After completing this lesson, you will be able to:

 Describe IPv4.
 Describe IPv4 subnets.
 Explain the difference between public and private IPv4 addressing.
 Implement automatic IPv4 address allocation.
 Describe the tools available to configure network settings in Windows 10.
 Describe the tools available to troubleshoot network connections.
 Configure an IPv4 network connection.
 Describe IPv6.
 Explain IPv6 addressing.

The Windows client network settings can be found in the Windows Setting App, under Network &
Internet.

Alternatively, you can select on the network connection icon on the right side of the taskbar, and then
select Network & Internet Settings

By default, you will see the Network Status page, which will indicate your current connection state.

You’ll also notice additional sub-menus on the left side, such as Wi-Fi, Airplane mode, Data usage, VPN,
Dial-up, Ethernet, and Proxy.

These are the various methods available for connecting to a network – and will vary depending on what
type of connections the individual device will support.

From within Ethernet or Wi-Fi, you can:

 Change adapter options.

 You can configure the network adapter settings.
 You will see a list of network adapters d
 you can configure the properties for each, including:
o Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6). Enables you to manually configure the IPv6 settings
for a given adapter.
o Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4). Enables you to manually configure the IPv4 settings
for a given adapter.
o Change advanced sharing options. You can configure network discovery, file and print
sharing, public folder sharing, media streaming options, and the encryption level to use for
file sharing connections.
o Launch the Network and Sharing Center. You can use this tool to configure most network
settings. You will learn more about it below.
o Enable and configure a homegroup. You can enable and configure homegroups, which are
collections of computers that you deploy on a home network and that share resources such
as files and printers.
o When your computer is part of a homegroup, you can share images, media files, documents,
and printer devices with others in your homegroup. Once you enable a homegroup, you can
then define which libraries you will share, such as Pictures, Documents, or Videos. You can
enable a homegroup only on network interfaces that are defined as part of a private
 network location profile. To provide for basic security, you can enable a password on your
homegroup.
o Note: Although domain-joined computers cannot create homegroups, they can connect to
existing homegroups.
o Configure Internet options. You can configure the options your web browsers use.
o Configure Windows Firewall. You can launch the Windows Firewall tool and configure
Windows Firewall rules, notifications, and advanced settings.
o From within Wi-Fi, you also can:
 View available networks. You can use this setting to view available networks, but
not explicitly hidden wireless networks.
 View hardware properties. You can use this setting to view properties of your Wi-Fi
connection such as its Service Set Identifier (SSID), protocol, and security type, in
addition to the manufacturer and the physical MAC address of your Wi-Fi adapter.
 Manage known networks. You can use this setting to display the properties of the
wireless networks you have connected to and remove (or forget, as referenced in
the graphical user interface (GUI)) their settings.
 Configure Hotspot 2.0 networks. You can use this setting to use Online Sign-Up to
connect to Hotspot 2.0 networks.
Network and Sharing Center
o This tool is largely the same as it is in Windows 8.1.
o It provides a clear view of the status for any wired or wireless connection, and you can use it to
create additional network connections by using a wizard-driven interface.
o The Network and Sharing Center also provides links for accessing other network-related tools,
including:
o Change advanced sharing settings
o Internet Options
o Windows Firewall
o Network and Internet Troubleshooting Wizard

Overview of IPv4 Settings

o To configure network connectivity, you must be familiar with IPv4 addresses and how they work.
o Communication between computers can happen only if they can identify each other on the
network.
o When you assign a unique IPv4 address to each networked computer, the IPv4 address identifies the
computer to the other computers on the network.
o That IPv4 address, combined with the subnet mask, identifies the computer’s location on the
network, just as the combination of a number and a street name identify the location of a house.
o In a typical situation, communication starts with a request to connect to another host by its
computer name.
o However, to communicate, the requesting host needs to know the media access control (MAC)
address of the receiving host’s network interface.
o Conversely, the receiving host needs to know the requesting host’s MAC address.
o Once the requesting host discovers the MAC information, it caches it locally.
o A MAC address is a hard-coded, unique identifier assigned to network interfaces by the
manufacturers of network adapters.
o Before the requesting host can find the receiving host’s MAC address, a number of steps occur.
o The following is a high-level overview of these steps:
o A host sends a request to connect to Server.
o The name Server1 must be resolved to an IPv4 address.
o Once the sender knows the recipient’s IPv4 address, it uses the subnet mask to determine
whether the IPv4 address is remote or on the local subnet.
o If it is local, an Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) request is broadcast on the local subnet.
o If it is remote, an ARP request is sent to the default gateway and then routed to the correct
subnet.
o The host that owns that IPv4 address will respond with its MAC address and a request for
the sender’s MAC address.
o Once the exchange of MAC addresses completes, IPv4 communication negotiation and the
exchange of IP data packets can occur.

