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DSR: Unit – V: Vectors, Matrix, Factors, Data Frames, List

 Vectors: Creating vector, Naming vector, Vector arithmetic's, Vector sub setting
 Matrix: Creating matrix, Naming matrix, Matrix sub setting, Array, Class
 Array: Creating array, Naming array, Accessing Array, Array sub setting,
 Data Frame: Introduction, Creating, Sub setting, Sorting, Extending data frame
 List: Introduction, Creating list, Naming list, Accessing list, Manipulate list,
Merging list, List into vector
 Factors: Introduction, Factor level, ordered factor, Summarizing factor

 Data Structure is way of organizing data in computer memory.

 R supports various data structures efficiently organize and process data:
 Vectors: One dimensional: Data organizes one dimension row or column
 Atomic Vector: Homogeneous: Set of similar data type
 Lists: Heterogeneous: Set of different data type
 Matrices: Two dimensional: Data organizes rows and columns like matrix
 Two dimensional homogeneous data structures
 Data Frames: Two dimensional: Data organized two dimensions like table
 Two dimensional heterogeneous data structures
 Arrays: Multi-dimensional: Data organizes more than two dimensions like data cube
 Factors: is a data structure used describe fields which take only predefined finite number of values

 Vector is a set/collection elements

• Vector creation in R by using c () function
o Syntax1 : Vname <- c( V1, V2, …, Vn)
 c() concatenation R in-built function
 Vname is a vector name
 Example : V1 <- c(3, 8, -5, 23)
o Syntax2: Vname <- 1:5

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 Example : V2 <- 1:5

• List(heterogeneous): Collection of different data type elements
 Example : L <- c(101, “Vani”, “F” , 20.5)

 Vectors Naming: R support in-built function names() naming vector element/values names after
creation:
• Syntax: names(Vname) <- c( V1, V2, …, Vn)
 names() R in-built function
 Vname is a vector name
 Example : names(Vname) <- c(“No1”, “No2”, “No3” )
• Example :
 V1 <- c(5, 8, 7)
 names(V1) <- c(“No1”, “No2”, “No3”, )

 R : Vectors Arithmetic's:
 R support perform various arithmetic operation (+, -, *, /) on vectors :
 Example :
o V1 <- c(5, 7, 8, 0)
o V2 <- c(9, 3, 0, 5)
 V1 + V2
 V1 - V2
 V1 * V2
 V1 / V2

 Vector: Sub setting /Indexing: R support various method to sub setting given vector
• Index : vector can be sub setting by using index and subset operator [ ]of the vector
 V <- c(10, 20, 30, 40, 50)
 V1 <- V[1:3]  V1 = { 10, 20, 30}
 V2 <- V[3:5]  V2 = { 30, 40, 50}
• Positive integer : vector can be subset using positive integer to add/select subset
o Syntax: Sname <- Vname[c( I1, I2, I3) ]
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 Sname is a subset name

 Vname is a source vector name
 I1, I2, I3 source vector indexes/ indices to add in subset
o Example :
 V <- 1:10
 V1 <- V[c(1, 2, 3)]  1 2 3
 Negative integer : vector can be subset using negative integer by removing
o Syntax: Sname <- Vname[-c( I1, I2, I3) ]
 Sname is a subset name
 Vname is a source vector name
 I1, I2, I3 source vector indexes/ indices to remove in subset
o Example :
 V <- 1:10  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
 V1 <- V[-c(1, 2, 3, 10)]  4 5 6 7 8 9
 Logical sub setting : vector can be subset by using logic / relational
o Syntax: Sname <- Vname[Vname Logic ]
 Sname is a subset name
 Vname is a source vector name
 Logic is a relational expression
o Example :
 V <- c(12, 5, 34, 78, 23, 8)
 V1 <- V[V>20]

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 List is a one dimensional and heterogeneous data structure

• List is generic vector store various kinds of data (integers, numbers, strings, boolean).
• R - List is container that can be Vectors, Arrays, Data frames, Lists
 R – List Creation: List can be created by two inbuilt functions list( ) and as.list()

