Contents

Shortcut keys:..................................................................................................................................3
PowerPoint.......................................................................................................................................5
Adding a title slide with tables:....................................................................................................5
Excel:...............................................................................................................................................6
Adjusting width:...........................................................................................................................6
Adding serial numbers:................................................................................................................7
Condition if:.................................................................................................................................7
Vlookup:.......................................................................................................................................7
Creating a list...............................................................................................................................7
Count and CountIF.......................................................................................................................8
Splitting data from the same cell..................................................................................................8
Data cleaning................................................................................................................................8
Pivot Table...................................................................................................................................9
PowerBi.........................................................................................................................................10
Data Cleaning.............................................................................................................................10
Removing blanks........................................................................................................................10
Removing duplicates..................................................................................................................10
Adding a unique ID column.......................................................................................................10
Splitting columns.......................................................................................................................11
Applying Conditions..................................................................................................................11
PowerBi Dashboarding..................................................................................................................11
HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)........................................................................................11
About..........................................................................................................................................11
Tags............................................................................................................................................12
Structure.....................................................................................................................................12
Running code in Notepad ++.....................................................................................................12
Formatting..................................................................................................................................12
Alignment...................................................................................................................................13
Size.............................................................................................................................................13
Paragraphs..................................................................................................................................13
Adding hyperlinks......................................................................................................................13
 Adding an image........................................................................................................................13
Lists............................................................................................................................................13
Colors.........................................................................................................................................14
Tables.........................................................................................................................................14
Scratch...........................................................................................................................................15
Concepts Required For Scratch.....................................................................................................15
Program......................................................................................................................................15
Programming Language.............................................................................................................15
Efficient Programming...............................................................................................................15
Scratch IDE Layout....................................................................................................................16
How to use.................................................................................................................................16
Command Blocks Used in Class................................................................................................16
Variable......................................................................................................................................16
Making Shapes in Scratch through Interior Angles...................................................................16
Making a square, circle, pentagram and triangle with interior angles.......................................17
Making equations.......................................................................................................................17
Shortcut keys:
New document = Ctrl+N
Selecting a paragraph = Ctrl+shift+down
Select all = ctrl+A
Sets selected text to all capital letters = ctrl+shift+A
Double underline= ctrl+shift+D
Bullet points= ctrl+shift+l
Alternating between tabs = ctrl+tab
Adding a heading = select heading 1 for first heading (left click heading 1 from styles, choose
modify and select the required font size and style)
Main heading is always the font size of 16
Subheading is font size 14
Body text is font size 11
The body text should be in alignment justified
Line spacing should be 2.0
Adding subheading = Go to the navigation pane, select the heading you want to add a
subheading under, right click it to open the drop down menu and select “add a subheading”,
name the subheading and modify if for Times New Roman, font size 14 and black color in the
modify option in the home tab of styles menu
Navigation pane = ctrl+f
Go to line and paragraph spacing options, select “use as default” for this document only. It will
automatically use the line spacing option for double as default for this option only.
Creating a table: go to insert tab, select the number of rows and columns required. A table text
should be middle aligned
Cells can be merged from table layout tab
Adding another column in just one cell: select the cell, open the drop down menu, and select
split cells
Adding borders to a table: Go to table design, go to borders, select border painter, choose a
border style and add it manually
Adding a table in your content in the table of contents: Go to the end of the table, go to the
reference tab, select insert caption, select table and press okay. You can align it according to
your will.
Adding a cover page: go to insert, select a cover page
Inserting a new page: go to insert tab and select a blank page
Deleting a page: CTRL+G (will select the page) and press delete
Flowcharts are usually made in Microsoft Visio
Adding borders: Go to design tab, select page borders and customize according to your needs
Insert a picture, select wrap text and choose square for the wrap text option. This will allow you
to add a text box inside a picture.
Adding a table of contents: Add a new page after the cover page, go to references, select table of
contents and select content table 1. It will automatically add the headings that we made
Now, we need to add a subheading, “List of tables” “List of figures”. Go to references, next to
insert caption, select insert tables of figures, select tables. It will automatically add in those
tables that have a caption with them.
The list of tables should be a heading. Make it a heading (heading 1) and select update table,
select update the whole table.
The table of contents is always made at the end
MS Word- Mail Merge (Watch the video for that)
Random paragraph for formatting “ =rand(8) “ 8 IS THE NUMBER OF PARAGRAPHS
Format able paragraph from the above shortcut
VIDEO PROVIDES A POWERFUL WAY TO HELP YOU PROVE YOUR POINT. WHEN
YOU CLICK ONLINE VIDEO, YOU CAN PASTE IN THE EMBED CODE FOR THE
VIDEO YOU WANT TO ADD. YOU CAN ALSO TYPE A KEYWORD TO SEARCH
ONLINE FOR THE VIDEO THAT BEST FITS YOUR DOCUMENT. (CTRL+SHIFT+A)
To make your document look professionally produced, Word provides header, footer, cover
page, and text box designs that complement each other. For example, you can add a matching
cover page, header, and sidebar. Click Insert and then choose the elements you want from the
different galleries. (Ctrl+Shift+D)
 Themes and styles also help keep your document coordinated. When you click Design and
choose a new Theme, the pictures, charts, and SmartArt graphics change to match your new
theme. When you apply styles, your headings change to match the new theme.
Save time in Word with new buttons that show up where you need them. To change the way a
picture fits in your document, click it and a button for layout options appears next to it. When
you work on a table, click where you want to add a row or a column, and then click the plus sign.
Reading is easier, too, in the new Reading view. You can collapse parts of the document and
focus on the text you want. If you need to stop reading before you reach the end, Word
remembers where you left off - even on another device.
Video provides a powerful way to help you prove your point. When you click Online Video, you
can paste in the embed code for the video you want to add. You can also type a keyword to
search online for the video that best fits your document.
To make your document look professionally produced, Word provides header, footer, cover
page, and text box designs that complement each other. For example, you can add a matching
cover page, header, and sidebar. Click Insert and then choose the elements you want from the
different galleries.
Themes and styles also help keep your document coordinated. When you click Design and
choose a new Theme, the pictures, charts, and SmartArt graphics change to match your new
theme. When you apply styles, your headings change to match the new theme.