Components of an IPv4 address

- IPV4 uses a 32-bit address
- IPV4 divides the address into 4 octets
- In conjunction with a subnet mask, the address identifies:
o The computer’s unique identity, which is the host ID.\
o The subnet on which the computer resides, which is the network ID.
o This enables a networked computer to communicate with other networked computers
in a routed environment.

IPv4 address classes

- The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) organizes IPv4 addresses into classes, and the
number of hosts in a network determines the required class of addresses.
- Class A through Class E are the names that IANA has specified for IPv4 address classes.
- Classes A, B, and C are IP addresses that you can assign to host computers as unique IP
addresses, whereas you can
- use Class D for multicasting.
- Additionally, IANA reserves Class E for experimental use.

Defining Subnets
- A subnet is a network segment.
- Single or multiple routers separate the subnet from the rest of the network.
- When your Internet service provider (ISP) assigns a network to a Class A, B, or C address range, you
often must subdivide the range to match the network’s physical layout.
- Subdividing enables you to break a large network into smaller, logical subnets.
- When you subdivide a network into subnets, you must create a unique ID for each subnet, which
you derive from the main network ID.
- To create subnets, you must allocate some of the bits in the host ID to the network ID.
- By doing so, you can create more networks.
- A subnet defines which part of the IPv4 address is the Network ID and which part is the host id
- By using subnets, you can:
o Use a single Class A, B, or C network across multiple physical locations.
o Reduce network congestion by segmenting traffic and reducing broadcasts on each
segment.
o Overcome the limitations of current technologies, such as exceeding the maximum
number of hosts that each segment can have.
- A subnet mask specifies which part of an IPv4 address is the network ID and which is the host ID.
- A subnet mask has four octets, similar to an IPv4 address.

Simple IPv4 networks

- In simple IPv4 networks, the subnet mask defines full octets as part of the network and host
IDs.
- A 255 represents an octet that is part of the network ID, and a 0 represents an octet that is part
of the host ID. Class A, B, and C
- networks use default subnet masks.
- The following table lists the characteristics of each IP address class.

Class First octet Default subnet Number of Number of hosts

mask networks per network
A 1 to 127 255.0.0.0 126 16,777,214
B 128 to 191 255.255.0.0 16,384 65,534
C 192 to 223 255.255.255.0 2,097,152 254

Complex IPv4 networks

- In complex networks, subnet masks might not be simple combinations of 255 and 0.
- Rather, you might subdivide one octet with some bits for the network ID and some for the host ID.
- If you do not use an octet for subnetting, this is classless addressing, or Classless Interdomain
Routing (CIDR).
- You use more or less of the octet.
- This type of subnetting uses a different notation, which the following example shows:
172.16.16.1/255.255.240.0
- The following example shows the more common representation of classless IPv4 addressing:
172.16.16.1/20
- The /20 represents how many leftmost subnet bits are set to 1 in the mask.
- This notation style is called CIDR.
- This subnet mask in binary notation would look like this: 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
- The first 20 bits are set to 1 and indicate the subnet ID, and the last 12 zero placeholders represent
how many bits are used to identify the host.

