SVKM’s NMIMS University

Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

COURSE: Basics of Python Lab Manual
BTI Sem IV

Practical No 3

PART A

A.1 AIM: - To study and understand Strings, Lists in python

A.2 Prerequisite
Programming for problem-solving and Object Oriented Programming

A.3 Outcome
After successful completion of this experiment, students will be able to understand and
implement

1. Strings and string operations

2. Lists and list operations

A.4 Theory

In computer programming, a string is a sequence of characters. For example, "hello" is a

string containing a sequence of characters 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', and 'o'.
We use single quotes or double quotes to represent a string in Python. For example,
# create a string using double quotes
string1 = "Python programming"

# create a string using single quotes

string1 = 'Python programming'
Here, we have created a string variable named string1. The variable is initialized with the
string Python Programming.

Example: Python String

# create string type variables

name = "Python"
print(name)

message = "I love Python."

print(message)
Output
Python
I love Python.
In the above example, we have created string-type variables: name and message with values
"Python" and "I love Python" respectively.
Here, we have used double quotes to represent strings but we can use single quotes too.

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 SVKM’s NMIMS University
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
COURSE: Basics of Python Lab Manual
BTI Sem IV

Access String Characters in Python

We can access the characters in a string in three ways.
● Indexing: One way is to treat strings as a list and use index values. For example,
greet = 'hello'

# access 1st index element

print(greet[1]) # "e"

● Negative Indexing: Similar to a list, Python allows negative indexing for its strings.
For example,
greet = 'hello'

# access 4th last element

print(greet[-4]) # "e"

● Slicing: Access a range of characters in a string by using the slicing operator colon :.
For example,
greet = 'Hello'

# access character from 1st index to 3rd index

print(greet[1:4]) # "ell"

Note: If we try to access an index out of the range or use numbers other than an integer, we
will get errors.

Python Strings are immutable

In Python, strings are immutable. That means the characters of a string cannot be changed.
For example,
message = 'Hola Amigos'
message[0] = 'H'
print(message)

Output
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
However, we can assign the variable name to a new string. For example,
message = 'Hola Amigos'

# assign new string to message variable

message = 'Hello Friends'

prints(message); # prints "Hello Friends"

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 SVKM’s NMIMS University
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
COURSE: Basics of Python Lab Manual
BTI Sem IV

Python Multiline String

We can also create a multiline string in Python. For this, we use triple double quotes """ or
triple single quotes '''. For example,
# multiline string
message = """
Never gonna give you up
Never gonna let you down
"""

print(message)

Output
Never gonna give you up
Never gonna let you down
In the above example, anything inside the enclosing triple-quotes is one multiline string.

Python String Operations

There are many operations that can be performed with strings which makes it one of the most
used data types in Python.
1. Compare Two Strings
We use the == operator to compare two strings. If two strings are equal, the operator returns
True. Otherwise, it returns False. For example,
str1 = "Hello, world!"
str2 = "I love Python."
str3 = "Hello, world!"

# compare str1 and str2

print(str1 == str2)

# compare str1 and str3

print(str1 == str3)

Output
False
True
In the above example,
● str1 and str2 are not equal. Hence, the result is False.
● str1 and str3 are equal. Hence, the result is True.

2. Join Two or More Strings

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 SVKM’s NMIMS University
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
COURSE: Basics of Python Lab Manual
BTI Sem IV

In Python, we can join (concatenate) two or more strings using the + operator.
greet = "Hello, "
name = "Jack"

# using + operator
result = greet + name
print(result)

# Output: Hello, Jack

In the above example, we have used the + operator to join two strings: greet and name.

