
Yo

dx
d (sin x^) dx
oo

d(x-)
Y
BB

1 2 2
X cos X X 2x = 2x cot X .
rre

2
sm X
ouu

sin 2 2
(ii) Lety =e . Putting X =v and w = sin x = sin we get
YY
ad

u 2 u du dv
y = e ,u = sin and v = x , — - cosv and — = 2x.
du dv dx
dd

dy dy du dv ^
Re
iinn

u sini>
-^ = -2. X — X — = e X cos v-y2x=e X cos u X 2x [●.' u = sin v]
dx du dv dx
F

dy sin 2 ^
— = e
dx
X cos X X 2x [vu=x^I
2\ 2'\
ALITER
d smx d smx d ( smx
. l'] d , 2. smx 2X 2
e
2 ^ X — X —(x ) =e cosx X 2x
dx
rf(sinx‘^) dx\ dx

1-2 7 2
). Putting x = v and u = e^
V
(iii) Let y = sin (e = e , we get
dy du V dv
y -sin u, where u = e^ and v=x^ — = cos u, — = e
du dv
and
dx
= 2x.

dy dy du dv p . , v. v r.
— = —X — X — - cos M X e X 2x = cos (e ) X e x 2x
dx du dv dx
[vw = e^l
2 2
— = cos{e^ )X
dx
x 2x [vt; = x^]
DIFFERENTIATION 10.19

2 2
ALITER
d . .
— {sin e x^,\ = — (sin )X -^{e )x—(X ) = cos (e^ ) X X 2x
dx
d{e^ ) d{xn dx

EXAMPLE 3 Differentiate the folloxving functions with respeci to x:

1
(i) (x^+x + l)^ (ii) ^x^ + X +1 (iii) sin ^ x (iv)
a
2
-X
2

SOLUTION (i) Let y = (x^ + x +1)^. Putting x^ + x +1 = h, we get

4 j 2 , dy . 3 , du
y = u and u = X + x + 1 ^ — = 4u and — = 2x + l

oww
du dx

^
dx
^
du
X—
dx
=4 (2x +1) = 4 (x^ + X +1)^ (2x + 1).
ALITER We have,

e
^{{x^ + x + lf} =
d
|(x^ + X +1)^} X — (x^ + X +1) = 4 (x^ + X +1)^(2x +1)

re
dx dx
d{x^ +X + 1)

FFrllo
reF
(ii) Let y = ■Jx^ + x +1. Putting x^ + x +1

e
= u, we get
ouru
2 dy 1
'-1
j du

osrF
1
y - ffu and u = X +X + 1=>
du 2
and — = 2x + 1
dx
ffor
k iffu
dy _ dy du _ 1 X (2x + 1) = 1
X (2x +1) [v u = x^ x +H
dx du dx 2yju 2 Jx^ + X +1
kso
ooo
Yo
Y

ALITER We have.
BB

+ X + 1)'^^^'^ X -^{x^ + X + 1)
d d
x^ + X +1 =
dx
d (x^ + X +1)
r ree
Y

^{X^ + X + D
-1/2
uu

(2x +1)
ad
doo

3
(iii) Let y - sin x. Putting u = sin x, we get
Y

y =11^ andM = sin x ^ ^ = 3u^ and ^ =

nidn

cos X.
du dx
Re

dy dy du ^ 2 - \2 0-2
F

[*.● u = sin x]
Fi

-=2- = -=L X — = 3u X cos X = 3 (sm x) x cos x = 3 sin x cos x.

dx du dx
d
ALITER — (sin ^ x) = — {(sin x) = {(sin x) X
dx
(sin x)
dx dx d (sin x)
3-1 2
= 3 (sin x) X cos X = 3 sin X cos x.

1 2 2
(iv) Lety = . Putting u-a -X , we get
pi 2
fa -X
1 du
y = = u and u = a^ - X
2
and — = - 2x.
du 2 dx

\jj>^(-2x) = [■: u=a^ - x^]

X
x(-2x) = -
dx du dx 2 2u
10.20 MATHEMATICS-Xll

d [, 2 2.-1/2I d 2 2
ALITER a -X

d(a^-x^)
U.2 2^3/2 a:
a -X (0-2x) =
1\

EXAMPLE 4 Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:

a + b cos X
(iii) sin ^ (x^) (iv) sin ^
.Tsmx
(i) log (sec X + tan x) (ii) e ,b >a
b + a cos X

SOLUTION (i) Let y = log (sec x + tan x). Putting w = sec x + tan x, we get
^ dy \ , du . 2

ooww
y = logM and u = sec X + tan X => — = - and — = sec x tan x + sec x.
du u dx
dy dy du I , ^ 2 . 1
— = —X — =-x (secX tan X + sec x) = secx(tanx+ secx) = secx.
dx du dx u sec X + tan x
X sm X
(ii) Lety = e . Putting M = X sin x, we get

ee
du
y= and w = xsinx=> — = and

rFl X cos X + sm X.

re
du dx

Fre
dy _ dy ^ du = (x cos X + sin x) = e
xsin X
(x cos X + sin x)

rrF
dx du dx
d xsmx d xsitja: d xsinx
ALITER —{e ) = } X — (x sin x) = c X (x cos X + sin x).
sffoo
ouur
dx d (x sin x) dx
—1 3 3
(iii) Let y = sin x . Putting u = x , we get
okks

dy _ 1 , du - 2
Yo

.. -1
y = sm Mandw = x^ and — = 3x
oo

du dx
Y
BB

dy _ dy ^du _ 1
X 3x^ = ^ X 3x^
rre

dx du dx
ouu
Y

d 1
ad

ALITER — (sin"^x^) = (sin X 3x^

dx
dl^x^) dx
dY

-1 b + cos X a + b cos X
innd

(iv) Let y = sin . Putting u = we get

Re

b + a cos X b + a cos X '

Fi
F

a + b cos X
y = sin ^ M and u =
b + a cos X
1 du {b + a cos x) (0 - i? sin x) - (fl + cf cos x) (0 - fl sin x)
and, — 2
du dx
{b + a cos x)

1
and
du {a^ -b^) sin x
du
VT7 dx
{b + a cos x)^
dy _ dy ^ du
dx du dx

^ - 1 (fl^ -b^) sin X 1

^ (a^ -b^} sin x
dx
^l~u^ (b + acosx) 1 -
a + b cos X
n2
(b + a cos x)
2

1 b + a cosx
DIFFERENTIATION 10.21

^ - {b + a cos x) (fl^ -b^) sin X

dx
{b + a cos x)
yj(b + a cos x)^ -{a + b cos x)^
2 2
^ - (a -b ) sin x X
1

dx {b + a cos x)
■Jb^ (1 - cos^ x) - (1 - cos^ x)
2 2
^ - (a^ -b^) sin X X
1 (b -a ) sin x
X
1

dx b + a cos ;t 2 . b + a cos X b + a cos x

■J(b^ -fl^) sin^ X

-a sm X

ooww
EXAMPLE 5 Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:
X

(i) (ii) log7 (log7 x) (iii) logj: 2

e
X

SOLUTION (i) Lety = e^ . Putting = u, we get

ree
rFlM j X dy
y = e and u = e => -f-
u du
= e and — = e
X

Fre
du dx

rrF
X

dy _ dy ^du _ e
u
ye
X
e
e
.y e
X
[vu = e^]
dx du dx
ouur
d
sffoo X
ALITER e e X e

dx[ J dx
okks
Yo

(ii) Let y = log7 (log7 x). Putting u = log7 x, we get

oo

du
y = log7 u and u = logy x => ^ =
1 1
Y

and — =
BB

du u loge 7 dx X loge 7
rre

dy _ dy ^du _ 1 X
1

dx du dx u loge 7 ^ 7
ouu
YY
ad

<^y _ 1 1
u = log7 a:]
dx logy X X loge 7 y X loge ^ a: (log7 x) (loge 7)^
dd

(^log7 (log7 X) jx A(log7 X) = (l0g7 X) loge 7

I
4- [logy (10g7 x)\ = d (log7
d
ALITER X
Re
iinn

dx x) X loge 7
1
F

X (log7 x) (loge 7)^

1
(iii) Let y = logj. 2. Then, y = . Putting M = log2X, weget
log2A:
du
-u and u = logy x => ^ = - 4r and dx
1
y =
du X loge 7
dy dy du 1 1 1 1
[●.* U = logy X]
dx du dx 2 a: loge 2 X loge 2
u
(log2 xf
ALITER Using chain rule, we obtain
^ n
T- (logx 2) = —
d ^ 1^ ^ d I
4- (log2 =
1 1

(log2 a:)^ " ^ loge 2

X

dx
dx^logyx d(log2 x) ^log2 X dx
 10.22 MATHEMATICS-XM

EXAMPLE 6 Dijferentiate the following functions with respect to x:

f 1
(ii) log tan ^ + ^ [CBSE 20021
71
(i) sec (log/) (iii) log 'I sin 3
1
1 )_

SOLUTION (i) Let y = sec (log /). Putting / = v, w = log / = log v, we get
n dy ^ du \ ,dv n-i
y = seen, u = logi> and v = x => — = sec u tan u, — = - and — =nx
du dv V dx

dy dy du dv 1 n-l
= ~^x — X — = secu tan ux ~xnX
dx du dv dx v

dy
= sec (log x”) tan (log x") x ^ x nx
n-\
= - X sec (log x") tan (log x”)

looww
dx X

(ii) Let y = log tan ^ ^ ■ Putting ^ ^ ~

7t X
— 4* —
= tan v = u, we get
4 2)
dy 1 du 2 , du _ 1

ree
7C X
y = log M, M = tan v and v = - + ~ , — = sec V and
4 2 du u dv dx 2

reeF
_ ^y X x^^ 1
- X sec
r FF
2
u X —
1 1
— sec
2
u X —
1
[●●● u = tan v]
dx du dv dx u 2 tan V fofroF 2

^ = 1 1 1 1 71 X
u
= sec X. ●●● U = — + —
dx 2 sin i> cos v sin 2 y 4 2
ks
K cosx
sm - + X

.2
kos o
YYouor

^ 2
BBoo

(iii) Let y = log{ sin 1

r ee

3
1
ad

^ 2 f .2
ouur

2
X X
Yo

Putting l=i», sin 1 = sinz7 = u and log < sin 1 ● = log w =2, we get
3 3 3
d
Re

Jz, 2 = log u,7^ = sin tJandu = ^—1 => ^ dz

— 1 du
inY

= cos V and —
j dv = —
2x
y =
FFind

3 dz 2 4z du u' dv dx 3

dy dy dz du dv
dx dz du dv dx

^ - 1 ''I'l (2x X ^ cos V

- (cosu) — [V2 = l0g u]
dx 2fz u
3 J 3 « V^og Ii
,2 ( 2
, X
cos xcot 1
3 3
dy X
— X
dx 3
^.2 r 2 ( .2
sin ^-1 log < sin - -1 \ 3 log ^ sin
X
1
3 3 3
I 1
DIFFERENTIATION 10.23

EXAMPLE 7 Differentiate the following functions zvith respect to x:

a + b sin x
(i) log X + [CBSE 2003, NCERT EXEMPLAR] (ii) log - a-b sin X
\

1 + sin X
(iii) (iv) log
e^ -e ^ ^ 1 - sin X
( r~2 2
SOLUTION (i) Let y = log x + -^ja + x . Then,

Ilog (x + ^
d
^ = A. fl* + X^)
1
X — ■( X + ^ + x^
dx dx 2 . .2 dx]

oww
X + -»fl +x

1
= 1 +
dx 2 2 2 dx
X + a + x

' 2 2

e
a + X + X 1
1 1 1

ree
1 + X 2x

rFl
dx
^ +x
2
IPT?
2 2
J7 + X
2

Fre
X + X + aA +X

rr F
fl + b sin X
(ii) Lety = log .Then,
fl - b sin X
ouur
sfoo
y = log (fl + b sin x) - log (a - i> sin x)
d
kks

dx
—
dx
{log(fl+ sin x)l dx
(log (fl-iJ sin x)l
Yo
oooo

d
^ - 1 d
X — (fl + b sin x) -
1
X — (fl - cf sin x)
eBB

dx fl + b sin X dx a-b sin x dx

d
^ - 1 d
X — (fl + b sin x) -
1
X — (fl - b sin x)
dx fl + b sin X dx fl - b sin X dx
uurr

^ 1 1
ad

(0 + b cos x) - (0 -b cos x)
YYo

dx fl + b sin X fl - b sin X

iy _ b cos X b cos X 1 1
dd

+ = b cos X
dx fl + b sin X a - b sin x fl + bsinx fl-bsinx
Re
iinn

a-b sin x + a + b sin x 2flb cos X

F

— = b cos X
dx (fl + b sin x) (fl -b sin x) a ^ -b^ sin^ X
y - y
e + e
(iii) Let y = — - X
. Then,
e -e

e^ + e
- X

dy _ d
- X
dx dx -e

^ - dx dx
dx

=> ^ _ {e^ - g~ ^) (g^ - e~ ^) - (g^ + g~ ^) {e^ + e~ ^) d

v4(r^)=r^-^(-x)=-e
d -X

dx (e^-e-^9- dx dx
10.24 MATHEMATICS-XII

4
dx

1 + sin X
(iv) Let y - log . Then,
1 - sin X

1/2
1 + sin X 1 1 + sin a: 1
y
= logj- - sm a:
= - log
2 ®
-
1 - sin A"
= — {log (1 + sin x) - log (1 - sin a:)}
2

dy _ \ \ d d
dx
-1 — {log (1 + sin at)} - — {log (1 - sin a:)}

ooww
dy \ 1* " ,1
d ● V 1 d
— = —\ X — (I + Sin 'A) - X — (1 - sin x)
dx 2 1 + sin x dx 1 - sin a: dx

^ = 1 1 1 1

e
cos X cos X
(0 + cos x) — (0 - cos x) V = — .

re
dx 2 1 + sin X 1 -sm X 2 1 + sinx 1-sinx

rFFl
ree
F
dy _ —1 cos X
1-sinx + l+sinx
> -
1
— cos X
2 cos X
sec X.
2 1 ● 2 2

rF
dx 2 1 - sin X 2 1 - sin X cos X

EXAMPLE 8 Find ^ , when fsfoor

ouur
dx
2
kosk
+ log X sm X + X
(i) y = cos {bx + c) (ii) y =
sin 3x
(iii) y = log (1 + x^) (iv) y = cot 2x
Yo
oo

SOLUTION (i) Using product rule, we get

Y
BB

d
X -— {cos {bx + c)} + cos {bx + c) x — {e^^)
dx dx dx
rre

dy
-2- = e
ax d d
X - sin (bx + c) X — (bx + c) + cos (bx + c) x x (flX)}
oYuu

dx dx dx
ad

ax
— = X {- sin (bx + c)} x b + cos (bx + c) x e
dY

X a
dx

^ {-b sin (bx + c) + a cos (bx + c)}.

innd
Re

dx
Fi
F

(ii) Using quotient rule, we get

d d

^ -
sin 3x X
dx
{e^ + log x) - {e^ + log x) x dx
(sin 3x)
dx
(sin 3x)^
X
sin 3x e +~ -(^^ + log x) (cos 3x)(3x)
^ - X J dx
dx 2
sin 3x

X 1
sin 3x e + -
- {e^ + log x) (cos 3x) X 3
^ - X

dx ■ 2
sm 3x

dy _ (e'’ + 1/x) sin 3x - 3 {e^ + log x) cos 3x

dx sm
● 2 3x
,
DIFFERENTIATION 10.25

(iii) Using product rule, we get

dx X ■£■ {log (1 + + log (1 + x^) X ^ (e^)

dy = e X X 1
—^ X— (1 + x^) + log (1 + x^) X
dx \ + x^ dx

2x
^ - ^ X 2:c +
V
X log (1 + X ) = e
9 r
+ log (1 + X )
2

dx 1 +/ 1 + x^
2
Sin X + X 2
(iv) We have, y = = (sin X + X ) tan 2x
cot 2x

ww
Using product rule, we get
—
dx
= (sin X + x^) —
dx
(tan 2x) + tan 2x ^
dx
(sin x + x^)
^

Flo
= (sin X + x^) (sec^ 2x) (2x) + (tan 2x) (cos x + 2x)

e
dx dx

ree
^ = (sin X + x^) (sec^ 2x) x 2 + (tan 2x) (cos x + 2x)

Fr
rF
dx

^ = 2 (sin X + x^) sec^ 2x + (cos x + 2x) tan 2x.

uurr
dx
for
BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)
s
kks
Yo

EXAMPLE9 J/y = jx + -^ ^ I , then prove that — =

oooo

X + fl
J dx X
2
+ fl
2
eB

jj
2 2
ICBSE 20051
SOLUTION We have, y = X + ■» X +
ur
ad

n
I 2 2
YYo

X + X +fl n X +
dx dx

1" M d,. d ri
dd

^ - ' 2 2 2
Re

X + X +fl
in

dx
F

^ -
x{
-1/2
n 1 + -2 (x^ + X

dx
dx

n-l
1
dy =_ n < X +
'
X
2
+
2
X 1 + X 2x
dx
2 Jx^ +
n-l
I 2 2 X
= n<x +
_

X + <1 ‘
1 +
dx 2 2
X + a

n-l ' 2 2 w X +
X +a +x
^ - n X +
f 2
X + fl
2
2 2
dx I 2 , 2 2,2
yjx +a X + a X + a
 10.26 MATHEMATICS‘Xlt

-1 .. -1
X sin
+ log Jl-x^, then prove that ^ =
sin X
EXAMPLE 10 Ify =
2v3/2'
1 -X 2 ^ dx
(1-X^)

SOLUTION We have, y = x sin ^ x (1 - x^)2s-1/2 + Uog{l-x^)

Differentiating with respect to x, we get
^ = A. xsin”^ x(l
dx dx

dx = sin“^ X (1 - ^^(x)+x4-
dx dx
(sin“^ x) (1 - ^ + X Sin
. -1

dx
1 1

ww
H X -X
2 dx
-1
dy _ sin ^ 1 1 1

FF loo
= X 1 + X X —== + X sin ^ XX
dx
1-x^
^1-x^ 2 j dx

ree
1
+
^(0-2x)
2(1-.r‘)

reFe
-1
dy _ sin X X X (sin ^ x) oroFr
rur
dx
l-x^' 2(T':,2j3/2 (0-2x) ^
1 -x^
s ff
-1 2 . -1 . -1
sin"^ X . -1
k

dy _ sin X X sin X sm 1
YYouo

sm X
okso

rfx 2,3/2 2,3/2 ●

1 -x^ (1-n
2
'l-x^ (1-0
BBoo

EXAMPLE 11 Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:

r ee

-1
cos

(i) sin (m sin ^ x)

ad

(u)
ouur

(hi) e
Yo

SOLUTION (i) We have, y = sin (m sin x)

● ^ -
— |sin(msin ^x)lJ =cos(msin ^x)x-^(msin ^x) = cos(msm
d

^x)xm—(sin“^x)
idnY
Re

dx I dx dx
dy , . -1 , 1
FFin

m
-7^
dx
= cos (m sm x) x m x -== = cos (m sin”^ x)

(ii) We have, y = a
(sin ^ x)^

dy d (sin ^ ,_-l
(sin x)^' log
1 d
—
dx
- — <a
dx
a
ax —
dx
(sin ^ x)^ ●

^ ^) log fl X 2 (sin ^ x)
2-1
X dx
(sin ^ x)

a
log ax 2 sin
-1
xx
1 2 log fl ● sin ^ X X a
(sin
dx

cos
(iii) We have, y - e
DIFFERENTIATION 10.27

cos ^ Jl-ar^ cos ^ Jl-x^ d

= A, e * > = e * X —
cfA: dx

cos -1 d f
X =r X

dx 2 dx

f
COS -1

ooww
2

-1

^ = e
cos
’ X r 1
L=(-2x) = .
cos
'' X
1
- —I—
dx
2^1-:c -^1 -x^

e
ere
EXAMPLE 12 Differentiate the following functions with respect tox:

rFl 3-1^ 2s5

Fre
(i) log 10 a: + log;, 10 + log;, X + logio 10 (ii) 5 + (3-x")

rrF
SOLUTION (i) Let y = logiQ x + log;, 10 + logj. X + logio 10. Then,
1 sffoo
ouur
y = logic x + +1 +1 = logio ^ + OoglO + 2.
logic ^
kosk

Differentiating with respect to x, we get

Yo
oo

dy _ 1
+ {-l) (logio x) ^ X A (logjQ :t) + 0
Y
BB

dx X log(, 10 dx
rre

1
^ ^ “(logio
dx X loge 10 X log^ 10
ouu
Y
ad

1
dy _ 1 1
dY

dx
^logelO X (logic
innd

1 1 1
Re

dy _ 1
2 logc 10 = X logs 10
2 loge 10.
dx X logg 10 X (logic X ● loge 10) X (logc x)
Fi
F

3-x^
(ii) Let y-5 ■f (3 - x^)^. Differentiating with respect to x, we get
dy ^
|(3-x¥}
5-x

dx dx dx

d^
dx
^ ^3-x2 loge 5 X
d
dx
(3-x^)+5(3-xV AA(3_x2)
dx

3-x^
^
dx
=5^“-''^log,5x(0-2x)+5(3-x^) X
(0-2x)=-2x^5 Iog,5+5(3-xV ■■

r~2 2 r~2 2 2
Ja +x + Ja -X
,
, show that — = -
.dy 2a^- - a

EXAMPLE 13 Ify = dx 4
a 2-x^ X a -X
 10.26
MATHEMATiCS-Xli

SOLUTION We have.
( 2 2 I 2 2 I 2 2
a -X a ~x a -X
y = X

●Ja^ + x
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a + X a -X a -X a + X +

2
2 2

+x^ + -x^ -vl + x^ ^

a -X 2
-X
y = -
(a^ + x^)-(a^ -x^) 2x^

2(? + 2^ I 4 4
4
2 -a:
a 2 -2 '4 4-2
y =

ooww
ax + fl -:r X
2 2
X X

dy 2 d , -2. d '4 4-2

-f- = a -— (x ) +— a -X X
dx dx dx

^ = -2fl^X ^+(-2)x 3 .J/T/ +(^'2)1 (^4-^4)-!/2^ fr (fl^-X^)

e
ree
rFl 2

Fre
I 4 4 1
3
fl -X +
y(-4.^)
2x^J7
dx

rrF
x
“X
ouur
sffoo
I 4 4 2x 2fl^ -X
X
-X -2
rfx 3 3
X X 4
-X
4
x3 a
4
-X
4
okks
Yo
oo

d\j _ 2^
4 4 4
2^ 2a^ 2a^ 2
Y

fl -X + X a

r-^i
BB

dx X
3 4 .4 X
3 3 4 4 ~“Tr 4 4
X a -X X fl -X X
fl -X
rre

EXAMPLE 14 Ify = — , proue that (1 - x^) ^

ouu

+ y = 0. [CBSE 2004]
P
YY

dx
ad

+ X

nr X
SOLUTION We have, y = - . Differentiating with respect to x, we get
dd

P + X
Re
iinn

^l/2-l
dy _1 1 -X d 1-x
F

X —
dx 2 1 + X dx 1 + X

d d
(l + x) — (l-x)-(l-x)~(l + x)
^ = i Ihi X
dx dx
dx ~ 2V1-X
(1+a:)2
^ = i |l±i X (i+x)(-i)-(i-x)(i) ^ 1 fm X
1-X-1 + X
dx 2 A 1 -X (1+a:)^ 2 -yi -X (1 + ^)^
^ - l + x
r X
1
dx 1 -X
"Xl+xf
r+ X 1
[Multiplying both sides by (1 -x )]
dx
1-^ (l + x)^
 10.29
DIFFERENTIATION

=. = -y => (i-^^)^ +y = 0
l-x
dx
dx
P + x dx

X
1 +/ e
EXAMPLE 15 If y = ; show that
p-e^ dx

w
1 + e*
SOLUTION We have, y = — . Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain.
P-^

e
d 1 + e*
^ = i l±i
^ dx i-e^

e
dx 2 i-e^

o
wr
r
1-e^ (l-e^)-^(l + e^)-(l + e^)^(l-e^)

F
^ _ 1 X
dx dx
dx
2^1 + e^

ullo
r FF
^ - 1 1-e^ (l-e^)e^ +{l+e^)e^ _1 1-e* 2e^

e
- X

rsre
sr‘v'2
dx 2)1 + / 2^1 + e^ (1-0

oF
uo
k
X

=>
dy
-2. = e X l~e^ X
1 e

dx
yi + / (l-e-^)
oofrXx2
p + e^ (l-eY^^
sf
ko
X
Y
X
e
^ - e

(l-e^)pTe
BB

p + e’^ p-e’^ a-e’^)

2x
Yo

dx
Y
oo

EXAMPLE 16 1/(1+xf =Cq +C1X + C2 x^ +... + Cfj /, using derivatives prove that
er
re

H-1 n-l
(ii) Ci-2C2 + 3C3+... + (-1) nCy,n = 0
(i) C| + 2 C2 +... + w Cfj — rt.2
uu

n n

= Cq + Cj X + C2 X +... + Cjj X
od

SOLUTION We have, (1 + x)
Yo
ad

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

n

n-l
tt (1 + x)^ ^ = Cj + 2 C2 X+3C3X +... + nCfi X
Putting x = \ and -1 successively, we get
ndi

Ci + 2C2 + 3C3+... + nC„ = n.2”'^and, Ci -2C2 + 3C3 +... + (-1)”" ^ nC

Re

= 0
F

n
Fi

EXAMPLE 17 Using the fact: sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B and the technique of differentia
tion, obtain the sum formula for cosines.
SOLUTION We have,
sin (/I + B) = sin /i cos B + cos /4 sin B
Taking B as a constant, .4 as a variable and differentiating both sides with respect to A, we get
-4t
dA
(sin (A + B)) = cos B dA
(sin A) + sin B dA (cos A)
cos (A + B) = cos B cos A - sin B sin A or, cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B.
BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

Iff(x)=P^P,g(x) =
x +1
EXAMPLE 18 andh(x) =2x-3, thenfindf (h'(g'(x)). [CBSE2015]

SOLUTION We have, f(x) = +1, ^(x) = x+1^ and h(x) = 2x-3

 10.30 MATHEMATICS-XII

l-2x-x^
and /i'(a:) = 2 for all 6
ylx^+l {x^ + lf
Now,
h'{x) =2 forallx eJ?

