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 JAVA
sixth

six ition
'The best book for my first year edition

ed
programming students.'

th
Gary Hill, The University of Northampton

JAVA
s
'It is really hard to fault it or find a better book.'

t
Ken Chisholm, Edinburgh Napier University

e n
'An excellent rewarding introduction to

d
Java programming.’
FOR

t u
Dr Simon Jones, University of Stirling

S
If you are new to computer programming then this book is for you! Starting from
scratch, it assumes no prior knowledge of programming and is written in a simple,
direct style for maximum clarity.

FOR
This sixth edition of Java for Students has been fully updated to include the new
features of Java 6.0. The authors’ GUI-based approach helps students to build their
programming skills by producing exciting and dynamic graphical output.

Students
Key features
 A focus on applications and GUI development with Swing.
 Graphics are used from the start to promote interest and enjoyment and
to illustrate programming principles.
 UML 2.0 is used for modelling and design.
 A wealth of exercises and self-test questions with solutions.

Check out the companion website for the book at www.pearsoned.co.uk/bell

to find additional resources for both students and instructors.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Douglas Bell and Mike Parr have many years experience teaching programming
in the UK. They have written a number of programming books, including the
bestselling Java for Students, Visual Basic for Students and C# for Students. They
continue to teach and learn about programming with enthusiasm.
BELL
Cover illustration by Gary Thompson

&
PARR

www.pearson-books.com
DOUGLAS BELL & MIKE PARR
CVR_BELL1221_06_SE_CVRindd 1 4/2/10 14:11:38
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page i

Java for
Students

Visit the Java for Students, sixth edition Companion Website

at www.pearsoned.co.uk/bell to find valuable student
learning material including:
n How to download Java 6.0
n Programs from the book
n An extra chapter on Java network programming
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page ii

We work with leading authors to develop the

strongest educational materials in computing,
bringing cutting-edge thinking and best
learning practice to a global market.

Under a range of well-known imprints, including

Prentice Hall, we craft high quality print and
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understand and apply their content, whether
studying or at work.

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publishing, please visit us on the World Wide Web at:
www.pearsoned.co.uk
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page iii

Java
for Students
DOUGLAS BELL
MIKE PARR

Sixth edition
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page iv

Pearson Education Limited

Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England
and Associated Companies throughout the world

Visit us on the World Wide Web at:

www.pearsoned.co.uk

Sixth edition published 2010

© Prentice Hall Europe 1998

© Pearson Education Limited 2001, 2010

The rights of Douglas Bell and Mike Parr to be identified

as authors of this work have been asserted by them in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission
of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street,
London EC1N 8TS.

All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any
trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership
rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with
or endorsement of this book by such owners.

ISBN: 978-0-273-73122-1

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bell, Doug, 1944–
Java for students / Douglas Bell, Mike Parr. – 6th ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-273-73122-1 (pbk.)
1. Java (Computer program language) I. Parr, Mike, 1949– II. Title.
QA76.73.J38B45 2010
005.13′3–dc22
2009051149

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
14 13 12 11 10

Typeset in 9.75/12pt Galliard by 35

Printed in Great Britain by Henry Ling Ltd., at the Dorset Press, Dorchester, Dorset

The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests.

A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page v

Contents

Detailed contents vii

Introduction xix
Guided tour xxiv

1 The background to Java 1

2 First programs 8
3 Using graphics methods 22
4 Variables and calculations 35
5 Methods and parameters 60
6 Using objects 88
7 Selection 115
8 Repetition 152
9 Writing classes 171
10 Inheritance 194
11 Calculations 210
12 Array lists 228
13 Arrays 242
14 Arrays – two dimensional 265
15 String manipulation 278
16 Exceptions 301
17 Files and console applications 318
18 Object-oriented design 348
19 Program style 369

v
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page vi

vi Contents

20 Testing 383
21 Debugging 397
22 Threads 406
23 Interfaces 416
24 Programming in the large – packages 426
25 Polymorphism 432
26 Java in context 441

Appendices 454

Index 522
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page vii

Detailed contents

Introduction xix
Guided tour xxiv

1 The background to Java 1

The history of Java 1
The main features of Java 2
What is a program? 3
Programming principles 5
Programming pitfalls 5
Summary 6
Exercises 6
Answers to self-test questions 7