PowerPoint

Will have to use KSBL pc because my laptop doesn’t have add in and designer option option
In add in option will allow one to have many AI tools on their computer. Go to add in option,
add chat gpt for powerpoint. Here, you can write the topic you want to make a presentation on
and the AI will create the slides and content for you.
Note to self: Get the latest version of Microsoft.

Adding a title slide with tables:

Make a table of 6x5, make it the size of the whole page, add no fill in shading and select inside
border (make sure they are white). Add an image of your choice, resize it according to the slide
and send it to the back. Then choose a few cells of your choice and shade them white. The results
are in the document lab 2
New title slide style:
Go to inset slide and add a blank page. Add a picture and a text box
Add the title of your choice
Press control key on the text box, there will be this weird + sign and drag the textbox upwards.
This will make a duplicate. Make one below it too
Select the text of the top one, go to text fill and select no fill. Go to home tab, there’s a brush
known as format painter, click that and press the downward textbox
Go to insert tab, select 3d models and stock 3d models, search what model you want (mars) and
press insert. Add the 3d shape and place it at the bottom of the page. Duplicate the slide and
make the duplicate the top one. Move the top and middle one to the top one, making it look like
one text and add the 3d shape in the middle. Spin it around a bit too.
Now select the first slide and choose morph animation
Select the second slide and choose morph animation

Excel:

Total rows can be checked by pressing ctrl and down arrow. There are 1048576 rows and XFD
(16384) columns.
This brings up a drawback of excel is that the number of rows and columns are limited.
Ctrl+ shift + plus key = new column / row
Ctrl + minus key = delete column / row
In editing group from the home tab, the auto sum will automatically select the range that we want
to sum (double check since it could be incorrect too).

