Object Oriented Programming in Java

Classes and Objects

Review
 Popular Issues 1
• Array Index vs Array Value
int[] values = {99, 100, 101};
System.out.println(values[0] ); // 99

Values 99 100 101

Indexes 0 1 2
 Popular Issues 2
• Curly braces { … } after if/else, for/while

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)

System.out.println(“Hi”);
System.out.println(“Bye”);

• What does this print?

 Popular Issues 3
• Variable initialization
int getMinValue(int[] vals) {
int min = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
if (vals[i] < min) {
min = vals[i]
}
}
}

• What if vals = {1,2,3}? Problem?

• Set min = Integer.MAX_VALUE or vals[0]
 Popular Issues 4
Defining a method inside a method
public static void main(String[] arguments) {
public static void foobar () {
}
}
 Debugging Notes 1
• Use System.out.println throughout your code
to see what it’s doing
for ( int i=0; i< vals.length; i++) {
if ( vals[i] < minVal) {
System.out.println(“cur min: ” + minVal);
System.out.println(“new min: ” + vals[i]);
minVal = vals[i];
}
}
 Debugging Notes 2
• Formatting
for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
if (vals[i] < vals[minIdx]) {
minIdx=i;}
return minIdx;}

• Is there a bug? Who knows! Hard to read

 Today’s Topics
Object oriented programming
Defining Classes
Using Classes
References vs Values
Static types and methods
 Today’s Topics
Object oriented programming
Defining Classes
Using Classes
References vs Values
Static types and methods
 Object oriented programming
• Represent the real world

Baby
 Object oriented programming
• Represent the real world

Baby
Name
Sex
Weight
 Object Oriented Programming
• Objects group together
– Primitives (int, double, char, etc..)
– Objects (String, etc…)

Baby
String name
boolean isMale
double weight
 Why use classes?
• Why not just primitives?
// little baby alex
String nameAlex;
double weightAlex;
// little baby david
String nameDavid;
double weightDavid;
 Why use classes?
• Why not just primitives?
// little baby alex
String nameAlex;
double weightAlex;
// little baby david
String nameDavid;
double weightDavid;
// little baby david
String nameDavid2; David2?
double weightDavid2; Terrible ®
 Why use classes?
• Why not just primitives?
// little baby alex
String nameAlex;
double weightAlex;
// little baby david
String nameDavid;
double weightDavid;
// little baby david
String nameDavid2; David2?
double weightDavid2; Terrible ®

500 Babies? That Sucks!

Why use classes?

Name
Weight
Sex
…

Baby1
 Why use classes?

Name Name Name Name 496

Weight Weight Weight Weight
Sex Sex Sex Sex more
… … … … Babies
Baby1 Baby2 Baby3 Baby4 …
 Why use classes?

496 more
Babies …
Baby1 Baby2 Baby3 Baby4

Nursery
 Why use classes?

More nurses…

Nurse1 Nurse2 Nurse3 Nurse4

496 more
Babies …
Baby1 Baby2 Baby3 Baby4

Nursery
 Why use classes?

[]
Nurse

[]
Baby

Nursery
 Why use classes?

[]
Nurse

[] ER

Baby

Nursery

Hospital
Defining classes
 Class - overview
public class Baby {
String name;
boolean isMale;
double weight;
int numPoops = 0;
Class
void poop() {
Definition
numPoops += 1;
System.out.println(“Dear mother, ”+
“I have pooped. Ready the diaper.”);
}
}
 Class - overview

Baby myBaby = new Baby();

Class
Instance
 Let’s declare a baby!
public class Baby {

}
 Let’s declare a baby!
public class Baby {

fields

methods
}
 Note
• Class names are Capitalized

• 1 Class = 1 file

• Having a main method means the class can

be run
 Baby fields
public class Baby {

TYPE var_name;
TYPE var_name = some_value;

}
 Baby fields
public class Baby {
String name;
double weight = 5.0;
boolean isMale;
int numPoops = 0;

}
 Baby Siblings?
public class Baby {
String name;
double weight = 5.0;
boolean isMale;
int numPoops = 0;
XXXXX YYYYY;

}
 Baby Siblings?
public class Baby {
String name;
double weight = 5.0;
boolean isMale;
int numPoops = 0;
Baby[] siblings;

}
 Ok, let’s make this baby!

Baby newBaby = new Baby();

But what about it’s name? it’s sex?

 Constructors
public class CLASSNAME{
CLASSNAME ( ) {
}

CLASSNAME ([ARGUMENTS]) {
}
}

CLASSNAME obj1 = new CLASSNAME();

CLASSNAME obj2 = new CLASSNAME([ARGUMENTS])
 Constructors
• Constructor name == the class name
• No return type – never returns anything
• Usually initialize fields
• All classes need at least one constructor
– If you don’t write one, defaults to
CLASSNAME () {
}
 Baby constructor

public class Baby {

String name;
boolean isMale;
Baby(String myname, boolean maleBaby){
name = myname;
isMale = maleBaby;
}
}
 Baby methods
public class Baby {
String name = “Slim Shady”;
...
void sayHi() {
System.out.println(
“Hi, my name is.. “ + name);
}
}
 Baby methods
public class Baby {
String weight = 5.0;

void eat(double foodWeight) {

if (foodWeight >= 0 &&
foodWeight < weight) {
weight = weight + foodWeight;
}
}

} // is there any mistake above?

