[TRANSMISSION

LINE ]
LOWLOSS TRANSMISSION LINE AND RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDES

[GROUP 5]
[PROJECT D]
[19THFEBRUARY,2025.]

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 PROJECT D : LOW LOSS TRANSMISSION LINE AND RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE

This projects shows the relevant relations in transmission line specifically in the low loss transmission
line and rectangular waveguide.

Please note that the following research and procedures used were done on some mathematical
concepts and formulas that the reader must have knowledge over.

GROUP MEMBERS:

NAMES OF MEMBERS STUDENT ID

ALUSINE MBOGBA 52972
ALIMAMY SCANDIUM KAMARA 52656
HASSAN KOROMA 55051
SAMURA SAQIB DUMBUYA 53085
ENOKEMEH AMA BERTIN 52874
KOMA KADIATU KOROMA 55516
JOYCE GIFTY KAMARA 53240
FATMATA BAH 54170
ABDUL KAMARA 52707
FRANCIS NYLENDA SHEKU KOROMA 52624
GODWIL JOSEPH JONATHAN BANGURA 52754

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 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to all the members in this group for their diligence in
making this project a success.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
PART A : LOW LOSS TRANSMISSION LINE ..................................................................................... 5
PART B : RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDES .........................................................................................7
1. Parallel plate waveguide ........................................................................................................................7
2. Circular waveguide ................................................................................................................................7
3. Rectangular waveguide ......................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 1 ......................................................................................................................................................7
Figure 2 ......................................................................................................................................................7
i. For TE10 mode (m=1 and n=0): .............................................................................................................8
ii. For TE01 mode( m=0 and n=1): ........................................................................................................... 8
iii. For TE20 mode (m=2 and n=0): .......................................................................................................... 8
I. Hz = longitudinal magnetuc field ......................................................................................................... 10
II. The Transverse Magnetic Field Component .......................................................................................11
∇ × E =− jωμH .......................................................................................................................................11
Electric Field ........................................................................................................................................... 12
Magnetic Field .........................................................................................................................................12
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 12

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 PART A : LOW LOSS TRANSMISSION LINE

A transmission line is defined as path of carrying information in the form of

electromagnetic wave (EM wave) from source(generator) to destination(load).

There are different kinds of transmission lines but we will look at the low loss line.

WHAT IS A LOW LOSS TRANSMISSION LINE?

In the low loss transmission line R and G are very small as compared to ωL and ωC

R << ωL and G << ωC

This is done in order to minimize power loss as signal travels through it

For any low loss transmission line:

1) For Characteristic impedance(Z0 )

𝑅 + 𝑗ωL
𝑍0 = = 𝑅0 + 𝑗𝑋0
𝐺 + 𝑗ωC

But R ≪ jωL and G ≪ jωC

1 1
−
𝐿 𝑅 2 𝐺 2 𝐿 𝑅 𝐺
𝑍0 = 1+ 1+ ≈ 1+ 1−
𝐶 𝑗ωL 𝑗ωC 𝐶 𝑗ωL 𝑗ωC

𝐿 𝐿
≈ 1 ≈
𝐶 𝐶

𝐿 𝐿
𝑍0 =
𝐶
⇒ 𝑅0 =
𝐶
; 𝑋0 = 0
𝑅0 = characteristic resistance, 𝑋0 = characteristic reactance

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 2) The Attenuation Constant (α):
1 1
𝑅 2 𝐺 2
γ= 𝑅 + 𝑗ωL 𝐺 + 𝑗ωC = jω LC 1+ 1+
𝑗ωL 𝑗ωC

1 R G
γ ≈ jω LC 1 + +
2jωC L C

1 R G
γ≈ LC + LC + jω LC = α + jβ
2 L C

1 R G
α≈ LC + LC
2 L C

3) Phase Constant(β)

From the expansion above, the phase constant become;

2πf
β = ω LC =
Vp

Where;
 R is the resistance per unit length
 G is the conductance per unit length
 L is the inductance per unit length
 C is the capacitance per unit length
 γ is the propagation constant
 α is the attenuation constant
 β is the phase constant
 𝑣𝑝 = 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

4) Effect of Frequency:
I. 𝑍0 is relatively constant for a given tansmission medium. Therefore, it is
independent of the frequency.

