Web - Basic Concepts

What is Internet?
The Internet is essentially a global network of computing resources. You can think
of the Internet as a physical collection of routers and circuits as a set of shared
resources.

Some common definitions given in the past include –

 A network of networks based on the TCP/IP communications protocol.

 A community of people who use and develop those networks.

Internet-Based Services
Some of the basic services available to Internet users are −

Email − A fast, easy, and inexpensive way to communicate with otherInternet

users around the world.

Telnet − Allows a user to log into a remote computer as though it were alocal
system.

FTP − Allows a user to transfer virtually every kind of file that can be storedon a
computer from one Internet-connected computer to another.

UseNet news − A distributed bulletin board that offers a combination newsand

discussion service on thousands of topics.

World Wide Web (WWW) − A hypertext interface to Internet information

resources.

What is WWW?
WWW stands for World Wide Web. A technical definition of the World Wide Web is
−All the resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP).

A broader definition comes from the organization that Web inventor Tim Berners-
Leehelped found, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): The World Wide Web is
the universe of network-accessible information, an embodiment of human
knowledge.

In simple terms, The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging information between
computers on the Internet, tying them together into a vast collection of interactive
multimedia resources.

What is HTTP?
HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. This is the protocol being used to
transfer hypertext documents that makes the World Wide Web possible.
A standard web address such as yahoo.com is called a URL and here the prefix http
indicates its protocol

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What is URL?
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, and is used to specify addresses on the
World Wide Web.
A URL is the fundamental network identification for any resource connected to the
web (e.g., hypertext pages, images, and sound files).

A URL will have the following format − Protocol://hostname/other_information

The protocol specifies how information is transferred from a link. The protocol used
for web resources is Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Other protocols
compatible with most web browsers include FTP, telnet, newsgroups, and Gopher.
The protocol is followed by a colon, two slashes, and then the domain name. The
domain name is the computer on which the resource is located.
Links to particular files or subdirectories may be further specified after the domain
name. The directory names are separated by single forward slashes.

What is Website?
Currently you are on our website Tutorialspoint.com which is a collection of various
pages written in HTML mark-up language. This is a location on the web where
people can find tutorials on latest technologies. Similarly, there are millions of
websites available on the web.
Each page available on the website is called a web page and first page of any
website is called home page for that site.

What is Web Server?

Every Website sits on a computer known as a Web server. This server is always
connected to the internet. Every Web server that is connected to the Internet is
given a unique address made up of a series of four numbers between 0 and
256separated by periods. For example, 68.178.157.132 or 68.122.35.127.
When you register a Web address, also known as a domain name, such
astutorialspoint.com you have to specify the IP address of the Web server that will
host the site.
We will see different type of Web servers in a separate chapter.

What is Web Browser?

Web Browsers are software installed on your PC. To access the Web you need a
web browsers, such as Netscape Navigator, Microsoft Internet Explorer or Mozilla
Firefox.
Currently you must be using any sort of Web browser while you are navigating
through my site tutorialspoint.com. On the Web, when you navigate through pages
of information this is commonly known as browsing or surfing.
We will see different type of Web browsers in a separate chapter.

What is SMTP Server?

SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Server. This server takes care of
delivering emails from one server to another server. When you send an email to an
email address, it is delivered to its recipient by a SMTP Server.

What is ISP?
ISP stands for Internet Service Provider. They are the companies who provide you
service in terms of internet connection to connect to the internet.
You will buy space on a Web Server from any Internet Service Provider. This space

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will be used to host your Website.

What is HTML?
HTML stands for Hyper Text Mark-up Language. This is the language in which we
write web pages for any Website. Even the page you are reading right now is
written in HTML.

This is a subset of Standard Generalized Mark-Up Language (SGML) for electronic

publishing, the specific standard used for the World Wide Web.

What is Hyperlink?
A hyperlink or simply a link is a selectable element in an electronic document that
serves as an access point to other electronic resources. Typically, you click the
hyperlink to access the linked resource. Familiar hyperlinks include buttons, icons,
image maps, and clickable text links.