2 First programs 8
Introduction 8
Integrated development environments 9
Files and folders 9
Creating a Java program 10
The libraries 13
Demystifying the program 14
Objects, methods: an introduction 15
Classes: an analogy 16
Using a text field 17
Programming principles 19
Programming pitfalls 19
Grammar spot 20

vii
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page viii

viii Detailed contents

New language elements 20

Summary 20
Exercises 21
Answers to self-test questions 21

3 Using graphics methods 22

Introduction 22
Events 22
The button-click event 24
The graphics coordinate system 25
Explanation of the program 25
Methods for drawing 27
Drawing with colours 28
Creating a new program 28
The sequence concept 29
Adding meaning with comments 31
Programming principles 31
Programming pitfalls 32
Grammar spot 32
New language elements 32
Summary 32
Exercises 32
Answers to self-test questions 33

4 Variables and calculations 35

Introduction 35
The nature of int 36
The nature of double 36
Declaring variables 37
The assignment statement 41
Calculations and operators 41
The arithmetic operators 42
The % operator 45
Joining strings with the + operator 46
Converting between strings and numbers 47
Message dialogs and input dialogs 49
Formatting text in dialogs with \n 51
Converting between numbers 52
Constants: using final 53
The role of expressions 54
Programming principles 55
Programming pitfalls 55
Grammar spot 56
New language elements 56
Summary 57
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page ix

Detailed contents ix

Exercises 57
Answers to self-test questions 59

5 Methods and parameters 60

Introduction 60
Writing your own methods 61
A first method 62
Calling a method 64
Passing parameters 64
Formal and actual parameters 66
A triangle method 67
Local variables 70
Name clashes 71
Event-handling methods and main 72
return and results 73
Building on methods: drawHouse 76
Building on methods: areaHouse 78
this and objects 79
Overloading 80
Programming principles 81
Programming pitfalls 82
Grammar spot 82
New language elements 83
Summary 83
Exercises 83
Answers to self-test questions 86

6 Using objects 88
Introduction 88
Instance variables 89
Instantiation: using constructors with new 92
The Random class 92
The main method and new 97
The Swing toolkit 98
Events 98
Creating a JButton 99
Guidelines for using objects 101
The JLabel class 101
The JTextField class 103
The JPanel class 104
The Timer class 104
The JSlider class 106
The ImageIcon class – moving an image 109
Programming principles 111
Programming pitfalls 112
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page x

x Detailed contents

Grammar spot 112

New language elements 112
Summary 112
Exercises 112
Answers to self-test questions 114

7 Selection 115
Introduction 115
The if statement 116
if...else 118
Comparison operators 121
Multiple events 129
And, or, not 131
Nested ifs 134
switch 136
Boolean variables 139
Comparing strings 143
Programming principles 143
Programming pitfalls 143
Grammar spot 145
New language elements 146
Summary 146
Exercises 147
Answers to self-test questions 149

8 Repetition 152
Introduction 152
while 153
for 158
And, or, not 159
do...while 161
Nested loops 163
Combining control structures 164
Programming principles 165
Programming pitfalls 165
Grammar spot 166
New language elements 166
Summary 167
Exercises 167
Answers to self-test questions 169

9 Writing classes 171

Introduction 171
Designing a class 172
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page xi

Detailed contents xi

Classes and files 175

private variables 177
public methods 177
The get and set methods 179
Constructors 180
Multiple constructors 181
private methods 182
Scope rules 184
Operations on objects 185
Object destruction 186
static methods 186
static variables 187
Programming principles 188
Programming pitfalls 189
Grammar spot 190
New language elements 190
Summary 191
Exercises 191
Answers to self-test questions 193

10 Inheritance 194
Introduction 194
Using inheritance 195
protected 196
Scope rules 197
Additional items 197
Overriding 198
Class diagrams 198
Inheritance at work 199
super 200
Constructors 200
final 203
Abstract classes 204
Programming principles 205
Programming pitfalls 206
New language elements 207
Summary 207
Exercises 208
Answers to self-test questions 209

11 Calculations 210
Introduction 210
Library mathematical functions and constants 211
Formatting numbers 211
Case study – money 214
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page xii

xii Detailed contents

Case study – iteration 217

Graphs 218
Exceptions 222
Programming principles 223
Programming pitfalls 223
Summary 223
Exercises 224
Answer to self-test question 227