II. α depends on conductor and dielectric losses, increasing at high frequency

2πf
III. β increase with frequency since, β =
Vp

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 PART B : RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDES

A waveguide is a high frequency transmission line medium that confines and directs
electromagnetic waves through reflections enabling efficient signal transfer in the
application where conventional cables are impracticable.

There are different types of waveguides :

1. Parallel plate waveguide

2. Circular waveguide
3. Rectangular waveguide

For this presentation we focus on the rectangular Waveguides.

In this waveguide the medium of propagation is a hollow rectangular metal filled

with dielectric material

Figure 1

Figure 1 is an example of modern day rectangular waveguide.

In the rectangular waveguide, there is on Transverse Magnetic, TM and Transverse

Electric , TE modes since there is no propagation along Transverse ElectroMagnetic,
TEM mode.

Figure 2

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Figure 2 shows the representation of the rectangular waveguide in the 3-coordinate
plane.

Assuming freespace 𝜀𝑟 = 𝜇𝑟 =1
Considering only the TE mode (a > b)

a. Cutoff frequency is given by:

𝐶 𝑚 2 𝑛 2
𝑓𝑐𝑚𝑛 = +
2 𝜇𝜀 𝑎 𝑏

Where;
 C is the speed of light 3 × 108 m/s
 m and n are integers
 a is the width along x-axis
 b is the height along y-axis
 𝜇 is the permemability of the dielectric material
 𝜀 is the permitivity of the dielectric material

For freespace or vacuum, 𝜇𝜀 = 1;

𝐶 𝑚 2 𝑛 2
𝑓𝑐𝑚𝑛 = +
2 𝑎 𝑏

Using WR-90’s standard waveguide (a = 22.86mm, b= 10.16mm)

i. For TE10 mode (m=1 and n=0):

2 2
𝐶 1 0 𝐶 3 × 108
𝑓𝑐10 = + = = = 6.56𝐺𝐻𝑧
2 𝑎 𝑏 2𝑎 2 × 22.86 × 10−3

ii. For TE01 mode( m=0 and n=1):

2 2
𝐶 0 1 𝐶 3 × 108
𝑓𝑐01 = + = = = 14.77𝐺𝐻𝑧
2 𝑎 𝑏 2𝑏 2 × 10.16 × 10−3

iii. For TE20 mode (m=2 and n=0):

2 2
𝐶 2 0 𝐶 3 × 108
𝑓𝑐20 = + = = = 13.12𝐺𝐻𝑧
2 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 22.86 × 10−3
Note :
The lowest possible mode is TE10, hence it is the fundamental or dominant mode

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b. The wavelength inside the waveguide, λg ;

For the fundamental mode, TE10;

λ0
λ𝑔 =
2
𝑓𝑐
1−
𝑓
𝑐
Where; λ0 = 𝑓

Using WR-90 at f = 8.2GHz (X-band):

3 × 108
λ𝑔 = 8.2 × 109 = 60.98𝑚𝑚
2
6.56 × 109
1−
8.2 × 109
c. The Characteristic Impedance for TE10 mode (ZTE):

This is given by:

𝑍0 𝜂
Z𝑇𝐸𝑚𝑛 = =
2 2
𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐
1− 1−
𝑓 𝑓

Where 𝑍0 = 𝜂 = 377𝛺 This is the intrinsic impedance for freespace(vaccuum)

377
Z𝑇𝐸10 = ≈ 628.33𝛺
2
6.56 × 109
1−
8.2 × 109

Note:

TE10 and TE20 cannot propagate in WR-90’s X-band( 8.2GHz - 12.4GHz ) as their
cutoff frequency is greater than 12.4GH

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d. Electric Field for TE10 (Fundamental mode):