Adjusting width:
In cells group from the home tab, there’s an option known as autofit column width.
This setting cannot be achieved by default so it must be done after data is entered. You can
however, select all the rows / columns and autofit column / row width / height.
You can also select the rows/columns and press alt + h + o + i. This sets the column width
automatically. For rows, this would be alt + h + o + a.
To avoid making the formulas used visible for anyone else, you can copy the same data and paste
only the values. This would turn the formula into the value. This is used mostly in institutes and
in offices since there are a large number of nested formulas in a single sheet and messing up even
one of them can cause a lot of problems.
Changing the alignment of the text in one cell to vertical, horizontal, clockwise or anticlockwise
can be done from alignment group in the home tab and there an ab/ (ab with an arrow
underneath) option.
To add a currency with a cell, go to the number group, accounting and select the currency unit
you want.
Randbetween(small number, large number) randomizes a number that is in between the given
range.
To add %, select the cells you want to add a percentage sign to, right click and open the drop
down menu, go to format cells, custom, remove general and write 0\%
Adding serial numbers:
Go to the cell you want to start with, go to the editing group in the home tab, there will be a
series option in the fill option. Though, you cannot do this for alphabets because it doesn’t
recognize alphabets. There is a different way to get an alphabetic series. You’d have to generate
alphabets by typing =char(65) for A, and char(97) for small a. This will however, still not
generate an alphabetic series once you try to autofill it.
So we will use =char(row()+64) for uppercase alphabets and =char(row()+96) for lowercase
letters.
This formula will add the current row number to the number we wrote next to it and output the
ascii code with the same number.
To add filters, press ctrl+shift+l

Condition if:
If %>=80 ; excellent
If %>=70 ; good
If %>=60 ; average
Else: Poor
=IFS(cellname>=80, “excellent”, cellname>=70, “good”, cellname>=60, “average”,
cellname<50, “poor”)

Vlookup:
It contains a value it will look up an item from (usually a unique ID number). Next, it will ask
which table the data you’re looking for is in. Then it asks for the index number which is the
column number of the value that should be RETURNED after executing the VLOOKUP
formula. The column number starts from 1 for the table we are looking a value from. Even
though columns are in letters, we will write them in numbers here. Lastly, we write TRUE/1 or
FALSE/0 . TRUE returns the approximate value and FALSE returns the exact value.
=VLOOKUP(value, table, index number, [approximate/exact match])

Creating a list
Go to data tab, click data validation, press allow list and select the area where this data is (the
row or column).
Charts:
Knowing what graph to choose is VERY important. Most marks are granted with respect to
which graph should be used for which scenario.
 Line graph is used to show trends with respect to time (yearly data, etc.)
 Bar chart is used to show comparison
 Pie chart is used when data is shown in percentage
  When there is A LOT of data in percentage, DO NOT used pie chart, it looks ugly and
confusing.
Select the data you want to make a chart for, go to insert tab, select the chart of your choice.
The practice chart is in the assignment 3 sheet.

Count and CountIF

Count is used to count NUMBERS.
CountIf is used to count values that are not numbers. =countif(range, criteria/what you want to
count.

Splitting data from the same cell

Select the cell range you want to split, go to data tab and select text to columns, from there select
the separation of the cell based on commas, tab, space, etc.

