2024
Cheat Sheet FOR
MATHEMATICS
For Class 12th
dd
Anurag Chauhan
Anurag Chauhan 1/1/2024
Maths फर्रा
हमारा बचपन
𝑷 𝑳 𝑯 𝑲
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽 = = 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 = =
𝑯 𝑲 𝑷 𝑳
𝑩 𝑨 𝑯 𝑲
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽 = = 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝜽 = =
𝑯 𝑲 𝑩 𝑨
𝑷 𝑳 𝑩 𝑨
𝑻𝒂𝒏𝜽 = = 𝑪𝒐𝒕𝜽 = =
𝑩 𝑨 𝑷 𝑳
PANDIT BADRI PRASAD
HAR HAR BOLE
𝟏 𝟏
𝑷 𝑩 𝑷 𝑳 𝑨 𝑳 𝐒𝐢𝐧θ = 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜θ =
− − − − 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜θ 𝐒𝐢𝐧θ
𝑯 𝑯 𝑩 𝑲 𝑲 𝑨
𝟏 𝟏
𝐂𝐨𝐬θ = 𝐒𝐞𝐜θ =
𝐒𝐞𝐜θ 𝐂𝐨𝐬θ
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜃 + 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜃 = 𝟏
𝟏 𝐒𝐢𝐧θ 𝐂𝐨𝐬θ 𝟏
𝐓𝐚𝐧θ = = 𝐂𝐨𝐭θ = =
𝑺𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜃=1+𝑻𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜃 𝐂𝐨𝐭θ 𝐂𝐨𝐬θ 𝐒𝐢𝐧θ 𝐓𝐚𝐧θ
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜃=1+𝑪𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝜃
𝑆𝑖𝑛(90 − 𝜃 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (90 − 𝜃 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 tan(90 − 𝜃 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠(90 − 𝜃 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 sec(90 − 𝜃 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 cot(90- 𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
11th CLASS 𝟐𝝅 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝑫𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆
𝝅 𝝅 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝑫𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝑙
Radian= Degree ×
𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝝅 𝝅
ɵ𝑪 = 𝑟
= 𝟑𝟎𝟎 , = 𝟗𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝟔 𝟐
Degree = Radian× 𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝝅 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎 , = 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝜃 = 𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒕
𝟒 𝟐
𝟏𝟎 =𝟔𝟎′ or 60 minutes 𝝅
= 𝟔𝟎𝟎 , 𝟐𝝅 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔
𝟑
𝒍 = 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒓𝒄
′ ′′
𝟏 =𝟔𝟎 or 60 seconds
𝒓 = 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔
यरद र्खनर
• जब ANGLE RADIANS में ननकरलो तो 𝝅 की VALUE मत र्खनर
• जब ANGLE DEGREE में ननकरलो तो PUT 𝝅 = 𝟐𝟐⁄𝟕
• जब ANGLE DEGREE में ननकरलो तो ANSWER FRACTION यर DECIMAL में न र्हे , CONVERT IT INTO
MINUTES & SECONDS
• DEGREE को MINUTE में CHANGE कर्ने के नलए 60 से MULITIPLY कर्ो
• MINUTE को DEGREE में CHANGE कर्ने के नलए 60 से DIVIDE कर्ो
Sin(90-x)= Cosx
Cos(180+x)= -Cosx
3π
Sec( − 2𝑥)= -Cosec 2x
2
Cot(2π-x)= -Cot x
Cosec(180-x)=cosecx
Cos(2π- 𝑥)= Cos x
सबसे पहले देखो AXIS
Tan(180+x)=tanx
• If X-axis → NO CHANGE
• If Y-axis →Change Function Sin(-x)= -Sinx
Sin Cos
Tan Cot Cosex(-x)= -Cosecx
Cosec Sec
Tan(-x)= -Tanx
फिर देखो QUADRANT Cot(-x)= -Cotx
“+” Anticlockwise Cos(-x)= Cosx
“_“ Clockwise
Sec(-x)= Secx
ADDITION / SUBTRACTION FORMULAE DOUBLE /TRIPLE ANGLE FORMULA
𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝑨 ± 𝑩) = 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝑨. 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝑩 ± 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝑨. 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝑩
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝑨 ± 𝑩) = 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝑨. 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝑩 ∓ 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝑨. 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝑩
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑻𝒂𝒏𝑨 ± 𝑻𝒂𝒏𝑩 𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝜃 =
𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝑨 ± 𝑩) = 1 + tan2 𝜃
𝟏 ∓ 𝑻𝒂𝒏𝑨 𝑻𝒂𝒏𝑩
𝑪𝒐𝒕𝑨 𝑪𝒐𝒕𝑩 ∓ 𝟏
𝑪𝒐𝒕(𝑨 ± 𝑩) =
𝑪𝒐𝒕𝑩 ± 𝑪𝒐𝒕𝑨
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃
𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝑨 + 𝑩)𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨 − 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑩
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 1
𝟐 𝟐
𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝑨 + 𝑩)𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝑨 − 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑩
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃
𝑨+𝑩 𝑨−𝑩 1 − tan2 𝜃
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 = 𝟐𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 =
𝟐 𝟐 1 + tan2 𝜃
𝑨+𝑩 𝑨−𝑩
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 = −𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟐 𝟐 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑨+𝑩 𝑨−𝑩
𝑇𝑎𝑛2𝜃 =
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔
1 − tan2 𝜃
𝟐 𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 = 𝟐𝑪𝒐𝒔