W l = 2 for allreR

f'\h'(g'{x) =/'{2) for all :r E K

2
^ for all a: € R ●●●/'(2)=4S

ooww
x
f h' ^{x) ● ● /’ {X) =
+1 V5

EXAMPLES Ify = f(x^)and f (x) = , frld dx [CBSE2020]

e
SOLUTION We have, J/=/(x^) and f'{x)=e'^

ree
rFl
Fre
flx dx dx

rrF
10.4.1 DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS BY CHAIN RULE
In section 10.3, we have obtained the derivative of inverse trigonometric functions from first
ouur
sffoo
principles. In this section, we will obtain the same by using chain rule.
1
THEOREM 1
Ifx e(-l, 1), then the differentiation o/sin" ^ xwith respect toxis
okks

d -I 1 \-x^
Yo

i.e., — (sm x) - -j= , for X e(-l, 1).

oo
Y

dx
BB

PROOF Let y = sin ^ X. Then, sin (sin ^x)=x=^ siny=x

rre

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

ouu

4~ (siny)
YY
ad

1 =
dx

1 = — (sin y)^ —
dd

[By chain rule]

dy ^ dx
Re
iinn

. dy dy \ 1 1
1 = cos y ^ ^= -1 <x<l
2 '
F

dx dx cos y -X

, ■ -I ^ 1
or. — (sm x) = —f=
dx

-1 -1
THEOREM 2 e (-1,1), then the differentiation of cos X with respect to x is
-1 1 -x^
i.e.. ~ (cos ^ x) =
dx
= ,forxe(-l,l).
1 -X

-1
PROOF Let y = cos X. Then,

cos (cos~ ^ x) = X
cos y = X

4-
dx
(cosy)=-^(x)
dx [Differentiating both sides with respect to x]
DIFFERENTIATION 10.31

— (cos y) X — = 1 [By chain rule]

dy ^ dx
-sm y — = 1
t

dx
-1 -1
dy _ -1 <x<l [●.● X - cos y]
2 '
dx sin y - cos
2
y 1-x

d , - 1 , 1
-1<x<l
or. — (cos a:) =
dx

1
THEOREM 3 The differentiation o/tan" ^ x with respect to x is 1 + x^
(tan“^ x) = —i-y

ww
i.e..
dx i + x^

PROOF het y = tan ^ x. Then,

Flo
tan (tan ^ ;c) =

e
tan y = x

reree
X =:r [Differentiating both sides with respect to x]

r FF
dx dx

=>
— (tan y) X ^ =1 [By chain rule]
uurr
dy dx
foor
2 dy =1
sec y
dx
ks s

dy _ 1 1 1
Yoo
ooook

2 2
dx
sec y 1 + tan y 1 + x^
eBB

1
or. —(tan ^ x) = [●.● y = tan ^ x and tan y = x]
dx lfx2
-1
THEOREM 4 The differentiation of cot ^ x with respect to x is
uurr

1 + x^
ad

-1
~ (cot” ^ x) =
Yo

i.e.,
dx 1 + x^
dY

PROOF Let y = cot” ^ x. Then,

Re
innd

cot(cot ^ x) = X
FFi

cot y = X

^(coty)=^(x)
dx dx
[Differentiating both sides with respect to x]

-^(coty)x^
dy dx
=l [Using chain rule]

2 dy
- cosec y X =1
dx
-1 -1
dy_ -1

1 + cot^ y 1 + x^
dx 2
cosec y
-1
or. — (cot” ^ x) = [●.' y = cot ^ X and x = cot y]
dx l+x^
1
-1
THEOREM 5 Ifx € R -[-1,1], then the differentiation of sec X with respect to x is
x| Jx^-1
 10.32 MATHEMATICS-XII

d , -1 . 1
i.e., — (sec X) - ,xeR-[-l,l].
dx

-1
EROOF Let y = sec x. Then,

sec (sec" ^ x) = x
sec y = a:

^(sec y) =^~{x)
ax ax
[Differentiating both sides with respect to x]
d , \ dy .
— (sec y) X =1 [Using chain rule]

oww
dy dx

sec y tan y -^ = 1 => ^ =

1
dx dx sec y tan y
If a: >1, then

e
y e (0, n/2) => sec y > 0, tan y > 0 => | secy | | tan y | = secy tan y.

re
FFrlo
If a: < -1, then
y e {n/2, tt) => sec y < 0, tan y < 0 => | sec y | | tan y | = (- sec y) (- tan y) = sec y tan y

rF
ee
1 1

if a: secy tany ifA: Isecyljtanyl

rF
ouru
dy 1 1 1
=>

secy l^tan^y
fosor |secy|-^sec^y-l |a:|
skf
d , -1 , 1
— (sec at) =
ooko

or.
d.T
Yo
Y

-1
THEOREMS Ifx e R - [-1,1], then the differentiation ofcosec ^ xwith respect toxis
Bo
reeB

i.e., — (cosec ^ a:) =

1 |a:|Ja:^-1
dx
ooY
uur

-1
PROOF Let y = cosec X. Then,
ad

cosec (cosec" ^ a:) = a:

dY

cosec y = x
nind
Re

— (cosec y) = — (x) [Differentiating both sides with respect to x]

dx ^ d::
F
Fi

dx

— (cosec y)>< — =1 [Using chain rule]

dx

dy -1
- cosec y cot y X =1 =>
dx dx cosec y cot y
If X > 1, then y (0, n/2) => cosec y > 0, cot y > 0 => j cosec y 11 cot y | = cosec y cot y
If X <-l, then
y £ (- n/2,0) cosec y < 0 and cot y < 0 => [ cosec y 11 cot y | = (- cosec y) (- cot y)
1 -1 -1 -1

dx cosec y cot y ifx I cosec y 11 cot y I

I cosec y | ^cosec^ y -1 [ x| Vx^ -1
-1
or. —
dx
(cosec" ^ x) =
-1
DIFFERENTIATION 10.33

EXERCISE 10.2
BASIC

Differentiate the following functions with respect to x (1-57):

1. sin (3x + 5) 2. tan^ X 3. tan (a:® 4-45°) 4. sin (log a:)
5. e sin -fx 7. sin^(2A: + l)
tan X
6. e 8. log7 {2x-3)
3 X

9. tan 5a:® 10. 2^ 11. 3*^ 12. log.Y 3

2 2
+ 2-t a - X 1 + sin X
13. 3 14. 15. 3'^‘“S’' 16.
1 - sin a:

ooww
1-x^ 1 + -.C 14-x2
17.
18. (log sin 19. 20. sin
^1-x l-X^
yjcOtX

e
3 X tan 3 X
21. e cos 2.V 22. sin (log sin x) 23. e 24. e

ree
rFl sm X 1 - cos X sin X

Fre
25. log 26. log (CBSE2003] 27. tan (e
1 + cos X
P + cos X

rrF
2 2x - 2x
e^ log X 3x sin X
28. log (x + ^x^ +1)
e + e
29. 30. 31.
ouur
X
2
sffoo e
2x
-e
-2x

2
X + X + 1 sin ^ 2x
okks

33. tan ^ (e^)

-1
32. log -2 34. e 35. sin (2 sin x)
Yo

X -X +1
oo
Y
BB

tan ^ Vx 2^ cos X
36. e 37. tan 38. log (tan ^ x) 39.
2
(x^ + 3)^
rre
ouu

40. sin^ (log (2x + 3)} 41. e^ log sin 2x 42. (sin’^x^)^ 43. sin ^
X
YY
ad

2 2
X + a
dd

x^ + 2 x^ (l-x^)^
X
e sin X - 3x
44. 45. 3e log (1 + x) 46. 47.
Re
iinn

(x^ + 2)^ ^osx cos 2x

F

It x^
48. log <i cot —+ - [ 49. e"^ sec x tan 2x
4 2*^ 50. log (cos x^) 51. cos (log x)^
x-1
52. log 53. log (cosec x - cot x) 54. X sin 2x + 5^ + + (tan^ .x)^
■yx + 1

55. log (3 X + 2) - x^ log (2x -1) 56. .Jx^ +1 +Jx^-1

-^x^ +1 -1

|x + 2 +
X - X

x^ + 4x +1
— , prove that ^ = 1 -
- e
57. log 58. Ify=- X —
e

59. If y = Jx^
’
+ , prove that y ^
dx
-x = 0 60. If y = prove that —
dx
=Jy^ -4
[CBSE 20201
 10.34 MATHEMATICS-XII

dy 2
61. If y = , prove that y — + :c = 0 62. If A:y = 4, prove that x -r + y = 3y
' dx dx

-- , secx-1 .. , ,,(71
63. If/W=,vsec:r + r.fmd/'
l
- , [CBSE2020]

2^
n
64. If/(x) = Jtan 4x, then find /' 16
[CBSE2020]
V /

65. If y=j^, prove that :r^={l -y)y

1
66. Ify = V^ +

ww
, prove that 2 x
dx
1 + tan X dy
67. If y = log , prove that dx = sec 2x. [CBSE2011]
■y 1 - tan ;c

Flo
. -1
dy y

e
X sin X 2
68. ify = — , prove that{1-a: ) = XA .

ree
117' dx X

FFr
—1 I 2 dy —1
69 If y = a: sin a: + J1-a: , prove that ^ = sin x.
uurr
dx

orr fx-1']
sfo
70. If y = (1 - a:) log (a:-1) -{x + 1) log (a: + 1), prove that -log
dx 1+x
kks
1 x-1
71. If y = log + , prove that — =
Yo
oooo

dx 2x {x +1)

If y = yjx + 1 + Ja: -1, prove that -Jx^ -1 ^ ~ ^ V

eB

72.

1 - cos 2a:
dy
73. Ify=^log
urr

prove that — = 2 cosec 2at

1 + cos 2a: dx
ad
YYo

2
2 a .-IX
74 Prove that — — -X + — sin — > [CBSE 2004]
dx 2^ 2 a
dd
Re
inn

75. lfy = log|.y

-1
x-1 , show that — =
2^?\^
dx
F

ANSWERS

sec^ (x° + 45‘’)

2 n
1, 3 cos{3x +5) 2. 2 tan x sec x
180
sin
cos Vx e 6. e'^’^'sec^x
4. — cos (log x) 5.
X 2V^
2
7. 2 sin (4x + 2) 8. 9. — sec^ (5x°)
{2x - 3) log, 7 180
1
10. 3x^ ● 2* log 2 11, 3® log 3 ● 12. -
X log, 3 (log3 x)^
x^ + 2x -2fl^ X
13.(3 log 3) (2x + 2) 14. 15. 3^*°S^(log3)(l-Hlogx)
DIFFERENTIATION 10.35

-lx
16. sec X (tan x + sec x) 17.
18.2 (log sin x) cot x

1 4x 3x
19. 20. 21. e
3/2 2,2
cos (3 cos 2x - 2 sin 2x)
JTTx (1 - x) d-x") l-X^

tan 3x 1 e
22. cos (log sin x) ● cot x 23. 3 e ●sec^ 3x 24.-- X cosec
2
X

^cot X

w
2

27. sec^ (e
sin X smx
25. cosec X 26.cosec X ) e cos X

1
28. 29. x”^ 1log X 4- 12,log X
X X

roow
e
re
30.
6x sin X + 3x^ cos x 3x
3
sin X -8 2(^^-l)
31. 32.-
2,3/2 2x -2x,2
(7-x") (e - e ) X*^ + X^ +1

reF
uFFll
X
2 I21 2

e
33. _£ 34.
sin
35. cos (2 sin ^ x) ●
2x
1 + e

sFr
gtan
36. 37.
foro 1
38.
1
uor
lyfx (1 + x)
fk (1 + x^) tan ^ X
(4 + x^) tan -l(x)
okso
1
2 V *●/
Y

2^
Yo

4x cos X
39.
■ cos X ● logg 2 - sin X -
oo
BB

(x^ + 3)2 x2 + 3
2
rYree

40. sin 12 log (2x + 3)} - 41. 2 cot 2x + log sin 2x

ouu

2x4-3

16x^ (sin ^x^)^

ad
Ydo

a
42. 43.
8 2 2
1 -X a + x
nidn

sin X + cos x 6x sin x

^^-31og(x + l) ■
- 3x
Re

44. 45. 3e
(x-2+2)3 (x2 + 2)^
F
Fi

1 x2 4-2
46. 2x + tan X 47. 2x (1 - x2)^ sec 2x {1 - 4x^ + x (1 - x^) tan 2x)
yjcos X 2

48. ax 2
-secx 49. e sec X {a tan 2x 4- tan x tan 2x + 2 sec 2x)
2
50' - 2x tan x^ 51. - 2 log X sin (log x) 52.
1
X
X 2-1
53. cosec X
54. sin 2x 4- 2x cos 2x 4- 5* log 5 + 6 tan^ x sec^ x
55.
3 2x2 2x3 1
- 2x log (2x -1) 56. 2x + 57.

-Jx^ + 4x + 1
3x + 2 2x-l
X -1
2
63. ± 64.2
3 K
 10.36 MATHEMATtCS-XII

10.5 DIFFERENTIATION BY USING TRIGONOMETRICAL SUBSTITUTIONS

Sometimes, it becomes very easy to differentiate a function by using trigonometrical

transformations. Usually this is done in case of inverse trigonometrical functions. Some
important results on trigonometrical and inverse trigonometrical functions are given below for
ready reference,
2 2
(i) sin 2:r = 2 sin X cos x (ii) 1 + cos 2x = 2 cos x or, cos 2x = 2 cos x -1
2 2
(iii) 1 - cos 2x = 2 sin x or, cos 2x = 1 - 2 sin x
2 tan X 1 - tan^ X
(iv) sin 2x = (v) cos 2x =
1 + tan^ X 1 + tan^ X
2 tan X 3
(vi) tan 2x = (vii) sin 3x = 3 sin X - 4 sin x
1 - tan^ X

w
3
3 tan X - tan x
(viii) cos 3x = 4 cos x - 3 cos x (ix) tan 3x =
1-3 tan^ X

(x) sin
-1

FF llowo
ree
sin”^ x+ sm ,if-l^x, y<l and x^ + < 1 or, if xy < 0 and x^ + y^ > 1
. -1

rF
y

-(sin” ^ X + sm y) , if 0 < X, y < 1 and x^ + y^ > 1

. -1
71
ur
for Ffre o
- 71 -(sin” ^ X + sin y) ,if-l£ X, y<0 and x^ + y^ > 1
ks
YYour o

Sin
oo

,if-l<x, y^l andx^ + y^ <1 or, if xy > 0 & x^ + y^ > 1

Bo ksB

sin”^x-sm y
. -1
r ee

7t-(sin”^ X -sin”^ y) ,if0<x£l,-l<y<0 and x^ + y^ > 1

-7T -(sin”^ X - sin” ^y) ,if-l< x<0, 0<y<l and x^ + y^ > 1
our u
ad
Yo

-1 -1
-1
cos X + cos y, if-l<x,y<l andx + y^0
(xi) cos
d

27t-(cos ^x + cos ^y). if -1 £ X, y < 1 and x + y ^ 0

Re
in

-1 -1
cos x-cos y, if-1 <x, y <1 and X <y
|xy + Vl-x^ ^1-y^l
FFind Y

-1
cos

y), if-l<y ^0, 0 <x andx ^y

— 1 — 1
- (cos X - cos

tan” ^ X + tan ^ y , if xy < 1

X + V
(xii) tan ^ — = n -(tan ^x + tan ^ y) , if x >0 , y >0 and xy >1
1 -xy
7c + (tan ^ X + tan ^ y) , if X < 0, y < 0 and xy > 1

tan”^x-tan ^y , ifxy>-l
7i-(tan”^ x-tan“^y) , if x >0 , y < 0 and xy <-1
-1
(xiii) tan

- 71 - (tan ^ X - tan ^ y) , if X < 0, y > 0 and xy < -1

DIFFERENTIATION 10.37

-1 -1 7t
(xiv) sin ^a: + cos =
2
(xv) tan ^ a: + cot ^ a: = -2 for all at e R
(xvi) sec ^a: + cosec =-^2', ifa: e{-co,-l] u[l,co) (xvii) cos V^)=^~cos forx: e[-l, 1]
—1 —1
(xviii) tan (- a;) = - tan at for a: e R (xix) sin~\-Ar) = -sin~^a: for a:
-ifl)
(xx) sin”^ X = cosec
— , if a: g ( - CO , -1] u [1, oo)
—1 —1 1
(xxi) cos a: = sec — , if a: g (- oo , -1] u [1, co)
X

cot -ifi' , if X > 0

ww
-1
cot X, X > 0
(xxii) tan ^ x = ● or, tan
-iTi ~K+cot ^ X,X < 0
- 71+ cot , if X <0

Flo
(xxiii) sin ^ (sin 8) = 6, if - ^
TC

£ 0 £ ^ ; cos ^ (cos 0) = 0,ifO<0<7r

e
eree
tan ^ (tan 0) = 0,if--^<0<^ ; cosec” ^ (cosec 0) = 0,if--^<0<-^2' 09^0

FFr
2 2
uurr
sec" ^ (sec 0) = 0,ifO<0<jt,0?i^ ; cot” ^ (cot 0) = 0,ifO<0<7t
orr
sfo
Following are some substitutions useful in finding derivatives:
kks
Expression Substitution
Yoo
Expression Substitution
oooo

a-x a + x
(i) + x^ x=a tan 0 or, a cot 0 (iv)
a + x
or, x = a cos 20
\ a-x
eBB

2 2 2 2
2 2 a -X a +x
(ii) -X X = fl sin 0 or, a cos 0 (V) 2 or, x^ = cos 20
\a^+x 2
urr

-X

(iii) x^-a^ x-asecQ or, a cosec 0

ad
YYo
dd

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Re
inn

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

F

EXAMPLE 1 Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:

(i) sin” ^ (sin x), x g [0, 2 ti] (ii) cos” ^ (cos x), X g [0, 2 tc]
(iii) tan” ^ (tan x), x g [0,7t] - ■ —
SOLUTION (i) Let y = sin" ^ (sin x). Then,
n
X , if X g 0, —
2

71 3 71
y = sin ^ (sin x) - 7t-x , if X g —
2 '~2~
3 7t
-2ti+x , ifxg ,2tc
2
10.38
MATHEMATICS-XH

We observe that

LHD of y at X = ^ =1 and, RHD of y at x = — = -1

3 n 3 71'I = 1
LHD of y at X = ~ = -1 and, RHD of y at x =
2 J
So, y = sin" ^ (sin x) is not differentiable at x =
K
1 , ifx€ 0,-
L 2j
^ - ''n 3 7t

w
-1 , if X e —
dx 2'~2~

Flo
3 7C
1 , if X e

reeee
1
(ii) Let y = cos (cos x). Then,

FFr
-a: , if X € [- 7t, 0]
X , if X e [0, Ti] for
y = cos ^ (cos .x) =
ur
2 7c - X , if X e [ti, 2 7i]
-2ti+x, ifxe[2 7t,3 7i:] and so on.
kkss
Yo

Clearly,
oo

(LHD at X = 0) = -1 and (RHD at x = 0) =1; (LHD at x = ti) =1 and (RHD at x = ti) = -1

eB

(LHD at X = 2 ti) = -1 and (RHD at x = 2 n) = 1

1 , if X e (0 , Tt)
So, y = cos” ^ (cos x) is not differentiable at x = 0, ti, 2tl Hence, ^ = ■ -1
r

, ifxe(Tt,2Tt)
ou
ad
YY

(hi) Let y = tan" ^ (tan x). Then,

ndd
Re

TI
X , if X e 0, —
'2
Fi

TI 3 7i'i
y = tan ^ (tan x) = X - 7C , if X e —
2' 2
and so on

3 TI 5 71
X -2 71 , if X e
"T'T
^ / TI
^ =l,ifx6 0,'2— U —,71
TI

dx v2

■Jl - with respect to x, if

-1
I 'vAMI’LI-2
Differentiate sin 2x

(i)-4V2 <x <

1
(ii) 4 < X <1 (hi) -1 <X <--l^/2
V2 V2
 DIFFERENTIATION 10.39

-1
SOLUTION Let sin 2x
. Putting a: = sin 0, we get

y = sin ^ (2 sin 0 cos 0) = sin ^ (sin 2 0)

1
(i) If- <x < ^, then
72 72
a: = sin 0 => - i= < sin 0 < 1 n
=> --<0<-=> -_<20<-
n n K

V2 V2 4 4 2 2

y = sm \sin 2 0) =20 7T
●--<20<-
K

2 2

ww
1
y = 2 sin a: [●.● sin 0 = a: => 0 = sin
dy _ 2
dx

Flo
e
(ii) If 4 <x<l, then

eree
V2

FFr
1 K n n
a: = sin 0 => <sin0 <1 => —<0<— _<20<tc
72 4 2 2
uurr
y = sm ^ (sin 2 0)
orr
sfo
^ (sin (;t - 2 0)) = ;i - 2 0
n TC
y = sm V —<20<7r=>O<7C“20 < —
2
kks
2
Yoo
oooo

2 2
y = n-2 sin ^ x ^ dx
= 0-
2
eBB

- X

(iii) If-l<A:<-4= /then

V2
urr

-1 <sin 0<--l K 71 7t
ad

a: = sin 0 => --<0<— => -n<20<--

YYo

V2 2 4 2

y = sin ^ (sin 2 0)
dd

y = sin“^(-sin (71 + 2 0))

Re

=>
inn

^ (sin (- 7c - 2 0)) = - n - 2 0 n n
F

y = sm -tc<20< — => — <71+20<O

2 2
2 2
y = - 7C - 2 sin ^ a: => = -0-
dA:

EXAMPLES Differentiate sin ^ (3x - ^x^) with respect to x, if

1 1
(i) --<a:<-
2 2
(ii) i2 < a: < 1 (iii) -l<A:<-i2
SOLUTION Let y = sin ^ (3a; -4x^). Putting x = sin 0, we get
y = sm ^ (3 sin 0-4 sin^ 0) = sin" ^ (sin 3 0)
1
(i) If-- < < ^ then
2 2 '
1 . . 1 t: 71 7C 7t
a: = sin 0 o — < sm 0 < — => --<0 < - => —<30<_
2 2 6 6 2 2
 MATHEMATICS-XII
10.40

n n

y = sm ^ (sin 3 0) = 3 0 -_<30<"
2 2

-1 dy _ 3
y = 3 sin ‘x ^ dx

1
(ii) If - <x <1, then
2
7T 7C TC 3 71
X = sin 0 ^ — < sin 0 < 1 => — <0<— ^ — <30<
2 6 2 2 2

y = sm ^ (sin 3 0)

ooww
71 3 7t 7t 7C

y = sin ^ {sin (tu - 3 0)} = 71 - 3 0 2

< 3 0 <
2 2
< 71 - 3 0 < —
2

-1
y = 7c - 3 sin [●.● a: = sin 0 => 0 = sin
3 3

e
= 0-
rfA:

ree
rFl
Fre
(iii) If-1 <x<-- then
2 '

rrF
K n 3 K n
a: = sin 9 => -1 <sin 0 <- — => -- < 0<--=> <30<--
2 2 6 2 2
ouur
sffoo
y = sin ^ (sin 3 9)
3 71 71
okks
TC 7t

y = sm ^ {sin (- 7X - 3 9)1 = - 7t - 3 0 <30<- => < — 71 — 30< —

Yo

2 2 2 2
oo
Y

3 3
BB

y = -7C - 3 sin ^ a: ^ = -0-

dx
rre

EXAMPLE 4 Differentiate cos ^ (2a:^ -1) with respect to x, if (i) 0<a:<1 (ii) -1 <a:<0
ouu
YY
ad