Data cleaning
 See if there are any blank rows, remove them. In very big data sets, doing this manually
is very time consuming. We will apply filter, and only select the blanks and then remove
them. Make sure to first select the whole data set, then apply filters. Otherwise, the
blanks option won’t show.
 If there are any blank cells, leave them as it is or fill them in with respect to the data type
the column has.
 See whether the datatypes are correct. Change the data type from the home tab, number
group and change the datatype from there.
 #### comes when the value is too big and can’t fit the so we have to increase the column
width
 Remove the decimal places where they aren’t needed. Select the column, open the drop-
down menu and go to formal cells, select the data type number and change the decimal
places to zero
 We clean data to make visualization easier. If we separate a column, we can give more
meaningful insights based on that.
 Addresses are always one liner so we have to reduce the line breaks. We will use the
substitute formula or we can check if wrap text is on and turn that off. The wrap text
method would remove the spaces in some places too so we will use the substitute
formula. Then copy and paste special as values in the original column.
=substitute(text, char(10),” “)
This formula says to take the old text, remove the extra line spaces (the code for that is
ALWAYS char(10)) and then the new text should have some space in between.
 Sorting is NOT a data cleaning step.
 Delimiter is the thing with which text is being separated. Text qualifier explains when a
text itself is a delimiter? Text qualifier is very rarely used.
  To split the text into many columns, first add some extra column, select the column you
want to split, go to data tab, data tools group and select text to columns. From there you
can split the text into simple columns
 In the blanks of the column where the data is text, we will rewrite it as NA. Select the
column, press Ctrl+G and go to special, go to blanks, it will select the blanks in the
column, write NA in one and then press Ctrl+Enter and then it will fill the rest of the
blanks in the column with NA.
 For blanks in a numeric column, NEVER write NA or 0. Instead, we will find the mean
of all the numeric values and fill that in the blanks. We don’t change the values to the
mean ones when the values are dependent on some other formula (i.e: Price and quantity
on amount). If it was a standalone value like age, then we do the mean thing.
 To avoid #Value error, we will write =IFERROR(cell, Output value if it is an error which
is usually “”). “” means nothing and just a blank cell.
 Amount is never in whole numbers. It should be in decimal.

Pivot Table
Three steps in data analysis:
1. Data cleaning
2. Data visualization
3. Data analysis

Pivot tables are used to summarize the data.

To insert a pivot table, go to insert, select pivot table, from table range and select okay and select
pivot table to be displayed in a new sheet.
The pivot table has been inserted but there’s no data in there. We will have to select what data
we want to summarize from the side column in the right that shows up when you press anywhere
in the pivot table. All the column names are in a filter in the right side after you click the pivot
table anywhere. Select the column you want to as rows (usually textual data) and then any
numerical column for values. Then we insert a regular chart. You can rename the row and then
To count the data, we can right click the values column, select value field settings and select
count. Now, it will give the number of those items. When we have two or more rows selected,
we can also minimize the categories (This also makes them vanish from the chart btw).
The top row is always the main thing. The one underneath it is the subcategory. Or, you can add
any reasonable one in the columns.
To see something in %, select one of the numerical cell in the pivot table, open the drop down
menu, go to Show value as and then select % of grand total.
To add a slicer, rightclick on the category you want to use as a slicer, and select add as slicer
(This can only be done in the menu from where you select the columns. You could also go to
insert and select slicer from there.

PowerBi
Data Cleaning
The first step is to load the data and press on transform data.
The data cleaning steps we do in excel are the same ones we do in powerBi through Power
Query.
Note: For visualization, it is preferred to merge the name columns into one (first and last name
into one column “name”)
Removing data is a very critical decision and is done in reasonable circumstances. Unless you
don’t have a good reason to remove data, it will not be justified.
You can check and change the data types of the data in the transform group in the home tab from
the transform data thing.

Removing blanks
In the data column, there are some null values. We want to remove those rows (keep in mind that
removing data is a very crucial decision). We will justify it by the fact that this data is about
students who are taking admissions. However, there are also students who apply but don’t select
the university. Those registration dates that are empty also have the course empty so that means
they applied but never selected this university.
Note: The changes we make in the data in powerBi DOES NOT change the original excel data
To do this, just filter out the null values in the column. All you’ll have to do is uncheck the null
values from the columns

Removing duplicates
To remove duplicates, select any column, right click and select remove duplicates. This will
remove all the duplicate ROWS.