𝑨+𝑩
𝑺𝒊𝒏
𝑨−𝑩 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 4 sin3 𝜃
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 = 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩) 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 = 4 cos 3 𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − tan3 𝜃
−𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 = 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝑨 + 𝑩) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩) 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝜃 =
1 − 3 tan2 𝜃
𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩)
Expression Substitution
𝟐 𝟐
IF 𝒂 − 𝒙 → Put 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝑨 + 𝑩) − 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩)
जादू IF 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 → Put 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝑥
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 2 sin2 IF 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 →Put 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽
2
𝑥
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 2 cos 2 IF 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 →Put 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽
2
𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = cos 2 − sin2 IF 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 → Put 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽
2 2
𝑥 𝑥 IF 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 → Put 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2
1 ± 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝒂−𝒙 𝒂+𝒙
1 ∓ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= tan { ± 𝑥}
4 √𝒂+𝒙 or √𝒂−𝒙 → Put 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
√𝒂𝟐 −𝒙𝟐 or √𝒂𝟐+𝒙𝟐 → Put 𝒙 = 𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽
𝒂 +𝒙 𝒂 −𝒙
GENERAL SOLUTIONS
If 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝑨 = 𝟎 , 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑨 = 𝒏𝝅
𝝅
If 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨 = 𝟎 , 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑨 = (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝟐
If 𝑻𝒂𝒏𝑨 = 𝟎 , 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑨 = 𝒏𝝅
Sine Formula
If 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝑨 = 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝑩 , 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑨 = 𝒏𝝅 + (−𝟏)𝒏 𝑩
If𝑪𝒐𝒔𝑨 = 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝑩, 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑨 = 𝟐𝒏𝝅 ± 𝑩
If 𝑻𝒂𝒏𝑨 = 𝑻𝒂𝒏𝑩, 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑨 = 𝒏𝝅 + 𝑩
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝑨+𝑩+𝑪=𝛑
= = =𝒌 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑪
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑪
𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝑩 + 𝑪) = 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝑨
𝒂 = 𝒌 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝑨 , 𝒃 = 𝒌 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝑩 , 𝒄 = 𝒌 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝑪
𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝑨 + 𝑪) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 = 𝒂𝑲 , 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝑩 = 𝒃𝑲 , 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝑪 = 𝒄𝑲
Inverse Trigonometric functions
Function domain range Graph
−𝝅 𝝅
−𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 [ , ]
𝟐 𝟐
[-1,1]
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙 [-1,1] [0, 𝝅]
−𝝅 𝝅
𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 −𝟏
𝒙 R (
𝟐
, )
𝟐
−𝝅 𝝅
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 −𝟏
𝒙 (−∞, −𝟏] ∪ [𝟏, ∞) [ , ]-{0}
𝟐 𝟐
𝛑
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 −𝟏
𝒙 [0, 𝝅]-{ }
(−∞, −𝟏] ∪ [𝟏, ∞) 𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 𝒙 R (0, 𝝅)
GROUP 1 Range GROUP 2 Range
−𝝅 𝝅
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 [ , ] 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙 [0, 𝝅]
𝟐 𝟐
𝛑
𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 (
−𝝅 𝝅
, ) 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙 [0, 𝝅]-{ }
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒙−𝟏 𝒙 [
−𝝅 𝝅
, ]-{0} 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 𝒙 (0, 𝝅)
𝟐 𝟐
−𝝅 𝝅
𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) = 𝒙 If 𝒙𝝐 [ , ] 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) = 𝒙 If 𝒙𝝐 [0, 𝝅]
𝟐 𝟐
𝛑
𝒕𝒂𝒏 −𝟏 (
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙) = 𝒙 If 𝒙𝝐 (
−𝝅 𝝅
, ) 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 (𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙) = 𝒙 If 𝒙𝝐 [0, 𝝅]-{ }
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒙 −𝟏 (
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙) = 𝒙 If 𝒙𝝐 [
