I NTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN

M ETHOD
R ESULTS Treatment (quantitative/qualitative/mixed)
A ND
Design (descriptive, experimental, etc.)
D ISCUSSION
LOCALE, POPULATION AND SAMPLING
4, 00 – 9, 000 words
MEANING AND CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
Abstract
RESEARCH - Scientific investigation of phenomena
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Background  A systematic study of trend or event
3.0 Research Method
3.1 Research Design CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
3.2 Research Locale
EMPIRICAL –direct experience or observation
3.3 Population and Sampling
LOGICAL – based on valid procedures and principles
3.4 Research Ethics
CYCLICAL –starts with problem, ends with problem
3.5 Research Instruments
ANALYTICAL – research utilizes analytical procedures
3.6 Data Collection
Historical – focus in the past
3.7 Data Analysis
Descriptive – focuses on the present situation
4.0 Results
Experimental – future
5.0 Discussion
Case Study – past, present & future
 Conclusion CRITICAL – exhibits careful and precise judgement
 Recommendations METHODICAL – without bias
REPLICABILITY – design and procedures are
 Acknowledgement
replicated arrive at valid & conclusive results
 References
QUALITIES OF A GOOD RESEARCH
T – topic
I – issues/problem  Research –oriented
O – Objectives  Efficient
C – Contribution/significance  Scientific
 Effective
Research Framework  Active
 Resourceful
 Provides tentative answer  Creative
 “If the theory suggest this happens, then my  Honest
research would probably result to this also.”  Economical
 Ex. If Maslow’s hierarchy of need suggest  Religious
physiological needs is more basic than love and CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESEARCHER
belongingness, then my respondents would
probably prioritize food and clean air rather Intellectual Curiosity –deep thinking and inquiry of
the things, problems
than relationship.
Prudence – careful to conduct his research study at
S – state the right time and at the right place
E – explain Healthy Criticism – always doubtful truthfulness
C – conceptualize
Intellectual Honesty – honest to collect or gather There are two types of research problem
Intellectual Creativity – productive and resourceful

TYPES OF RESEARCH
• Step Two: Review of literature
1. BASIC RESEARCH – “fundamental” or “pure compulsory for research writing a thesis submit
research; it seeks to discover basic truths committee or the research board for approval.
2. APPLIED RESEARCH – involves seeking new
application of scientific knowledge to the • Step Three: Formulate hypotheses
solution of a problem Formulate hypothesis is tentative assumption made
3. DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH – decision-
oriented research involving the application of • Step Four: Preparing the research design
the scientific methods in response to immediate to provide for the collection of relevant evidence
need to improve the existing problem
• Step Five: DaPrimary data can be collected
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
 By Observation
LIBRARY RESEARCH –library where answers to study  Through personal interview
are available  Through telephone interview
FIELD RESEARCH - conducted in natural setting,  By mailing of questionnaries
applicable to descriptive survey or experimental  Through Schedulesta collection
LABORATORY RESEARCH – conducted in artificial
• Step Six: Data analysis
VARIABLE –change in value or magnitude under
different conditions  Coding
 Editing
Independent Variable –stimulus variable to  Tabulation
determine relationship to an observed phenomenon
Dependent Variable – the response variable which is • Step Seven: Interpretation and report writing
observed and measured to determine the effect of
independent variable 5 FACTORS TO CONSIDER TO DETERMINE WHETHER
Moderator Variable - secondary or special type of THAT PROBLE, IS RESEARCHABLE OR NOT
independent variable
4. problem is existing but not known solution to
the problem
5. be answered by using statistical methods and
techniques
6. probable solutions but they are not yet tested
7. requires scientific investigation
8. Serious needs/problems of the people

Characteristics of a research problem

Control Variable – variable that is controlled by the Specific – specifically stated

investigator in which the effects can be neutralized Measurable – easy measure, research instruments
Intervening Variable – variable which interferes Achievable –achievable using statistical tools
independent and dependent effects can either Realistic – real results are attained
strengthen or weaken Time bound – time is required in every activity

7 STEPS OF RESEARCH PROCESS Criteria of a good research problem

• Step One: Define research problem 1. Interesting – attract the attention

2. Innovative – something novel, original
3. Cost-effective – should be economical and
effective in solving the needs and problems
 4. Relevant to the needs and problems Ethics in research Ethics refers to questions
5. Relevant to government’s thrusts regarding right and wrong
6. Measurable and time-bound
The researcher must:
Statement of the research problem/Objectives
ity of his research data –
SOP – stated in interrogative or question form
assured that any data
Objectives – stated in declarative form collected shall be held in confidence

TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS: l subjects should never be

used in any publication that describe the research
 Null Hypothesis (HO)– denial of an existence of
a trait correlation or difference of the results. have the right to withdraw
- Always stated in negative form from the study or request that the data collected will
 Alternative Hypothesis (H1)– the affirmative of not be used
existence of observed phenomena
ipants by using procedures
Theoretical Framework – shapes the justification or
the research problem e reasonable in relation

Conceptual Framework – presents specific and well- Equitable selection – the proposed research does
defined concepts not discriminate among individuals

Protection of vulnerable individuals – children,

pregnant women, children, prisoners, mentally
disabled or economically disadvantaged persons, etc

Informed consent – researchers must provide

complete information about all aspects of the
proposed study that might be of interest or concern
to a potential participant and this must be presented
in a form that the participant can easily understand.

ity – ensuring that any and

all information obtained during a study is not
Assumptions released to outside

 presumed to be true statements of facts

 Clearly stated

Scope and limitations of the study

Includes the coverage of the study area, the

subjects, the research apparatus

Definition of terms

 Conceptual Definition – based on concepts or

hypothetic taken from dictionary, encyclopedia
 Operational Definition – based on the
observable characteristics

The question is ethical it will not involve physical or

psychological harm