What is DNS?
DNS stands for Domain Name System. When someone types in your domain
name,www.example.com, your browser will ask the Domain Name System to find
the IPthat hosts your site. When you register your domain name, your IP address
should be put in a DNS along with your domain name. Without doing it your domain
name will not be functioning properly.

What is W3C?
W3C stands for World Wide Web Consortium which is an international consortium
of companies involved with the Internet and the Web.
The W3C was founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee, the original architect of the
World Wide Web. The organization's purpose is to develop open standards so that
the Web evolves in a single direction rather than being splintered among competing
factions. The W3C is the chief standards body for HTTP and HTML.

Web Browser
When we need any kind of information most of the time we get help from
the Internet, and we get information. The Internet provides us with useful
information easily; we use mobile phones, computers, and tablets. We
searched for a lot of things in our daily life, so we get information about
all over the world, but we can not get information by just only getting
connected to the Internet. We need a platform where we can search for
our questions. The platform that provides such kinds of services is called
a web browser, without a web browser internet will not be able to provide
information.

What is a Web Browser?

The web browser is an application software to explore www (World Wide
Web). It provides an interface between the server and the client and
requests to the server for web documents and services. It works as a
compiler to render HTML which is used to design a webpage. Whenever
we search for anything on the internet, the browser loads a web page

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written in HTML, including text, links, images, and other items such as
style sheets and JavaScript functions. Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge,
Mozilla Firefox, and Safari are examples of web browsers.

History of the Web Browser

The first web browser World Wide Web was invented in the year of 1990
by Tim Berners-Lee. Later, it becomes Nexus. In the year of 1993, a new
browser Mosaic was invented by Mark Andreessen and their team. It was
the first browser to display text and images at a time on the device
screen. He also invents another browser Netscape in 1994. Next year
Microsoft launched a web browser Internet Explorer which was already
installed in the Windows operating system. After this many browsers were
invented with various features like Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Safari,
Opera, etc.

How does a Web Browser Work?

A web browser helps us find information anywhere on the internet. It is
installed on the client computer and requests information from the web
server such a type of working model is called a client-server model.

Client-server model

The browser receives information through HTTP protocol. In which

transmission of data is defined. When the browser received data from the
server, it is rendered in HTML to user-readable form and, information is
displayed on the device screen.

Website Cookies
When we visited any website over the internet our web browser stores
information about us in small files called cookies. Cookies are designed to
remember stateful information about our browsing history. Some more
cookies are used to remember about us like our interests, our browsing
patterns, etc. Websites show us ads based on our interests using
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cookies.
Some Popular Web Browsers
Here is a list of popular web browsers:
1. Google Chrome:
Developed by Google, Chrome is one of the most widely-used web
browsers in the world, known for its speed and simplicity.
2. Mozilla Firefox:
Developed by the Mozilla Foundation, Firefox is an open-source browser
that is known for its privacy features and customization options.
3. Apple Safari:
Developed by Apple, Safari is the default browser on Mac and iOS devices
and is known for its speed and integration with other Apple products.
4. Microsoft Edge:
Developed by Microsoft, Edge is the default browser on Windows 10 and
is known for its integration with other Microsoft products and services.
5. Opera:
Developed by Opera Software, Opera is a web browser that is known for
its speed and built-in VPN feature.
6. Brave:
Developed by Brave Software, Brave is a web browser that is focused on
privacy and security and blocks third-party ads and trackers by default.
7. Tor Browser:
Developed by The Tor Project, Tor Browser is a web browser that is
designed for anonymous web browsing and is based on Mozilla Firefox.
These are some of the most popular web browsers, there are other
browsers available such as Vivaldi, Brave, and so on. The choice of a web
browser depends on the user’s preference and requirements.
8. Internet Explorer
Internet Explorer by Microsoft is the default browser for Windows
operating system. Its still very popular with many internet users. Startup
speed is a big issue with internet explorer.
There are a lot of necessary features like Active X capabilities,
SmartScreen Filters, a list of recommended sites and more. Internet
Explorer is still considered to be falling behind in the race, but latest
editions promise fast load, packed with latest features. We can wait and
see if it comes back to top.
 Add ons
 Customization options
 Mouse Gestures
9. Slimjet Browser
Slimjet is a powerful and one of the best browsers around. It has in built
extensions to ease internet browsing. Powered by Blink Engine, Slimjet
supports all Chrome Apps plus a bundle of more extensive build in apps.
Slimjet is as good as Chrome, has powerful and customizable interface
like Firefox, reliability features and in built apps which load a power