−𝝅 𝝅
, ]-{0} 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙) = 𝒙 If 𝒙𝝐 (0, 𝝅)
𝟐 𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (−𝒙) = −𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 if 𝒙𝝐[-1,1] 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (−𝒙) = 𝝅 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙 if 𝒙𝝐[-1,1]
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (−𝒙) = −𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 if 𝒙𝝐R 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (−𝒙) = 𝝅 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 𝒙 if 𝒙𝝐R
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒙−𝟏 (−𝒙) = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒙−𝟏 𝒙 If 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 (−𝒙) = 𝝅 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙 if
𝐢𝐟 𝒙𝝐(−∞, −𝟏] ∪ [𝟏, ∞) 𝐢𝐟 𝒙𝝐(−∞, −𝟏] ∪ [𝟏, ∞)
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝟐
, 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝟐
, 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝟏 𝒙+𝒚
𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 ( ) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙 , |𝒙| ≥ 𝟏 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 { } if xy<1
𝒙 𝟏−𝒙𝒚
𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 ( ) = 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙 , |𝒙| ≥ 𝟏 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 { 𝒙−𝒚 } if xy>-1
𝒙 𝟏+𝒙𝒚
𝟏
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) = 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 𝒙 ,𝒙 > 0 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 ± 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 {𝒙√𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 ± 𝒚√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 }
𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙 ± 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 {𝒙𝒚 ∓
√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 √𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 }
2𝑥 1−𝑥 2 2𝑥
−1
2 tan 𝑥= sin−1 { 2 } = cos −1 { 2 } = tan−1 { }
1+𝑥 1+𝑥 1−𝑥 2
Differentiation
𝑑𝑦
Derivative of y with respect to x is denoted by = 𝑦1 = 𝑦 ′ = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 Product Rule
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 (𝑢. 𝑣) = 𝑣 +𝑢
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Quotient rule
𝑑
(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ) = sec 2 𝑥 𝑣
𝑑𝑢
–𝑢
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
( ) =
𝑑
(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
Chain RULE:
(𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 P.F.A.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
P=Power, F=Function , A=Angle
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 ) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝒅 𝟏 𝒅 −𝟏
𝑑 1 (𝑺𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙) = , (𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝒙) =
(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ) = 𝒅𝒙 √𝟏−𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 √𝟏−𝒙𝟐
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝒅 𝟏 𝒅 −𝟏
𝑑 𝑥) 𝑥 (𝑺𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙) = , (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝒙) =
(𝑒 =𝑒 𝒅𝒙 𝒙√𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝒙√𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
𝑑𝑥
𝒅 𝟏 𝒅 −𝟏
𝑑 (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙) = , (𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝒙) =
(𝑎 𝑥 ) = (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎)(𝑎 𝑥 ) 𝒅𝒙 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟏+𝒙𝟐
𝑑𝑥
# 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝒚) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚
Log कब Use करना है ???? 𝒙
# 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚
𝒚
#जब भी िंक्शन की Power Variable हो
# 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙𝒏 ) = 𝒏𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙
#जब भी बहु त सारे function mulitiplication/division में हो # 𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 = 𝒙
#simplification के फलए # log1=0
# 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒙 = 𝒙
# log (e) =1
A Function f is said to be 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒙
# 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 =
Differentiable 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒂
# 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒂𝒃 ) (𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙(𝟏⁄𝒃)
At 𝑥 = 𝑐 if LHD=RHD
# 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 × 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 𝒂 = 𝟏
𝒇(𝒄−𝒉)−𝒇(𝒄) 𝒇(𝒄+𝒉)−𝒇(𝒄)
𝑖. 𝑒. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 # 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 =