• List creation list( )

o Syntax: list(data)
 data : individual values, vector, list
o Example: list(101, "Radha", 19.4, c(67, 78, 59))
• List creation as.list()
o Syntax: as.list(data)
 data : vector of heterogeneous data
o Example: as.list(c(101, "Radha", 19.4, c(67, 78, 59)))

 Naming List and List components: R - support naming list (named list) and list components to access
by using list name and individual components(objects) of the list:

• Naming List (Named list):

o Syntax: Lname <- list(data)
 Lname: Name of the list
 data : individual values, vector, list
o Example: Emp <- list(101, "Vani", "Software", 35000.00)
• Naming List components:
o Syntax: Lname <- list(C1name = data1, C2name = data2, …,)

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 Lname : Name of the list

 C1name, C2name, …, : Names of list components
o Example: Emp <- list( Eno =101, Ename = "Vani", Esal = 35000.00)

 Accessing: List components/elements : In R the list components can be accessed by two ways :
1. Index: List components can be accessed by index inside [ ]:
• List create components index in sequence[1, 2, …] : First component index 1, the second
item has index 2, and so on …
o Syntax: Lname[Index]
 Lname : List name
 [Index]: Component Index
o Example: Emp <- list(101, "Vani", "Software", 35000.00)
 To access fist component : Emp[1]  101
 To access second component : Emp[2]  "Vani"
2.Names: R List components can be accessed by referring to its component name inside single [ ] and
double brackets [[ ]].

• Syntax: Lname["Cname"] or Lname[["Cname"]]

 Lname : List names
 Cname: Component name within double " "
• Example: Emp <- list(Eno = 101, Ename = "Vani", Esal = 35000.00)
 To access fist component : Emp["Eno"]  101
 To access second component : Emp[["Ename“]]  "Vani"
 To access fourth element : Emp["Esal"]  35000.00

 List Manipulate: R - List can also be manipulated by using list component index or component name
and replacing them require data/values.

• Syntax: Lname[Index] = data/value or Lname["Cname"] = data/value

 Lname : List nameis a list name
 Index : Component name
 Cname: Component name within double " "

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• Example: Emp <- list(Eno = 101, Ename = "Vani", Esal = 35000.00)

 To manipulate fist component by index : Emp[1] = 201
 To manipulate f third component by name : Emp["Esal "] = 45000.00
 List Merging: R - Lists (two or more) can be merged using the concatenation function c().

• Syntax: Cname <- c(List1, List2 )

 Cname : Concatenated list name
 List1 , List 2 : List names to be merge or concatenate
• Example:
 Emp1 <- list(Eno = 101, Ename = "Vani", Esal = 35000.00)
 Emp2 <- list(Eno = 102, Ename = "Ravi", Esal = 25000.00)
 Emp12 <- c(Emp1, Emp2)

 Converging List into Vector: R support library function unlist() to convert list into vector

• Syntax : unlist(Lname)
 Lname : List name to convert into vector
 Example:
 Emp<- list(Eno = 101, Ename = "Vani", Esal = 35000.00)
 unlist(Emp)

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 Matrix is a two-dimensional homogeneous data structures arrangement of data in rows and columns.

• Creating Matrix: R support inbuilt function matrix( ) to create matrix by sequence or vector
o Syntax : matrix(values, nrow, ncol, byrow, dimnames)
 values : Elements of matrix
 nrow : no. of rows
 ncol : no. of columns
 byrow : TRUE to assign elements in row wise
 dimnames : Names of rows and columns
o Example 1 : matrix(1:9, nrow = 3, ncol = 3, byrow = TRUE)
o Example 2 : matrix( c(3, 6, 1, 5), nrow = 2, ncol = 2)
o Example 3 : V <- c(3, 6, 1, 5)
matrix( V, nrow = 2, ncol = 2)