Adding a unique ID column

Since we are at beginner level, we won’t do custom column since it takes a lot more steps.
Instead, we will go to the add column tab and select column from examples from the general
group.
Write a few values of your choice (we are writing the first name and the initial letter of the last
name). We will manually type 5 or 6 of them and then select the autofill option. If we do it after
the third value, there will be incorrect values.
Next, we will select the column, right click and select move to  beginning
Splitting columns
The split column option can be located in the transform tab, text column group and the split
column option

Applying Conditions
Select the column you want to apply the condition on, go to add columns tab and select add
conditional column.
A window will pop up, there you will select the column you want to apply the condition once
again and write the condition by filling it in the right box. It will make a new column and apply
the condition there.
The add clause box adds another condition box in the form of else if.

Once you are done with data cleaning, go to the home tab, select close and apply. This will close
the transform data page and load the changed data in the data visualization page

PowerBi Dashboarding
What chart to use when

Dashboarding starts from the bottom right and we stack our way up
Note: We can apply only one top 3 filter in the same graph. We cannot use it multiple times
The heading of the dashboard is always applied at the top left
Cards are always added on top

HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)

About
HTML is used to create web pages and web applications. It describes the structure of a web
page. “Hyper Text” means text within text. It means that the text is within a certain tag (the
things written inside <>).
“Elements” show the browser how to display the content. Elements label pieces of content such
as “This is a heading”, “this is a paragraph”, etc. through tags. They are written inside “< >”
symbols. It has a start tag, end tag and some content in between. Some elements such as <br>
have no end tag or content in between. Those are called “Empty elements”.
Some tags have opening and closing tags, the others only have one. For example, the heading tag
has an opening and closing tag, <h1> and </h1>. On the other hand, the new line tag does not
have a closing tag, <br>.
CSS and HTML are different. CSS is usually used for designing that one cannot do in HTML
itself.

Tags
 <!DOCTYPE html> : Declaration. This defines that the document is an html one.
 <html> </html> : Shows the beginning and end of an html.
 <title> </title> : Shows the title of the webpage that one sees in the tab area. It is written
inside the head.
 <head> </head> : Contains information about the html page (title)
 <body> </body> : The body of an html page and is a container of all the visible text,
headings, images, hyperlinks, etc.
 <h1> </h1> : Large heading (similar as the heading 1 in word)
 <h2> </h2> : Is a subheading. It will be smaller in size
 <p> </p> : Paragraph

Structure
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title> Title name </title>
</head>
<body>
***body code****
</body>
</html>

Running code in Notepad ++

After writing the code, go to save as, rename the document and write .html at the end.

Formatting
 <b> </b> and <strong> </strong>: Bold a text
 <i> </i> and <em> </em>: Italic
 <u> </u> and <ins> </ins>: Underline
  <mark> </mark> : Highlight text
 <del> </del> : Strike through text
 <br> : Line break
 <hr> : Horizontal Line
 <q> </q> : Adds the sentence in between in quotation marks “ “

Alignment
 <center> </center>
 <left> </left>
 <right> </right>

Size
 <small> </small>
  : subscript text x2
  : superscript text x2

Paragraphs
Paragraphs are denoted by <p> and </p>. There are no additional numbers added next to it like
in the headings. To go to a new paragraph, we use <p> </p> again. But for going to a new line in
the same paragraph, we use <br> (line break).

Adding hyperlinks
Links are defined with the <a> </a> tag. Example:
<a href=”https://thisisnotawebsitedotcom.com/”>Bill made me add this</a>
Href is an attribute. It is used to define the address of the file that is to be linked. Href will open
the website in the same tab.
Target is also an attribute in which we can specify the location for a link to open.

Adding an image
To add an image, first find an image of your choice and save it.
<img src=”Sample image.jpeg” alt=”Too bad. So sad” width=”300” height=”200”>
Scr is the source location of the image
Alt is used to give a text in place of the image if it doesn’t load

Lists
There are three types: Ordered, Unordered, Descriptive list.
 Ordered Lists: <ol> </ol> These are numbered lists
 Unordered lists: <ul> </ul> These are usual bullet lists
 Descriptive lists: <dl> </dl> We can write a description about each bullet point
<li> </li> shows the list items
In descriptive lists, <dt> </dt> is for the main heading. <dd> </dd> is the descriptive data.

