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Comprehensive SQL Guide

This document is a comprehensive guide on SQL commands, covering database and table setup, data definition, manipulation, and querying languages. It includes examples for creating, altering, and deleting tables, as well as inserting, updating, and deleting data. Additionally, it discusses transaction control, constraints, joins, views, indexes, and miscellaneous queries for managing student data.

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dhm07857
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22 views6 pages

Comprehensive SQL Guide

This document is a comprehensive guide on SQL commands, covering database and table setup, data definition, manipulation, and querying languages. It includes examples for creating, altering, and deleting tables, as well as inserting, updating, and deleting data. Additionally, it discusses transaction control, constraints, joins, views, indexes, and miscellaneous queries for managing student data.

Uploaded by

dhm07857
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Comprehensive SQL Commands Guide

1. Setting Up the Database and Table

Create a database named DBMS:


CREATE DATABASE DBMS;

Use the created database:


USE DBMS;

Create a table named student:


CREATE TABLE student (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(50),
age INT,
course VARCHAR(50),
admission_date DATE,
city VARCHAR(50)
);

Insert data into the student table:


INSERT INTO student (id, name, age, course, admission_date, city) VALU
(1, 'Amit Sharma', 20, 'Computer Science', '2023-06-15', 'Mumbai'),
(2, 'Priya Singh', 22, 'Electronics', '2023-07-01', 'Delhi'),
(3, 'Rahul Desai', 21, 'Mechanical', '2023-06-20', 'Pune'),
(4, 'Ankita Mehta', 23, 'Civil', '2023-06-18', 'Bangalore');
2. DDL (Data Definition Language)

ALTER TABLE: Add a column for email.


ALTER TABLE student ADD email VARCHAR(100);

DROP COLUMN: Remove the email column.


ALTER TABLE student DROP COLUMN email;

RENAME TABLE:
ALTER TABLE student RENAME TO students;

DROP TABLE: Delete the students table.


DROP TABLE students;

3. DML (Data Manipulation Language)

INSERT: Add a new student.


INSERT INTO student (id, name, age, course, admission_date, city)
VALUES (5, 'Vikram Patel', 24, 'Chemical', '2023-06-25', 'Ahmedabad');

UPDATE: Change city for a student.


UPDATE student SET city = 'Hyderabad' WHERE id = 5;

DELETE: Remove a student by ID.


DELETE FROM student WHERE id = 5;
4. DQL (Data Query Language)

SELECT: Retrieve all students.


SELECT * FROM student;

SELECT Specific Columns:


SELECT name, city FROM student;

WHERE Clause:
SELECT * FROM student WHERE city = 'Delhi';

ORDER BY Clause:
SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY age DESC;

GROUP BY and HAVING:


SELECT city, COUNT(*) AS student_count FROM student GROUP BY city

5. TCL (Transaction Control Language)

BEGIN TRANSACTION:
START TRANSACTION;

Insert data during transaction:


INSERT INTO student (id, name, age, course, admission_date, city)
VALUES (6, 'Ritika Verma', 22, 'IT', '2023-06-30', 'Mumbai');

Rollback changes:
ROLLBACK;

Commit changes:
COMMIT;

6. Constraints

PRIMARY KEY: Ensure unique student IDs.


ALTER TABLE student ADD PRIMARY KEY (id);

UNIQUE Constraint:
ALTER TABLE student ADD UNIQUE (email);

FOREIGN KEY Example:


CREATE TABLE course (
course_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
course_name VARCHAR(50)
);
ALTER TABLE student ADD CONSTRAINT fk_course FOREIGN KEY (cou

7. Joins

INNER JOIN Example:


SELECT student.name, course.course_name
FROM student INNER JOIN course ON student.course = course.course_n

LEFT JOIN Example:


SELECT student.name, course.course_name
FROM student LEFT JOIN course ON student.course = course.course_na

8. Views

Create a View:
CREATE VIEW StudentDetails AS SELECT name, course, city FROM stud

Drop the View:


DROP VIEW StudentDetails;

9. Indexes

Create an Index:
CREATE INDEX idx_city ON student(city);

Drop the Index:


DROP INDEX idx_city;

10. Miscellaneous

Count Students:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM student;

Find Oldest Student:


SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY age DESC LIMIT 1;
Notes:
- Always back up your database before making structural changes.
- Use WHERE clauses to target specific data and avoid accidental modifi

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