 Baby class
public class Baby {
String name;
double weight = 5.0;
boolean isMale;
int numPoops = 0;
Baby[] siblings;

void sayHi() {…}

void eat(double foodWeight) {…}
}
Using classes
 Classes and Instances
// class Definition
public class Baby {…}

// class Instances
Baby shiloh = new Baby(“Shiloh Jolie-Pitt”, true);
Baby knox = new Baby(“Knox Jolie-Pitt”, true);
 Accessing fields
• Object.FIELDNAME

Baby shiloh = new Baby(“Shiloh Jolie-Pitt”,

true)
System.out.println(shiloh.name);
System.out.println(shiloh.numPoops);
 Calling Methods
• Object.METHODNAME([ARGUMENTS])

Baby shiloh = new Baby(“Shiloh Jolie-Pitt”,

true)
shiloh.sayHi() ; // “Hi, my name is ...”
shiloh.eat(1);
References vs Values
 Primitives vs References
• Primitive types are basic java types
– int, long, double, boolean, char, short, byte, float
– The actual values are stored in the variable

• Reference types are arrays and objects

– String, int[], Baby, …
 How java stores primitives
• Variables are like fixed size cups
• Primitives are small enough that they just fit
into the cup

int double char boolean

 How java stores objects
• Objects are too big to fit in a variable
– Stored somewhere else
– Variable stores a number that locates the object

Object
 How java stores objects
• Objects are too big to fit in a variable
– Stored somewhere else
– Variable stores a number that locates the object

Object’s
location Object Object Object

Object Object Object

 References
• The object’s location is called a reference
• == compares the references
Baby shiloh1 = new Baby(“shiloh”);
Baby shiloh2 = new Baby(“shiloh”);
Does shiloh1 == shiloh2?
 References
• The object’s location is called a reference
• == compares the references
Baby shiloh1 = new Baby(“shiloh”);
Baby shiloh2 = new Baby(“shiloh”);
Does shiloh1 == shiloh2?

no
 References
Baby shiloh1 = new Baby(“shiloh”);
Baby shiloh2 = new Baby(“shiloh”);

reference reference Name=“shiloh”

Name=“shiloh”

shiloh1 shiloh2
 References
Baby mybaby = new Baby(“davy”, true)
mybaby.name = “david”

mybaby’s name = ‘davy’

location ismale = true
…
 References
Baby mybaby = new Baby(‘davy’, true)
mybaby.name = ‘david’

mybaby’s name = ‘david’

location Ismale = true
…
 References
• Using = updates the reference.

baby1 = baby2

baby2 baby2
location location

baby1 baby2
object object
baby1 baby2
 References
• Using = updates the reference.

baby1 = baby2

baby2
location

baby1 baby2
object object
baby1 baby2
 References
• using [ ] or
– Follows the reference to the object
– May modify the object, but never the reference
• Imagine
– Following directions to a house
– Moving the furniture around
• Analogous to
– Following the reference to an object
– Changing fields in the object
 Methods and references
Static void doSomething(int x, int[] ys, Baby b) {
x = 99;
ys[0] = 99;
b.name = “99”;
}
...// in main

int i = 0;
int[] j = {0};
Baby k = new Baby(“50”, true);
doSomething(i, j, k);

i=? j=? k=?

static types and methods
 static
• Applies to fields and methods
• Means the field/method
– Is defined for the class declaration,
– Is not unique for each instance
 static
public class Baby {
static int numBabiesMade = 0;
}
Baby.numBabiesMade = 100;
Baby b1 = new Baby();
Baby b2 = new Baby();
Baby.numBabiesMade = 2;

What is
b1.numBabiesMade?
b2.numBabiesMade?
 static example
• Keep track of the number of babies that have
been made.

public class Baby {

int numBabiesMade = 0;
Baby() {
numBabiesMade += 1;
}
}
 static field
• Keep track of the number of babies that have
been made.

public class Baby {

static int numBabiesMade = 0;
Baby() {
numBabiesMade += 1;
}
}
 static method
public class Baby {
static void cry(Baby thebaby) {
System.out.println(thebaby.name + “cries”);
}
}
Or
public class Baby {
void cry() {
System.out.println(name + “cries”);
}
}
 static notes
• Non-static methods can reference static
methods, but not the other way around
– Why?

public class Baby {

String name = “DMX”;
static void whoami() {
System.out.println(name);
}
}
 main
• Why is main static?

public static void main(String[] arguments) {

}
 Assignment
• Modeling Book and Libraries
– class Book {}
– class Library{}
• Books can be
– Borrowed
– Returned
• Library
– Keeps track of books
– Hint: use Book[]
Thanks