The electric field has no component in the propagation direction for Transverse
Electric mode.
𝐸𝑧 = 0
In general, for TEmn modes ;

I. Hz = longitudinal magnetuc field

𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 −𝑗𝛽𝑧

𝐻𝑧 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝐻0 cos ( )𝑐𝑜𝑠( )𝑒
𝑎 𝑏
Where,
 H0 is the amplitude constant
 β is the propagation constant along z
 m and n are integers

For TE10 (m=1 and n= 0)

𝜋𝑥 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝐻𝑧 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝐻0 cos ( )𝑒
𝑎
Note :
Cos(0) = 1

Cutoff wavenumber for TE10(KC) :

𝜋
𝐾𝑐 =
𝑎
Propagation constant(β):
β = K2 − K2c where K = ω με

The transverse E-Field components EX and Ey can be determined from Hz

𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻 𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝐻
𝐸𝑥 = − 2 𝑧 and 𝐸𝑦 = 2 𝑧
Kc 𝜕𝑦 Kc 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐻𝑧
Since Hz for TE10 has no y-component, = 0 which implies that 𝐸𝑥 = 0
𝜕𝑦

For x-direction :

𝜕𝐻𝑧 𝜋 𝜋𝑥
= − 𝐻0 sin ( ) 𝑒−𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜋 𝜋𝑥 𝜋 𝜋
𝐸𝑦 = − 𝐻0 sin ( ) 𝑒−𝑗𝛽𝑧 but 𝐾𝑐 = ⇒ K2c = ( 𝑎 )2
K2c 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

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 𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜋 𝜋𝑥
𝐸𝑦 = 𝜋 2 − 𝐻0 sin ( ) 𝑒−𝑗𝛽𝑧
( ) 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎

𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑎 𝜋𝑥
𝐸𝑦 = − 𝐻0 sin ( ) 𝑒−𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝜋 𝑎
𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑎
Let 𝐸0 =− 𝜋
𝐻0 ( Amplitude of transverse E-field in y- direction)

𝜋𝑥 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸0 sin ( )𝑒
𝑎

II. The Transverse Magnetic Field Component

From Maxwell’s curl equation:

∇ × 𝐄 =− j𝛚𝛍𝐇

We know 𝐸𝑧 = 𝐸𝑥 = 0

The x-component of the curl of E is :

𝜕𝐸𝑍 𝜕𝐸𝑦 𝜕𝐸𝑦

(∇ × 𝐄)𝑥 = − = −
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

As 𝐸𝑧 = 0
𝜋𝑥
Since 𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸0 sin ( 𝑎 ) 𝑒−𝑗𝛽𝑧

𝜕𝐸𝑦 𝜋𝑥
= −𝑗𝛽𝐸0 sin ( ) 𝑒−𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝜕𝑧 𝑎

Thus;
𝜋𝑥
(∇ × 𝐄)𝑥 = 𝑗𝛽𝐸0 sin ( ) 𝑒−𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝑎
But (∇ × 𝐄)𝑥 =− jωμHx
𝜋𝑥
This implies that 𝑗𝛽𝐸0 sin ( ) 𝑒−𝑗𝛽𝑧 =− jωμHx
𝑎
Thus

−𝛽 𝜋𝑥
Hx = 𝐸0 sin ( ) 𝑒−𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝜔𝜇 𝑎

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Since there is no y-variation in the 𝐻𝑧;

It implies that 𝐻𝑦 = 0

In Summary, for TE10 (dominant mode)

Electric Field
𝐸𝑥 = 0
𝜋𝑥 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸0 sin ( )𝑒
𝑎
𝐸𝑧 = 0

Magnetic Field

−𝛽 𝜋𝑥
Hx = 𝐸0 sin ( ) 𝑒−𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝜔𝜇 𝑎
𝐻𝑦 = 0
𝜋𝑥 −𝑗𝛽𝑧
𝐻𝑧 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝐻0 cos ( )𝑒
𝑎

Conclusion

TE10 mode which is the fundamental mode is ideal for radar and communication
systems as it has a simple field structure and low power loss.

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