𝟏
𝐡→𝟎 −𝒉 𝐡→𝟎 𝒉 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 𝒂
INTEGRALS
∫ 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙−𝒂
∫ 𝒙𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐𝒂 𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒙+𝒂| + 𝒄
∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟏 𝟏 𝒂+𝒙
𝟐
∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄 ∫ 𝒂𝟐 −𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐𝒂 𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒂−𝒙| + 𝒄
∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙 + 𝒄 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙
∫ 𝒙𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒂) + 𝒄
∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙. 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟏
∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙. 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 + 𝒄 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈|𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 | + 𝒄
√𝒙𝟐 −𝒂𝟐
∫ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙 = −𝒍𝒐𝒈|𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙| + 𝒄 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈|𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 | + 𝒄
√𝒙𝟐 +𝒂 𝟐
∫ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈|𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙| + 𝒄
𝟏 −𝟏 𝒙
∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈|𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙| + 𝒄 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒂) + 𝒄
√𝒂𝟐 −𝒙 𝟐
𝒙 𝒙
∫ 𝒆 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆 + 𝒄
𝒙
𝒂𝒙 PARTIAL FRACTION
∫ 𝒂 𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂
(𝑝𝑥+𝑞) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝟏
∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈|𝒙| + 𝒄 (𝑥+𝑎)(𝑥+𝑏)(𝑥+𝑐)
= + +
𝑥+𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑥+𝑐
∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈|𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙| + 𝒄 (𝑝𝑥+𝑞) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
(𝑥+𝑎)(𝑥+𝑏)2
= + +(
𝑥+𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑥+𝑏)2
∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈|𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙| + 𝒄
(𝑝𝑥+𝑞) 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
By Parts (𝑥+𝑎)(𝑥 2 +𝑏)
= +
𝑥+𝑎 𝑥 2 +𝑏
d
∫(I. II)𝑑𝑥 = I ∫ IIdx − ∫ {dx (I) ∫ IIdx } 𝑑𝑥
I.L.A.T.E 𝒙 𝒂𝟐
∫ √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐
√𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 −
𝟐
𝒍𝒐𝒈|𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 | + 𝒄
I-INVERSE
𝒙 𝒂𝟐
∫ √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐
√𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 +
𝟐
𝒍𝒐𝒈|𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 | + 𝒄
L-LOG
𝒙 𝒂𝟐 𝒙
A-ALGEBRIC ∫ √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝒄
𝟐 𝟐 𝒂
T-TRIGONOMETRIC
∫ 𝒆𝒙 {𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒇′ (𝒙)} 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒄
E-EXPONENTIAL
𝒃−𝒂
LIMIT OF SUM METHOD: if 𝒉 = 𝒏
𝒃
∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒉{𝒇(𝒂) + 𝒇(𝒂 + 𝒉) + 𝒇(𝒂 + 𝟐𝒉) + ⋯ . . +𝒇[𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒉}
𝒉→𝟎
𝒂
𝒏(𝒏−𝟏) 𝒏𝟐 −𝒏
𝟏 + 𝟐 + 𝟑 + ⋯ . +(𝒏 − 𝟏) =
𝟐
=
𝟐 𝒂𝒉 − 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂
𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 + ⋯ . +(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐 =
𝒏(𝒏−𝟏)(𝟐𝒏−𝟏)
=
𝟐𝒏𝟑 −𝟑𝒏𝟐 +𝒏 𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝟔 𝟔
𝒏(𝒏−𝟏) 𝟐
𝟏𝟑 + 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟑𝟑 + ⋯ . +(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟑 = {
𝟐
} 𝒆𝒉 − 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝒂 + 𝒂𝒓 + 𝒂𝒓𝟐 + ⋯ … … . +𝒂𝒓𝒏−𝟏 =
𝒂(𝒓𝒏 −𝟏) 𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
(𝒓−𝟏 )
PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
𝒂
• ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒃 𝒂
• ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = − ∫𝒃 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝒄 𝒃 𝒄
• ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + ∫𝒃 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 if a<b<c
𝒃 𝒃
• ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒂 + 𝒃 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒂
• ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒂 − 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝒂
𝒂 𝟐 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝒇 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒊. 𝒆. 𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)
• ∫−𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = { 𝟎
𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒇 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝒊. 𝒆. 𝒇(−𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙)