Iterate Through a Python String

We can iterate through a string using a for loop. For example,
greet = 'Hello'

# iterating through greet string

for letter in greet:
print(letter)

Output
H
e
l
l
o

Python String Length

In Python, we use the len() method to find the length of a string. For example,
greet = 'Hello'

# count length of greet string

print(len(greet))

# Output: 5

String Membership Test

We can test if a substring exists within a string or not, using the keyword in.
print('a' in 'program') # True
print('at' not in 'battle') False

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 SVKM’s NMIMS University
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
COURSE: Basics of Python Lab Manual
BTI Sem IV

Methods of Python String

Besides those mentioned above, there are various string methods present in Python. Here are
some of those methods:

Methods Description

upper() converts the string to uppercase

message = 'python is fun'

# convert message to uppercase

print(message.upper())

# Output: PYTHON IS FUN

Where it can be used:

# example string
string = "this should be uppercase!"
print(string.upper())

# string with numbers

# all alphabets should be lowercase
string = "Th!s Sh0uLd B3 uPp3rCas3!"
print(string.upper())

lower() converts the string to lowercase

message = 'PYTHON IS FUN'

# convert message to lowercase

print(message.lower())

# Output: python is fun

partition() returns a tuple

string = "Python is fun"

# 'is' separator is found

print(string.partition('is '))

# 'not' separator is not found

print(string.partition('not '))

string = "Python is fun, isn't it"

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 SVKM’s NMIMS University
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
COURSE: Basics of Python Lab Manual
BTI Sem IV

# splits at first occurence of 'is'

print(string.partition('is'))

Output:
('Python ', 'is ', 'fun')
('Python is fun', '', '')
('Python ', 'is', " fun, isn't it")
('Python ', 'is ', 'fun')
('Python is fun', '', '')
('Python ', 'is', " fun, isn't it")

replace() replaces substring inside

text = 'bat ball'

# replace b with c
replaced_text = text.replace('b', 'c')
print(replaced_text)

# Output: cat call

find() returns the index of first occurrence of substring

message = 'Python is a fun programming language'

# check the index of 'fun'

print(message.find('fun'))

# Output: 12

rstrip() removes trailing white space

title = 'Python Programming '

# remove trailing whitespace from title

result = title.rstrip()
print(result)

# Output: Python Programming

split() splits string from left

text = 'Python is a fun programming language'

# split the text from space

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 SVKM’s NMIMS University
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
COURSE: Basics of Python Lab Manual
BTI Sem IV

print(text.split(' '))

# Output: ['Python', 'is', 'a', 'fun', 'programming', 'language']

startswith() checks if string starts with the specified string

message = 'Python is fun'

# check if the message starts with Python

print(message.startswith('Python'))

# Output: True

isnumeric() checks numeric characters

pin = "523"

# checks if every character of pin is numeric

print(pin.isnumeric())

# Output: True

index() returns index of substring

text = 'Python is fun'

# find the index of is

result = text.index('is')
print(result)

# Output: 7

Escape Sequences in Python

The escape sequence is used to escape some of the characters present inside a string.
Suppose we need to include both double quote and single quote inside a string,
example = "He said, "What's there?""

print(example) # throws error

Since strings are represented by single or double quotes, the compiler will treat "He said, " as
the string. Hence, the above code will cause an error.
To solve this issue, we use the escape character \ in Python.

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 SVKM’s NMIMS University
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
COURSE: Basics of Python Lab Manual
BTI Sem IV

# escape double quotes

example = "He said, \"What's there?\""

# escape single quotes

example = 'He said, "What\'s there?"'

print(example)

# Output: He said, "What's there?"

Here is a list of all the escape sequences supported by Python.

Escape Sequence Description

\\ Backslash

\' Single quote

\" Double quote

Python String Formatting (f-Strings)

Python f-Strings make it really easy to print values and variables. For example,
name = 'Cathy'
country = 'UK'

print(f'{name} is from {country}')

Output
Cathy is from UK
Here, f'{name} is from {country}' is an f-string.

Python List
A list is a collection of similar or different types of data. For example,
Suppose we need to record the age of 5 students. Instead of creating 5 separate variables, we
can simply create a list:

Elements of a list

Create a Python List

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 SVKM’s NMIMS University
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
COURSE: Basics of Python Lab Manual
BTI Sem IV

A list is created in Python by placing items inside [], separated by commas . For example,
# A list with 3 integers
numbers = [1, 2, 5]

print(numbers)

# Output: [1, 2, 5]

Here, we have created a list named numbers with 3 integer items.