SOLUTION Let y= cos ^ {2x^ -1). Putting x = cos 9, we get

^ (2 cos^ 0 -1) = cos" ^ (cos 2 0)
dd

y = cos
Re
iinn

(i) If 0 < X < 1, then

TC
X = cos 0 => 0 < cos 0<1^ 0<9<— ^ O<20<7c
F

y = cos ^ (cos 2 0) = 2 0 [●.● 0 < 2 0 < TC

y = 2 cos
-1
X [●.● X = cos 0 => 0 = cos ^x]
dy 2

dx

(ii) If-1 <x <0, then

X = cos 0 ^ -1 < cos 0<O=>—<0<7c^ 7c<20<2ti
2

y = cos ^ (cos 2 0)
y = cos Mcos(2tc-2 0)} = 2 71-2 0 [●.' 7c<20<27C=^ O<2tc-20<tc]
-1 dy 2 2
y = 2 TC - 2 cos X => = 0 +
dx
l/l - x^
DIFFERENTIATION 10.41

EXAMPLE 5 Differentiate cos (1 - 2x ) zuith respect to x, if

(i) 0<x<l (ii) -1 < X < 0
SOLUTION Let y = cos ^ (1 - 2x^). Putting x = sin 0 , we get
y = cos” ^ (1 - 2 sin^ 0) = cos ^ (cos 2 0)
(i) If 0 <x <1, then
n
x =sin0=> O<sin0<l=>O<0<— => O<20<ti
2

y = cos" ^ (cos 2 0) = 2 0 = 2 sin" ^ x [●.' X = sin 0^0= sin X]

2

ooww
dx

(ii) If “ 1 < X < 0, then

X = sin0=>-l < sin0<O=> --?^<0<0 =>-ti<20<0
2

e
y = cos" ^ (cos 2 0)

ree
rFl
y = cos" ^ (cos (- 2 0)) = - 2 0 = - 2 sin
-1
['.●-n<20<O ^O<-20<tc]

Fre
X

rrF
dx
ouur
sffoo
EXAMPLE 6 Differentiate cos ^ (4x^ - 3x) zvith respect to x, if
(i) xef-^2 ' 2 1 1 1
okks

(ii) X€ -,1 (ill) X e -1, - -

Yo

2 2J
oo

SOLUTION Let y = cos ^ (4x^ - 3x). Putting x = cos 0, we get

Y
BB

y = cos ^ (4 cos ^0-3 cos 0) = ^ (cos 3 0) cos

rre

f 1 1
(i) If X € —, — , then
ouu

2 2
YY
ad

o
X = COS 0 => — < cos 0 < — =>
1 1 71
— < 0 <
2Tt
=5- 7C< 3 0 <2 7t
2 2 3 3
dd

y = cos ^ (cos 3 0)
Re
iinn

y = cos Mcos(2 7t- 3 0)1 = 2 71-3 0 7i<30<2ti^ O<27r-30<7c]

F

y = 2 71 - 3 cos ^ X ['.* X = COS 0 => 0 = cos" ^ x]

1 3
= 0-3x-
dx

1
(ii) If X e — , 1 , then
.2
X = cos 0 => — < COS 0<1 => O<0< — ^ 0 < 3 0 < 71
2 3

y = cos" ^ (cos 3 0) = 3 0 [●.● 0 < 3 0 < 7i]

y = 3 cos ^ X [●.● X = cos 9 => 0 = cos" ^ x]
^y 3
dx
10.42 MATHEMATICS-XII

1
(iii) then
2'
2 n
X = cos 0 -1 < cos 0 < - — <0<7C=> 271<30<37t
2 3

y = cos ^ (cos 3 0)
-1
y = cos |cos(2 Ti - 3 0)1
-1
y = cos {cos (3 0-2 7t)l = 3 0-2t: [●.● 2n<30<3;i=> O<30-27t<7i]
-1 -3 -3
=>
y = 3 cos x~2n => -0 =
dx

ww
lx
EXAMPLE? DijfermtiaUXdcsx ^ with respect to x, if
l-x^

Flo
(i) a: €(-1,1) (ii) xe(-=o,-l) (iii) xe(l,co).

e
ree
lx
SOLUTION Let y = tan
-1
Putting X = tan 0 , we get: y = tan ^ (tan 2 0)

Fr
rF
uurr
(i) If-1 <x<l,then for
X = tan 0 => -1 <tan 0 <1^ - — <0<—=>
4
-■^<20<-^
2 2 4
s
kks
n n
-1 -<20<-
y = tan (tan 2 0) =20
Yo

2 2
oooo

y =
= 2 tan ^ X [●.● X = tan 0 => 0 = tan ^ x]
eB

^ ^
dx i + x^
ur
ad

(ii) If-oo<AT<-l,then
YYo

K n 7t
X = tan 0 => - 00 < tan 0<-l => - — < 0<--^ => -tc<20<- —
2 4 2
dd

y = tan ^ (tan 2 0)
Re
in

n n

Mtan (ji + 2 0)1 = K + 2 0 - Ji<2 0 <- => O<7C+20< —

F

y = tan 2 2

y = n +2 tan" ^ => — = 0 + —^-=-

2

1+/
(iii) If X €(1, oo), then
71 TI 71
X = tan 0^ 1 <tan 0<qo ^ —<0<— ^ —<20<n
4 2 2

y = tan
-1
(tan 2 0)= tan" ^ {- tan (ti - 2 0)| = tan ^ (tan (20 - ti))
V -<20<tc => --<20-ti<O
y = 20-ti 2 2

y =
= 2 tan ^ X-TI ^ ^ -0 =
2

1 + x^ lfx2
DIFFERENTIATION 10.43

3x-x^
EXAMPLES Differentiate tan ^
l-3x^
1 1 1 1
(i) - <x < [NCERTi (ii) x> (iii) X <-
V3 V3 V3
3x
SOLUTION Let y = tan ^ . Putting X = tan 0, we get
1 -3x^
1 3 tan 0 - tan ^ 0
y = tan - tan ^ (tan 3 0)
1-3 tan^ 0

(i) If-4 <x< ^,then

w
V3 V3
X = tan 0 => - ^ < tan 0 < => — < 0 < — =>
n 71 7t
— <39< —
n

V3 V3 6 6 2 2

Flo tan ^ (tan 3 0)= 3 9

71 K

e
y = ●--<30<-

ree
2 2

3 tan ^ X = tan 0^0 = tan ^ x]

FFr
y = X

^ - 5
urr
rfx l + x2 or
1
sf
(ii) Ifx> , then
V3
kks

X = tan 0 ^ tan 0 > -^^=i>-<e<-=3. 3 71

Yo

7T 7t 7C
ooo

-<30<
V3 6 2 2 2

^ (tan 3 0)= tan" ^ {- tan (x - 3 0)} = ^ {tan(3 0-x)}

eB

y = tan tan

n 3 K n n
y = 3 0 -X - < 3 0 < ^ — <30 -x< —
ur

2 2 2 2
ad

3 tan ^ ['/ X = tan 0 => 0 = tan ^ x]

YYo

y = X - X

3
-0 =
dx li-x^
dd
Re

1
in

(iii) Ifx<- > then

V3
F

X = tan 0 => - CO < tan 0 < —i —<0<— =»

X X 3 X
<30<--
X

V3 2 6 2 2

y = tan" ^ (tan 3 0)= tan" ^ (tan (x + 3 0)}

3 X
y = x+30 = x+3 tan ~ ^ x <30< — =^> — <x+30< —
X X X

2 2 2 2

^ = 0+ 3 3
dx 1 + x^ 1 + x^
2x
EXAMPLE 9 Differentiate sin ^ 2 respect to x, ly/iex
1 + x

(i) xe(-l,l) (ii) X€(l,co) (iii) xe(-00,-1)

10.44 MATHEMATICS-XII

2x
SOLUTION Let y = sin ^ j Putting X = tan 0, we get
1 + x

2 tan 0
y = sin
. -1
sin ^ (sin 20)
1 + tan^ 0
(i) If:i:e(-l,l),then
X = tan 0 ^ -1 <tan 0<1 => <0<-r => <20< —
4 4 2 2
n K

y = sin ^ (sin 2 0) =20 --<20<-

2 2

ww
y = 2 tan
-1
" x ^ ^ = 2
dx i + x^
(ii) If X e(l, oo), then

Flo
x = tan 0 => 1 < tan 0<oo=^ —<0< — => -2<20<te

e
4 2 2

eree
y = sm ^ (sin 2 0) = sin” ^ (sin (ti - 2 0)) [●●■ sin (n - 2 0) = sin 2 0]

FFr
n 7t
<20<7I=^ O<7T-20< —
y = n-20
uurr
2 2

orr [●.● X = tan 0 0 = tan ^ x]

sfo
y =
= 7t - 2 tan ^ X
dy 2 2
kks
Yoo

= 0-
1 + x^ 1 + x^
oooo

dx

(iii) If X e (- 00, -1), then

eBB

7t 71 K
X = tan 0 ^ - oo < tan 0<-l=> <0<-— ^ -7C<20<-—
2 4 2

{-sin (tt + 2 0)} = sin ^sin (-ti-2 0)}

urr

-1
y = sm ^ (sin 2 0) = sin
ad

n 7C
YYo

*.● -x<20< — =i> — <-7t-20<O

y = -71-20 2 2
dd

y = -71 - 2 tan ^ X [●.* X = tan 0 => 0 = tan ^ x]

Re
inn

dy 2 2
= 0-
F

dx 1 + x^ l + x^
^1-x^
EXAMPLE 10 Differentiate cos ^ ^ respect to x, when
1 + x

(i)X6(0, ®) (ii) X€(-c»,0)

2
1 l-x
SOLUTION Let y = cos . Putting X = tan 0, we get
V
1 + x^
1 1 - tan^ 0 cos ■ ^ (cos 2 0)
y = cos
1 + tan^ 0 J
(i) If X e(0, oo), then
X = tan 0 ^ 0 < tan 0<qo^ O<0< — ^O<20<ti
2
 DIFFERENTIATION 10.45

y = cos ^ (cos 2 0) = 2 0 [v O<2 0<7i]

y = 2 tan ^ x X = tan 0 => 0 = tan
-1
X]
dy _ 2
1 + x^
(ii) If a: € (- CO, 0), then
X = tan 0 => - 00 < tan 0 < 0 => - — <0<O^-7T <20<O
2

y = cos" ^ (cos 2 0) = cos

-1
{cos (-2 0))= -2 0 [●●■ -K<20<O=>O<-20<rt]
y = - 2 tan
-1 ^ - 2

ww
X =>
dx

EXAMPLE 11 Differentiate each of the following functions with respect to x

( 1
l-x^

Flo
-1
(i) cos ,0<x<l [NCERT] (ii) sin"^ ,0<x<l [NCERT]

e
1 + x^

ere
FFr
2x 1
(iii) cos ^ ,-l<x<l [NCERT] (iv) sec"^ , 0 <x <
1
[NCERT]
^/2
uurr
2X^ -1
orr
sfo
( 1
1 1-x^
SOLUTION (i) Let y = cos , where 0 < x < 1. Puttingx = tan 0, we obtain
kks
Yoo
oooo

-1 1-tan^ ^
y = cos cos ^ (cos 2 0)
eBB

1 + tan^ 0
7t n
y = 20 0<x<l=>0< tan 0<1=>O<0< — =>O<20< —
urr

4 2
ad

y = 2 tan ^ 1
YYo

X
[v x = tan 0 => 0 = tan" x]
dy 2
dx 1 + x^
dd
Re
inn

l-x2
(ii) Let y = sin ^ , where 0 < x < 1. Putting x = tan 0, we get
F

l+x^

. -1 1 - tan'^ 0
in ^ (cos 2 0) = sin
-1 7C
y = sm sin —2 0 ●
1 + tan^ 0 ^2

n
y = --20 vO<x<l=>O<tan0<l=>O<0<-=>O<20<-=>O<--20<-
4 2 2 2

— - 2 tan ^ X [●●● X = tan 0 => 0 = tan

1
x]
y = 2
^=0- 2 2
dx 1 +x^ 1 + x^
2x
(iii) Let y = cos ^ , where -1 < x < 1. Putting x = tan 0, we get
1+x^
10.46 MATHEMATICS-XIt

2 tan 0 -1 n

y = cos
-1
cos ^ (sin 2 0) = cos ■ cos --20 ^
1 + tan^ 0 2

--20
2
●.-l<x<l=>-l<tan0<l=>--<0<-=>--^<20<-^=>
4 4 2 2
0 <^-20
2
<7i
-2
y = ^-2tan-' X => ^ -
2 dx l + x^
-1 1
(iv) Let y = sec , where 0 cr < Putting X = cos 0, we obtain
2x^ -1 V2

ww
1 1 1 -1
y = sec
-1
cos ^2 cos^ 0-1) sec cos X

2 cos^ 9-1 X

y = cos ^ (cos 2 0)

Flo
e
1
^ => 0 < cos 0 <
K K
0 < a: < =^>O<0<—=5-O<20< —
y = 20

eree
=>
V2 V2 4 2

^x]

FFr
=> y =
= 2 cos X [●.* a: = cos 0 => 0 = cos
uurr
^y _ 2

dx
^1-x
2
orr
sfo
EXAMPLE 12 Dijferentiate each of the following functions with respect to x:
kks
Yoo

1 1
(i) sin ^ 2x -Jl -X (ii) cos ^ 2x -Jl -x^
1 1
oooo

2
, =<X<-!= / r= <X <—!^
V2 V2 V2 y/2
eBB

_ 1 f I 2 1 1
SOLUTION (i) Lety = sin 2xJl-x , where- -7= <X <-r= . Putting a: = sin 0, we get
42 V2
urr

. -1 1
y = sm (2 sin 0 cos 0) = sin (sin 20)
ad
YYo

1 1 1 1 n n n
< sin 0 < =>--<0<-=>--<20<-
y = 20
V2 V2 V2 V2 4 4 2 2
dd

y = 2 sin" ^ X [●.● X = sin 0 9 = sin ^ x]

Re
inn

dy 2
F

dx

1
2x -jl - x^
-1
(ii) Let y = cos , where —7 <x< . Putting X = sin 0, we get
42 42
-1 Tt

y = cos ^ (2 sin 0 cos 0) = cos ^ (sin 2 0) = cos < cos --20

2
i-

1 1 1
—?= < sm 0 <
● Q 1 =>
n
--<0<-
7C

-j= <x <-7=

Tt
-20
V2 V2 V2 V2 4 4
y =
2 Tt Tt Tt
— <20<— => 0< — 20<Tt
2 2 2

Tt
y = — 2 sin
1
’x ['.● X = sin 8 0 = sin ^ x]
2
DIFFERENTIATION 10.47

2
= 0- ^ - 2
dx dx

EXAMPLE 13
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:
1 - cos X -1 1 - cos X
(i) tan ^ ● ● , -Tt <X <71 (ii) tan ● , -7C<X < 7t
r
sm X + cos X

INCERT EXEMPLAR]

1 + cos X
(iii) tan ^ ■
cos X

1 - cos X
● , 0 <X <Tt (iv) tan ^ ● 1 + sin X
, 0 <X < 71

ww
1 + sin X
(v) tan ^ ●
7U 71

1 - sin X
> , — <x < —
2 2
(vi) tan ^ (sec X + tan x),<x
2
< —2

Flo
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]

e
eree
1 - cos X
SOLUTION (i) Let y = tan ^ .Then,
sin X
T

FFr
2 X
uurr
2 sin
tan ^
y =
X
2
X
= tan
-1
tan —
X

2j
X

2 orr ■.'-71<X<7C=^>
TC

2
X
<—< —
2
71

2
sfo
2 sin — cos
2 2

^ = i
kks
Yoo
oooo

ix 2

1 - cos X
eBB

-1
(ii) Lety = tan ●.Then,
V + cos X
urr

-1 X X
tan tan — if tan — > 0
2 sin^ x/2
ad

tan'^ . -1 X
2j' 2
YYo

y = = tan tan — =

^ 2 cos^ x/2 2
tan ^ - tan —
X X
if tan — < 0
2j ' 2
dd
Re
inn

X 1
if 0 <x<7c if 0 <x < 71
2 ' ^ - 2 '
y =
F

X
dx 1
if-TC<x<0 if -71 <x < 0
2 ' 2 '

(iii) Lety = tan

-1 |T + cos X ●. Then,
P- cos X

-1 2 cos^ x/2 = tan ^

X -1 X
y = tan cot — = tan cot —

^ 2 sin^ x/2 2 2/

y = tan ^ - tan 71 _ X K X

2 2 2 2

^ = 0--1 1
dx 2 2
10.48 MATHEMATICS’XII

-1 COS .r
(iv) Lett/ = tan .Then,
1 + sin X

n 71 X > K X
sin - + X 2 sin 1 cos + -
2 4 2 4 2,
^tan -1
If = tan ^ ■ /
=

2 sin^
71 n X
1 - COS + X h —

{ 2 I 4 2 J

oww
Tt Tt X n X
^ -1 . 7t X = tan ^ ● tan
y = tan cot — + —
I 4 2 2 i, 4 2 4 2

^ - 0
1 1

dx 2 2

e
re
-1 1 + sin X
●. Then,

FFrllo
(v) Lety = tan
1 - sin X

rF
ee
- 1 ll -cos{7t/2 + x) = tan
. -1
^
2 sin^ (tt/4 + x/2)
ouru
tan <
y =
^ 2 cos^ {7t/4 + x/2)
sor rF
^ 1 + cos {n/2 + x)
-1 . 71 Tl X n K ^ X X n
tan —+— \
kffo
y = tan — H
4 2 2 2 4 2 2
4 2
os
^ ^ 1
ook
Yo
Y

dx 2
Bo

(vi) Lety = tan~^ (sec x + tan x).Then,

reeB

7t
ouY

1 - cos - + X
1 sin X -1 12
ur

^ -1 < ● = tan
y = tan
■
ad

COS X cos X 71
Yo

sin - + X
2
d
nidn

2 7T X
2 sin
Re

4 2 x^ 71 X
^ ● tan
7C
-1
■ = tan h — +
y = tan
r
F

4 2 4 2
Fi

^ . 71 X 71 X
2 sm - + - cos - + -
4 2 4 2

^ = i
dx 2

BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

EXAMPLE 14 Differentiate the folloiuing functions with respect to x:

1 + x^
■Jl + X + X (ii) tan ^
-1
(i) tan ,xeR -x ,xsR

-1 +/ +1
(iii) tan
-1
■ ,x^0 [CBSE 2004, 2012] (iv) tan ^ ■ X
,x^0
X
DIFFERENTIATION 10.49

(v) cot
-1
1 + + X (vi) tan ^
- sm X

] , 0 <x < 7t.

+ sm X -
Vi - sm X

ICBSE2004J

SOLUTION (i) Let y = tan ^ (■Jl + x^ + x). Putting x = cot 9, we get

1 cos 0 1 + cos 0
y = tan ^ (cosec 0 + cot 0) = tan ^ sin 0 sin 0
=
^
tan
-1
sin 0

2 0
2 cos
0 0 n 1
y = tan ^ 2
= tan
-1
cot — = tan < tan --0

ww
0.9
2 sm - cos 0- 2 u 2 2 2
2 2 J
n 1
y = r cot ^ X [●.● X = cot 0 0 = cot ^ x]

Flo
2 2

e
eree
^ = 0-^1 1 1
dx 2 l + x^ 2(1 +.T^)

FFr
(ii) Let y = tan ^ (-^1 + x^ -x). Putting x = cot 0, we get
uurr
orr 2 0
sfo
2 sin
-1 1 - cos 0
y = tan ^ (cosec 0-cot 0) - tan
,
= tan
-1
0
2
0
kks
sin 0
Yoo

2 sin - cos -
oooo

2 2

, -if,tan —0 = i 0 = i cot ^ X
eBB

y = tan
2) 2 2

dy _ \ 1 1
urr

dx 2
2{l + x^)
ad
YYo

+ -1
(iii) Let y = tan ^ . Putting X = tan 0, we get
dd

X
Re
inn

2 0 1
F

2 sin
y = tan
1 sec 0-1
= tan
-1 1 - cos 0
= tan ^ 2
= tan
-if tan 0
—
tan 0 sin 0 0 0
2 sin ● ● cos 2;
2 2

y = le = 1
— tan
-1
X => ^ = i 1

2 2 dx 2 l + x^

(iv) Let y = tan ^ .Jl + x^ + 1 . Putting X = tan 0, we get

X

2 0
2 cos
_1 sec 0 + 1 -1 1 + cos 0 ●1 2
y = tan = tan = tan
tan 0 sin 0
2 sin - cos -
2 2J
10.50 MATHEMATICS-XII

'7t_e'
f
n 1 n 1
tan ^ cot — = tan ^ tan 0 = tan
y =
2) U 2) 2 2 2 2

^ = 0-lx 1 1
2
dx 2 1 + x^ 2(l + r)

(v) Let y = cot“^ (Jl + x^ + x). Putting x = cot 0, we get

20 ^
/
/
2 cos
-1 1 + COS0
y = cot”\cosec 0 + cot 0) = cot = cot”^ 2 = cot cot —
sin 0 2 sm - cos - \ 2)
2 2j

ww
y = i 0 = - cot ^ :c
2 2

dy 1

Flo
— “ T—5"

e
ere
(vi) Let y = tan”^ ^1 + sin a: + ^1 - sin a: . We know that:

FFr
^1 + sin a: - ^1 - sin jc
uurr
n2

^l + skiAc = ^sin^^ + cos^| + 2sin|cos| orr /■

2
AC
COS - + sin -
AC AC
COS - + sin -
AC
sfo
2J 2 2
kks

^1 + sin AC = cos — + sin — , for 0 < ac < jl

Yo
oooo

2 2
n2
eBB

JC
2 AC . 2 ^ ^ 3C
cos - - sin - COS - - sin -
and, ^1 - sin AC = cos - + sm
2
— 2 sm - cos -
2 2 2 2 2j 2 2
urr

AC a: n
cos — sin — if 0 <AC < —
2 '
ad

2 2
YYo

sin AC =
' X x^ 71
cos - - sin - if -<AC<71
2 2j ' 2
dd
Re

Thus, we have following cases:

inn
F

Case I Wien 0 < AC < -; In this case, we obtain

2
N /
X AC AC . AC
COS — + sin — + cos — sm —
2 2) [ 2 2)
= tan ^ cot- =tan ^
\ /

7C _X
\

y = tan ^ X X
\ /
AC Jc'^ V 2J
tan
I2 2J
cos — + sin — COS - - sin -
V
2 2) V 2 2J
- 7t 71 71 AC 7t
7t _£ V 0<AC<- =>
=> y = 7T 2 4 2 2 2
2 2

1
= 0--
<fAC 2 2
7t
Casell YJhen —<x<n: In this case, we obtain
2
DIFFERENTIATION 10.51

X
cos - + sm -- 4
f sin X
— cos -
-1 2 2 2 2 . -1 , X X
y = tan = tan tan — =
X' X X 2 2
cos - 4- sin - sin — cos -
2 2J [ 2 2J
^ = 1
dx 2

EXAMPLE 15 Differentiate the following functions luith respect to x:

fl 4- X
(i) tan ^ 1-ax
(ii) tan
-1 a - X
, -fl <x <fJ
a + X

ooww
3a^ x-x^ 1 X 1
(iii) tan ^
a ^ - 3ax^ a ^V3 INCERT EXEMPLAR]

