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SQL_Commands_CheatSheet

This cheat sheet provides an overview of SQL commands, categorized into DDL, DML, DQL, TCL, and DCL. It includes examples of creating and modifying tables, inserting, updating, and deleting data, as well as advanced operations like joins and constraints. Additionally, it offers common queries and best practices for data management.

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dhm07857
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

SQL_Commands_CheatSheet

This cheat sheet provides an overview of SQL commands, categorized into DDL, DML, DQL, TCL, and DCL. It includes examples of creating and modifying tables, inserting, updating, and deleting data, as well as advanced operations like joins and constraints. Additionally, it offers common queries and best practices for data management.

Uploaded by

dhm07857
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL Commands and Queries Cheat Sheet

1. Basics of SQL
- What is SQL?
- Types of SQL Commands:
- DDL (Data Definition Language): CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE
- DML (Data Manipulation Language): INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
- DQL (Data Query Language): SELECT
- TCL (Transaction Control Language): COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOIN
- DCL (Data Control Language): GRANT, REVOKE

2. DDL Commands
CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (
emid INT PRIMARY KEY,
empname VARCHAR(50),
age INT,
designation VARCHAR(50),
DOB DATE,
city VARCHAR(50),
salary DECIMAL(10,2)
);

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE ADD department VARCHAR(50);


ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE DROP COLUMN department;

DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE;


TRUNCATE TABLE EMPLOYEE;

3. DML Commands
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (emid, empname, age, designation, DOB, city, s
VALUES (101, 'Amit Sharma', 28, 'HR', '1995-03-08', 'Mumbai', 45000);

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET salary = 50000 WHERE emid = 101;

DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE emid = 101;


DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE;

4. DQL Commands
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;
SELECT empname, city FROM EMPLOYEE;
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE city = 'Mumbai';

5. TCL Commands
COMMIT;
ROLLBACK;
SAVEPOINT save1;

6. Advanced Operations
Joins
INNER JOIN:
SELECT E.empname, D.department_name
FROM EMPLOYEE E INNER JOIN DEPARTMENT D ON E.emid = D.emid;
LEFT JOIN:
SELECT E.empname, D.department_name
FROM EMPLOYEE E LEFT JOIN DEPARTMENT D ON E.emid = D.emid;

GROUP BY
SELECT city, COUNT(*) AS total_employees FROM EMPLOYEE GROUP

HAVING
SELECT city, AVG(salary) AS avg_salary FROM EMPLOYEE GROUP BY

7. Constraints
PRIMARY KEY: ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE ADD PRIMARY KEY (emid);
FOREIGN KEY: ALTER TABLE DEPARTMENT ADD CONSTRAINT fk_emid
UNIQUE: ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE ADD UNIQUE (empname);

8. Miscellaneous
RENAME TABLE: ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE RENAME TO EMP;
ADD/DROP INDEX:
CREATE INDEX idx_city ON EMPLOYEE(city);
DROP INDEX idx_city;

View
CREATE VIEW EmployeeSalary AS SELECT empname, salary FROM EM
DROP VIEW EmployeeSalary;

9. Common Queries
Find Employees in a Specific City: SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE
Find Top 3 Salaries: SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE ORDER BY salary DES

10. Notes
- Always back up data before performing destructive actions like DELET
- Use WHERE clauses carefully to avoid unintentional data loss.

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