A list can have any number of items and they may be of different types (integer, float, string,
etc.). For example,
# empty list
my_list = []

# list with mixed data types

my_list = [1, "Hello", 3.4]

Access Python List Elements

In Python, each item in a list is associated with a number. The number is known as a list
index.
We can access elements of an array using the index number (0, 1, 2 …). For example,
languages = ["Python", "Swift", "C++"]

# access item at index 0

print(languages[0]) # Python

# access item at index 2

print(languages[2]) # C++

In the above example, we have created a list named languages.

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 SVKM’s NMIMS University
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
COURSE: Basics of Python Lab Manual
BTI Sem IV

List Indexing in Python

Here, we can see each list item is associated with the index number. And, we have used the
index number to access the items.
Note: The list index always starts with 0. Hence, the first element of a list is present at index
0, not 1.

Negative Indexing in Python

Python allows negative indexing for its sequences. The index of -1 refers to the last item, -2
to the second last item and so on.
Let's see an example,
languages = ["Python", "Swift", "C++"]

# access item at index 0

print(languages[-1]) # C++

# access item at index 2

print(languages[-3]) # Python

Python
Negative Indexing
Note: If the specified index does not exist in the list, Python throws the IndexError exception.

Slicing of a Python List

In Python it is possible to access a section of items from the list using the slicing operator :,
not just a single item. For example,
# List slicing in Python

my_list = ['p','r','o','g','r','a','m','i','z']

# items from index 2 to index 4

print(my_list[2:5])

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 SVKM’s NMIMS University
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
COURSE: Basics of Python Lab Manual
BTI Sem IV

# items from index 5 to end

print(my_list[5:])

# items beginning to end

print(my_list[:])

Output
['o', 'g', 'r']
['a', 'm', 'i', 'z']
['p', 'r', 'o', 'g', 'r', 'a', 'm', 'i', 'z']
Here,
● my_list[2:5] returns a list with items from index 2 to index 4.
● my_list[5:] returns a list with items from index 1 to the end.
● my_list[:] returns all list items
Note: When we slice lists, the start index is inclusive but the end index is exclusive.

Add Elements to a Python List

Python List provides different methods to add items to a list.
1. Using append()
The append() method adds an item at the end of the list. For example,
numbers = [21, 34, 54, 12]

print("Before Append:", numbers)

# using append method

numbers.append(32)

print("After Append:", numbers)

Output
Before Append: [21, 34, 54, 12]
After Append: [21, 34, 54, 12, 32]
In the above example, we have created a list named numbers. Notice the line,
numbers.append(32)
Here, append() adds 32 at the end of the array.

2. Using extend()
We use the extend() method to add all items of one list to another. For example,
prime_numbers = [2, 3, 5]
print("List1:", prime_numbers)

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 SVKM’s NMIMS University
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
COURSE: Basics of Python Lab Manual
BTI Sem IV

even_numbers = [4, 6, 8]
print("List2:", even_numbers)

# join two lists

prime_numbers.extend(even_numbers)

print("List after append:", prime_numbers)

Output
List1: [2, 3, 5]
List2: [4, 6, 8]
List after append: [2, 3, 5, 4, 6, 8]
In the above example, we have two lists named prime_numbers and even_numbers. Notice
the statement,
prime_numbers.extend(even_numbers)
Here, we are adding all elements of even_numbers to prime_numbers.
# languages list
languages = ['French', 'English']

# another list of language

languages1 = ['Spanish', 'Portuguese']

# appending language1 elements to language

languages.extend(languages1)

print('Languages List:', languages)

You can also append all elements of an iterable to the list using:
1. the + operator
a = [1, 2]
b = [3, 4]

a += b # a = a + b
a=a+b
a=[1,2]+[3,4]
a=[1,2,3,45]

# Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]
print('a =', a)

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 SVKM’s NMIMS University
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
COURSE: Basics of Python Lab Manual
BTI Sem IV

Output
a = [1, 2, 3, 4]

2. the list slicing syntax

a = [1, 2]
b = [3, 4]

a[len(a):] = b

# Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]
print('a =', a)

Output
a = [1, 2, 3, 4]

Python extend() Vs append()

If you need to add an element to the end of a list, you can use the append() method.
a1 = [1, 2]
a2 = [1, 2]
b = (3, 4)

# a1 = [1, 2, 3, 4]
a1.extend(b)
print(a1)

# a2 = [1, 2, (3, 4)]

a2.append(b)
print(a2)
Output
[1, 2, 3, 4]
[1, 2, (3, 4)]