<7 cos X - b sin X

(iv) tan ^
71 7t a

e
— < X < — and - tan X > -1 [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
b cos X 4- fl sin X ' 2 2 b

ere
rFl
SOLUTION (i) — J tan ^ d

Fre
a + X

dx 1 - ax dx
jtan ^ « 4- tan ^ x]= —
dx
(tan ^ a) + dx (tan
-1
x)

rrF
1 1
= 0 +
sffoo
ouur
kosk
-1 a-x
(ii) Let y = tan ●, where -a <x < a. Substituting x = a cos 0, we get
Yo

a + X
oo
Y
BB

2 0
2 sin
a-a cos 0 1 - cos 0
-1 . -1 I -1 ^ -1 tan
, — 0
rre

y = tan >■ = tan > = tan — ■ = tan

2 0
a + a cos 0
^ 1 4- COS 0
I
2
2 cos
ouu

2
Y
ad

Now,
dY

0 / \
-a <x<a and x = a cos 0 => -a <a cos 0<fl=>-l<cos0<l=j‘0e(O, tc)=>—e 0,—
' ^ 2 I 2
innd
Re

y = tan tan — = tan -if.tan —Q] = —1„0 = —1 cos -irx^

Fi
F

2| 2) 2 2

1 1 d (X 1
— X = X —
dx 2 2 dx\a 2
1_£. -X

i
(iii) Let y = tan ^ 3a^x-x^] . Then,
a ^ - 3ax^

3x X
\3"l

tan ^
a
\.(fj
y =
\2 [Dividing numerator and denominator by a ]
1-3 ^
a
10.52 MATHEMATICS-Xll

X
Putting — = tan 0, we get
a

1 3 tan 0 - tan ^ 0 -1
y = tan = tan (tan 3 0)
1-3 tan^ 0
1 X 1 7C It n Tt

y = 30 => — <0<-=^ — <30<-

a -Js 6 6 2 2

-1 X
y = 3 tan a

dy _ 3 d fx^ 1 3a

ww
=- X — -
2 2 X -a = ^^ 2
dx X 2 dx\a a + x^ a +x

1 + ^'
a

Flo
a cos X - b sin a:
(iv) Let y = tan ^ . Then,

e
& cos X + sin X

ree
a

Fr
— tan X

rF
y = tan-l -b [Dividing numerator and denominator by b cos x]
uurr
a
1 + tan X for
b
r It n
-1 a
- - tan ^ (tan x) = tan
s
--<x<—
y = tan -X
kks

b 2 2
\^J j
Yo
oooo

^ = 0-1 == -1
eB

dx

BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

ur

^ i and 0 < X < 1, thenfind dx

ad

EXAMPLE 16 J/y = sin X A 1 - X

YYo

SOLUTION We have. [CBSE 2010]

dd

,/r^- xJl -x^

.. -1
Re

y = sm X , where 0 < x < 1

in
F

y = sm
. -1
x.jl -(Vx)^ X Jl-X^

y = sin N X -JlTy^ -
. -1
y = sin ^ X - sin ^ Using : sin ^ x - sm
Differentiating with respect to x, we get
1 1 1 1
dy _ 1 X —p=
dx -X ijx

-1 dy
EXAMPLE 17 If y = COS x/^ + and 0<x<l, find
dx

SOLUTION We have.

y = cos
^ |xA/r^ +V^Vl^^^| =COS ^ |x .^1 -ifx)^ +^Jx^|l-x^
DIFFERENTIATION 10.53

n . -1 Tt . -1
sin ^AT + sm 'X
J/ = 2
-sm

^ . -1 . -1 -1 .. -1
y= —sin X -sm cos a: - sm
u
Differentiating with respect to x, we get
dy _ 1 1 1
dx
Vl 24x^|l-x^

EXAMPLE 18 |fy = tan

-1 ^1 + X^+Jl-X^ ,-l<x<l, find
<^y

Jl + x^ -f-x^ dx

ww
ICBSE 2015]
SOLUTION Putting x^ - cos 20, we get
■Jl cos^ 9 + -^2 0

Flo
y = tan
^1 + cos 20 + - cos 20 = tan
-1

e
J2 cos^ 0 --^2 sin^ 0
+ cos 20 - cos 20

ree
Fr
rF
-1 cos 0 + sin 0 -1 1 + tan 0 -1 n
y = tan = tan = tan tan — + 0
uurr
cos 0 - sin 0 1 - tan 0

n
for
y = -+0 v0<x^ <1=> 0<cos 20 <1=> 0 <20 <-=> O<0 <-=>-<- +0<-
s
4 2 4 4 4 2
kks

71 1 -12
Yo

1 -12
oooo

y = - + - cos X cos 2 0 = => 0 = — COS X

■^ 4 2 2
eB

r
2x
^ = A 71
+ —2 — (cos ^ x^) = 0 + 1 (-1) d
{x^) =-rx
- X

dx dx [4
U^-x
dx 4 dx 2
ur

f 2
ad

-1 2x -1 1-x^
YYo

EXAMPLE 19 Differentiate sin + cos . with respect to x, if

1 +
\
1 + x^
dd

(i) xe(0,l) (ii) A:e(-1,0) (iii) X e(l,») (iv) X€(-co,-1)

Re

f 2
in

-1 2a: -1 1-x^
SOLUTION Lety = sin + cos
. Putting X = tan 0, we get
F

1 + x^ V,
1 +a:^
r 2
. -1 2 tan 0 -1 1 - tan^ 0 :-l
y = sm + cos sm (sin 2 0) + cos" ^ (cos 2 0)
1 + tan ^ 9 1 + tan^ 0
(i) 0 < te < 1: We have,
a: = tan 0 and bcA:<l=> O<tan0<l => O<0< — => O<20< —

4 2

y = sin ^(sin20) + cos ^ (cos 2 0) = 20 +20 = 40 = 4 tan ^ a: [v a: = tan 0 => 0 = tan ^ x]

^ - 4

dx 1 + a:^
(ii) VWien -1 < a; < 0: We have.
7t 7C
x - tan 0 and -1<a:<0^ -1< tan 0<O=> — <0<O=i> — <29<0
4 2
10.54 MATHEMATICS-XII

in ^ (sin 2 0) = 20 and cos ^ (cos 2 0) = cos ^ {cos(-2 0)) =-2 9.

1/ = sm (sin 2 0) + cos” ^ (cos 2 0)= 2 0 + (- 2 0) = 0
^ = 0.
dx

(iii) When a: e(l, co) We have,

71 n n
X = tan 0 and 1<a:<co^ 1< tan 0<oo^ ~<0<—=> —<20<tc
4 2 2

w
cos ^ (cos 2 0) =2 0 and sin” ^ (sin 2 0) = sin” ^ |sin (ti -2 0)1 = tc-2 0

y = sin” ^ (sin 2 0) + cos” ^ (cos 2 0) = 7t-20 + 20 = k

^ = 0.

roow
e
dx

re
(iv) W?ie72 a: e (- 00, -1): We have,
X = tan 0 and -oo<x<-l ^ -®< tan 0<-l=> <0<- — => -7t<20<-

reF
—

uFFll 2 4 2

e
sin ^ (sin 2 0)= sin ^ {- sin (7t + 2 0)1 = sin ^ (sin (-:: - 2 6)} = - tu - 2 0
and, cos” ^ (cos 2 0) = cos Mcos(-2 0)1 = -2 9

sFr
-1

foro
y = sin” ^ (sin 2 0) + cos ^ (cos 2 0)=-7c-20-20=-;t-4 tan X
uor
fk ['.● X = tan 0 0 = tan ^ x]
okso
^ = 0- 4
■I
4
Y

dx
Yo

l + x'’ 1 +
oo
BB

f 2^
EXAMPLE 20 Differentiate \zxv ^
2x lz£
+ cos
\ + x
2 with respect to x, when
rYree

V
ouu

(i) X€(0,1) (ii) X€(l, oo) (iii) a: €(-1,0) (iv) xe(-o),-1)

ad
Ydo

f 2
-1 2x 1 1--.^
SOLUTION Lety = tan + cos . Putting X = tan 0 , we get
l-x" 1 + a:^
nidn

/ 2
Re

2 tan 0 -1 1 - tan^ 0
y = tan
-1
+ cos = tan ^ (tan 2 0) + cos ^ (cos 2 0)
F

1 + tan^ 0
Fi

1 - tan^ 0
(i) When x e (0,1): We have,
0 < X < 1 and x = tan0=> O<tan0<l=> O<0<—=> O<20< —
4 2

^ tan ^ (tan 2 0) = 2 0 and cos” ^ (cos 2 9) = 2 0

y = tan”\tan 20) + cos”^(cos20) = 20 + 20=40 = 4tan“^x [v x = tan0^ 0 = tan”^x]
dy _ 4
I+ x^
(ii) When x e (1, oo): We have, x > 1 and x = tan 0
tan0>l => —<0<—^ —<20<7i=> - <20<tc and - — <20-t:<O
4 2 2 2 2
-1
cos (cos 2 0) =20
DIFFERENTIATION 10.55

and. tan ^(tan29)=tan ^ -tan(n-20) =-tan ^ (tan (ic - 20)| =-{:c - 20) = 20- 7t.

y = tan" ^ (tan 2 9) + cos ^ (cos2 9) = 20-ti + 20

-1
= 4 0 - X = 4 tan x-n

^ - 4
-0 =
4
dx l + x2 1 + :^^
(iii) When a: e (-1, 0): We have.
n 7U
-1 < < 0 and X = tan0 => -l<tan0<O=^ — <0<O=> — <29<0
4 2
=i>
tan" ^ (tan 2 0) = 20 and cos ^ (cos 2 9) = cos Mcos(-2 0)1 = -2 0
y = tan ” ^ (tan 2 0) + cos” ^ (cos 2 0) = 2 0 + (- 2 0) = 0
^ = 0

ww
dx
(iv) When a: €(-00,-1): We have,-00 < a: <-l and x = tan 0
n n

Floo
- CO < tan 0<-l=o -~<0<-—^ -n<20<-—=> — <-2 0< 7c,and O<t:+20< —
2 4 2 2 f 2
^ cos ^ (cos 2 0) = cos (cos (-2 0)} = -2 0
-1

ree
and, tan” ^ (tan 2 0)= tan” ^ {tan (k + 2 0)} = 7t + 2 0

rFee
y = tan ^ (tan 2 0) + cos ^ (cos 2 0) = tc + 20-20 = k

^ = 0.
F
oor r
rur
dx
s ff
■yjl -x'^.find ^ in each of thefollowing cases:
-1 . -1
EXAMPLE 21 Z/y = sin ’ a: + sin
osk
YYoou

(i) a: € (0,1) (ii) a;g(-1,0) [NCERT]

oook

SOLUTION Putting a: = sin 0, we obtain : y = sin” ^ (sin 0) + sin” ^ (cos 0)

eBB

(i) We have,
X e (0,1) and x = sin0=> O<sin0<l=> O<0<—=> 0< — - 0< —
2 2 2
uur r
ad

y = sin ^ (sin 0) + sin” ^ (cos 0) =sin”\sin 0) + sin-sin --0 -=0 + —-0= —

Yo

.2 2 2

^ = 0
dY

dx
Re
idn

(ii) We have, a: e (-1, 0) and x = sin0=5> -l<sin0<O=> <0<O

FFin

sin ^ (sin 0) = 0 and sin ^ (cos 0) = sin

-1 n n
■ sin — + 0 = - + 0
.2 2

y = sm ^ (sin 0) + sin ^ (cos 0)=0 + —2 + 0= —2 + 2 sin ^ x

dy =_ 0_ +
2 2
dx

EXERCISE 10.3

BASIC

Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:

1. cos ^ l^<x<l 2. cos ^
1 +x
■ , -1 <AT <1
'V2 V 2
10.56 MATHEMATICS-Xll

.. -1 1 -X . -1
3. sm ●,0 <x <1 4. sin ,0 <x <1
■ V 2
X . -1 .t
5. tan"^ 2 2
■,-a <x <a 6. sm
2 2
a -X X + a

(l-2x^),0<x<l
. -1
7. sin ^ (2x^-1), 0 <x <1

w
8. sm

-1 X -1 sm X
9. cos 10. tan -7i<x<7t[NCERTl
2 2 1 + cos X
X + <J

e
row
re
2n
. -1 1 -1 1 -X
11. sm 12. cos
2n
, 0 <x < 00
1 + x

FFllo
eeF
f.1 f 2
-a: 2 1 1 +x^
13.
.
sm

u-1
1 +x^
+ sec ,xeR 14 tan
-1 a‘ + X

1 -<7X

r
sFr
-Jx -i- -Ja
kro
-1 <7 + tan X
15. tan ^ 16. tan
uor
1 - Jxfl b - tan X
offo
-1 a+ bx -1 X -fl
18. tan
kos
17. tan
Y

b - ax X + a
Yo
eerBB
oo

-1 X ^ -1 5x 1 1
rY

19. tan 20. tan < <x<

l + 6x^ 1 -6x 2 r"V6 V6

u

1/3 1/3
cos X + sin X 7T n . -1 ^ + a
21. tan ^ ●
ou

22. tan < -

ad
do

>, <x <-

cos X - sm X
I 4 4 1 -(flX)
1/3
nY

x+l
. -1 2 -1 4x 1 1
24. tan
nid

23. sm [CBSE 20131 / — <x < —

Re

1 + 4'’^ l-4x^ 2 2
F
Fi

x + l
2 2a^
25. tan
-1
, -00 <x <0 26. tan ^ 2x
,fl>l ,-oo<x<0
1 -4^ 1 -a

27. tan
-1 f 1 + cosx fCBSE 20181
sinx /
BASED ON LOTS

sm X + cos X 3 K -1 cos X + sm X TI 7t
28. sin ^
71
<x < — 29. cos > , <X <-
V2 4 4 V2 4 4

[NCERT EXEMPLARl

X
-1
31. tan ^ ■
X
30. tan ,-1<x <1 , - < X < fl
2 ( 2 2
1+Jl-X a + -X
DIFFERENTIATION 10.57

-1
X+ -x^ 1 1 -1
X + Jl - x^
32. sin < , - < X < -j=
33. COS ■
,-l<x<l
V2 ^/2 V2 V2

34. sin -1 / + X +
,0 <x <1 35. tan
-1
,x?t0
2 ax

BASED ON HOTS

/ 2
-1 2x -1 1 + X
36. Ify =sin + sec :r , 0 < X < 1, prove that — = —
1 + x^ 2 dx I+x^

ooww
1 -X

, 0 < X < CO, prove that ^ = —^-r-.

-1 X -1 1
37. If 1/ =s sin + cos
"
dx 1 + x^

e
38. Differentiate the following with respect to x:

ree
rFl
(i) cos ^ (sin x)
-1 1-x
INCERT,CBSE2004]

Fre
(ii) cot
1 + x

1 + sin X + ^
rrF
- sm X
-1
INCERTJ
39. If y = cot ■ , show that is independent of x.
ouur
+ sin X -
sffoo - sin X dx

lx
okks
-1
40. Ify = tan + sec , X > 0, prove that — = —-
Yo

l-x^ dx 1 + x^
oo
Y
BB

41. -1 X +1 dy
If y = sec + sin , X > 0. Find -3-.
x-1 x + 1 dx
rre
ouu

1-x
42. If y = sin 2 tan ^ ■ ,£ind^
YY
ad

+ X dx

If y = cos ^ (2x) + 2 cos ^ Jl - 4x^ , 0 < x < —, find

dd

43.
—.
'' 2 dx
Re
iinn

1 2
44. If the derivative of tan~^ {a +bx) takes the value 1 at x = 0, prove thatl + a =b.
F

45.
If y = cos ^ (2x) + 2 cos" ^ ^Jl -4 x^ , - —2 < X < 0, find dx

46. If y = tan ^ 1/ + X -
■ , find — .
dy [CBSE2003,2008]
/ + X + dx

47.
Ify = cos ^ 2x-3^1-x^ , find
dy
. ICBSE 2010]
Vl3 dx

x+l
2 3^
48. Differentiate sin"^-I — ^ with respect to x. [CBSE2013]
l+(36)*
1 1 dy
49.
Ify = sin~^ 6xVl -9x^ ',—3V2 <x <
3V2
, then find
dx
[CBSE2017J
10.58 MATHEMATICS-XII

ANSWERS
i
2 1 1 1
2. - 3. - 4.

2^1-x^
1 a 2 -2
5. 7. 8.
"●-2 2

■Jl
2 fl + a:
-a:

n-1
a 1 1 2«a:
9. - 10. - 11. - 12.
2
+ AT
2
2 1 +a:^ 1 + x
2n

1 1
13. 0 14. 15. 16. 1
1 +a:^ 2 (1 + a:)
1 a 3 2

ww
17.
1 +
18* “2
a + X
2
19.
1+9 1 + 4a^
3 2 1
20. 21. 1 22.
1 +9 ' 1 + 4 A^

Flo
e
A+ 1
4 2 loge 2 2● log a

eree
23. -log 2 24. 25. 26.
2x
1 + 4 1 +4a^ 1 + 4* 1 + fl

FFr
1 1
27. 28. 1 29. -1 30.
oorr 2^1-x^
uur r
2
sf
1 1 1 1
31. 32. 33. - 34.

2-Jl^
2
l-A^
sk

-A
Yoo

V
ooko

1 a 1
38. (i) -1 (ii) 41. 0
eBB

35. -
2 l+.^A^ 1 + A^
-A 2 6 1
uurr

42. 43. 45. - 46.

2^tT?
ad
Yo

47.
-1
48.
2 (log 6) 6^ 49.
6
dY

1+36* Vi-9a^
Re
innd

H/WTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

FFi

15. Given function = tan ^ + tan ^ -Ja

-1 (a/b) + tan A
16. Given function - tan = tan ^ {a/b) + tan ^ (tan a)
1 - {a/b) tan a

17. Given function I = tan ^ ■ {a/b) + A ● = tan ^ {a/b) + tan ^ a

l-{a/b)x

-1 l-(iZ/A)
18. Given function = tan = tan ^ (1) - tan ^ («/a)
1 + {a/x)

3a - 2a
19. Given function - tan ^ = tan
-1
3a - tan ^ 2a
1 + (3a)(2a)

20. Given function = tan~^ 3a + tan~^ 2a

DIFFERENTIATION 10.59

1 + tan X
21. Given function =tan ^ = tan ^ (1) + tan ^ (tan x) = 4
K
+ X
1 - tan X

22. Given function =tan -1 x..1/3 + tan

-1 .1/3
a

-1 -1
36. Puttings = tan 9, we gety = 2 tan a: + 2 tan a: = 4 tan ^x
39. We have.

y = cot i\£ + sin X + -sm a:

,0<a:<-
71

+ sin a:
- .yi - sin a: 2

n2 n2
X X X X
cos — + sin — + cos - + sm -
2 2 2 2
cot ^ ●

ww
y =
^2 \2
X X X X
cos - + sin cos — sin —

t 2 2) 2 2.
X
cos - + sin -
X
+ cos
X

FF loo
-sin
X

ree
2 2 2 2
1
y = cot
X X X X
cos - + sin - cos — sin

reFe
2 2 2 2
oroFr
rur
X X X X
cos — + sin — + cos — sin -
s ff
2 2. 2 2;
.-1 7T
cot
/■
● ,0<x<
k

4
YYouo

X X X X
cos - + sin cos — sin
okso

2 2j I 2 2
BBoo

y =
X X \ /■ X
r ee

X
cos --- + sin ' cos - sin -
2 2; 2 2j
cot ^ 17
7C
— <X < —
7t
ad

X X~1 f X X '4
ouur

2
cos ● + sin - + cos — sin -
Yo

2 2> 2 2
d
idnY
Re

- 1 X 7t .-1 X 7C
cot cot — ,0<x x<- cot cot ,0<x<
2 4
2J 4
FFin

=> y = => y =
-1 X 71 7C
cot ^ ■ cot
7C X 71 71
cot tan — - < X < - — <x < —
2. '4 2 1,2 2 '4 2

X 7t 1 71
-,0<x<- , 0< X < -
2 4 ^y _ 2 4
y =
71 X 71 71 dx 1 71 71
— <X < < X <
2 2'4 2 2 ' 4 2

Hence, — is independent of x.
dx
-1 X +1 -1 x-1 -1
41. Use: sec = cos and cos 0 + sin ^ 0 = -
x-1 x + 1 2

43.
Putting 2x - cos 0, we get
y = 0 + 2 cos ^ (sin 0) = 0 + 2 cos ^ {cos{n/2 -0)) =0 + 2{n/2 -0) = 7t-0 = 7i -cos”^ (2x)
 10.60 MATHEMATICS-XII

dx
10.6 RELATION BETWEEN AND
dx

Let X and y be two variables connected by a relation of the form f{x, y) = 0. Let Ax be a small
change in x and let Ay be the corresponding change in y. Then,
^ = lim Ay
and, —
dx
lim
Ax

dx Ax-»0 Ax <^y AX^0 Ay

Ay Ax
Now, —^ X — = 1
Ax Ay

lim Ay Ax _ 1
Ax->0 Ax Ay

ooww
Ay X Ax
lim —^ lim = 1 [*.' Ax -> 0 o Ay -> 0]
A X ^0 Ax Ay^O Ay
dy dx
= 1^^ = 1

dx dy dx dxidy

e
ree
rFl
10.7 DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS

Fre
Up till now we have discussed derivatives of functions of the form y = / (x). If the variables x and

rrF
y are connected by a relation of the form/ (x, y) = 0 and it is not possible or convenient to express
y as a function x in the form y = (j> (x), then y is said to be an implicit function of x. To find in
ouur
sffoo
such a case, we differentiate both sides of the given relation with respect to x, keeping in mind
okks

that the derivative of 4>(y) with respect to x is — ● —.

dy dx
Yo
oo

dy d , 2. . dy
-^(siny) =
Y

For example
BB

dx dx dx dx
d d dy
rre

It should be noted that — (sin y) = cos y but — (sin y) = cos y ●

dy dx dx
ouu

Similarly, — (y^) = 3y^ whereas — (y^) = 3 y^ —.

YY
ad

dy dx dx
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
dd
Re
iinn

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

F

EXAMPLE 1 Ifax^ + 2 hxy + by^ + 2 <?x + 2/y + c = Q,find—and—. Also, show that —■— =1.
^ ^ ^ ^ dx dy dx dy
SOLUTION We have, ax^ + 2 hxy + by^ + 2gx + 2_/y + c =0 ...(i)
Differentiating both sides of this with respect to x, we get
-^(«x2)
dx
+ -^(2bxy)
dx
+ -^(by2)+~(2gx)
dx dx
+ ^(2^)
dx
+ -^(c)
dx
= -^(0)
dx

=> a
f(x^) + 2hf(xy)+bf{/)
dx dx dx + 2g-f(x)
dx + 2f-f{y)
dx +0 = 0
2ax + 2h X ^
dx
+ y] + bly^ + 2gxl + 2fx^ = 0
dx dx

dy
^ {2hx + 2by-i-2f) + 2ax + 2hy + 2g = 0
dx
DIFFERENTIATION 10.61

dy _ l{ax + hy + g) _ ax + hy + g ...(ii)
dx
l{hx + hy+f) yhx + hy + f J
Differentiating both sides of (i) with respect to y, we obtain

dy
+ A{2;.
dy
xy) + Ady (b/) + ±^2gx)
dy
+ -f(2fy)
dy
+ j-
dy
(c) = ^
dy
(0)
a
A(x2)
dy
+ 2h ■f(.xy)+b
dy
A(y2)
dy
+ 2g A
dy
(X) + 2/ A(y)
dy
+ A(c)
dy
=0

a Ix^ +2/1 y — + x +b{2y) + 2g — + 2fxl + Q = 0

dy] dy ' ^ dy ^

ooww
^_Jl{hx + hy+f) _ hx + by+f
...(iii)
dy 2{ax + hy + g) ax + hy + g^
From (ii) and (iii), we obtain
dy dx _ ax + hy->rg\ hx + by+f\_^

e
ree
dx dy hx + by+f ax + hy + g

rFl
EXAMPLE 2 //x^ + 2xy + y^=42,;ind^

Fre
dx

rrF
2 3
SOLUTION We have, x + 2:cy + y =42. Differentiating both sides of this with respect to x, we
ouur
get
sffoo
A(x2) + 2-A(xy) + A(y3)=_^(42)
okks
dx dx dx dx
Yo

2x + 2fx^ + yl+3y^^ =0
oo
Y

[ dx ^ ^ ' dx
BB

2x + 2y + ^{2x+?, y^) = 0 => ^{2x+Zy^) = - 2 (x + y) ^ = 2(:c + y)

rre

dx dx dx
(2x+3y^)'
ouu

EXAMPLES Ifx^+y^ = 3axy,Hnd^

YY
ad

dx

SOLUTION Differentiating both sides of the given relation with respect to x, we get
dd

d / 3\ d , _ d . .
—
dx (* ) + ^(y ) = 3a —(xy)
Re
iinn

dx

3x^ + 3y^A = 3JxA

F

+ y
dx dx I-

(3y^-3tix)^
dx
= 3fly-3x^ => 3(y^-flx)^
dx
= 3(ay-x^)=> ^
dx
=
ay-x
2
y -ax

EXAMPLE 4 If log {x^ + y^) = 2 tan ^ — , show that — =^ ^ .