12 Array lists 228

Introduction 228
Creating an array list and generics 229
Adding items to a list 229
The length of a list 230
Indices 231
Displaying an array list 231
The enhanced for statement 232
Using index values 233
Removing items from an array list 234
Inserting items within an array list 235
Lookup 235
Arithmetic on an array list 236
Searching 238
Programming principles 239
Programming pitfalls 240
New language elements 240
Summary 240
Exercises 241
Answers to self-test questions 241

13 Arrays 242
Introduction 242
Creating an array 244
Indices 245
The length of an array 247
Passing arrays as parameters 247
The enhanced for statement 248
Using constants with arrays 249
Initializing an array 250
A sample program 251
Lookup 253
Searching 254
Arrays of objects 256
Programming principles 257
Programming pitfalls 258
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page xiii

Detailed contents xiii

Grammar spot 259

Summary 259
Exercises 260
Answers to self-test questions 263

14 Arrays – two dimensional 265

Introduction 265
Declaring an array 266
Indices 267
The size of an array 268
Passing arrays as parameters 269
Using constants with two-dimensional arrays 269
Initializing an array 270
A sample program 271
Programming principles 272
Programming pitfalls 273
Summary 273
Exercises 274
Answers to self-test questions 277

15 String manipulation 278

Introduction 278
Using strings – a recap 279
The characters within strings 280
A note on the char type 280
The String class 281
The String class methods 281
Comparing strings 283
Amending strings 285
Examining strings 286
String conversions 289
String parameters 291
An example of string processing 291
String case study – Frasier 292
Programming principles 296
Programming pitfalls 297
Grammar spot 297
New language elements 297
Summary 298
Exercises 298
Answer to self-test question 300

16 Exceptions 301
Introduction 301
Exceptions and objects 303
A01_BELL1221_06_SE_FM.QXD 2/11/10 2:22 PM Page xiv

xiv Detailed contents

When to use exceptions 304

The jargon of exceptions 304
A try–catch example 304
try and scopes 307
The search for a catcher 308
Throwing – an introduction 309
Exception classes 310
Compilation and checked exceptions 310
Catching – the common cases 312
Using the exception class structure 314
Programming principles 314
Programming pitfalls 315
Grammar spot 315
New language elements 315
Summary 316
Exercises 316
Answers to self-test questions 317

17 Files and console applications 318

Introduction 318
File access: stream or random? 319
The essentials of streams 319
The Java I/O classes 320
The BufferedReader and PrintWriter classes 320
File output 321
File input 324
File searching 327
The File class 331
The JFileChooser class 333
Console I/O 336
The System class 336
Using JOptionPane 338
A console example: Finder 338
Reading from a remote site 340
Command-line arguments 342
Programming principles 344
Programming pitfalls 344
Grammar spot 344
New language elements 344
Summary 345
Exercises 346
Answers to self-test questions 347