Configuring connectivity to other subnets

- A default gateway is a device on a TCP/IP internetwork, usually a router, which forwards IP packets
to other subnets.
- A router connects groups of subnets to create an intranet.
- In an intranet, any given subnet might have several routers that connect it to other local and remote
subnets.
- You must configure one of the routers as the default gateway for local hosts so that the local hosts
can communicate with hosts on remote networks.
- When a host delivers an IPv4 packet, it performs an internal calculation by using the subnet mask to
determine whether the destination host is on the same network or on a remote network.
- If the destination host is on the same network, the local host delivers the packet. If the destination
host is on a different network, the host transmits the packet to a router for delivery.
- Note: The host determines the MAC address of the router for delivery, and the initiating host
addresses the router explicitly, at the media access layer.
- When a host on the network uses IPv4 to transmit a packet to a destination subnet, IPv4 consults
the internal routing table to determine the appropriate router to ensure that the packet reaches the
destination subnet.
- If the routing table does not contain any routing information about the destination subnet, IPv4
forwards the packet to the default gateway.
- The host assumes that the default gateway contains the required routing information.
- In most cases, you can use a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server to assign the
default gateway automatically to a DHCP client.
- This is more straightforward than manually assigning a default gateway on each host.

Public and Private IP Addressing

- Devices and hosts that connect directly to the Internet require a public IPv4 address.
- However, hosts and devices that do not connect directly to the Internet do not require a public IPv4
address.

Public IPv4 addresses

- Public IPv4 addresses, which IANA assigns, must be unique.
- Usually, your ISP allocates to you one or more public addresses from its address pool.
- The number of addresses that your ISP allocates to you depends upon how many devices and hosts
that you have to connect to the Internet.

Private IPv4 Addresses

- The pool of IPv4 addresses is becoming smaller, so IANA is reluctant to allocate superfluous IPv4
addresses.
- Technologies such as network address translation (NAT) enable administrators to use a relatively
small number of public IPv4 addresses, and at the same time, enable local hosts to connect to
remote hosts and services on the Internet.
- IANA defines the following address ranges as private.
- Internet-based routers do not forward packets originating from, or destined to, these ranges.

Class Mask Range

A 10.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
B 172.16.0.0/12 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
C 192.168.0.0/16 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
In today’s network environments, it is most common for organizations to have one or more public,
routable IP addresses from an ISP assigned to the external interfaces of their firewall appliances.

Additionally, they use the designated private IP subnets internally.

Implementing Automatic IPv4

Addressing It is important that you know how to assign static IPv4 addresses manually and support
devices that use DHCP to assign IPv4 addresses dynamically

Static configuration
- You can configure static IPv4 configuration manually for each of your network’s computers.
- When you perform IPv4 configuration, you must configure the:
o IPv4 address
o Subnet mask
o Default gateway
o Domain Name System (DNS) server
- Static configuration requires that you visit each computer and input the IPv4 configuration.
- This method of computer management is time-consuming if your network has more than 10 to 12
computers.
- Additionally, making a large number of manual configurations heightens the risk of mistakes.

DHCPv4
- DHCPv4 enables you to assign IPv4 configurations automatically for a large number of computers
without having to assign each one individually.
- The DHCP service receives requests for IPv4 configuration from computers that you configure to
obtain an IPv4 address automatically.
- It also assigns IPv4 information from scopes that you define for each of your network’s subnets.
- The DHCP service identifies the subnet from which the request originated, and assigns IP
configuration from the relevant scope.
- DHCP helps simplify the IP configuration process.
- However, keep in mind that if you use DHCP to assign IPv4 information and the service is business-
critical, you must:
o Include resilience in your DHCP service design so that the failure of a single server does not
prevent the service from functioning.
o Configure the scopes on the DHCP server carefully.
- If you make a mistake, it can affect the whole network, and it can prevent communication.

IPv4 alternate configuration

- If you use a laptop to connect to multiple networks, such as networks at work and at home, each
network might require a different IP configuration.
- Windows 10 supports the use of Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) and an alternate static IP
address for this scenario.
- When you configure Windows 10 devices to obtain IPv4 addresses from DHCP, use the Alternate
Configuration tab to control the behavior if a DHCP server is not available.
- By default, Windows 10 uses APIPA to assign itself an IP address automatically from the 169.254.0.0
to 169.254.255.255 address range.
- This enables you to use a DHCP server at a location with DHCP and the need for internet access and
the APIPA address range a location without DHCP but the need to communicate between computers
(such as a workgroup), without reconfiguring IP settings.
- Additionally, this is useful for troubleshooting DHCP.
- If the computer has an address from the APIPA range, it is an indication that the computer cannot
communicate with a DHCP server.