 Matrix Creation : Vector set: R – matrix data structures can be created by set of atomic vectors:
• Create set of atomic vectors by c( )
o V1 <- c(10, 20, 30)
o V2 <- c(40, 50, 60)
o V3 <- c(70, 80, 80)
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• Creating matrix by function matrix( ) and set of vectors c( )

o matrix(c(V1, V2, V3), nrow = 3, byrow = TRUE)
 Naming Matrix, Rows and Columns: R support to name matrix and rows , columns:
• Naming matrix :
o Syntax : Name <- matrix(values, nrow, ncol, byrow, dimnames)
 Name : Name of the matrix
o Example: mat <- matrix(1:4, nrow=2, ncol=2, byrow= TRUE)
 mat : Name of the matrix
• Naming rows and columns: R support functions rownames() and colnames() to name matrix
rows and columns:
o Syntax : rownames(Name) <- c(“R1”, “R2”, …, “Rn”)
 Name : Name of the matrix
 R1, R2, …, Rn : Names of rows
o Syntax : colnames(Name) <- c(“C1”, “C2”, …, “Cn”)
 Name : Name of the matrix
 C1, C2, …, Cn : Names of columns
 Matrix elements: Accessing / Navigating: R – support accessing matrix elements by using row and
column index within [ ]:
• Syntax : mat[Rowid, Colid]
 Mat: Name of matrix
 Rowid : Row index
 Colid : Column index
 Row and column index are integers start form 1 in sequence: 1,2, …
• Example: mat<- matrix(c(3 6, 0, 5, -8, 1, 23, 9, 4), nrow = 3, byrow = TRUE)
• mat
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 3 6 0
[2,] 5 -8 1
[3,] 23 9 4

• mat[2, 2]  -8

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 Matrix Sub setting : R support matrix sub setting by using row and column index within [Rid,
Cid ]:
• mat[2, 2]  -8
• mat[3, ]  23 9 4
• mat[, 1]  3 5 23
• mat [mat < 5] 3 0 -8 1 4

 R class() is inbuilt function that find type of the data structures or object, class() also used to create
various components
 Syntax : class(object_name)
 mat<- matrix(c(3, 6, 0, 5, -8, 1, 23, 9, 4), nrow = 3, byrow = TRUE)
 class(mat)  "matrix" "array"

 R Array is a multi-dimensional data structures or data object:

• Array store data more than 2 dimensions
• Array is homogeneous, store similar kind of data
• Array example : Data cube
 R - Array creating:
• R support array( ) function to create 1-Dim array or Multi-Dim array:
o Syntax 1-Dim : array(data)
 data : Elements of array
o Example 1 - Dim : array(1:27)
o Syntax Multi-Dim: array(data, dim = c(nrow, ncol, nmat))
 nrow: No. of rows dimension

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 ncol: No .of columns dimension

 nmat: Size of matrix
o Example : array(1:27, dim = c(3, 3, 3))
 Naming Array, Rows , Columns:
Array Naming: R – support create a named array
• Syntax : name <- array(data, dim = c(nrow, ncol, nmat))
 name : Name of the array
• Example : arr <- array(1:27, dim = c(3, 3, 3))
Naming Rows and Columns: R – support name rows and columns by including “dimnames”
parameter:
• Syntax :array(data, dim = c(nrow, ncol, nmat), dimnames=(rname, cname, mname)
 dimnames : list ( ): Names of rows, columns and matrix / dimension
• Example : create vector for row, column and matrix names
 rname <- c("R1", "R2", "R3")
 cname <- c("C1", "C2", "C3")
 mname <- c("M1", "M2", "M3")
 arr <- array(1:27, dim = c(3 ,3 ,3) ,dimnames = list(rname, cname, mname))

 Array Accessing :R support to access array elements by using row, column and matrix index inside [ ]
• Syntax : name[rid, cid, mid]
 name: Array name
 rid : Row index
 cid : Column index
 mid: Matrix index
• To access matrix 1 : arr[, , 1]
• To access 1 rows of all matrixes : arr[1, , ]
• To access 1 element of m1 : arr["R1", "C1", "M1" ]

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 R1, C1, M1 are name of row, column and matrix of array