\^ ) dx x-y
SOLUTION Differentiating both sides of the given relation with respect to x, we get
fi / 2
7- 1 log
dx
+ y
J dx

—S
1
S- X 2x
1
d fy]
2 2
X +y
dx
l + (y/xf dxyx
10.62 MATHEMATICS-XII

dy
2 X
-y X 1
2
1
±(x^) + ±(y^)\ = 2x
-^{dx do: 2
a:

2
dx
2
a: +y a: +y a:

w
X +y I a: +y

= 2\x-^-y
1 dx

e
x-¥\f^
dx
= x^-y
dx
^—
dx
iy-x) = -(x + y) => ^
dx

e
x-y

o
wr
^y _ 1

r
[CBSE2012,NCERT]
EXAMPLES
Ifx yjl + y + y■^jl + x = Oand x ^y, prove that
dx {x + if ‘

F
SOLUTION We have,

ullo
r FF
x^jr+^ + y^ITT^ = 0

e
XyJ^ = -yV^

rsre
x^il + y) = y^l + A:) [On squaring both sides]

oF
uo
k
2 2 2 2
X -y = y x-x yoofr
{x + y){x-xj) = -xy{x-y)
sf
ko
Y
X
x + y = -xy=>x = -y~xy^y{l + x) - -x => y = - 1 [●●● x^y]
BB

+ x
Yo
Y
oo

dy _ _ (1 + x) X 1 - a:(0 4 1) ^ - 1
er

● =5>

{\ + xf (\ + x)^
re

dx dx
uu
od

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

Yo
ad

<2 2''
1 .u ^dy y
n

EXAMPLE 6
//cos-' 2
- tan a, prove that
dx X
x+y
ndi
Re

SOLUTION We have,
F

(2 2^ 2 2
Fi

X -y ^ -y
cos
2 2 = tan ^ a ■=> X
2
+ y
2 = COS (tan ^ a) = X, say
^x +y
>0 4-1
[Applying Componendo and dividendo]
-2y^ X~1

X ^ i+\
2 l-X
y
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
2 d , 2. 2 d , 2.
y ~(x )-x —(y
dx dx
) y^ X 2x - X 2y dx
= 0 => = 0
2^2 4
(y^) y

= 0 ^ 2x^y^ ^ - y
dx dx
dx 2x^y dx X
DIFFERENTIATION 10.63

ALITER We have,
(2 2']
cos
- 1 X -y
= tan ^ a => cos
1 \ > = tan
-1
■ a
2 2
l + (y/i)^
2 tan -1 y = tan "'a => tan“' = fl => — = tan 1,tan
— -1 a
2 X
u
-yxl
V- =0^ dx
2
dx \x X dx dx X
2
dy _ sin (fl + y)
EXAMPLE 7 //sin y = a: sin (fl + y), that da: sm [CBSE2009,2011,2012]
SOLUTION Differentiating both sides of the given relation with respect to x, we get

ww
£(siny) =A|,3in(a + y)}
^y
= 1 X sin (fl + y) + a: cos {a + y) — {a + y)

Flo
cos y -p-
da: dx

e
dy
cos y ^ = sin (fl + y) + a: cos (a + y)^

eree
dx dx

cos y ^ - X cos (fl + y) ^ = sin (a + y)

FFr
dx dx
oorr
uur r
|cosy-arcos(fl +y)| ^ dx
= sin (fl + y)
sf
■: sin y = a: sin (fl + y)
sm y
sk
Yoo

cos y - cos (fl + y) ■ — = sin (fl + y) sin y

ooko

sin (fl + y) da: X =

sin (a + y)
eBB

sin (fl + y) cos y - sin y cos (fl + y) dy

= sin(fl + y)
sin (fl + y) dx
uurr

sin (fl + y-y)..dy _ sia^(fl + y)

ad

'
= sin (fl + y) A, ■
=>
Yo

sin (fl + y) dx dx sm fl

ALITER 1 We have,
dY

sm y
Re

sin y = X sin (fl + y) x =

innd

sin (fl + y)
FFi

Differentiating both sides with respect to y, we get

dx _ sin (fl + y) cos y - sin y cos(fl + y) _ sin(fl + y-y)
dy sin^(fl + y) ■m^ (fl + y)
dy 1 _ sin^(fl + y)
dx dx/dy sm fl

BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

EXAMPLES Ifjl -x^ +Jl -y^ = a (x^ -y^), prove that ^ ^ ^ , where -1 a: < 1
fl«d-l<y<l. dx y ^1-ar®
SOLUTION Putting x^ = sin A and y^ = sin B in the given relation, we get

^1 - sin^ A + -^1 - sin^ B - a (sin A - sin B)

10.64
MATHEMATICS-XII

cos A + cos B = a (sin /I - sin 6)

A + B A-B fA + B^l f A-B
2 cos cos = 2a sin cos => cot a
2 2 . { 2 2 ) 2 )
A-B -1

2
= cot"^ (fl) => A - B = 2 cot”^ (a) => sin ^ -sin ■ =2 cot ^ (ij).

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

^ X 3x^ —j=i— x3y^^=0
1 d , 3x 1 d ^
x-:-(^ )- =6 xA(y3)=0=>
f7
dx dx dx

w
dx

ALITEJU We have. ^|l-x^ =a(x^-y^)

Flo
Differentiating both sides of the given relation with respect to x, we get

eeee
1 1 d 6\ d . 3 3\
(1-y )=a — {x -y )
2^1l^ 2^ 6 dx dx

Fr
—^L=x-6x^ + ^ forX
ur
2^ 2,1^7
5
ks
5
-3x= 2 y 2 X
Yo

= ax +
ay -
■^l-x^ -Jl -y
. . 6 dx dx dx
●\\-x^
oo
eB

Ji-y^-y^ aJl ~x^ +x^

2dy = x
2 a

y
ur

VT7 dx
^77? LTV -y
dx 3
y
ad
Yo

'l-/
3
d

+ x
2 L 6
Re

3 3
dy yl-y
in

^ -y [Using (i)]
dx
F

3
3 3
-y
^ -y

3..3
rfy _ y
dA: 6 T 6 3 3,6
y y +l-y y +y

6 1 3 3 .f 6 L 6
dy -y 1-x y +V1-A: -^1-y ■ ^
iV
dx
y ^7 -X
6
l-x^y^ +
<ix

EXAMPLE 9
Ifx^ + y^ - flnd x^ + y^ = f ^ , then prove that ^ = ~4—.
f ^ t^ x^y
DIFFERENTIATION 10.65

1
SOLUTION We have,
t

if
(f+ yV = t —
t
=> + Ix^xf" = f + ^ - 2
4
x^ + y^ + Ix-y^ ■:x +y

1 2 -2
2a:V = - 2 => fy^ -1^ y^ y - X

Differentiating with respect to x, we get

ooww
‘^y ^y
2y => y
1
^ - Jl
3 dx 3
dx dx X X y

-1 a; -1 y ^y
EXAMPLE 10 //y=f7tan — + tan ,find -f-.

e
a X) dx

ree
SOLUTION

rFl
We have.

Fre
-1 -r -1 y y = tan 1 X -1 y . y X ^ -1 y
=> tan — = — + tan
y = b tan + tan — + tan

rrF
X) h a X b a X

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

ouur
sffoo
dy
X -y y
1
2fy'|^ _ 1 1 dx =»
1
- sec 2 [ y j dy _ -1 +
dx
okks
- +
- sec
2^ 2
^bjdx 2 2
b b} dx a r X b (7
X +y
Yo

1 +
y
oo

\x)
Y
BB

1 y
2 . 2
rre

/ \
dy 1
- sec
2 y X 1 y ^ = - a: +y
2 2 2 2
dx b b a da: 1 2 V X
ouu

X +y X +y - sec -
YY

2
ad

2
b bj X +y

_ 1 COS 3a: 3
EXAMPLE 11 Ify = cOS then show that — =
dd

1 COS^ X ^X 1 COS X COS 3a:

Re
iinn

-1 I cos 3x
F

SOLUTION We have, y = cos 3

cos X

cos 3x
cos y =
cos 3;.
3
4 cos X - 3 cos X
cos y =
cos
3
X
=> cos y = ^4-3 sec^ X => cos^ y = 4 - 3 (1 + tan^ x)
1 - cos^ y = 3 tan^ x => sin^ y = 3 tan^ x => sin y = -/3 tan x
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
2
cos y —
dx
= t/3 sec X
 10.66 MATHEMATICS-XIt

3
^ V3 cos X
[Using (i)]
=

dx 2
cos y cos X cos X "y cos 3x
3
dx cos X cos 3x

EXERCISE 10.4
BASIC

Find in each of the following (1-11):

l.x}/ = c‘^ 2.y^-3xy^=Ar^ + 3.r^y 3.

ww
4. 4a: + 3y = log (4x - 3y) 5.-2 +^=1 6. + y^ = 5 xy
7. (A: + y)^=2flA:y 8. (x^ + = xy [CBSE 2009,2018] 9. tan“^ {x^ + y^) = a

10. ^
x-y
= logf. -y
Floo
11. sin A:y + cos (a: + y) =1

ee
13. If xy^ =1, prove that 2 ^ + y^ = 0.

eer
12. Ifxy = l,prove that —+
dx
y^ =0. dx

FFr
BASED ON LOTS
oorr
uur r
14. If Jl^ -x^ +Jl^ -y^ =fl (x-y), prove that ^ .
s ff
[NCERT EXEMPLAR]
^x
sk
YYoo
ooko

15. Ify Jl'' -x^ + X Jl* -y^ =1, prove that ^ =- iV

eBB

frx
p-x^
2 ^
fry
16. If X p + y + y p + X = 0, prove that (1 + x)
uurr

+ 1=0. [CBSE 20111

rfx
ad

-1 r V
Yo

17. if log -Jx^ +y^ = tan — , prove that

^y _ y + y
dx x-y
[CBSE 2019,2020]
dY
Re

18. If sec
^ +y
= a, prove that ^=y
ind

rfx X
FFin

^-yj
r 2 2 X (1 - tan a)
2 2 = a, prove that ^ = -
^ +y J dx y.{l + tan a)

20. If xy log (x + y) = 1, prove that ^

dx
= - y y + ^ + y)
X (xy + X + y)

21. If y = X sin (i7 + y), prove that ^ = sin^(fl + y)

dx sin (fl + y) - y cos (a + y)
2

22. Ifxsin (fl +y) + sin <? cos(fl + y) =0,provethat^

dx
=
sin a
. [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

siny
23. If y = X sin y, prove that — =
dx (1 - X cos y)
DIFFERENTIATION 10.67

24. If y +1 = log +1 - X , show that (x^ +1) ^ + xy +1 = 0.

2 2 f. j fry
25. If sin (xy) + ^ X
- y , find — .
dx

26. If tan (x + y) + tan {x - y) = 1, find dx

.

27. Ife^ +e!'=e^+!',provethat ^ or. iL + e^-^^0 ICBSE2014]

dx dx

dy _ cos^ {a + y)

oww
28. If cos y = a: cos {a + y), with cos a ^±1, prove that INCERT]
dx sin a

29. Ifsin^y + cos;n/ = /c, find^

Tt
ata: =1, v =—. ICBSE 20171
dx 4

e
BASED ON HOTS

FFrlo
re
lx dy
30. Ify = {Iog cosx sin x) {logsin x COS a:} ^ + sin ^ , find — at .X = —.

ree
F
dx 4

rF
2
31. If + x + jy -x = c, show that ^ ^ y -1 .
^ dx fsoor ^ 1x^
ouur
skf
ANSWERS
ooko

1/3
jx + yf
Yo

1. .1 2. ^ = 3. y
Y

7 7
dx
x
y^-2xy-x K xj
Bo
reB

4
4 4(l-4x-^3y) 5.
b^X 6. IZl
2
3(4x-3y + l) ^ y
uur
oY

4x(x^+y^)-y
ad

7. ^-^-y 8. 9.

x-4y(x^+y^)
dY

x->ry ~ ax y

sin (x + y) - y cos (xy) 2x^ + y - x^y cos {xy)

innd

10. y 11. 25.

Re

X cos (xy) - sin (x + y) X (x^ cos xy + 1 + 2xy}

Fi
F

2 2
sec (x - y) + sec (x + y) 4 1
26.
sec
^ (x-y)-sec^(x + y)
29.
^(V2+l)
4
30. 8
71 ^ +16 log 2
H/Wrs TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

12. We have,
, 1 dy +^ y 2 _
-4-
1
xy =1 ^ y = — ^ =-\ Therefore, — 2
X dx x"^ dx X x

13. We have,

2^ + y^=0
dx 2
xy ^ =1 => ^ = ^
y
=> dy y
3 frx 2 dx

14- Put X = sin A, y = sin B and proceed as in Ex. 8.

15‘ Put X = sin A and y = sin B
 10.68 MATHEMATICS-XII

28. We have,
cos y = a: cos (a + y)
cosy
X

cos {a + y)
dx _ - cos (fl + y) sin y - cos y x - sin (a + y)
2
dy {cos (fl + y)}
dx sin {a + y) cos y - cos (fl + y) sin y sin(fl + y-y) sm a

— — 2
cos^ {a + y)
2
cos {a + y) cos {a + y)
2
dy _ cos (fl + y)

ooww
sin fl

10.8 LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION

We have learnt about the derivatives of the functions of the form \f (a:)]", and n\where

e
/ (:c) is a function of x and n is a constant. In this section, we will be mainly discussing derivatives

ree
gix)
of the functions of the form [/(a:)] where f{x) and g(x) are functions of x. To find the

rFl
Fre
derivative of this type of functions we proceed as follows:

rrF
g(x)
Let y = [/(x)] . Taking logarithm of both the sides, we get
log y = s(^)- log {f(x)}
ouur
sffoo
Differentiating with respect to x, we get
1 dy 1
okks

-r = ^
Yo

y
oo
Y
BB

^ = y\ ^~[f{x)]+iogif{x)}~(g(x)]
dx f{x) dx\ J ■ dx
rre

Alternatively, we may write

ouu
YY
ad

Differentiating with respect to x, we get

dd

= ggix)\og^ix)} 1 g(x)
Re
iinn

dx f(x) dx\ dx
F

<^y
dx = V f{x) dx\ ) + >°s dx\ f?(^)
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

EXAMPLE 1 Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:

(iii) (sin x) logx
X smx
(i) X (ii) X [NCERT]

SOLUTION (i) Lety = A:^.Then,y = [v

On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

^ ^{x log x) = X* Ilog a: X(:c) + :i: X (log x)|

dx dx dx
gX log X = X^]
DIFFERENTIATION 10.69

=> ^ - X X { log X + XX-1 (1 + IogA:)

dx

(ii) Lety = x
sma:
.Then, y = glog”'’ ^
On differentiating both sides with respect to-x, we get
^
dx
■'
= e=">^>°8*-i(sinx.Iogj:)
dx

^ = x sin X
log X — {sin x) + sin X — (log x) ● . ^sinarlogx _ ^sinzj
dx dx dx

sm X
cos X . log X +

ooww
dx X

(iii) Lety = (sin Then, y = [V / = e”"^"]

On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
^ = e'°8^‘“8=‘"^-^(logx.logsinj|

e
dx dx

ree
rFl = (sin ● log sin x
^ (log x) + log X ^ (log sin x)|

Fre
dx

rrF
= (sinx)log;? I log sin X + logxx 1 log sin X
dx X
—
sm X
X cosx^ = (sinx)^°S^ X
+cotx.logx
ouur
sffoo
EXAMPLE 2 Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:
okks
sin X cos AT
(i) (cosx)^ (ii) (iii) (logx) (iv) (sin x)
Yo
oo

SOLUTION Lety = (cos x)^. Then, y =

Y
BB

On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

dy a: log cos a: d , , .
rre

— = e ® — (x log cos x)
dx dx
ouu
YY

● = (cos x)*- logcosx + X —^—

ad

=> —
dx
= (cos x)^ ● log cos X —
dx
(x) + X —
dx
(log cos x) cos X
(- sin x) ●

<^y
dd

dx
= (cos x)^ (log cos X - X tan x)
Re
iinn

(ii) Lety = x^.Then,y =

F

On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

%
dx
= 4-(^\ogx)
dx

iog A4-(^) + yf^4- (log

/

dx dx dx

dx (^logA:
^

i-ix
1
+ V?xi| = x^
X
+
sinx
(iii) Lety = (logx) ,Then,y = *)
On differentiating both sides widi respect to x, we get
^
dx
Ajsin:t.log(log;c)|
dx
 10.70 MATHEMATICS-XII

dy
log (log x) (sin x) + smx4~ (log (log x))
sin j:
= (log x)
dx dx

sm X 1
= (log x) log (log .r). cos :c + sin :c X — — X — ■
dx log X X

^y sin a: sin X
-r
dx
= (log ■ log (log x). cos X +
X log X

. Then, y = gCosx.log sin a:

cosx
(iv) Let y = (sin a:)
On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

ooww
dy cosar. log sin a: d . \ ■ \
— = e ® — (cos X. log sin x)
dx
’ dx

cos X
— = (sin x) log sin X — (cos x) + cos x — (log sin x)
dx dx dx

e
ree
dy 1

rFl = (sin x)
cosx
■ - sin a: log sin X + cos XX — X cos X ●

Fre
dx sm X

rrF
2
dy cos X cos X
=> — = (sin x) ■ - sin X log sin x h—;
dx sm X
ouur
sffoo
EXAMPLES
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:
okks

cos ~^x
-1
cos X
(i) X (ii) (sin x)
Yo
oo

-1
^x.logx
Y

cos cos
BB

SOLUTION Lety = X Then, y = e

On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
rre

dy _ ^cos ^ X.logX (cos ^ X. log x)

ouu

dx
YY
ad

-1 -1
dy - log X cos X
^ ■ log X — (cos” ^ x) + cos” ^ X — (log x) ■ = X
cos cos X
=> — =x
dd

dx dx dx X
Re
iinn

-1
^ X. log sin X
F

cos cos
(ii) Let y = (sin x) Then, y = e
On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
dy _ ^cos ^x.logsinx (cos ^ X. log sin x)
dx dx
-1
dy -1
X— (log sin x) + log sin X — (cos” ^ x) ■
cos X
— = (sin x) cos
dx dx dx

-1
dy -1
7^^— X cos X + (log sin x) x
cos X -1
— = (sin x) cos X X
dx sm X

-1
dy cos X -1 log sin X
— = (sin x) cos X cot X P ● ,

dx
DIFFERENTIATION 10.71

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

A'

EXAMPLE 4
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x: (i) in) {xY
SOLUTION (i) Let y = x^ . Then, y = ^
On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
dy
dx
■ log ar
^ {x^^ log x) = x^ ~
dx dx
{e^ ^ log x)
<^y X
X

dx dx dx
X
X log X d
— (x log x) + e ar log X ^ 1

oww
X

dx
X
log a: . e
dx

1 1 ] X 1
X
X

dx
X
■ (log x) X^ XX
— + log X + X X — ■
X X

e
■ (1 + log x) log X + — ■ = x^ x^ |(1 + log x) log a: + —
^y
X
X

ree
X
dx
rFl X X

Fre
x2
^x^ ● log X

rr F
Let y = (x^)^.Then, y = x
x.x
(ii) = X ^ y =

On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

ouur
sfoo
■iy
dx
= / log. dx log;,) = log X dx (x^) + X^ dx
(log x)
kks
Yo
oooo

= x^ \(log x)2x + x^ X — [: e^
2
= ]
dx X
eBB

2 2

dx
= x^ (2x log X + x) = X x^ (2 log X +1).
uurr

EXAMPLE 5
If y = (sin x)*^^ + (cos find ^. (CBSE 2007]
ad

dx
YYo

SOLUTION We have, y = (sin x)‘®" ^ + (cos x)

sec X
_ ^ tan X. log sin X + e
sec X. log cos X

On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

dd
Re

_ (e^^^ log sinx^ ^^secx log cos x^

iinn

dx dx dx
F

<^y „tanx logsinx d . , , secxlog cosx , , >

dx
= e ® — (tan x log sm x) + e ® —
dx
(sec x log cos x)
^y tan X
= (sin x) ■ — (tan x) X log sin X + tan XX — (log sin x)
dx dx dx

sec X d
+ (cos x) — (sec x) X log cos X + sec X X (log cos x)
[ dx dx

tanx 2 1
= (sin x) ■< sec X log sin X + tan x x X cos X
dx sin X

secx 1
+ (cos x) ● sec X tan x log cos x + sec x (- sin x) ●
cos X

<^y
jsec^x log sin x + 11 + (cos x)
tanx sec X
= (sin x) {sec X tan x. log cos x - sec x tan a^
dx
 10.72 MATHEMATICS-XII

EXAMPLE 6
Differentiate: (log ^ with respect to x. ICBSE2020]

SOLUTION Let y = (log xf + Then,

log.Y
y = ^log(log xf + e
log (AT ) ^ log (log X) + e
log X, log X

On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

^'
dx
= e" log (log x)^±
dx
^ ^(log 1)2 ^ ±
dx

dx
= (log xf I log (log x) X ^
dx
(x) + X X ^dx {log (log X)1 J● + x’°® ^ ● [ 2 (log x) ~dx (log x)) ■

ooww
(iy X I 1 1 logx
dx
= (log x) \ log (log x) + X X — — X — + X 2 (log x) -
log X X X

^y 1 2 logy

e
logx
= (log x)^ ] log (log x) + > + X

ree
dx logx X

rFl
Fre
EXAMPLE?
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:

rrF
2.2-
— [CBSE 2012] (ii) cos(x^) (hi) log(x^ + cosec^ x)
cot X
(i) y (iv) x'^
x^ + x+2
ouur
sffoo
col X 2x^ -
SOLUTION (i) Lety = X —. Then,
x^ + X + 2
okks
Yo

2x^ - 3 cot X
oo

^cotx logx _ glog ^ gCOt X log Xj

cot X
Y

y = + [●.● X
BB

X^ + X+ 2
rre

On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

f 2
ouu

2x^ -3
^ ^ J_ /^COt X log +
YY
ad

dx dx dx x^ + X + 2
dd

(x^ + X + 2) -dx- (2x^ - 3) -(2x^ - 3) dx

-- (x^ + x + 2)
dy _ ^cot X log X
Re
iinn

(cot X. log x) +
dx dx
(x^ + x + 2)^
F

(x^ + x+ 2) (4x) -(2x^ - 3) (2x +1)

dy _ ^cot X
dx j (log x) ^(cot X) +(cot x) ^ (log x)| + (x^ + x + 2)^
dy = X cot X 2 cot X 2x^ + 14x + 3
-2. - cosec
X . log X + +
dx X
(x^ + X + 2f
xlogx
(ii) Let y = cos (x^). Then, y = cos(e ) [V x^ =
On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
dy d , X log XV xlogxv d / xlogx.. ./ Xv xlogx d . , ,
-^
dx
= —
dx
( cos (e ° )) = - sin (e ^ ) — dx
{e ^ ) = - sm (x ) e * —dx
(x log x)

^
dx
= - sin (x^) XX* dx
(x). log X + X —
dx (log x)|
DIFFERENTIATION 10.73

^ - - sin (x^) log X + X. —X

1
sin (a:^) (log a: +1)
dx

X 2
(iii) Let y = log (x + cosec x). Then,
1 d , X 2 s 1
X — (x + cosec x) - — (x^) + — (cosec^ x) ■
x'^ + cosec^ X 1
-

X 2
dx X + cosec X dx dx

^ - 1
_ A (e*'°S*) + 4-(cosec^i)
dx X + cosec"^ X [ dx dx
X

1
-

^ —(x log x) 4- 2 cosec x — (cosec x) ■

ww
dx 2
X
X
+ cosec X dx dx

^ - 1
X"' (1 + log x) - 2 cosec^ x cot x
2
dx X
X
+ cosec X

Flo
T . X 2 (x + 3)

e
(iv) Lety = X e ^ ' . Then,

ree
^xlogx ^2(x+3) ^xlogx+2(x+ 3) [●.● X
X

Fr
y = => y =

rF
On differentiating with respect to x, we get
uurr
^ 2(x+ 3) (x log X + 2 (x + 3)}
for
dx dx
s
£y = 3) — (x log x) + 2 — (x + 3)
kks

dx dx dx
Yo
oooo

(1 + logx + 2) = x^ ^ (3 +logx)
eB

dx

log^
EXAMPLE 8 Ifx^ = ,provc that ^ =
dx
(1 + log xf
ur
ad
YYo

(CBSE 2000 C, 2010 C, 2011, 2013, NCERT EXEMPLAR]

SOLUTION We have,
x^/ =
dd
Re
in

g ylogx ^ gX-y g!/ log

F

X
=>
y log X = X - y => y log X + y = x => y (1 + log x) = x => y =
1 + log X
On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
{ 1
(1 + log x) X 1 - X 0+ -
^ - ^ogx
dx
(1 + log x)^ (1 + log x)^
EXAMPLE 9 Ifx^ +/ = 2, find dx
[NCERT]