𝒂
𝟐𝒂 𝟐 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝟐𝒂 − 𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)
• ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = { 𝟎
𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝟐𝒂 − 𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙)
𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝑰𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝑶𝒇 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒐𝒓 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 √𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄
𝒅
𝑯𝒐𝒘 𝑻𝒐 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 → Let 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒 = 𝑨 [ (𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄)] + 𝑩
𝒅𝑿
𝒅
या Put 𝑵𝑼𝑴𝑬𝑹𝑨𝑻𝑶𝑹 = 𝑨 [𝒅𝑿 (𝑫𝑬𝑵𝑶𝑴𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑻𝑶𝑹)] + 𝑩
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑨 & 𝐵
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝑰𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝑶𝒇 ∫(𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒)√𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒅𝒙
𝒅
𝑯𝒐𝒘 𝑻𝒐 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 → Let ( 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒) = 𝑨 [
𝒅𝑿
(𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄)] + 𝑩
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑨 & 𝐵
𝟏
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝑰𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝑶𝒇 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 + 𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄
𝑯𝒐𝒘 𝑻𝒐 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 → 𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 , 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 में सभी
Trigo functions को 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 के 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐬 में लेके आओ (𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙)
और numerator में 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 ही रहने दो , फिर tanx को 𝐭 𝐥𝐞𝐭 कर लो
𝟏
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝑰𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝑶𝒇 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄
𝒙 𝒙
𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝟐 𝟐
𝑯𝒐𝒘 𝑻𝒐 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 → 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒙 & 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒙 = 𝒙
𝟏+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟏+𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙
𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 में सभी Trigo functions को 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 के 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐬 में लेके आओ
𝟐
और numerator में 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
बनाओ (𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 ), फिर 𝐭𝐚 𝐧 को 𝐭 𝐥𝐞𝐭 कर लो
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝑰𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝑶𝒇 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒇
𝑯𝒐𝒘 𝑻𝒐 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 →
𝒅
Let 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝑨 [ (𝒅𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒇)] + 𝑩(𝒅𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒇) + 𝑪
𝒅𝑿
𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝑰𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝑶𝒇 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)√𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅
𝑯𝒐𝒘 𝑻𝒐 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 → 𝒑𝒖t 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅 = 𝒕𝟐
𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝑰𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝑶𝒇 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄)√𝒅𝒙 + 𝒆
𝑯𝒐𝒘 𝑻𝒐 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 → 𝒑𝒖t 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒆 = 𝒕𝟐
𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝑰𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝑶𝒇 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)√𝒄𝒙𝟐 + 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒆
𝟏
𝑯𝒐𝒘 𝑻𝒐 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 → 𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 =
𝒕
𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝑰𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝑶𝒇 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄)√𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒇
𝟏
𝑯𝒐𝒘 𝑻𝒐 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 → 𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒙 =
𝒕