Colors
One can set the background colors and text colors through html.
By going into the heading tag, we can use style attribute to change the color
<h1 style="background-color:DodgerBlue;">

Tables
Tables always start between the <table> and </table> tags. A table in html is defined row by row.
The following are the main tags used in tables:
 <tr> Table row </tr>
 <th> Table header </th> Basically all the header values of a row
 <td> Table data </td> All the table data
 <caption> Table caption </caption>
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5
Row 1 column 1 Row 1 column 2 Row 1 column 3 Row 1 column 4 Row 1 column 5
Row 2 column 1 Row 2 column 2 Row 2 column 3 Row 2 column 4 Row 2 column 5

From this code, the table will look like this.

<table>
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
<th>Column 4</th>
<th>Column 5</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 1 column 1</td>
<td>Row 1 column 2</td>
<td>Row 1 column 3</td>
<td>Row 1 column 4</td>
<td>Row 1 column 5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2 column 1</td>
<td>Row 2 column 2</td>
<td>Row 2 column 3</td>
<td>Row 2 column 4</td>
<td>Row 2 column 5</td>
</tr>
</table>

Scratch

Scratch uses “blocks” rather than a programming language. Scratch is an editor or a console.

Concepts Required For Scratch

Program
A set of instructions that tells a computer what to do and how to do it.

Programming Language
The language in which the program is being written in. It is a medium between the user and the
computer.

Efficient Programming
There are multiple ways to do one thing. The same goes for writing programs. The code that has
the least amount of lines and gets the job done is the most efficient. This concept is known as
“Efficient Programming”.
Scratch IDE Layout

Sprite Cat

Features:
Blocks Program is made here (aka “canvas”)  X-axis
 Y-axis,
 Cat’s
direction
 Cat’s
size

The x and y axis lines mentioned in the features are invisible

How to use
Simply drag the command blocks required into the canvas and click it. It will show what the
command will do by performing it on the cat.

Command Blocks Used in Class

 Pen down  Puts down or draws a line wherever Sprite moves
 Erase all  Erases everything drawn by Sprite
 Pen up  Stops making lines wherever Sprite moves
 Point in direction  Changes where the direction of sprite
 Go to x: y:  Moves sprite to a different coordinate (give value of x and y)
 When space key pressed  Does whatever the user commands when they press space
(they can change the key from space to any other of their choice)
 Repeat  Loop command

Variable
A place where a value is stored. This value can be changed according to the user’s needs.

Making Shapes in Scratch through Interior Angles

360
Formula of interior angles ¿
Total sides of shape
Making a square, circle, pentagram and triangle with interior angles
 Square
360
=90
4
Since there are 4 sides, this will be looped 4 times. First, the pen down command will be
used, then the repeat command (write 4), we’ll let it move 10 steps and turn 90 degrees 4
times. This will create the square. The method for triangle and pentagram is the similar.
The only difference will be the value of the interior angle and how many times the loop
will need to run (judged by the number of sides)
Command structure
o Pen down
o Repeat 4
 Move 10 steps
 Turn 90 degrees
 Circle
Since the circle has no sides, we will take the interior angle as 1 (since 360/360=1).
We will use the same command structure as the square. The number of times this loop
will be run will be 360 times.
Command structure
o Pen down
o Repeat 360
 Move 1 steps
 Turn 1 degrees

Making equations
In the variable/equations/whatever blocks tab, select make a variable and create a variable of
your own choice. Drag and drop the variable to the box and set the variable number.
When you uncheck a variable, it is not displayed on the output canvas where sprite is.
An equation in scratch is made from the outer end, all the way to the inner part
For example:

( ( 5 )))
(
5− 6 ×
6

For this equation, we will start from the outer most part (5-) and build our way till 6/5.