Tools for Configuring Network Settings

- In addition to the Network and Settings section in Settings, you can configure network settings by
using a number of tools in Windows 10.
- The tool you decide to use depends on your situation and goals.
- Network Setup Wizard Windows 10 provides the Network Setup Wizard, a user-friendly
interface that you can use to configure network settings.
- Windows 10 recognizes any unconfigured network devices on the computer, and then automates
the process of adding and configuring them.
- The Network Setup Wizard also recognizes any wireless networks in range of the computer, and
then guides you through the process of configuring them.
- You can save network settings to a USB flash drive for use when configuring additional computers,
which makes that process quicker.
- You also can use the Network Setup Wizard to enable sharing across your network for documents,
photos, music, and other files.

Powershell Commands

Cmdlet Purpose
Get NetIPAddress Retrieves information about the IP address configuration.
Get NetIPv4Protocol Retrieves information about the IPv4 protocol configuration (the cmdlet
Get-NetIP6Protocol returns the same information for the IPv6 protocol).
Get NetIPInterface Obtains a list of interfaces and their configurations. This does not include
IPv4 configuration of the interface.
Set NetIPAddress Sets information about the IP address configuration. Set NetIPv4Protocol
Sets information about the IPv4 protocol configuration (the cmdlet Set-
NetIP6Protocol returns the same information for the IPv6 protocol.)
Set NetIPInterface Modifies IP interface properties. Get NetRoute Obtains the list of routes in
the local routing table.
Test-Connection Runs similar connectivity tests to that used by the Ping command. For
example, test-connection lon-dc1.
Resolve-Dnsname Provides a similar function to the NSLookup tool.
Get NetConnection Profile Obtains the type of network (public, private, or domain) to which a
network adapter is connected.
Clear-DnsClientCache Clears the client’s resolver cache, similar to the IPConfig /flushdns
command.
Get-DnsClient Retrieves configuration details specific to the different network interfaces
on a specified computer.
 Get-DnsClientCache Retrieves the contents of the local DNS client cache, similar to the IPConfig
/displaydns command.
Get- Retrieves global DNS client settings, such as the suffix search list.
DnsClientGlobalSetting
Get- Retrieves one or more DNS server IP addresses associated with the
DnsClientServerAddress interfaces on the computer.
Register-DnsClient Registers all of the IP addresses on the computer onto the configured DNS
server.

Tools for Troubleshooting Network Connections

Windows 10 includes a number of tools that you can use to diagnose network problems, including:

- Event Viewer Event logs are files that record significant events on a computer, such as when a
process encounters an error.
- IP conflicts are reflected in the system log and might prevent services from starting.
- When these events occur, Windows records the event in an appropriate event log.
- You can use Event Viewer to read the log.
- When you troubleshoot errors on Windows 10, you can view the events in the event logs to
determine the cause of the problem.
- You can use Event Viewer to access the Application, Security, Setup, and System logs under the
Windows Logs node.
- When you select a log and then select an event, a preview pane under the event list contains details
of the specified event.
- To help diagnose network problems, look for errors or warnings related to network services in the
System log.

Windows Network Diagnostics

- In the event of a Windows 10 networking problem, the Diagnose Connection Problems option helps
diagnose and repair the problem.
- Windows Network Diagnostics then presents a possible description of the problem and a potential
remedy.
- The solution might require manual intervention from the user.

IPConfig
- The IPConfig command displays the current TCP/IP network configuration.
- Additionally, you can use IPConfig to refresh DHCP and DNS settings.
- For example, you might need to flush the DNS cache.
- The following table provides a brief description of some of the IPConfig command switches.

