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CP 2

The document provides a comprehensive formula sheet for Edexcel A-Level Further Maths Core Pure 2, covering essential topics such as Hyperbolic Functions, Maclaurin Series, Differential Equations, Polar Coordinates, and Volumes of Revolution. Key definitions, identities, and formulas are presented for each topic, along with methods for solving differential equations and calculating areas and volumes. It emphasizes the similarities between hyperbolic and trigonometric functions, the utility of Maclaurin series for approximations, and the importance of understanding the context of differential equations and volume calculations.

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Kim taehyung
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47 views6 pages

CP 2

The document provides a comprehensive formula sheet for Edexcel A-Level Further Maths Core Pure 2, covering essential topics such as Hyperbolic Functions, Maclaurin Series, Differential Equations, Polar Coordinates, and Volumes of Revolution. Key definitions, identities, and formulas are presented for each topic, along with methods for solving differential equations and calculating areas and volumes. It emphasizes the similarities between hyperbolic and trigonometric functions, the utility of Maclaurin series for approximations, and the importance of understanding the context of differential equations and volume calculations.

Uploaded by

Kim taehyung
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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### **Edexcel A-Level Further Maths – Core Pure 2 Must-Know Topics &

Formulas**

Here’s a **complete formula sheet** for **Core Pure 2 (CP2)**, covering


Hyperbolic Functions, Maclaurin Series, First-Order and Second-Order
Differential Equations, Polar Coordinates, and Volumes of Revolution.

---

## **1. Hyperbolic Functions**

- **Definitions**:

\[

\sinh x = \frac{e^x - e^{-x}}{2}, \quad \cosh x = \frac{e^x + e^{-x}}


{2}, \quad \tanh x = \frac{\sinh x}{\cosh x}

\]

- **Identities**:

\[

\cosh^2 x - \sinh^2 x = 1

\]

\[

1 - \tanh^2 x = \text{sech}^2 x

\]

- **Derivatives**:

\[

\frac{d}{dx} \sinh x = \cosh x, \quad \frac{d}{dx} \cosh x = \sinh x, \


quad \frac{d}{dx} \tanh x = \text{sech}^2 x

\]

- **Inverse Hyperbolic Functions**:

\[

\sinh^{-1} x = \ln \left( x + \sqrt{x^2 + 1} \right)

\]

\[
\cosh^{-1} x = \ln \left( x + \sqrt{x^2 - 1} \right) \quad (x > 1)

\]

\[

\tanh^{-1} x = \frac{1}{2} \ln \left( \frac{1 + x}{1 - x} \right) \quad (|


x| < 1)

\]

---

## **2. Maclaurin Series**

- **Maclaurin Series Expansion**:

\[

f(x) = f(0) + f'(0)x + \frac{f''(0)}{2!} x^2 + \frac{f'''(0)}{3!} x^3 + \


dots

\]

- **Common Maclaurin Series**:

\[

e^x = 1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^3}{3!} + \dots

\]

\[

\sin x = x - \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^5}{5!} - \dots

\]

\[

\cos x = 1 - \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^4}{4!} - \dots

\]

\[

\ln(1+x) = x - \frac{x^2}{2} + \frac{x^3}{3} - \dots, \quad |x| < 1

\]

\[

(1 + x)^n = 1 + nx + \frac{n(n-1)}{2} x^2 + \dots, \quad |x| < 1


\]

- **Approximating Small Values**:

- Often used to approximate functions near \( x = 0 \).

---

## **3. First-Order Differential Equations**

- **Separable Differential Equations**:

If the equation is of the form

\[

\frac{dy}{dx} = f(x) g(y)

\]

- Separate variables:

\[

\int \frac{1}{g(y)} dy = \int f(x) dx

\]

- Integrate and solve for \( y \).

- **Integrating Factor Method (Linear First-Order)**:

- If the equation is in the form

\[

\frac{dy}{dx} + P(x)y = Q(x)

\]

- Multiply by the integrating factor:

\[

I(x) = e^{\int P(x)dx}

\]

- Solution:

\[
y I(x) = \int Q(x) I(x) dx + C

\]

---

## **4. Second-Order Differential Equations**

- **General Form**:

\[

\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} + a \frac{dy}{dx} + by = 0

\]

- **Auxiliary Equation**:

\[

m^2 + am + b = 0

\]

- **Distinct Real Roots \( m_1, m_2 \)**:

\[

y = A e^{m_1x} + B e^{m_2x}

\]

- **Repeated Root \( m \)**:

\[

y = (A + Bx)e^{mx}

\]

- **Complex Roots \( \alpha \pm i\beta \)**:

\[

y = e^{\alpha x} (A \cos \beta x + B \sin \beta x)

\]

- **Particular Integrals** (for non-homogeneous cases):

- \( Q(x) = e^{kx} \Rightarrow y_p = Ae^{kx} \)

- \( Q(x) = \sin x \text{ or } \cos x \Rightarrow y_p = A\cos x + B\sin x \)


- \( Q(x) = ax^n \Rightarrow y_p \) is a polynomial of the same degree

---

## **5. Polar Coordinates**

- **Conversion**:

\[

x = r\cos\theta, \quad y = r\sin\theta

\]

\[

r^2 = x^2 + y^2, \quad \tan\theta = \frac{y}{x}

\]

- **Differentiation in Polar Form**:

\[

\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{\frac{dr}{d\theta} \sin\theta + r\cos\theta}{\


frac{dr}{d\theta} \cos\theta - r\sin\theta}

\]

- **Area Enclosed by a Polar Curve**:

\[

A = \frac{1}{2} \int_{\theta_1}^{\theta_2} r^2 d\theta

\]

---

## **6. Volumes of Revolution**

- **Around the x-axis**:

\[

V = \pi \int_a^b y^2 dx

\]
- **Around the y-axis**:

\[

V = \pi \int_c^d x^2 dy

\]

- **In Polar Coordinates**:

\[

V = \pi \int_{\theta_1}^{\theta_2} r^2 \left(\frac{dx}{d\theta}\right) d\


theta

\]

---

## **Essential Things to Remember**

✔ **Hyperbolic functions behave similarly to trigonometric functions, but


with different identities.**

✔ **Maclaurin series are useful for approximations and proofs in limits.**

✔ **Differential equations often involve finding complementary and


particular solutions.**

✔ **Polar area formula is important for curved regions.**

✔ **Volume of revolution formulas depend on rotation around x-axis or y-


axis.**

Would you like any **worked examples** or **a condensed revision


sheet**? 😊

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