SOLUTION We have,
+ e
*logy = 2

On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

 10.74 MATHEMATICS-XII

dx \ J dx\
= -^(2)
dx

,y>“8^ A(yiogx)
dx
+ /“>sy A(;,logy)
dx
=0
1 a: 1 , I dy
x^ ■ —ic
dx
log x + y-x —X ■ + y \\x\ogy ■¥ XX ^ = 0
y dx
Vi X X dy
log X + y ^
dx
+ y X -^ + y"' X log y = 0
y X

ooww
x^ logx + X y^-^\^ + ,yx y-i + log y = 0
I dx

x-l
dx
xl^ log X + X y

e
ree
rFl
EXAMPLE 10 Ifx^ = y^, [NCERTl

Fre
SOLUTION We have, x^ = y^. Taking log on both sides, we get

rrF
y log X = X log y
ouur
sffoo
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
y ^
ax (log x) + log X ^
dx (y) = X 4- (log y) + log y dx (x)
okks
dx
Yo

1 , dy 1 dy
oo

yx — + logxx-^ = XX — + (log y) 1
Y

dx y dx
BB

, dy X dy
log X ^ = logy-^
rre

dx y dx X
ouu

logx-- = logy-^
YY
ad

dx y X

dy f y log X - X ^logy-y ^ ^^y f^iogy-y\

dd

dx X y log X - X
Re
iinn

dx y X
F

EXAMPLE 11 ^ (cos x)^ = (sin y)^, /z«d dx

INCERT, CBSE 2009]

SOLUTION We have, (cos x)l^ =(sin y)^. Taking log on both sides, we get
y log cos X = X log sin y
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
y—
dx
(log cos x) + ^
dx
(log cos x) = x —
dx
(log sin y) + (log sin y) 1
y ^y
-— sin X + — log cos X = ^ cos y — + log sin y
cos X dx sin y dx
”7/1
dy . ^ . dy log sin y + y tan x
— (log cos X - X cot y) = log sin y + y tan x => — = —
^
dx dx log cos X - X cot y

EXAMPLE 12 Ify = a^ + e^ + x^ + x^,find ^

dx
at x = a. [NCERTl
 DIFFERENTIATION 10.75

SOLUTION We have,
X X X , a
y = a ■¥ e + X + X

X X
X log X a
y = a + e + e + X

=>
ax ax ax ax ax

dy
dx
= log fl + ^—
dx
{x log x) + fl x'’ ~ ^
^y Xi X X/1 I \ a-1
= a log a + e + x (1 + log x) + x
dx
a-1

dx
= a‘^ log a + e‘^ + 0“^ (1 + log a) + aa = e" + 2fl” (1 + log a)

ww
yx = a

REMARK In order to find the derivative of a product of a number offunctions ora quotient of a number of
functions, we first take logarithm of both sides and then differentiate. The procedure is illustrated in the

FF loo
following examples.

ree
1-x^ (2x-3)^''^ dy
EXAMPLE 13 If y = , find -ff.
dx

reeF
SOLUTION Taking log of both sides, we get oroFr
r ur
log y = ^ log(l - ^ logfflx - 3) -1 log(x^ + 2).
s ff
On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
k
YYouo

1 dy _
^(-2x) +
1 . 2 1
kos o

X 2 X X 2x
y dx 2(i-n 2 (2x - 3) 3 x^ + 2
BBoo

. dy 1 4x 1-x^ (2x~3)'^^^ 1 4x
r ee

X X
-r=y - +
dx l-x2 2x-3
3 (x^ + 2) (x'-h2)2/3 11 -X 2 2x-3
3 (x^ + 2)
ad
ouur

3/2
Vx (x + 4)
Yo

EXAMPLE 14 Plnd the derivative of 4/3 with respect to x.

(4x-3)
d

3/2
Re

^fx (x + 4)
idnY

SOLUTION Let y = 4/3 . Taking log of both sides, we get

(4x-3)
FFin

1 3 4
log y = 2 ^ 2 "3
On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
1 ^ = 1,31 d , ,i\ 4
— (x + 4) — X
1 d
(4x - 3)
y dx 2x 2 X + 4 frx 3 4x-3dx

dy _ I 1 3 4
X 4
V^(x + 4)^^Mi 3 16

~
dx ~ ^ I ^ ^x + 4) ~ 3 (4x - 3) (4x-3)
4/3 2x 2 (x + 4) 3 (4x - 3)

BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

EXAMPLE 15 Ifx'”y”={x + y)
m + n
, prove that ^
dx
s=^.X
[CBSE 2000, 2014, 2017, NCERT EXAMPLARJ
10.76 MATKEMATICS-XII

SOLUTION We have, ● / = {x + y)
m + n

Taking log on both sides, we get

m log X + n log y = (m + n) log(;c + y)
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
1 1 dy _ m + n d
m X — + «x —
(x + y)
X
y dx x + y dx
m n dy m + n
— + — X = 1 + —
x y dx X + y 1^ dx

oww
=>
n m+n dy _ m + n m
y x+y dx x+y x
nx + ny - my -ny dy _ mx + nx -mx - my

e
yix + y) dx {x + y)x

FFrlo
re
nx-my dy _ nx-my ^ dy _ y

ree
=>

F
y{x + y) dx {x + y)x dx X

rF
ax hx Q
EXAMPLE 16 Ify = + — + 1, prove that
(x-fl)(x-ij)(x-c) (;c-fe) (a:-c) x-c
fsoor
ouur
a b c
skf
+ ● ,

dx X a-X b -X c-x
ooko

SOLUTION We have.
Yo
Y

2
bx
^- + 1
ax
Bo

y =
reB

{x-a){x-b){x-c) {x-b){x-c) x-c

2
ax bx c + x-c
+
y =
uur
oY

{x-a){x-b){x-c) {x-b){x-c) x -c
ad

2
_ flx bx X
dY

^ {x - a) {x-h) {x - c) (x-b)(x-c) x-c

2
innd

ax bx + X {x -b)
Re

y =
{x -a){x- b) {x -c) (x - b) {x - c)
Fi
F

2 2
ax X
y =
{x-a){x-b)ix-c) (x-b){x-c)
2 2 3
ax +x (x-a) X
y = ^ y = logy = log
ix-a){x-b) (x-c) {x~a)(x-b){x-c) {x-a){x-b)(x-c)

logy = 31ogx~ jlog(;t-fl) +log(3;-ij) +log(x-c)|

On differentiating with respect to x, we get
1 ^ ^ 3 _ _1 - +
1
+
1

y dx X IX - a X-b x-c

\ ( \ ( \
dy 1 1 1 1 1 1
^
dx
= y X x-a
+
X x-b
+
x x-c
/ \
DIFFERENTIATION 10.77

b
-i- = y
a c
^ = l. a b c

dx x{x-a) x(x-b) x{x-c) dx X a ~x b -X X -c

EXAMPLE 17 Prove that the derivative of an even function is an odd function and that of an oddfunction
is an even function.
SOLUTION Let / (x) be an even function. Then,
f{-x) ^ fix) ^
dx
ifi-x)} -^{fix)}
dx
^ f'{-x).4~(-x)
dx
=f'{x)

oww
=> -f'i-^) - fix) ^ fi-x) = -fix) ^ /' (x) is an odd function.
Let / (x) be an odd function. Then,

/{-X) = -/{X) f'(-x)^(-x) = -fix)

e
dx dx dx

re
~f'i~x) = -fix) =>/'(-x) =/'(x) =>/'(x) is an even function.

FFrllo
rF
2x-l
and /' (x) = sin x^, find —.

ee
EXAMPLE 18
ify-f ^
X" +1 dx
ouru
sor rF
2x-l
SOLUTION Let 2 = ●. Then,
kffo
2(x^ + l)-(2x-l) 2x
os
dz d 2x~l
= /'(2) ^
ook
Yo
Y

dx dx dz dx X^+1 (x^ + l)2

Bo
reeB

2, 2(x^ + l)-(4x^-2x)
— = (sin 2 ) ['●' f (■x) = sin x^ (z) = sin z^]
dx
(x^+l)^
ouY
ur

r
ad

1 + x-x^
Yo

2x-l
— = 2sin
d

dx x^ + 1
nidn

X X sm X
Re

EXAMPLE 19 Given that cos — . cos —. cos —...

, prove that
2 4 8 X
F
Fi

1 2 X 1 2 X 2 1
—:^sec — + -vsec — + ... = cosec ' x —s-
2^ 2 2^ 4 2
X

X X sm X
SOLUTION We have, cos- .cos —.cos -
2 4 8 X

Taking log on both sides, we get

X X X
log cos — + log cos — + log cos —... = log sin X - log x

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

X X X

^ sm 2- 1
-
4 _1
T sm —
8 cos X 1
2 X A X 8 ^ sm X X
^ cos - ^ cos cos
2 4 8
1 X 1 . X 1 . ..
X 1
— tan — — tan tan —... = cot x —
2 2 4 4 8 8 X
10.78 MATHEMATICS-XII

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

1 2 X 1 2 X 2 1
—^ sec sec - cosec x + —=■
2^ 4~? 8 X
2

I 2 X 1 2 X 1 2 X 2 1
=> ^ sec — + —;rsec — + -^sec —. cosec X —=-
2
2^ 2 42 4 8^ 8 X

EXERCISE 10.5
BASIC

Differentiate the following functions with respect to x: (1-18)

-1
1/x sinx
3. (1 + cos x)^
cos X
1. 2. a: 4.

oww
xlogx
5. (log x)^
cos X cosx
6. (log x) 7. (sin x) 8. e

logx log sin X logx (10*)

9. (sin x) 10. 10 11. (log X) [NCERT] 12.10
sin*"^ X 1/x
14. (sin“^ x)^
X
13. sin X 15. a: 16. (tan x)

e
(sin X - cos x) , X 2-1

ree
17. a:
rFl
tan X
18. (i) (X^) 4x (ii) -t

Fre
x2+l

rr F
x2+l 1/x
(iv) (x cos x)* + (x sin x)
xcosx
(iii) X +
[NCERT, CBSE 2011] [NCERT]
x2-l
ouur
sfoo
1 +
1)
1 sinx
(v) x+- (vi) e + (tan x)*
kks
+ X [NCERT] [CBSE 2003]
Yo
oooo

2 2
1/x
(vii) (cos x)* + (sin x) [CBSE 2010] (viu) X* “ ^ + (x - 3)* [NCERT]
eBB

Find—, (19-32) when:

dx'
19. y = +10^ + a:*
uurr

n X X n
2Q. }/~x +n + X +n 21. y =
ad

p-'i)(ix-l)
YYo

ax 1
e sec X log x 3x
sin 4x ● 2*
23. y = e
dd

22. y =
Re
iinn

sinx
24. y = sin X sin 2x sin 3x sin 4x 25. y = a: + (sin x)* [NCERT]
F

cosx sin X cot X tan X

26. y =(sin x) +(cos x) 27. y =(tan x) + (cot x)
X f~~
28. (i) y =(siriA:) +sin ^Jx [NCERT, CBSE 2009,13,17]
sinx . -1
(ii) y=x + sm [CBSE 20 20]
tanx
(ii) y=x*+(sinx)*
cosx
29. (i) y=AT + (sin x) [CBSE 2009] [CBSE 2008]
logx 2rni 1/x
30. y =(tan x) + cos
4
31. y=x'' +x
V

logx
32. y^x + (log X)* [NCERT, CBSE 2013,2019]

BASED ON LOTS

33. Ifx^ -y* =a^, find^.

dx
(CBSE 2019]

dv
34. Wa:^^ y^=(x2+y)
17
, prove that x — = 2y
dx
DIFFERENTIATION 10.79

35. If y = sin prove that dx

= cos {x^) ■ (1 + log x)

36. If a:^ + y ^ =1, prove that ^ = - d + l°g ^ ' l°gy

37. If prove that ^=-

dx X (y log x + x)

38. If;ty+y'^=(i + y)'+y,find^

dx

39. If f =\, prove that ^

ooww
dx nx

40. If y* z= , prove that rfy ^ (1 + log yf [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

logy
dx

41. If (sin x)^ - (cos y)^, prove that dy _ log cos y - y cot a:

e
ree
dx log sin ;c + a: tan y

rFl log tan y + y tan x

Fre
42. If (cos x)^ = (tan y)^, prove that
dx log cos a: - a: sec y cosec y

rrF
43. Ife^ + prove that—
dx
+ =0 [CBSE2014]
ouur
sffoo
44. If = y^, prove that ^
dx log y -1
okks
Yo

45. If ^ - a: = 0, prove that — = -—-

oo
Y

dx X
BB

2
sin {a + y)
46. If y = a: sin (fl + y), prove that
rre

dx sin (iJ + y) - y cos (a + y)

ouu

2
YY
ad

47. If a: sin (fl 4-y) + sin fl cos (fl + y) = 0,provethat—= [CBSE2013]

dx sin a

48. If (sin a:)^ = a: + y, prove that dy 1 - (x + y) y cot a:

dd

dx {x + y) log sin a: -1
Re
iinn

49. If:cylog(A: + y)=l,provethat y(^ y + ^ + y)

F

dx
x{xy'^ +A: + y)
y
50. If y = a: sin y, prove that — =
dx a: (1 - a: cos y)
51. Find the derivative of the function / {x) given by / (a:) =(1 + a:) (1 + x^) (1 + x^) (1 + x®)
and hence find / ’ (1)
- - x^+x + 1 2 -1 yfSX
52. If y = log — + tan
X -x + 1 V3 1 -X
7

sin X - cos X Tt Sit ^y [CBSE2010]

53. Ify = (sin x-cosx) ~<x< — , find —.
'4 4 dx

54. Ifxy=e^“i',find^.
dx
[NCERT]
10.80 MATHEMATICS-XII

55. + + = a [NCERT]
dx

56. If(cosA:)^ =(cosy)^find^.

dx
ICBSE2012]

2
dy _ cos (fl +y)
57. If cosy =x'cos (fl + y), where cosfl ^ ± Improve that dx sma
[CBSE2014]

BASED ON HOTS

oww
X

x-y
58. If(A:-y)c = a, prove thaty ~^
dx
+ x = 2y. [CBSE2014]

59. If a: = provethat—=-^—— [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

dx X log X

e
re
I7i7 ,find^

FFrllo
tan I
60. Ify=A: + [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
V 2 dx

rF
ee
a Wx y/x^ find^
61. Ify = l + ^ V1
\ /
ouru
1 dx

sor rF
— a -a --P — a -~y
X ) \x )\x J \x A^
kffo
ANSWERS
os
l/rfl-logA: sin X
ook

sin .t
Yo

+ (cos x) log X
Y

1. a: 2.
2 X
X
Bo
reeB

-1
X sm X cos -1. cos X log X
3. (1 + cos x)^ ■ log (1 + cos a:) - 1 4. a:
ouY

+ cos X X
ur
ad
Yo

X 1 cosy cos X

5. (log xy \ log (log x) + 6. (log x) - sin a: ● log (log a:) +

d

log a: X log a:
nidn

cosy
7. (sin x) {- sin X log sin x + cos x cot x} 8. (I + log a:)
Re

1
F

logy
10 io‘°8®^^-logl0-coty
Fi

9. (sin x) — log sin y + log a* ● cot x

X

lO-'
11. (log x) log y J 1 + log (log x)
X
12. 10 10^ (loge 10)^

-1 V -1 X 1
13. x^ (1 + log y) cos(y^) 14. (sin x)' < log sin x+ . -1
sin -

. -1 2
sin ^ y log a: 1 sec y
- ^ log tan y +
sm y 1/y
15. y 16. (tan y)
y y
X tan y

-1 -1
tan y tan * y log y 2y + l
17. y 18. (i) + log y ●
y 1 +y^ 2y
DIFFERENTIATION 10.81

(sini-cosj:) Sin X-COS a: Ax

(ii) X + (cosx+sinx) log x
X

xcosx 4x
(in) X {(1 + log x) cos X - X log X sin x} -
(x -1)
lx |1 + X cot X - log (x sin x)}
(iv) (x cos x)^ 11 - X tan X + log (x cos x)} + (x sin x) 2
X

1
\A
,(v), ( X + -1 X--1 , f 1 ^ “ X+1 log X
) + log X + -

oww
● + X
1 ~~2 ~T~ ■
x^ + 1 X X X

sin .r
(vi) e cos X + (tan x)^ {log tan x + x sec x cosec x\
1/x 1 cot X
(vii) (cos x)^ (log cos X - X tan x) + (sin x)

e
—2 log sin X + X

re
FFrllo
2 , 5-2 _ -3 2 2
(viii) x^ ■ + 2x log X ■ + (x - 3)^ ■ + 2x log (x - 3) ■

rF
ee
ouru
19. e* + lO'^ log 10 + x^ log (ex) + log ?i + x'^ log (ex)

sor rF
20. nx

6 X 2 1 2
21.
kffo
p-3){4x-l) K.2 2x-l 2(x-3) 4x-l
os
ax 1
e sec X log x 1 1
ook
Yo
Y

22. fl + tan X +
X log X 1 -2x
Bo
reeB

3x
23. e sin 4x 2’'’ (3 + 4 cot 4x + log 2)
ouY

24. sin X sin 2x sin 3x sin 4x (cot x + 2 cot 2x + 3 cot 3x + 4 cot 4.x)
ur

sin X sin X
+ (sin x)^ {log sin X + X cot x}
ad

25. X COS X log X +

Yo

X
d

26. (sin x)^°^ ^ {- sin x log sin x + cos x cot x} + (cos x)®“^ ^ (cos x log cos x - sin x tan x}
nidn
Re

27. (tan ^ cosec^ .x (1 - log tan x) + (cot x)^ ^ sec^ x {log cot x - 1}
F
Fi

1 sinx smx 1
28. (i) (sin x)^ (x cot x + log sin x) + (ii) X + cos.x.logx +
2^x-x^
X
2^[x^
cosx cos X tanx 2
29. (i) X - sin X log X \ + (sin x) - 1 + sec X log sin x
X

(ii) x^ (1 + log x) + (sin x)^ (x cot x + log sin x)

2
sec X log tan X
30. (tan x)*°®^ - log x tan X X
31. .x'^' (1 + log X) + x^^ '^ ■ -— 2
X

32. X log X J 2 log X + (log X) X log (log X) + —1 } 33.

y'^logy-yx-'^ ^
x-1
X logx x^ logx-xy
10.82 MATHEMATICS-XII

(ar+y) y-1
38.
(^ + y) {1 + log(x + i/)}-yA: -y^ logy
x-\ x+ y
log X + xy -ix + y) (1 + log (A: + y)}
4
51. 1 + 2a:+3x^+... + 15x^^,/'(1)=120 52.
x^ + x^ +1
sin a: - cos X
53. (sin x - cos x) ({sin X + cos a:) log (sin x - cos x) + (cos a: + sin x)}

54. y{x-i) 55. - y^^ogy+y^^ Vx^(i + iogx) 56. log cosy + ytanx
x-1
x(y + l) + x^ logx log cosx + xtany

ooww
60. X
tanx 2 tanx X
61. ^ a P Y
sec xlogx + 1
X X
+ 2 — a
X X X

HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

e
ree
rFl log ((logx)
logx

Fre
11. Lety = (log x)*°^ Then, y = e => y = ^(log x) log (logx)

rrF
^
dx
^ ^(log»)log(log,)_^ L,
dx I
J iog(log;t)|J
ouur
sffoo
= (logx)'°S^
^ (log x) ● log (log x) + log X ^ log (log x)|
okks
Yo

log (log x) 1 1
oo

+ log X X X — ●
Y

X
log X X
BB

= (log*)'°8=‘ j log (logx) ^ 1

logx 1 + log (log x)
rre

= (log X)
X X X
ouu

x^ + 1
YY
ad

●. Then, y = ^x cos X logx

xcosx
18. (iii) Lety = X
^7^
dd

dfx^^l f 2
dy _ d ^x cos X log X cos ^ log, A cos I log*) + 7
Re
iinn

+ —
dx dx dx x^-1 "
dx ^X x^-1
F

X cos X (x^-1) 2x-(x^+l) 2x

X
(cos X log X - X sin X log x + cos x) +

X cos X 4x
X (cos X log X - X sin X log X + cos a^ -
(x^-l)2
l/x
18. (iv) Lety = (x cos x)* + (x sin x) . Then,
l/x
y = ^ log (X cos x)^ + e
log(xsinx)

V = ^x log (xcosx) + e
l/xlog(xsin x)

^ = A ■< e
xlog(xcosx) I ^l/x log (X sin x) _
dx dx dx
 \

DIFFERENTIATION 10.83

^
dx
log cos ± J
dx ^
^ ^1/nr log (.r sin x) d
{x sin x)^
— = (j: cos
dx
— {j: (log x + log cos x)l + (.v sin
dx
—
dx
—^ (log X + log sin x) Ji

^
dx
- {x cos x)^ ■ (log X + log cos x) + j: — - tan a;
/

\/x 1 fl— + cot

+ (a: sin a)
X\X
A
y
^ (log a; + log sin a:) ■
A

= (a cos a)" (log (a cos a) + (1 - a tan a)} + (a sin a) 1/x J_^cotx

2
logx
2
log sin
2
AT
A A A A

ww
/ vA M / V ^ > / . xl/.T 1 + A cot A-log(A sin a)
= (a cos a) {log (a cos a) +1 - a tan a} + (a sm a) '' j A

18. (v) Lety = a+-

if + A
1+ 1/x
. Then,

Flo
ee
V x)

rere
y = gXlog(A+ 1/x) + e
(1+ 1/x) log X

f?y ^ ^xiog(x+ i/x) \ + c (i+i/i)iogw

r FF
frj^iv
1
X log A + —
uurr
dx [ XI
dx dx X
foor
ks s

^y 1 X d (A 1 1+1/x 1 , .11
log A + — -2 log A + 1 + -
Yoo

A + - + — >● + A
1- dx
oook

dx X X) X) X X) X
A +
A
eBB

2
if 1 r 1^ A 1 1+ 1/x I 1 + A - log A
A+- ^ log A + — > + A
dx X) X) A^ +1 . .2
uurr

X ) X
ad

if A^-l
Yo

1 1 1/x-l
A + —
log A + - 4- ^ + A (1 + A - log a|
dx X) X) A^ +1
dY

x^-S :r2
Re
innd

18. (viii) Let y = A + (a - 3) . Then,

,logx^^^-3)
2
FFi

+ e
log(x- 3)^
y =

y = + e
x^ log(x- 3)
dy●7 - — d (x^-3) logx ^ H
d
< e log(x-3) _
dx dx dx

=> ^ = ^(x^-3)logx ~ ■ (A^ - 3 ) log A + e

x^ log(x - 3) d A^ log (a-3)
dx dx
1.