Command Description
ipconfig View detailed configuration information.
/all
ipconfig Release the leased configuration back to the DHCP server.
 /release
ipconfig Renew the leased configuration.
/renew
ipconfig View the DNS resolver cache entries.
/displaydns
ipconfig Purge the DNS resolver cache.
/flushdns
ipconfig Register/update the client’s host name with the DNS server.
/registerdns
Ping You use the Ping command to verify IP-level connectivity to another TCP/IP
computer. This command sends and receives Internet Control Message
Protocol (ICMP) echo request messages, and displays the receipt of
corresponding echo reply messages. The Ping command is the primary TCP/IP
command used to troubleshoot connectivity. Note: Firewalls might block the
ICMP requests. As a result, you might receive false negatives when using Ping
as a troubleshooting tool.
Tracert The Tracert tool determines the path taken to a destination computer by
sending ICMP echo requests. The path displayed is the list of router interfaces
between a source and a destination. This tool also determines which router
has failed, and what the latency, or speed, is. These results might not be
accurate if the router is busy, because the router will assign the packets a low
priority.
Pathping The Pathping command traces a route through the network in a manner
similar to the Tracert tool. However, Pathping provides more detailed statistics
on the individual steps, or hops, through the network. The command can
provide greater detail because it sends 100 packets for each router, which
enables it to establish trends.
NSLookup The NSLookup tool displays information that you can use to diagnose the DNS
infrastructure. You can use the tool to confirm connection to the DNS server, in
addition to the existence of the required records. Windows
PowerShell You can use Windows PowerShell to configure network connection settings. In
addition to this, you can use Windows PowerShell cmdlets for troubleshooting
network settings
.

Microsoft Message Analyzer

- Microsoft Message Analyzer is a tool that captures network traffic and then displays and analyzes
information about that traffic.
- You can use Microsoft Message Analyzer to monitor live network traffic, or import, aggregate, and
analyze data from log and trace files.
- Microsoft Message Analyzer replaces Network Monitor.
Overview of IPv6 in Windows 10
- Though most networks to which you connect Windows 10–based devices currently provide IPv4
support, many also support IPv6.
- To connect computers that are running Windows 10 to IPv6 based networks, you must understand
the IPv6 addressing scheme and the differences between IPv4 and IPv6.

Benefits of IPv6
- The IPv6 protocol provides the following benefits:
- Large address space. Pv6 uses 128-bit address spaces, which can have
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 (or 3.4x10^38 or 340 undecillion)
possible addresses.
- Hierarchical addressing and routing infrastructure. The IPv6 address space is more efficient for
routers, which means that even though there are many more addresses, routers can process
data much more efficiently because of address optimization.
- Stateless and stateful address configuration. IPv6 has autoconfiguration capability without
DHCP, and it can discover router information so that hosts can access the Internet.
- This is a stateless address configuration.
- A stateful address configuration is when you use the DHCP version 6 (DHCPv6) protocol.
- Stateful configuration has two additional configuration levels: one in which DHCP provides all
the information, including the IP address and configuration settings, and another in which DHCP
provides just configuration settings.
- Required support for Internet Protocol security (IPsec). The IPv6 standards require support for
the Authentication Header (AH) and encapsulating security payload (ESP) headers that IPsec
defines. Although IPsec does not define support for its specific authentication methods and
cryptographic algorithms, IPsec is defined from the start as the way to protect IPv6 packets.
- Note: IPsec provides for authentication and, optionally, encryption for communications between
hosts.
- The global addressing model for IPv6 traffic means that translation between different types of
addresses is not necessary, such as the translation done by NAT devices for IPv4 traffic. This
simplifies communication because you do not need to u use NAT devices for peer-to-peer
applications, such as video conferencing.
- Prioritized delivery. IPv6 contains a field in the packet that lets network devices determine that
the packet processing should occur at a rate that you specify.
- This enables traffic prioritization. For example, when you are streaming video traffic, it is critical
that the packets arrive in a timely manner. You can set this field to ensure that network devices
determine that the packet delivery is time-sensitive.
- Support for single-subnet environments. IPv6 has much better support of automatic
configuration and operation on networks consisting of a single subnet.
- You can use this to create temporary, ad hoc networks through which you can connect and
share information.
- Extensibility. The design of IPv6 enables you to extend it with less constraint than IPv4.