Change List Items

Python lists are mutable. Meaning lists are changeable. And, we can change items of a list by
assigning new values using = operator. For example,
languages = ['Python', 'Swift', 'C++']

# changing the third item to 'C'

languages[2] = 'C'

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 SVKM’s NMIMS University
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
COURSE: Basics of Python Lab Manual
BTI Sem IV

print(languages) # ['Python', 'Swift', 'C']

Here, initially the value at index 3 is 'C++'. We then changed the value to 'C' using
languages[2] = 'C'

Remove an Item From a List

1. Using del()
In Python we can use the del statement to remove one or more items from a list. For example,
languages = ['Python', 'Swift', 'C++', 'C', 'Java', 'Rust', 'R']

# deleting the second item

del languages[1]
print(languages) # ['Python', 'C++', 'C', 'Java', 'Rust', 'R']

# deleting the last item

del languages[-1]
print(languages) # ['Python', 'C++', 'C', 'Java', 'Rust']

# delete first two items

del languages[0 : 2] # ['C', 'Java', 'Rust']
print(languages)

2. Using remove()
We can also use the remove() method to delete a list item. For example,
languages = ['Python', 'Swift', 'C++', 'C', 'Java', 'Rust', 'R']

# remove 'Python' from the list

languages.remove('Python')

print(languages) # ['Swift', 'C++', 'C', 'Java', 'Rust', 'R']

Here, languages.remove('Python') removes 'Python' from the languages list.

Python List Methods

Python has many useful list methods that makes it really easy to work with lists.

Method Description

append() add an item to the end of the list

extend() add items of lists and other iterables to the end of the list

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 SVKM’s NMIMS University
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
COURSE: Basics of Python Lab Manual
BTI Sem IV

insert() inserts an item at the specified index

# create a list of vowels
vowel = ['a', 'e', 'i', 'u']

# 'o' is inserted at index 3 (4th position)

vowel.insert(3, 'o')

print('List:', vowel)

# Output: List: ['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']

remove() removes item present at the given index

# create a list
prime_numbers = [2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11]

# remove 9 from the list

prime_numbers.remove(9)

# Updated prime_numbers List

print('Updated List: ', prime_numbers)

# Output: Updated List: [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]

pop() returns and removes item present at the given index

# create a list of prime numbers
prime_numbers = [2, 3, 5, 7]

# remove the element at index 2

removed_element = prime_numbers.pop(2)

print('Removed Element:', removed_element)

print('Updated List:', prime_numbers)

# Output:
# Removed Element: 5
# Updated List: [2, 3, 7]

clear() removes all items from the list

prime_numbers = [2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11]

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 SVKM’s NMIMS University
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
COURSE: Basics of Python Lab Manual
BTI Sem IV

# remove all elements

prime_numbers.clear()

# Updated prime_numbers List

print('List after clear():', prime_numbers)

# Output: List after clear(): []

index() returns the index of the first matched item

animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'rabbit', 'horse']

# get the index of 'dog'

index = animals.index('dog')

print(index)

# Output: 1

count() returns the count of the specified item in the list

# create a list
numbers = [2, 3, 5, 2, 11, 2, 7]

# check the count of 2

count = numbers.count(2)

print('Count of 2:', count)

# Output: Count of 2: 3

sort() sort the list in ascending/descending order

prime_numbers = [11, 3, 7, 5, 2]

# sorting the list in ascending order

prime_numbers.sort()

print(prime_numbers)

# Output: [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]

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 SVKM’s NMIMS University
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
COURSE: Basics of Python Lab Manual
BTI Sem IV

reverse() reverses the item of the list

# create a list of prime numbers
prime_numbers = [2, 3, 5, 7]

# reverse the order of list elements

prime_numbers.reverse()

print('Reversed List:', prime_numbers)

# Output: Reversed List: [7, 5, 3, 2]

copy() returns the shallow copy of the list

# mixed list
prime_numbers = [2, 3, 5]

# copying a list
numbers = prime_numbers.copy()

print('Copied List:', numbers)