=> ^ - A^2 -
■ 2a log A +
r^-^l
■ + (a - 3)^
2
■ 2a log (a - 3) +
2
●
dx

sm X
25. We have, y = a + (sin a)^
10.84 MATHEMATICS-Xll

smar

y = + e log (sin x)^ => y = gSinxlogx + e

X log sin X

^
dx
= _^^gSinj:Ioga;)
dx
^_^(^xlog
dx
sinx^
dy sin X log X . 1 V X log sin X / 1 . ■,
-^
dx
= e & —
dx
(sin X log x) + e ® —
dx
(x log sin x)
si X
sm 1 sm X
^ -^ = X
dx
● COS X logx +
X
+ (sin x)^ (log sin x + x cot

Let y = (sin x)'* + sin” ^ 4^. Then, y = ^

oww
+ sin

dx dx dx

=> ^
dx
—(x
dx
log sin x) + —
dx
(sin” ^ V^)

e
— = (sin x)^ (log sin X + X cot x} + -pi
1

re
X —p=

FFrllo
dx -X 2^/x

rF
^ ^ = (sin x)^ (log sin X + X cot x}
1

ee
dx
ouru
sor rF
We have, y = x^°® ^ + (log x)^
logx
y = ^log(x log (log x)^ ^^logxlogx xlog(logx) ^^(logx)^ X log (logx)
+ e + e
kffo + e

<k = A(log;,)2 + . X log (logx) d

(X log (log X)}
os
dx dx dx
ook
Yo
Y

^ ^ ^logx 1 1 X X 1
Bo

dx
2 log XX- +(logx) nog(logx) + X —

log X X
reeB

XJ

dy 2x^°S^
ouY

X 1
log X + (log x) \ log (log x)+ —
ur

dx X
logx
ad
Yo

We have,
d

x-y
xy = => log(xy) = log(e ) => log x +logy = x-y
nidn

Differentiating with respect to x, we get

Re

^ = y(^~^)
F
Fi

X
y dx dx dx y X dx A:(y + 1)
We have,

y^+x^ + x^ = a"
+ e a ^ log y + el' ^ log ^ - anl’
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
A
dx
’.
(,^i=gy) + A(eyi°s*)
frx
+ A(e*>°g>')
dx
= A(„*’)
dx

‘“8!' A
rfx
Cc log y) + .y *A
dx
(y log >=s * A
dx
c log ;c) = 0
^ y^ log y + —y ^ + x^ ^
dx
log X + ^ + x^ (1 + log x) = 0 X
DIFFERENTIATION 10.85

X~1
-
dx
+ log x) - ~ {y* log y + y ^ + a:^ (1 + log x)}

^ ^
dx
^ ly"" log y + y x-l
^ (1 + log x)]
xy + x^ log X
10.9 DIFFERENTIATION OF INFINITE SERIES
^y
Sometimes the value of y is given as an infinite series and we are asked to find ^. In such cases
we use the fact that if a term is deleted from an infinite series, it remains unaffected. The method

of finding ^ is explained in the following examples.

ww
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

,...00
^y
EXAMPLE I J/y = x^

Flo
, find -f.
dx

e
SOLUTION Since by deleting a single term from an infinite series, it remains same. Therefore,

e
the given function may be written as

reer
rFF
y = x^
log y = y log a: [On taking log of both sides]
uur r
\ dy dy . d .
ffoor
- :r = log a: + y — (log x) [Differentiating both sides with respect to x]
y dx dx dx
sks

^ log a: + ^
y
YYoo

y dx dx
ooko

2
dy 1 ^ y ^ dy (1-ylog x) ^ y ^ ^ ^ y
eBB

log AT
dx y X dx y X
dx a: (1 - y log a:)
uurr

I . ,, ^ dy cos X
EXAMPLE 2 I/y=Jsinx + ^ sm X + Jsm a: +... to 00 , prove that
ad

^ ^ dx 2y-l
Yo

SOLUTION The given series may be written as

dY

y = ^ + y {.*
Re

2 .
[Squaring both sides]
innd

=> y = sm x + y

=> 2y^= cos X +

FFi

[Differentiating both sides with respect to x]

dx dx

dy dy cos X
— (2y-l) = cosx ^ —
dx dx 2y-l
.... 00

EXAMPLES lfy=a^ , prove that

dy _ y^ log y
dx X (1 - y log X ● log y)
SOLUTION The given series may be written as

y = a^ ^

log y = x^ log a [Taking log of both sides]

log (log y) = y log X + log (log a) [Taking log of both sides]
 10.86 MATHEMATICS-Xli

1
r (log y) = “ log ^ + y (log ^) + 0 [Differentiating both sides w.r.t x]
log y dx dx dx

\ \ dy dy. 1
^ loe AT + V X —
log y y dx dx x

1
-log a: = y ^^ J i-y logy log ^ I. ^ y _ '^y _ y^ log y
dx yiogy dx X
yiogy X
dx a: {1 - yiogy log x}'
a: + ... to CO
a:+ e
x+ e ^y_ y
EXAMPLE4 Ify~e , show that
dx 1 -y
SOLUTION The given function may be written as

ooww
x+ u
y = e ^

=>
log y = (x + y) log e [Taking log of both sides]
logy = x + y [v loge=l]

e
1 dy = 1 + dy
[Differentiating with respect to x]

ree
y dx dx

rFl
Fre
=> ^fi-1 = I =i> dy - _y.
dx[y

rrF
dx 1-y
. CO
(Vx)"
ouur
EXAMPLE 5
sffoo , show that ^
dx x(2-ylogx)
okks

SOLUTION The given function can be written as

Yo

y = {4x~)^
ooo
BB

y =

log y = I log X
rr e

[On taking log of both sides]

ouu

1 , dy
ad

[Differentiating both sides with respect to x]

YY

+ - log X
y dx 2 X 2 ^ dx
2
dy 11- ^~yi°g^ i = ^ = y
dd

--logx ●
dx y 2x dx 2y 2x dx x{2-ylogx)
Re
iinn

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

F

1 y
EXAMPLES If y = X + 1 , frove that — =
dx 2y-x
X +
1
X +
X + ...

SOLUTION We have.
1 1 2
y = x + 1 => y = Ar + -=>y xy + 1
X + y
1
X +
X + ...

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain

dy dy dy dy y
^y-f-
dx
= y-^x^
dx
+ 0=>-f-{2y-x)
dx
= y => ^
dx 2y-x
DIFFERENTIATION 10.87

sm X „ dy (1 + y) cos a: + y sin a:
EXAMPLE 7 If y = , prove that dx
^
1 +
cos X
^ 1 + 2y + cos a: - sin a:
sm X
1 +
cos X
1 +
1 + ... to 00

SOLUTION We have,
sin X (1 + y) sin X 2
y = cos X
=> y = y + y + y cos x = (1 + y) sin a:
1 + 1 + y + cos a:

oww
1 +y

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

dy ^ dy dy dy . „ v
— + 2y — + — cos X - y sm a: = — sm a: + (1 + y) cos a:
dx dx dx dx

e
re
— (1 + 2y + cos X - sin a^ = (1 + y) cos x + y sin x

FFrllo
dx

dy _ {1 + y) cos X + y sin X

rF
ee
dx 1 + 2y + cos X - sin X
ouru
sor rF
EXERCISE 10.6

BASIC
kffo
1. = +... toco , prove that — = ^
dx 2 y -1
os
ook
Yo
Y

I I I ' ' ' , dy sin X

2. Ity = ycos X + yjcos X + .^cos X + ... to CO , prove that ^ =-——
Bo
reeB

3. Ify =^log X + .^log X + X +... to 00 ,provethat{2 y-1) ^dx —X

ouY
ur

2
, dy sec X
ad

4. If y = X + ^tan x + ^tan X + ... to 00 ,prove that—

Yo

=
dx 2 y - 1
d

. 00 2
(sin x) ' I
y cot X
nidn

(sin x)
5. If y = (sin x) , prove that — =
Re

dx (1 - y log sin x)
F
Fi

. CO
(tan x)“
(tan x) dy 7t
6. If y = (tan x) , prove that = 2 at x=-.
dx 4

BASED ON LOTS

(COSX) ... 00 2 ^
(cosx) y tan x [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
7. Ify= (cosx) , prove that — =
dx (1 -y log cosx)

BASED ON HOTS

X X e
e e X

8. If y = e* -f x^ + , prove that
X e
X X X
1
dx
● X
\—
X
+ ● log X ^ + x^ ● e
—X + e* ● log XI + x^ ● X {1 + e log X}
10.88 MATHEMATICS-XII

10.10 DIFFERENTIATION OF PARAMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Sometimes x and y are given as functions of a single variable e.g. x = (j)(f), y = v|/ (f) are two
functions of a single variable. In such a case x and y are called parametric functions or parametric
equations and t is called the parameter. To find —
dx
in case of parametric functions, we first obtain
the relationship between x and y by eliminating the parameter t and then we differentiate it with
respect to x. But, it is not always convenient to eliminate the parameter. Therefore, — can also be
dx
obtained by the following formula
dy _ dy/dt
dx dx/dt

In order to prove this, let A x and A y be the changes in x and y respectively corresponding to a

ww
small change A f in t. Then,
lim
Ay _ Ay/At dy lim Ay _ At^O At - -di

FF loo
Ax Ax/Af dx A X ^ 0 Ax Ax dx
lim
Af->0 At dt

ree
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

reFe
BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)
oroFr
rur
EXAMPLE I Find
dy
m each of the following:
s ff
dx

(i) x = a cos ,1
t + — 1loe tan
. 2 —t
and y = a sin t. ICBSE 2011,2019 NCERT]
k

2 ^ 2
YYouo
okso

(ii) X = (9 - sin 0) and y = (1 - cos 0). [NCERTl

BBoo

SOLUTION (i) X
= a I cos t + -^ log tan^ i and y =a sin t
r ee

1 t
X = cos t + - X 2 log tan — and y = sin f
ad
ouur

2 & 2
Yo

t
X = a
cos t + log tan - and y = a sin t.
d
Re
idnY

Differentiating with respect to f, we get

FFin

dx 1 2 t 1
— =a - sin t + sec X A i. and —= a cos t
dt tan t/2 2 2 dt

dx 1
a I - sin t + ■ and —= a cos t
dt 2 sin {t/2) cos (f/2) dt

dx
a \ - sin t +
1
■ and ^ = a cos t
dt sin t dt

dx - sin^ f +1
a ■ and ^ = a cos t
dt sin f dt

2
dx a cos t ,dy , dy dy/dt a cos t
and — = fl cos t ^ = — - tan t
dt dt 2
sin t dx dx/dt a cos t

sin t
DIFFERENTIATION 10.89

(ii) We have, x = a (0 - sin 6) and y = a{\- cos 0)

Differentiating with respect to 0, we get
— = a{\~cos 0) and — = <? sin 0
^ dd
dy dy/dQ _ fl sin 0 2 sin (0/2) cos (9/2) = cot —.
0

dx dx/dQ (7 (1 - cos 0) 2sin^(0/2) 2

7t
EXAMPLE2
Ifx = fl sec ^ 0 and ^y-a tan^ Q,find —
dx
at0 = —.
3
INCERTEXEMPLAR]

SOLUTION We have, ;c = flsec^ 0 and y = fltan^ 0

Differentiating with respect to 0, we get

w
—
dQ
= 3fl sec^ 0 —
dQ
(sec 0) and —
dQ
= 3a tan ^ 0 dQ
(tan 0)

Flo
— = 3asec^ 0 tan 0 and — = 3a tan^ 0sec^ 0
dQ dQ

ee
dy _ dy/dQ _ 3a tan^ 0 sec^ 0 _ tan 0 dy n V3

Fr
= sin 0 => = sm — =
dx dxIdQ 3a sec^ 0 tan 0 sec 0 dx
jQ=n/3
3 2

EXAMPLE 3 find ^ , when x = acos^ t and y = asin^ t.

for
ur
dx
3 3
ks

SOLUTION We have, x = a cos t and y = <7 sin t

Yo

— = 3a cos^ t — cos (0 = - 3i7 cos^ f sin t and, — = 3« sin^ t — (sin t) - 3a sin^ f cos t
oo

dt dt dt dt
eB

2
^ _ dy/dt 3a sin t cos t
= - tan t
2
dx dx/dt - 3t7 cos t sin t
r
ou
ad

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

Y

- 1
sin" cos t dy y
EXAMPLE 4
Ifx = ^|a a , a >0and -1 <f < 1, shozv that ^
dx
nd

x
Re

SOLUTION We have. ICBSE2012, NCERT]

Fi

sin t cos
X a
and y - a

-1/2 -1/2
. -1 -1 -1
dx _ 1 a
sin ^ t d
a
sm t
and ^ = 1 a
cos t d
a
cos t

It ~ 2 dt dt 2 dt

-1/2
. -1
dx _ 1 sin t sin t
(sin“^f)
a a loge- «
It ~ 1 dt

and.
-1/2
-1 -1 d
dy _ \
logt? « (cos ^ f)
cos t cos t
a a
It ~ 2 dt
 10.90 MATHEMATICS-XII

1/2
dx _ 1 sin t 1 X loge a
~di ~ 2
a
(logg a) X

xl/2
-1
and. ^ = i a
cos t
(loge a) X
-1 _ -y ^oge a

2-Jl^
dt 2

dy
^ ^ dt _ -y^oge^ X i

2,/r^
_

a: logg fl :c

dt

sin ^ ^ + cos ^ f
ALITER Clearly, x^
2 2 Jr/2 ● -lx -1,
= a
=> ^ y a sm t + cos t =—

ww
2

Differentiating with respect to x, we get

2^ + 2;c^y^ =0=. y

Flo
dx dx X

ee
BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

rere
r FF
2f 2f
-1
«^y =_ -l.
EXAMPLES If X = sin fl«d y = tan ^ ,t >1. Prove that
1 +t^ 1 -t^ dx
uurr
foor
SOLUTION Let t = tan e. Then,
K 7E 7t
ks s

f >1 ^ tan 0>1 ^ — <0 < — => — <20<7i

Yoo

4 2 2
ooook

1 2t . -1 2 tan 0
X = sm
eBB

1+r J \
l + tan^0
X
sm ^ (sin 2 0)= sin“ ^ (sin (tc - 2 0)} = n - 2 0 = 7t - 2 tan
-1
" f
uurr

dx 2 -2
ad

— = 0-
Yo

dt 1 + 1 +
dY

. -1 2t
and, y = tan
Re
innd

1 -p-
FFi

2 tan 0
y = tan ^ ● = tan ^ (tan 2 0) = tan
-1
{-tan {n-2 0)}
1 - tan ^ 0

y = - tan ^ {tan (ix - 2 0)} =-(7c-2 0)=-n+2tan ^t

2 2
= 0 +
dt 1+f^ 1 + f^
2
dy
^ = dt ^ = -1.
dx dx 2

dt 1

EXAMPLES ^M = sm (m cos”^x),u = cos (m sin”^x), prove that —=

dt? iV ■
DIFFERENTIATION 10.91

SOLUTION We have,
u = sin (m cos ^ x) and v = cos (m sin ^ ;t)
. -1
sin"^w = m cos~^:c and cos -1 v=m sin X

-1
sin ^« + cos ^i’=w(cos ^A: + sin ^x)^sin ^ u + cos -1 V = mil
n
sin + cos x= —
2 2

Differentiating both sides with respect to v, we obtain

1 du 1 du 1-u^
= 0 => ~ =
-u
2 dv
t/i -v^ dv

n2

w
EXAMPLE 7 ^ a: = sec 0 - cos 0 U7id y = sec" 0 - cos" 0, prove that {x^ + 4) = n^(y^+4)
dxj
SOLUTION We have,

Flo
X = sec 0 - cos 0 and y = sec"0-cos"0

ee
— = sec0 tan0 + sin 0 and, — =n sec"0 tan0 + J7 cos"~^0 sin0
dQ dQ

Fr
— = tan 0 (sec 0 + cos 0) and, — = n tan 0 (sec" 0 + cos" 0)
d0 ^ dQ for
ur
dy _ dyfdQ _ Mtan 0 (sec" 0 + cos" 0)
n ft
sec 0 + cos 0
= n
dx dx/d0 tan 0 (sec0 + cos0) sec0 + cos0
ks

r j
2 (sec" 0 + cos" 0)^
Yo

dy
oo

= n

[dx (sec0 + cos 0)^

eB

dyf = n
2 (sec” 0 " cos" 0)^ + 4 sec" 0 cos” 0 [v {a + bf ={a-b)^ + 4ab]
[dx^ (sec 0 - cos 0) + 4 sec 0 cos 0
ur
ad

.2 / 2
^(x^-h4)^
Yo

dy 2 V +4
=n ^ = n^ (y^ + 4)
dx) x^+4 dx

EXERCISE 10.7
d
Re
in

BASIC

dy
F

Find when
dx '
2
1- x = at and y = 2at [NCERT]

2. X = fl (0 + sin 0) and y = (1 - cos 0)

3. X = cos 0 and y = & sin 0 INCERT]
9 0
4. x = ae (sin 0 - cos 0), y = ae (sin 0 + cos 0)
2 2 [CBSE2014]
5. X = & sin 0 and y = a cos 0
6. X = fl (1 - cos 0) and y = fl (0 + sin 0) at 0 =
f —t t -t
-^ [NCERT]

e + e , e -i
7. x = and V =
2 ^ 2
3 at 3flf^
8. x = andy =
i+t^ rr?
 10.92 MATHEMATICS-XII

x = a (cos 9 + 0 sin 9) and y = a (sin 0 - 9 cos 0) INCtRT)

x =e
6
0 + —
1

0
and y=e
-e
e-il
0
INCERT EXEMI’LARl

It
X =
andy =
\+t^ 1 +

-1 t
a: = cos = and V = sin ,t eR
.2 ^

2t
X = and y ~

ooww
1 + f^

If a: =10 (f - sin f), y =12(1 - cos 0/find—. INCERT]

dx

If a: = (0 - sin 0) and, y = a (1 + cos 0), find — at 0 = —. ICBSE2011]

e
dx 3

ere
IfA: =
1 + logf 3 + 21ogf

rFl 0 > y
t
;
dx
INCERT EXEMS’LAR]

Fre
<iy

rrF
TC
If a: = 3 sin f-sin 3f,y = 3 cost-cos 3f,find —atf
dx
=—. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
3
sffoo
ouur
It It dy
If sin a: = tany = INCERT EXEMPLAR]
2 '
1+r 1-f
kosk
dy n
Ifx=fl(20-sin20) andy = (1-cos20),find —when0=—. ICBSE2018]
Yo

dx 3
oo
Y

It 2t dy
BB

-1 -1
If x = sin and y = tan , -1 < ^ < 1, prove that — =1
1 + f^ i-t^ dx
rre

BASED ON LOTS
ouu
Y
ad

dy 30
If a: = 2 cos 0 - cos 2 9 and y = 2 sin 0 - sin 2 0, prove that= tan ICBSE2013]
dx 2 )
dY

IfA:=e
cos2f
and y = e
sin2t
,provethat^=-yi^ INCERT EXEMPLAR]
innd

dx x log y
Re

f r lA
, prove that ^ .
Fi

If a: = fl t + - and y=a t —
F

I fj I fJ dx y
● 3 t* cos^ t
IfA: =
Sin
,find —
dy
/y = INCERT]
^cos 21 ^/cos 21 dx
1
t + -
If AT =
t
,y = a
f
, find ^
dx

If a: =fl llfi and y =

2t
,find^ [CBSE 20051
1-t^ 1-f^ dx

Ux = asia2t (1 + cos 2f) and y =b cos 2t (1 - cos 2f), show that at f =—, ^=-
4 dx a

ICBSE 2014,2016, NCERT EXEMPLAR]

DIFFERENTIATION 10.93

Ifx = cost (3-2cos^i)3ri'^y = sinf (3-2 sinfind the value of—

n
at f =—.
dx 4

1 0 h
1. - _ tan — cot 0 ● cot 0
f 2 a

a X It
5. - 6- 1
h y 1 -t^

9. tan 0 10. e
26 (0^-0^ + 0 + 1) X
!. . 1
(0^+0^+ 0-1)

ww
V

13. 14, . -V3 I ; t

It 5

Flo
1 1
17. - 18. 1 ^ - cot 31

e
43 43

ree
1
t + -

Fr
a t
log^ 1 + f^

rF
●● 1
N.fl- 1 2at
/f + 1
uurr
for
HINTS TO StUzCT ●Tr
s
.r;-4'4
kks

cos 2t sin2i
22. We have, x = e
Yo

,y = e
oooo

dx
e
cos2f
(-2 sin 2f), ^ = (2 cos 2f)
eB

dt dt
dx
dt
~ - 2:c sin 2t, ^
dt
= 2y^ cos 2f
ur

cos 2/ sin2f
ad

dx <^y ●: x = e ,y = e
YYo

dt = -2xlogy,^
dt
= 2ylogx
^ log a: = cos2f, logy = sin2f
dd

dy _dy/dt _ 2ylogx _ j ylogx

Re
in

dx dx/dt -2x log y xlogy

F

ALITER We have,
cos2f sin2f
x = e
and, y = e
2 2 2 2
^ logX = cos2t and, logy = sin2f ^ (logx) +(logy) =cos 2f + sin 2f
(logx)^ + (logy)^ =1
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

2(log.)U2(logy)l^
y dx = 0^^
X
dx = -^''°S^
a^logy
' '* We have.
sin^ t cos
3 Xt
X
>y =
^cos 2t ^cos 2t
X = sin^f (cos 2f) ^ y = cos^f(cos2f)
 10.94 MATHEMATICS-Xll

2
dx _ 3 sin t cos t ● 3 , 1 -3/2 d
+ Sin lx - — (cos 2t) — (cos 2t)
dt
^cos It dt

and.
_ - 3 cos t sin t + cos^ ^ ^ ~ “ (cos 2t) - 3/2 d
— (cos 21)
dt
^cos 2t dt

2 3 2 3
dx _ 3 sin t cos t ;in t sin 2t dy _ - 3 cos t sin t cos t sin 2t

dt
.yjcoTli (cos 2t)
3/2
^cos 2t (cos 2t)
3/2

2 3 2 3
dx 3 sin f cos t cos 2t + sin t sin 2t dy - 3 cos t sin t cos 2t + cos t sin 2t
dt 3/2 3/2
(cos 2t) (cos 2t)

ww
dx 3 sin^ t cos f (1 - 2 sin^ t) + 2 sin^ t cos t
dt 3/2
(cos 2t)

FF loo
dy _ - 3 cos^ ^ sin f (2 cos^ t -1) + 2 cos^ t sin t
dt 3/2
(cos 2t)

ree
2 4 4 2
dx 3 sin t cos t - 4 sin t cos t dy - 4 cos t sin t + 3 cos t sin t
=

3/2 3/2

reFe
dt
(cos 2t) (cos 2t)
3 oor rF 3
rur
dx sin t cos t (3 sin t - 4 sin t) dy _ - sin t cos t (4 cos t - 3 cos t)
s ff
dt 3/2 ' dt 3/2
(cos 2t) (cos 2t)
dx sin 2t sin 3t dy _ - sin 2t cos 3t
k

2 (cos 20^'^^ ' 3/2

YYoou
okso

dt
(cos 2t)
BBoo

dy!dt - sin 2t cos 3t

- - cot 3t
dx dxfdt sin 2t sin 3t
r ee

10.11 DIFFERENTIATION OF A FUNCTION WITH RESPECT TO ANOTHER FUNCTION

ouur
ad

So far we have discussed derivative of one variable, say, y with respect to other variable, say, x.
Yo

In this section, we will discuss derivative of a function with respect to another function.
Let u=f(x) and z; = g (:c) be two functions of x. Then, to find the derivative of / ( a:) with respect to
d
idnY
Re

du
g- (x) i.e., to find dv
we use the following formula
FFin

du du/dx
dv dv/dx

Thus, to find the derivative of/(a:) with respect to ^(x), we first differentiate both with respect
to a: and then divide the derivative of f (x) with respect to a: by the derivative of g (a:) with
respect to x.
Following examples will illustrate the procedure.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

EXAMPLE 1
Differentiate log sin x with respect to ^cos x.
SOLUTION
Let u = log sin a: and v = ^cos x. Then,
du , , dv sin x
= cot x and — =
dx dx
2 ^cos x
DIFFERENTIATION 10.95

du du/dx cot X

dv dv/dx sms; -2 ^cos X cot X cosec x

2 ^cos x
-1 l + 2x
EXAMPLE 2 Differentiate tan
l-2x with respect to yjl + ^x^.
l + 2x
SOLUTION Let m = tan ^
l-2x
andu =
^1 + 4lX^ . Then,
2 dv 1 4a:
u = tan ^ 1 + tan ^ 2x and v - Jl + 4x^^ — = X 8a: =
’ dx 1 + 4a:
-\/l+4x^ ^l+4x^

ww
2
du
du tiA: 1 + Ax^ 1

Floo
dv 4a:
dv
2x Jl + Ax^
dx

e
eere
+ -1
EXAMPLE 3 Differentiate tan ^ with respect to tan ^ x,x pi=0.