IPv6 in Windows 10
- Windows 10 uses IPv6 by default.
- Windows 10 includes several features that support IPv6, as described below.
Windows 10 dual stack
- Windows 10 supports both IPv6 and IPv4 in a dual stack configuration. The dual IP stack helps
reduce maintenance costs by providing the following features:
- Shared transport and framing layer.
- Shared filtering for firewalls and IPsec.
- Consistent performance, security, and support for both IPv6 and IPv4.
- When you connect to a new network that advertises IPv6 routability, Windows 10 tests IPv6
connectivity, and it will only use IPv6 if IPv6 connectivity is actually functioning.
- Windows 10 also supports a functionality called address sorting.
- This functionality helps the Windows 10 operating system determine which protocol to use
when applications that support both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are configured for both protocol
stacks.

DirectAccess use of IPv6

- DirectAccess enables remote users to access a corporate network anytime they have an Internet
connection, because it does not require a virtual private network (VPN).
- DirectAccess provides a flexible corporate network infrastructure to help you remotely manage and
update user PCs on and off a network.
- DirectAccess makes the end-user experience of accessing corporate resources over an Internet
connection nearly indistinguishable from the experience of accessing these resources from a
computer at work.
- DirectAccess uses IPv6 to provide globally routable IP addresses for remote access clients.

Windows services can use IPv6

- Windows 10 services such as file sharing and remote access use IPv6 features, such as IPsec.
- This includes VPN Reconnect, which uses Internet Key Exchange version 2 (IKEv2), an authentication
component of IPv6.

- The Windows 10 operating system supports remote troubleshooting capabilities such as Windows
Remote Assistance and Remote Desktop.
- Remote Desktop enables administrators to connect to multiple Windows Server sessions for remote
administration purposes.
- You can use IPv6 addresses to make remote desktop connections.
- Windows Remote Assistance and Remote Desktop use the Remote Desktop Protocol to enable users
to access files on their office computers from other computers, such as their home computers.

IPv6 Addressing Overview

- The most obvious, distinguishing feature of IPv6 is its use of much larger addresses.
- The size of an address in IPv6 is four times larger than an IPv4 address.
- IPv6 addresses are expressed in hexadecimal, as the following example shows:
2001:DB8::2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A
- This might seem complex for end users, but the assumption is that users will rely on DNS names to
resolve hosts, meaning they will rarely type IPv6 addresses manually.
- The IPv6 address in hexadecimal also is easier to convert to binary. This makes it simpler to work
with subnets and calculate hosts and networks.
IPv6 address types
- IPv6 address types are similar to IPv4 address types.
- The IPv6 address types are:
o Unicast. An IPv6 unicast address is equivalent to an IPv4 unicast address. You can use this
address type for one-to-one communication between hosts. Each IPv6 host has multiple
unicast addresses. There are three types of unicast addresses:
o Global unicast addresses. These are equivalent to public IPv4 addresses. They are globally
routable and reachable on the IPv6 portion of the Internet.
o Link-local addresses. Hosts use link-local addresses when communicating with neighboring
hosts on the same link. For example, on a single-link IPv6 network with no router, hosts
communicate by using link-local addresses. Link-local addresses are local-use unicast
addresses with the following properties:
o IPv6 link-local addresses are equivalent to IPv4 APIPA addresses.
o Link-local addresses always begin with FE80.
o Unique local unicast addresses. Unique local addresses provide an equivalent to the private
IPv4 address space for organizations, without the overlap in address space when
organizations combine.
o Multicast. An IPv6 multicast is equivalent to an IPv4 multicast address. You use this address
type for one-to-many communication between computers that you define as using the same
multicast address.
o Anycast. An anycast address is an IPv6 unicast address that is assigned to multiple
computers. When IPv6 addresses communicate to an anycast address, only the closest host
responds. You typically use this address type for locating services or the nearest router. In
IPv4, you typically assign a single host with a single unicast address. However, in IPv6, you
can assign multiple unicast addresses to each host. To verify communication processes on a
network, you must know the purposes for which IPv6 uses each of these addresses.

Interface identifiers
- The last 64 bits of an IPv6 address are the interface identifier.
- This is equivalent to the host ID in an IPv4 address.
- Each interface on an IPv6 network must have a unique interface identifier.
- Because the interface identifier is unique to each interface, IPv6 uses interface identifiers rather
than MAC addresses to identify hosts uniquely.