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packed browser everytime you use it.
 Ad blocker & Download Manager
 Social Sharing and Youtube Downloader
 Faster, Secure and Reliable
10. Maxthon
A fast browser with a lot of features and reliable user interface. Powered
by Maxthon Cloud Engine, it offers seamless browsing and downloads.
Works on all platforms.
Maxthon has Lots of nifty features, including video-ad fast-forwarding,
Speedy performance and Two page rendering engines(Webkit and
Trident) for better compatibility.
 Anti Spyware
 Pop up Blocker
 Cloud Browsing
11. SlimBrowser
A popular choice for users who like speed and security. It is based on
Internet Explorer's Trident Engine and is a robust and powerful browser.
It flaunts better usability features and speed compared to internet
explorer browser.
Slimbrowser takes care of your privacy and security every time you are
surfing online. Slimbrowser starts as quickly as possible and allows you to
have an amazing web surfing experience.
 Omni Bar mode
 Integrated Plugins(Ad Blocker, Photo Salon)
 Low Crash and Bugs
12. Netscape Browser
Originally published by AOL, Netscape browser has released latest version
based on Mozilla Firefox. It is fast, secure and is a choice of many users
online.
 Dynamic HTML
 Integrated Search Engine
 Opensource Development
13. UC Browser
A popular browser for both desktop and mobile devices. Tabbed browsing
and fast startup make it a popular choice for thousands of users. Full
download manager and full screen browsing ads on nicely.
 Quick browsing
 Quick Page sharing
 Multiple Apps
What is a Webpage?
A webpage is a document written in HTML and can be viewed on any web
browser. It is contained within the web server, which can be accessed by
entering the URL for that web page, and once it is loaded, it appears on the
user's web browser. Each webpage is linked with a unique URL; hence two
pages cannot have the same URL.
A webpage may contain text, links for other pages, graphics, videos, etc.
Moreover, it is mainly used to provide information to the user in text, images, etc.
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A webpage is a part of a website; it means a website contains different web
pages. Such as javaTpoint.com is a website, and the page currently you are
accessing is the webpage. It can be understood as an example of a book. So, a
Website is like a complete book, and a webpage is like a page of that book.
The WWW or Internet contains millions of web pages, and daily, a lot is being
added. Tim Berners-Lee developed the first webpage.
Let's understand some basic terms that are used with Webpage:
o WebSite: A website is a collection of several web pages. These pages are
linked together with hyperlinks. A website has a unique domain name,
and we can access it by entering that domain name in the URL.
o Search Engine: A search engine is an internet service that helps users
find any information available on the internet. Some examples of search
engines are Google, Yahoo, Bing, It is usually accessed with the help of
Web browser.
o Web Browser: A web browser or simply browser is application software
used to access the internet. Some examples of Web browsers are Google
Chrome, Microsoft Internet Explorer, Safari, etc. It does two things:
o It connects to a web server on the internet and requests a page that
the user wants to view; once it finds that page, it displays it on its
device.
o It can interpret the set of HTML tags within a page to display the
page in the correct format.
o Webserver: A web server can be understood as a computer that hosts or
provide a website on the internet. It contains webserver software and
component files of a website such as HTML document, images, CSS
stylesheet, and JS files.
o HTML: HTML is an abbreviation of Hyper-Text Markup Language. A
markup language is a computer language that specifies how a page should
be formatted. With the help of HTML, one can specify fonts, colors,
images, headings, and everything that he wants to display on a page
displayed by the browser.
Characteristics of a Web Page
Following are some characteristics of a Web page:
o A simple webpage can be created very quickly.
o It takes very little time to create a webpage compared to a Website.
o A web page and a website should be compatible with any device, such as Mobile,
Desktop, Laptop, etc.
o The search engine provides a web page through a link, and when a user clicks
on that link, it is redirected to the webpage of a website.
o A webpage can have any type of information including videos, and audios.
o It can be made up of only HTML(Hypertext Markup Language), or CSS, or
JavaScript for dynamic and attractive behavior.
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Elements of a Webpage
The main element of the webpage is a text file composed of HTML. Apart from
this, a webpage can also have the following elements:
o CSS: The CSS code is used to make the page more interactive and control
its look and feel.
o Scripts: The JavaScript code is included in a webpage to add interactivity
to the page and add more functionalities to it.
o Media: It is used to include media components such as audio, video, and
images.
Although every web page is different from another web, some components are
common to almost all the pages. Some of these components are given below;
you can also relate these elements by the given image:

1. Name of the Website: Each webpage includes the name of the website
or company, or blog to which it is attached. The name of the website and
the logo are mostly situated at the top-left corner of the page. The logo
may also contain a slogan of the site or a brief introduction to the site so
that visitors can quickly identify what this site is about. It is one of the
important components of the webpage.
The website's name also has a link that can redirect to the home page of
that site. The name of the website usually includes at the header of
the page.
2. Search bar: A search bar is also an important component that should
present on each page of a website or blog. The search blog allows the
visitor to search related information on that website.
3. Navigation Bar: A navigation bar is a component of a webpage that
contains links to some important sections of the website. It helps the
visitors to easily traverse some major sections of the website. It is placed
mainly on the top of the web page or the left side of the page. When the
user clicks on any link given in the navigation bar, it redirects to the page.
4. Heading of the page: Heading of the page tells the main information
about the page, i.e., what this is all about. The heading is available on the
top of the page, and it is included with the help of the <h1> tag of
HTML.
5. Content of the Page: The content of the page means the information of
the page. As you are visiting this page and reading this information, all
the information contained within this page is known as the page's content.
It may contain below sub-elements:
o Paragraphs: A webpage can have different paragraphs as per their
length. The opening paragraph is crucial on the whole page, as it
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 draws the attention of the visitor. If the first paragraph is not
interesting and not related to the topic, a user may leave the page
immediately. To create a paragraph <P> tag is used in HTML.
o Subheadings: A page may have different subheadings as per the
topic, whether related to information about something or a website's
web page. In HTML from <H2> to <H6> tags are used for including
subheadings. Each page should be divided into different
subheadings to make it easier for the users to read and understand.
o Images: Each webpage contains images to make its content more
attractive. To include an image, <img> tag is used in HTML.
6. Feedback or Comment form: Different websites include a Feedback or
Comment form on each webpage. It is used to know the visitor's views
about the information of that page and any other feedback for the page or
site. It lets to know the creator of the page that if the information is
helpful or not.
7. Social Share links: Social share links allow the visitors to share that
webpage with their friends on different social sites such as Facebook,
Linked In, Twitter, etc.
8. Copyright Info: Each webpage must have Copyright information along
with Privacy Policy. This information is available at the end of the page or
on the footer of the page.
9. Go to Top: On most of the pages, a Back to Top button or link is
available. This option helps the users to return to the upper section of the
page.
10. Advertisement Banner: Whenever you visit any good website, you
see different advertisement banners on each site's page. These banners
are used to displays ads in different places on a page. These banners are
used to provide monitory benefits to the owner of the website.
11. Previous and Next buttons or links: On most of the pages, previous
and Next buttons are available that help the user easily navigate to the
previous and next page related to the topic. A page can also have links to
other pages.
12. Company Info: On the footer of the page, there is a brief introduction
about the company or website of that page. By this, visitors get to know
about the company and can build trust in it.
There can also be some additional information and tools such as a button to
print the page that can also be helpful for users.