FFr
x

oorr
uur r
-Jl+-1
s ff
SOLUTION Let u = tan ^ and v - tan ^ x. Putting x = tan 0, we get
X
sk
YYoo
ooko

^1 + - 1
eBB

sec 0 -1 -1 1 - cos 0
u = tan~^ = tan
-1
= tan
X tan 0 sin 0
uurr
ad

2sin^ (0/2) 0 1 1
Yo

-1
u = tan ^ = tan ^ tan — = - 0 = — tan x
2 sin (0/2) cos (0/2) 2) 2 2
dY
Re

Thus, we obtain
nind

du 1 dv 1
u = — tan ^ X and v = tan ^ X => — X —
^ and
FFi

2 dx 2 1 +:t l^x^'
du duldx 1
+ =i.
dv dv/dx 2(1 +a:-)

2a:
EXAMPLE 4 Differentiate sin ^ ^ with respect to tan ^x,-l<x<l.
1 + x

. -1 2x
SOLUTION Letw = sin and 17 = tan ^ x. Putting x = tan 0, we get

2 tan 0
= sin ^ (sin 20)
. -1
u = sin
1 + tan^ 0
 10.96 MATHEMATICS-XII

-1 n K 7t 71
u = 20 = 2 tan x -l<x<l => — <0< — => — <29< —
4 4 2 2

Thus, we obtain
du 2 dv 1
u - 2 tan ^ X and v = tan ^ a: => and
dx 1 + x^ dx 1 + x^
du du/dx _ 2/1 + x^ = 2
dv dv/dx 1/1 + x^
EXAMPLE 5
Differentiate x^ with respect to x log x.

ooww
SOLUTION Let u = x' and v = x log x. Then,
X
u = X = and v = xlogx
du
= ^X— (;t log x) and —=xx —X + lxlog3:

e
dx dx dx

ree
du

rFl X 1 \ I dv - , du du/dx x'' (1 + log X) X

Fre
= X (1 + logx) and — = l + logx=> — = X
dx dx dv dv/dx (1 + log x)

rrF
V
ALlTER We have, u = x^ => log u=xlogx~v =>u e
ouur
du _ d {e^) = e V
sffoo u =>
du
X
X
.
dv dv dv
okks

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

Yo
oo

2
Y

+ X
-1 —1 2
BB

EXAMPLE 6 Differentiate tan = ● zvith respect to cos x . [CBSE 2019]

-JiT?+-Ji -X
rre

-Jl + x^ --^1-3:^
ouu

—1 2 2
SOLUTION Let tan ^
YY

X . Putting x = cos 0, we get

ad

and V - cos

1 + + Jl-x^
dd

■ijyp + cos 0 - - cos 0

1 ^2 cos^ 0/2-^2 sin^0/2
Re
iinn

u = tan = tan

^2 cos^ Q/2+^2 sin^ 9/2

+ cos 0 + - cos 0
F

-1 cos 0/2 - sin 0/2

u tan
cos 0/2 + sin 0/2

-1 1 - tan 0/2 9
w = tan Dividing numerator and denominator by cos —
1 + tan 0/2 2

-1 n 0 n 1 n 1 -12 2 -1 2,
u tan < tan 0 cos X [*.● X - cos 0 0 = cos ^ ]
14 2 ;j 4 2 4 2

du 1 -2x X

dx 2 4
X

-1 2 dv -2x
Now, u = cos X
dx
DIFFERENTIATION 10.97

du _ du/dx 1

dv dv/dx 2
. -1
sm X - T
EXAMPLE 7 Differentiate x with respect to sin x.
. -1
-1
^ and V - sin
sm
SOLUTION Let u = x X. Then,

U = X
sin ^ a:

u = e
sm ^ X . log X
. -1
du .-1
sm sin ^ X sm X logy

ww
e
dx dx X

●1 dv 1
and, = sm
dx 2

Flo
1 -X

e
eree
. -1
sin ^ X sm a:
- +
logy
X
du

FFr
X
. “1
^ _dx _ sm
^ ● log AT + sin ^ X
uurr
= X
dv dv 1 X

dx
orr
sfo
kks
Yoo

1 -1
zoith respect to cos
-1
lx -?
oooo

EXAMPLES Ifxe 1 , differentiate tan

IV2' X
eBB

ICBSE 2014, NCERT EXEMPLAR]

urr

-X
SOLUTION Let» = tan and V = cos ^ 2a: . Let X - sin 0. Then,
ad

X
YYo

( 1 ^ <sin 0 <1 =>

Tt 71
dd

X e ,l => -<0<-
V2 V2 4 2
Re
inn

Now,
F

4^ j -sin^ 0 - tan ^ (cot 0) = tan ^

2
-X 71
u = tan = tan tan — 0 ●
X sin 0 ^2

7t K 7t
71 n ^ ● -1 n
V -<0<- => O<L-0<-
u — 0 = — sm X
2 2 4 2 2 4

du 1 1
= 0 —
dx
1-x^

IXyjiT^
- 1
V = cos

^ (sin 2 0)
7t 7t
V — sm — sm X = sin 0]
2 2
 10.98 MATHEMATICS-XII

711
—
n
sin ^ {sin {ti-2 9)} =—-(7t-2 0)
n 7t
V <0<— ^ O<ti-20< —
2 2 4 2 2J
n n -1 dv 2
V — + 26 = — + 2 sin X =>
2 2 dx

-1

^ = 1
di; di; 2 2
dx

ooww
2x 2x
EXAMPLE 9 Differentiate tan ^
-1

1 -:e
2 ivith respect to sin 1 + x^
ii)x^{-lA) (ii) X €(1, xi) (iii) X e (- X , -1)

e
2x 2x
SOLUTION Letw = tan"^ and f = sin ^

ree
. Putting X = tan 0, we get
1-x^ l + x^
rFl
Fre
rrF
2 tan 0 2 tan 0
u = tan ^ = tan ^ (tan 29) and = sin ^ = sin ^(sin 20)
1 - tan^ 0 1 + tan^ 6
ouur
sffoo
(i) Y/hen x e (-1 ,1): We have,
X €{-l, 1) and X - tan 0 =>-l<tan0<l => <6<— => <20< —
okks

4 4 2 2
Yo

u = tan ^ (tan 2 9) = 2 0 and i; = sin ^ (sin 2 0) = 2 0

oo
Y

u = 2 tan ^ X and v = 2 tan ” ^ x

BB

X = tan 0 => 6 = tan

du 2 dv 2
rre

dx 1 + x 1 + x^
ouu

2
YY
ad

dll

^ = dx ^ 1 + x^ = 1
dv dv 2
dd

dx 1 +x^
Re
iinn

(ii) W?ie« X € (1, x): We have,

F

X € (1, x) and x = tan0^ l<tan6<x=> —<0<—=> —<20<ti

4 2 2

u = tan ^ (tan 2 6)= tan ^ (- tan {n-2 0)} =

-1
tan |tan(2 0-7r)) = 2 0-;i
u = 2 tan ^ X - 7C
6 = tan” ^ x]
du 2 2
-0 =
dx 1 + x^ l + x^
and. V sin ^ (sin 2 6)= sin ^ {sin (ti-2 0)} = 7C-2 6 = 7c-2tan -1 X

dv 2 -2
— = 0-
dx l + x2 l + x2
2
d»
dw dx 1 + x"^
= -1
di» dy -2

dx 1 + x^
DIFFERENTIATION 10.99

(iii) When a: e (- 00, -1): We have,

X = tan 0 and e (- co, -1) ^ - oo < tan 0< -1 => <0<-—=> -ti<20<- —
2 4 2
u = tan ^ (tan 2 0) = tan ^ Itan (tc + 2 0)} = 7T+2 0 = ;:+2tan
du 2 2
— = 0 +
dx l + ,v^
and, i? = sin ^(sin20)=sin ^{-sin (n+20)} = sin (sin (-71 - 20)) = -7i-20=-7c-2tan ^x
dv 2

dx

2
du

ww
du dx = -1
dv dv 2

dx l+.r2

Flo
3x-x^ 2x

e
1
EXAMPLE 10 If- <X < differentiate tan ^ zuith respect to tan ^

eree
V3 V3' 1 - 3x^

FFr
3x-x^ 2x
-1
and i> = tan ^
uurr
SOLUTION Let u = tan
2 . Putting X = tan 0, we obtain
1 - 3x~ \-x
orr
sfo
^ (tan 3 0) and v = tan
-1
u = tan (tan 2 0)
1 1 1 1
kks
71 K
Yoo

—;= <X < -7= ^ 1= < tan 0 < => --<0<-

■J3 ^3 J3 V3 6 6
oooo

u = 3 0 and u = 2 0
7C TC 71 K
^ — <30<— and — < 2 0 <
eBB

2 2 3 3

du 3 rfi; 2
= 3 tan ^ X and v = 2 tan ^ .V =i> and — =
urr

u
dx 1 + x^ dx 1 + x^
ad

3
YYo

du

^ - dx - 1+x^ 3
dd

dv dv 2 2
Re
inn

dx
EXERCISE 10.8
F

BASIC

2 2 2
1- Differentiate sec (x ) with respect to a: . [CBSE 20201
2 —1
2. Differentiate log (1 + a: ) with respect to tan x.

3. Differentiate (log x)^ with respect to log x.

sin X cos X
4. Differentiate (cos x) with respect to (sin x)

with respect to .^1 + a

1 + rtX 2 2
5. Differentiate tan~^ x .
\-ax

2 cos a:
6. Differentiate sin x with respect to e [CBSE 2020]
cos x
7. Differentiate tan ^ with respect to sec ^ x.
1 + sin X
 10.100 MATHEMATICS-XII

BASED ON LOTS

-1
S. Differentiate sin”^ with respect to cos X, if (i) X e (0,1) (ii) xe(-l,0).

9. Differentiate sin”^ (4x -Jl - 4x^) with respect to - 4x^, if

1 1 1 1
(i) (ii) :r € (iu) X€ --
2 V2 ' 2 V2 2V2'2 2' 2J2
’ z'

2x
10. Differentiate tan ^ with respect to sin ^ , if-1 <x <1, X 0.
a:

(CBSE2014,2016]

ww
11. Differentiate sin ^ (2a: .^1 - a:^) with respect to sec
-1 1
if:

Flo
(i) a:€(0,1/V2) (ii) A:e(l/V2,1)

e
eree
2x 1 -x^
12. Differentiate sin ^ with respect to cos ^ , if 0 < a: <1.

FFr
I + a:^ 1 + x^
uurr
13. Differentiate sin
-if I
2a: -Jl - a:
2)
with respect to tan orr
-1 X
zif-4^ <X<
1
sfo
r~ ●
42 42
kks
Yoo

f-1 -a: 2
oooo

2.r -1
14. Differentiate tan ^ with respect to cos , if 0 <x<1.
1 -x^
eBB

-1 AT-1 —1 3 1 1
15. Differentiate tan with respect to sin ( 3a: - 4a: ), if — <x < —.
a: + 1 2 2
urr
ad
YYo

2x 2x
16. Differentiate sin ^ j with respect to tan
-1
^ ,if-l <a:<1.
1 + a: 1 -a:
dd
Re
inn

—1 3 —1
17. Differentiate cos (4a: - 3a:) with respect to tan , if—<X<1.
2
F

2x^l-x^ ,if-^
1
18. Differentiate tan ^ with respect to sin ^ <x<
42-
[CBSE2014]

“1 / 2 —1 X
19. Differentiate sin -JI-a: with respect to cot ,if0 <a: <1.

I 2 ^ 1 1
20. Differentiate sin ^ 2 ax Jl - ^ x^
with respect to « x , if - ^ <ax < 42-
\~x
21. Differentiate tan ^ with respect to -x^ , if -1 < x < 1.
1 + x
DIFFERENTIATION 10.101

ANSWERS

1. 2sec^{x^) tan (;c^)

x-1
2. lx 3. A:(log:t) {1 + log a: ● log (log x)}
sm X

^ (cos 3:) cosx

(cos X ● log cos a: - sin a: ● tan x} o.
1

(sin x) {- sin X log sin a: + cos x ■ cot a:} ax ,/l + a x^

6. ~2e
-cosx
cos a: 7.
-X^X^-1 8. (i)l (ii) -1 9. (i)--
1
(ii) -
1 1
(iii) -
2

oww
x X X

1
10. - n. (i) 2 (ii) -2 12. 1 13. 2 14. 1 15.
4
3 (1 + x^)

e
1 2

re
16. 1 17. 3 18. 19. 1 20. 21.
2
a:(1 + a:^)

FFrllo
ax

rF
10.12 DIFFERENTIATION OF DETERMINANTS

ee
In the previous sections, we have studied differentiation in detail. In this section, we shall
ouru
discuss the differentiation of determinants.

sor rF
To differentiate a determinant, we differentiate one row (or column) at a time, keeping others
unchanged.
kffo
For example, if
os
f(x) g(x)
ook

A(x) = , then
Yo
Y

u(x) v(x)
Bo
reeB

f'(x) g'(x) / (x) g (x)

-^{AW} = + . Also A(a(:,u=/'W SM ^ /W S'W
dx U (x) V (x) u' (a:) v' (a:) ■ ' ^
dx i/ix) v(x) u(x) v'(x)
ouY
ur

Similar results hold for the differentiation of determinants of higher order. Following examples
ad
Yo

wiU illustrate the same.

d

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
nidn
Re

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

F
Fi

x + a
2 ah
ac

EXAMPLE 1 If fix) = ah a: + be , find fix).

ac be 2
x + c

SOLUTION We have.
X + a
2 ab ac

fix) = ab x-^b^ be

ac be 2
X + c

1 0 0 x-¥ ^ ab ac x-^ a
2
ab ac

fix) = ab x + b'^ be + 0 1 0 + ab x + b^ be
2 2
ac be X + c ac be x + c 0 0 1
10.102 MATHEMATICS-XII

x + b^ be
X + a
2 ac
x + a
2 ab
=> /'(x) = +
2 + 2
be x + c^ ac X + c ab x +b

=> f'{x) = |(Ar +J>^) (x + c^) + {x +c^) + ^l(x +a)'^ (x + b^) - a"^b^^
=> f' {x) = + X {b^ + c^) + x^ + X {a^ + c^) + x'^ + X {c^ + b^) = + lx {a^ +b^ + c^).
nx AMPLE 2 Iff^ (x), gj. (x) and hj. (x) ;r =1,2, 3 are polynomials in x such that (a) = gr {a) = hj. (a);
r =1,2, Sand
/l (^) h (^) /s (^)
Fix) = giW g2(x) g3(x) , find F' {x)at x = a.

ww
h-i (x) /i2 (x) h^{x)
SOLUTION We have.

Flo
Aix) f2(x) fsix)

e
Fix) = gl(x) g2(x) gsix)

ree
A (x) h2 (x) ;i3(x)

Fr
rF
/l'(x) /2'(x) /3'(x) flix) f2ix) /3(x) /i(x) /2(x) /3(x)
uurr
F'ix) = gl ix) g2 (^) g3 ix) + ^I'W g2’ix) gs'ix) + ^i(x) for ^2(^) gsix)
hi (x) fi2 ix) hjix) hix) f^2ix) ^six) h'ix) h'ix) h^'ix)
s
kks

/l'(«) /2'(«) /3'(<^) flia) /2(«) /3(«) /l(«) fli^)

Yo
oooo

F'ia) = gl(fl) g2i^) gsi^) + («) g2 i^) g3 («) + gl i^) g2 («) ^3 («)
hi (a) lt2 ia) h^{a) hlia) Ii2ia) h^{a) h{{a) h2'ia) h^'(a)
eB

f'lia) f'lia) f'sia) /iW AW AW /iW AW AW)

ur

F'ia) = gl(«) glia) g^{a) +

g’\i‘^) g'li^) g'si^) + /l(«) hi^) /3(«)
ad

/l(«) /2(«) /3<«) ^2'(«) ^3'(«)

YYo

gl («) g2 ia) gsia)

[Using: f. (a) = gr ia) = /^ (fl); r = 1, 2, 3]

dd

f'(«) = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 [●.' Two rows are identical in each of the determinants]

Re
in

EXAMPLE 3 Iff (x), g (x) and h (x) are three polynomials of degree 2, then prove that
F

fix) gix) h(x)

<i>(.x) = fix) g'(x) h-{x) is a constatit polynomial.
fix) g"ix) h"{x)
SOLUTION Let / (x) = X^ + ^2 ^ + *^3/ g (^) =&i X^ + ^2 ●X + ^3 arid h (x) = C-^ x^ + C2 X + C3.
Then, /' (x) = 2 Aj x + 02, g* (x) = 2 x + &2 and h' (x) = 2ci x + C2
fix) = 2ai, g" = 2bi,h"(x)=2ei and, /'"(x) = ^"(x) = h"'(x) = 0
In order to prove that ^ (x) is a constant polynomial, it is sufficient to show that 41" (x) = 0
for all X.
Now,

fix) g{x) h{x)

m = /'(X) g'{x) h'{x)
fix) g"(x) h"ix)
DIFFERENTIATION 10.103

fix) g-ix) b'{x) fix) g(x) h{x) f (^) g ix) b ix)

(j)'(x) = fix) gix) h!{x) +
fix) g"ix) h"ix) + fix) g'ix) h’ix)
f"{x) h"{x) fix) ^’ix) h"ix) f'ix) 8"'ix) h'"{x)

f{x) g{x) h(x)

= 0 + 0+ fix) g'ix) h'{x) [Using (i)]
0 0 0

^ 4>'(x) = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 forall X ^ (|)(a:) = Constant for all x.

Hence, ^ (x) is a constant polynomial.
/ b

ww
g
EXAMPLE 4
Iff, g, h are differentiable functions ofx and A = ixf)' ixg)' ixhy
{^^/)" {x^h) n

f g h

Flo
ee
prove that A' = /' g’ h'

eer
ix^fy ix^g-y ix^h")'

FFr
SOLUTION We have. oorr
uur r
ixf)' = xf'+f,ixg)' = xg' + g,ixhy = xh' + h
s ff
(x^ /)' = xV'+ 2x/, ix^g)’ = xV + 2X^, {x^ by = x^h' + 2xh
sk
YYoo
ooko

(x^ f)" = xV"+ 4x/' + If, ix^g)" = xV' + 4xg' + Igand, ix\)" = xh" + 4xli' + 2h
eBB

f g h
A =
xf'+f xg' + g xh' + h
uurr

x^/'' + 4x/' + 2/ x^g" + ixg' + 2g :? h" + 4xlz’ + 2h

ad
Yo

f g h
dY

A = xf xh' Applying R2^R2~Ri,

Re
nind

and Rg —> R^ — 2R|

x^/"+4x/' x^g" + 4:Xg' x^h" + 4xh'
FFi

f g h

A =
xf xg' xh'
Applying i?3 -+R3 -4R2
x^ f x'^g" x^h'
/ g h

A = X f g! h'
[v Taking X common from R2I
X
V'
f g h
A = f g' h'
[Multiplying R3 by x]
x^f" x^ g" x^ k
 MATHEMATICS-XII
10.104

f h
f S’ h' f g h g
f h'
h' f h S'
ft

f
n
A' + +

x^f it

x^ g” x^ h n

x^f rr
g" h' j")’ (x^g")' ix^h")'

f g h f g h

h! r g' h'
=> A' = 0 + 0+ /' g'
{x^f-y (xV')' {x^h")' ix^f")' ix^g")' ix^h”)'
fix) g{x) h{x) fix) g'ix) h'{x)
I INCERT]

w
EXAMPLE 5
Ify = I m n , prove that — = m n
dx
a b c a b c

Flo
fix) gix) h{x)
SOLUTION We have, y = 1 m n

ee
a b c

Fr
f<JM) -f(sw) for fix) g(x) h{x) fix) g{x) h{x)
ur
dx dx dx
^ - I m n + 0 0 0 + / m n
dx
b a b c 0 0 0
ks
a c
Yo
oo

fix) g'ix) h'ix)

eB

I m n
dx
a b c
r
ou
ad

FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (VBQs)

Y

/ j ^

1- Ify =x|x|,then
nd
Re

dx
/x=-l
Fi

2- If y = 2x +1 XI, then dx
and
dx
/'x=-l yx=l

3- If/(x) =1 - a:|, then/'(2) =

4- Ify^ = sinx°and ^
dx
= cf cos x®, then =
5. If/(x) =e^^x),^(0) =2, ^(0) =1, then/'(0) =
6- If/(x)=3|x+2j,then/'(-3)=

7. If /(I) = 3, /' (2) = 1, then A IIn + 2x)} =

8. If/{x)=x|x|,then/'(x)=
9. If/(x) =j X -11 +1 X - 3|, then/'(2) = / \

10.
If/(x) =1 cosx-sinx[, then/' — =
V
DIFFERENTIATION 10.105

/ \

11. If/(a:) = I cos XI, then/' —

4

2 3
12. The derivative of X with respect to x IS
i
13. For the curve Jy =1/— at 14'4 IS

w
^ dx
/ \

14. If/(x) =1 sinx|,then/' -- =..

\

e
15. If/(x)=|sinx- cosxl, then —
UJ

e
o
wr
r
16, If y = tanx°, then —
dx

F
ullo
r FF
17. Ify = sin \c^) + cos then dx

e
18. Ify = sin”\3x-4x^),-^ <x <1, then^ =

rsre
dx

oF
uo
k
TC
19. Ify = sec
-if ^—
+1 <iy
x-1
+ sm
oofr ' , then — is equal to
+1 dx
sf
ko
20. The derivative of cosx with respect to sin x is
Y

21. The derivative of log^Q x with respect to x is

BB
Yo

...
Y
oo

22. If^(/(x))=^^,then4
l + x^ dx
er
re
uu

23. If y = cos (sin x^), then —

dx
at x = ~ is equal to
od
Yo
ad

24. If y = log |x|,x 0, then

n

dx

25. If/(x) = (jx^ + bx + c, then /'(I) +/'(4)-/'(5) is equal to

ndi
Re
F

26. If /'(I) = 2 and = 4, then the derivative of /(tanx) with respect to g(secx) at x = ^ is
Fi

equal to
ANSWERS

Tt
1. 2 2. 1,3 3. 3 5. 3 6. -3 7. 2 8. 2|x|,x;t0
180

9. 0
V3+1 1 3x 1 V3+1
10. 11. - 12. 13. -1 14. 15. -
2 V2 2 V2 2

71 -3
16. — 17. 0 18. 19. 0 20. -tanx 21. - logic ^
90
Vl-x^ X

o 2
3x 1 1
22. 23. 0 24. - 25. b 26.
1+x^ X V2
10.106 MATHEMATICS-XII

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQs)

Answer each of the following questions in one word or one sentence or as per exact requirement
of the question:
1, Iff (x) = logg (logg x), then write the value of /' {e).

2. If/ (x) = a: +1, then write the value of -^{fof) (x). [CBSE2019]

3. If /' (1) = 2 and y =/ (logg x), find ^ at x = e. ax

4. If / (1) = 4, /' (1) = 2, find the value of the derivative of log {/ [e^)) with respect to x at the

ooww
point X = 0.

5. If /' (x) = ^2x^ -1 and y =/ (x^), then find dx at X =1.

6. Let g (x) be the inverse of an invertible function / (x) which is derivable at x = 3. If / (3) = 9

e
ree
and /' (3) = 9, write the value of g' (9).

rFl n 71

Fre
7. If y = sin ^ (sin x), - ^ < X < -2 Then, write the value of —dx for X e
2'2

rrF
3tc
^ (sin x), find —.
TC
8. If — < X ^ — and y = sin
2 2 ^
ouur
sffoo dx

9. If 71 < X < 2tc and y = cos’ ^ (cos x), find dx

okks
Yo

lx dy
oo

-1
, write the value of — for x > 1.
Y

10. Ify = sin

BB

1 + ;^^ dx
rre

11. If / (0) =/ (1) = 0, /' (1) = 2 and y =/ {e^) write the value of ^ at x = 0.
ouu
YY

13. If y = sin ^ x + cos ^,find^.

ad

<iy
12. If y = XI X1, find dx
for x < 0. dx

<^y
dd

14 If X = a (0 + sin 0), y = (1 + cos 0), find dx

.
Re
iinn

1 - cos 2x dy
15. If - — < X < 0 and y = tan" ^ , find —.
F

2 1 + cos 2x dx

dy
16. Ify = x^, find dx
atx = e.

-1 1 -X
, find —.
^y
17. Ify = tan 1 + x dx

^y
18. Ify = logfl x,find-^.
dx

^y
19. Ify = log ^/tan X,write—.
dx

-1 1 -x^ -1 l-x^ ^y
20. If y = sin + cos , find —.
dx
DIFFERENTIATION 10.107

-1 x + 1 . -1 x-l
21. Ify=sec + sin , then write the value of —.
x-l x + 1 dx

22. If I a:| <1 and y =1 + a: + +... to then find the value of —

dx

-1 lx lx
23. If w = sin
1 + a:
y and f = tan ^ 1-/
, where -1 <a: <1, then write the value of

du
dv

oww
u{x)
24. If / (a:) = log ■ ●, u{l)=v (1) and ii' (1) = v' (1) = 2, then find the value of /' (1).
v{x) '
dy
25. If y = log I 3x \ ,x ^0, find

ee
dx

FFrlo
26. If / (:^) is an even function, then write whether /' (a:) is even or odd.

r
rF
ee
27. lifix) is an odd function, then write whether /' (x) is even or odd.
28. Write the derivative of sin x with respect to cos x. [CBSE20141

rF
ouru
29. If y = log (cos e^), then find —.
dx
[CBSE2019]

30. If/(3r) =x + 7 andg(x) =x -7, x eR, then find—(/og) (x).

fosor [CBSE2019]
skf
dx
ooko

ANSWERS
Yo
Y

1 1
Bo

1. 1 2. 1 3. - 4. - 5. 2
reeB

e 2
1 -1
6. - 7. 1 8. -1 9. -1 10.
9
1 + x^
ooY
uur
ad

0
11. 2 12. -2x 13. 0 14. - tan — 15. -1
2
dY

1 1
16. 2/ 17. - 18. 19. cosec 2x 20. 0
X log^ a
nind
Re

1 1
21. 0
F
Fi

22. 23. 1 24. 0 25.

{1-xf X

26. odd 27. even 28. -cotx 29. -tan (e^). 30. 2