# Output: Copied List: [2, 3, 5]

Iterating through a List

We can use the for loop to iterate over the elements of a list. For example,
languages = ['Python', 'Swift', 'C++']

# iterating through the list

for language in languages:
print(language)

Output
Python
Swift
C++

Check if an Item Exists in the Python List

We use the in keyword to check if an item exists in the list or not. For example,
languages = ['Python', 'Swift', 'C++']

print('C' in languages) # False

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 SVKM’s NMIMS University
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
COURSE: Basics of Python Lab Manual
BTI Sem IV

print('Python' in languages) # True

Here,
● 'C' is not present in languages, 'C' in languages evaluates to False.
● 'Python' is present in languages, 'Python' in languages evaluates to True.

Python List Length

In Python, we use the len() method to find the number of elements present in a list. For
example,
languages = ['Python', 'Swift', 'C++']

print("List: ", languages)

print("Total Elements: ", len(languages)) #3

Output
List: ['Python', 'Swift', 'C++']
Total Elements: 3

Tasks:
1. Write a code for the following: (String Operations)
● Reverse a sentence accepted as input by User
● Find the characters at an odd position in string input by User
● Check string starts with a specific character entered by the user
● Remove all newlines from the String
● Replace all occurrence of substring in string
● Remove punctuation mark from list of string
● Find the number of matching characters in two string
● Convert a string into a list.
● To convert all string elements of the list to int.
● Count Total numbers of upper case and lower case characters in input string
● To find vowels in a string
● To sort a list of string in Python
● To print input string in upper case and lower case
● Convert Int To String In Python
2. Write a Python program to accept a string and replace all spaces by ‘#’ symbol.
3. Write a program to accept two strings from the user and display the common
words (ignore case)
4. Write a program to accept a string and count the frequency of each vowel.

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 SVKM’s NMIMS University
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
COURSE: Basics of Python Lab Manual
BTI Sem IV

5. Create a list in python for storing supermarket bill details and perform the
following operations on it:
● Add an item to the end of the list
● Insert an item at a given position
● Modify an element by using the index of the element
● Remove an item from the list
● Remove all items from the list
● Slice Elements from a List
● Remove the item at the given position in the list, and return it
● Return the number of times 'x' appear in the list
● Sort the items of the list in place
● Reverse the elements of the list in place
6. Write a python program to count unique values inside a list
7. Write a python program to print a list excluding the duplicates
8. Write a python program to count positive and negative numbers in a list
9. Write a python program to sum all the elements in a list.
10. Write a Python program to find the list of words that are longer than n from a given
list of words.
11. Write a Python program to compute the difference between two lists.
Sample data: ["red", "orange", "green", "blue", "white"], ["black", "yellow", "green",
"blue"]
Expected Output:
Color1-Color2: ['white', 'orange', 'red']
Color2-Color1: ['black', 'yellow']
12. Write a Python program to concatenate elements of a list.
13. Write a Python program to insert a given string at the beginning of all items in a list.
Sample list : [1,2,3,4], string : emp
Expected output : ['emp1', 'emp2', 'emp3', 'emp4']
14. Write a Python program to find the list in a list of lists whose sum of elements is the
highest.
Sample lists: [1,2,3], [4,5,6], [10,11,12], [7,8,9]
Expected Output: [10, 11, 12]

PART B
(PART B: TO BE COMPLETED BY STUDENTS)
(Students must submit the soft copy as per following segments within two hours of the
practical. The soft copy must be uploaded on the Teams or emailed to the concerned lab
in charge faculties at the end of the practical in case the there is no Black board access
available)
Roll No. Name:

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 SVKM’s NMIMS University
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
COURSE: Basics of Python Lab Manual
BTI Sem IV

Program: Division:
Semester: Batch :
Date of Experiment: Date of Submission:
Grade :

B.1 Software Code written by student:

(Paste your Python code completed during the 2 hours of practical in the lab here)

B.2 Input and Output:

(Paste your program input and output in following format. If there is error then paste the
specific error in the output part. In case of error with due permission of the faculty
extension can be given to submit the error free code with output in due course of time.
Students will be graded accordingly.)

B.3 Conclusion:
(Students must write the conclusion as per the attainment of individual outcome listed
above and learning/observation noted in section B.1)

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