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 Types of a Web page
There are mainly two types of a Web page based on functionality:
o Static Webpage
o Dynamic Webpage

Static Webpage
Static webpages are those webpages that cannot be modified or altered by the
client. These are also known as stationary or flat web pages. They are displayed
on the client's browser in the same format and manner as they are saved in the
webserver. Users can only load the page and read the information but cannot
perform any change on the page.
A static webpage is generally made up of HTML and CSS only.

Dynamic Webpage
As the name suggests, Dynamic webpages are dynamic, which means it shows
different information at different point of time.
Difference between a Webpage and a Website
Since both Websites and Web pages are related to each other, some users may
use them interchangeably, but they are much different from each other. The
basic difference between them is that webpage is a single web document,
whereas a Website is a collection of different web pages. Here are some
more differences between both of them:
Website Webpage

A website is a collection of different web pages A webpage is a single

that are linked together with hyperlinks. hypertext document.

It consists of more than one It is a single document that is displayed on

webpage. the user's browser.

To develop a website, developers need more To develop a webpage, developers need

skills and more time compared to a webpage. basic HTML knowledge and less time.

A website is accessed through its domain A webpage is accessed through a unique UR

name, and it does not include any extension in
the URL.

It can contain information for different entities, It can contain information for a single
such as Javatpoint.com, which contains entity, such as currently viewing a web
information about different technologies. page containing information about this
page only.

It is a little challenging to create a perfect It is very simple to create a webpage.

website and requires lots of programming.

Some examples of the website are Some examples of Webpages are the
Javatpoint.com, Amazon.com, etc. currently viewing page, contact page,
registration page, the home page, etc.

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 What Is HyperText Markup Language (HTML)?
HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the set of markup symbols or codes
inserted into a file intended for display on the Internet. The markup tells web
browsers how to display a web page's words and images.
Each individual piece markup code (which would fall between "<" and ">"
characters) is referred to as an element, though many people also refer to it as
a tag. Some elements come in pairs that indicate when some display effect is to
begin and when it is to end.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
 Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is the basic scripting language used
by web browsers to render pages on the world wide web.
 Hyper Text allows a user to click a link and be redirected to a new page
referenced by that link.
 Early versions of HTML were static (Web 1.0), while newer iterations
feature a great deal of dynamic flexibility (Web 2.0, 3.0).
 Markup is the text that appears between two pointed brackets (e.g., ),
and content is everything else.

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Understanding HTML
Hyper Text Markup Language is the computer language that facilitates website
creation. The language, which has code words and syntax just like any other
language, is relatively easy to comprehend and, as time goes on, increasingly
powerful in what it allows someone to create. HTML continues to evolve to meet
the demands and requirements of the Internet under the guise of the World
Wide Web Consortium, the organization that designs and maintains the language;
for instance, with the transition to Web 2.0.
HyperText is the method by which Internet users navigate the web. By clicking on
special text called hyperlinks, users are brought to new pages. The use of hyper
means it is not linear, so users can go anywhere on the Internet simply by clicking
on the available links. Markup is what HTML tags do to the text inside of them;
they mark it as a specific type of text. For example, markup text could come in
the form of boldface or italicized type to draw specific attention to a word or phrase.

HyperText Markup Language Basics

At its core, HTML is a series of short codes typed into a text-file. These are the tags
that power HTML’s capabilities. The text is saved as an HTML file and viewed
through a web browser. The browser reads the file and translates the text into a
visible form, as directed by the codes the author used to write what becomes the
visible rendering. Writing HTML requires tags to be used correctly to create the
author’s vision.
The tags are what separate normal text from HTML code. Tags are the words
between what are known as angle-brackets, which allow graphics, images, and
tables to appear on the webpage. Different tags perform different functions. The
most basic tags apply formatting to text. As web interfaces need to become
more dynamic, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and JavaScript applications may be
used. CSS makes web pages more accessible and JavaScript adds power to basic
HTML.
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