 Array: Sub setting: R – Array: Sub setting is a extracting specific elements, rows, columns or matrix
from the Array based on various methods:
• Specific element by using row, column, matrix names within [ ]
o Example : arr["Rname", "Cname", "Mname"]
• Specific matrix of the array by using matrix index within [, , Mid ]
o Example : arr[, , Mid ]
• Specific Row of all matrix of the array by using row index within [Rid, , ]
o Example : arr[1, , ]
• Specific Column of all matrix of the array by using column index inside [, Cid, ]
o Example : arr[, 2, ]
• Specific logical condition by using relational expressions inside [ logic ]
o Example : arr[arr>15 ]

 Data Frame is a two dimensional data structure that organize like table
• Data frame is a two dimensional heterogeneous data structures
• It support various kinds of data (integer, numbers, strings, logical)
• Creation : R support data.frame() function to create data frame:
o Syntax : name <- data.frame ( C1= data1, C2 = data2, … Cn = datan)
 C1, C2 , …Cn : Names of columns

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 data1, data2, …, datan : values of column C1, C2, …Cn

o Example : Stu <- data.frame(
Sno = c(101, 102, 103),
Sname = c("Amar", "Bindu", "Ravi"),
Sgen = c("M", "F", "M")
)
 Accessing Data Frame :R support to access data frame elements by using single brackets [ ], double
brackets [[ ]] or $ to access columns from a data frame:
• Syntax : name[Cid]
o name: Data frame name
o Cid : Column index
• To access 1 columns : Stu[1]
• To access based on column name “Sname” : Stu[[“Sname”]]

 Sorting Data Frame is a process of reorder the rows based on the values in one or more columns.
• Sorting data frame can be useful for various purposes, such as organizing data for analysis or
presentation.
• R support various methods to sort data frame
o order() : Sorting function sort data increasing and decreasing order
o arrange() : Sorting function from R – dylyr package
o setorder() : Sorting function from table.package

 Factors Introduction: R - Factor is a data structure that is used to represent categorical data in level
order:

• Factor organize categorical data into multiple levels

 Categorical data has finite and fixed set of values : Gender, Grade
• Factor hold finite and fixed set of possible values in multiple levels
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• Example: Designation = {Principal, HoD, Prof, Assoc. Prof, Asst. Prof}

Principal > HoD >Professor > Assoc. Prof >Asst. Prof
1. Principal
2. HoD
3. Professor
4. Asso. Prof
5. Asst. Prof
6.
 Factor : Creation: R - support factor() to create a factor

• Syntax: factor(data, levels, ordered)

o data : Vector data
o levels: Vector with distinct values define levels in sequence
o ordered: TURE/FALSE Logical attribute define level ordered:
• Creating Factor:
o factor(c("Prof", "HoD", "Asso.Prof", "Asst.Prof"))
 data <- c("Prof", "HoD", "Asso.Prof", "Asst.Prof")
• Naming Factor:
o gender <- factor(c("M", "F", "F", "M", "F", "F"))
o print(gender)
 Level factor and Order factor: R - factor() function support levels and ordered attribute to create
levels and ordered factor
• Syntax: factor(data, levels, ordered)
o data : Vector data
o levels: Vector with distinct values define levels in sequence
o ordered: TURE/FALSE Logical attribute define level ordered:
• Creating Level Factor:
o data <- c("Prof", "HoD", "Asso.Prof", "Asst.Prof")
o level <- c("HoD", "Prof", "Asso.Prof", "Asst.Prof")
o factor(data, levels = level)
• Creating Ordered Factor: include ordered attribute by TRUE
o data <- c("Prof", "HoD", "Asso.Prof", "Asst.Prof")
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o level <- c("HoD", "Prof", "Asso.Prof", "Asst.Prof")

o factor(data, levels = level, ordered = TRUE

 Factor Summarizing: R support summary() function to generate factor data structure summary data by
categorical wise
• Syntax: summary(name)
o name : Name of the factor
• Example: Summarizing factor
o data<- c("Prof", "HoD", "Asso.Prof", "Asst.Prof", "Prof", "Asso.Prof")
o fdes <- factor(data)
o summary(fdes)
Asso.Prof Asst.Prof HoD Prof
2 1 1 2

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