18 Object-oriented design 348

Introduction 348
The design problem 349
Other documents randomly have
different content
sleep with medicine, and when you were in dreamland they took
that extra hump off your shoulder.”
“I’m glad they did,” said Shaggo. “I feel ever so much better
without it. I begin to feel more like myself—more like when I was
the strongest buffalo on the range in the National Park.”
“I’m pleased to hear that,” said Dido. “Maybe, now, they will teach
you to do tricks.”
“Maybe,” agreed Shaggo.
The doctor with the big beard and the shiny glasses came with the
zoo keepers to look at Shaggo in his cage.
“Ah, my operation was a success,” said the big doctor. “Now that
buffalo will be as good as new.”
And as the days went on and Shaggo became stronger and
stronger and his shoulder healed he did, indeed, become “as good
as new.”
Once more his eyes shone brightly and he held his head up. He no
longer limped about the cage, but walked as well as any of the lions,
tigers or bears in the zoo.
Each day a keeper came to feed Shaggo, and, after a while, the
man put his hand in through the bars and rubbed Shaggo’s head.
And Shaggo felt so grateful to the men for curing his sore shoulder
that the big buffalo did not try to bite or kick or butt with his horns.
He licked the man’s hand with his tongue.
“Well, I guess you are getting tame, Shaggo,” said the keeper. “It
was a good thing we bought you from the circus, and it was a good
thing the doctor made you well. In a little while I will let you out in
the yard to run around. It is not good for a big animal like you to be
shut in a cage all the while.”
And you can imagine how glad Shaggo was when, one day, his
cage was opened and he was allowed to come out. Of course he
was not permitted to roam wherever he pleased, but there was a big
yard in the zoo where he could walk about and even run. And when
he ran and found that his shoulder did not hurt him, Shaggo felt like
bellowing at the top of his voice, he was so glad.
“Now I am myself again!” cried Shaggo.
And Shaggo did enjoy himself in the big yard of the zoological
park. Some camels and zebus, as well as other animals of the kind
that eat grass and hay, were also allowed to roam in this yard, and
many people came to watch them. Shaggo was much admired,
especially his big head and the mighty hump on his back—this was
the real hump that belonged there. The other hump—the sore one—
had been taken off and Shaggo limped no more.
One day some deer were put in the yard with Shaggo and the
camels. The deer had horns, and when Shaggo saw them he
thought of the time he had driven the herd of antelopes away from
the water hole.
 Shaggo hit the fence with all his might.

“But we will not quarrel about who is to drink first here,” said one
of the deer. “There is water in the tank, enough for all of us.”
“No,” said Shaggo, “here we are a happy family, and we will not
quarrel.”
In time Shaggo grew to be very good friends with all the other
animals of the zoo, but, best of all, he liked the deer, for they had
come from the far West, the land of the prairies where he used to
live, and they could talk to him about that country.
One day White Tail, the largest of the deer in the zoo, was eating
grass near a wooden fence, and, in some manner, White Tail’s horns
became caught in a crack of the boards. At first the deer thought he
could pull himself loose, but the more he pulled and twisted the
tighter his horn seemed to be caught.
“Help! Help!” finally White Tail called to his animal friends. “I am
caught in the fence and can not get loose!”
Some of the other deer tried to pry him loose with their horns, but
they could not.
“Oh, if only Bundo, the big elephant were here, he could get me
loose!” cried White Tail. “With his strong head he could break the
board that is holding me fast.”
But Bundo was in another part of the zoo then, and no keepers
were near, or one of them would have helped the deer. Then Shaggo
saw what the matter was.
“Ho there!” cried the mighty buffalo. “Stand aside, everybody, and
I’ll get White Tail loose!”
“How can you?” asked Dido, the dancing bear.
“With my big, hard head I can ram that fence and break the board
as easily as anything,” the mighty buffalo answered. “I am not afraid
of hurting my shoulder now. Stand still, White Tail, and I’ll get you
loose.”
 White Tail, the deer, stood still, his head held down where his horn
was caught in a crack in the fence. Shaggo backed off a little way,
and then, with his head lowered, he ran across the yard. Taking care
not to bump into White Tail, Shaggo hit the fence with all his might.
There was a crash, a splintering of wood, and the deer was set
free. He shook his head, and said:
“Thank you, Shaggo! You are, indeed, a mighty buffalo.”
“Oh, that was nothing,” said Shaggo. “I could have broken a much
thicker board than that, now my shoulder is well.”
The keepers came running up at the sound of the crash, and
when they saw what Shaggo had done to help the deer they were
very glad. The fence was mended, and fixed so no more animals
would be caught in it.
“It is a good thing to have a big head,” said Dido to Shaggo, when
they went to sleep in their cages that night.
And so, for many years Shaggo, the mighty buffalo, lived in the
zoo, and hundreds of boys and girls came to look at him and admire
him. Sometimes he wished he might go back to the prairies, and see
his old friends, and watch Rumpo and Bumpo knock each other in
somersaults.
“But it is very nice, here in the zoo,” said Shaggo. “And, who
knows? perhaps some day I may join the circus again and travel out
West. Then I would have some wonderful adventures to tell the rest
of the buffaloes.”
But the last I heard of him, Shaggo was still in the zoological park,
and I hope he lives there and is happy for many long years.

THE END
 Transcriber’s Notes:
Punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently corrected.
Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHAGGO, THE
MIGHTY BUFFALO: HIS MANY ADVENTURES ***

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