Power System Operations and Control

Prof. S.N. Singh

Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

Module-3
Lecture-9

Now, welcome to lecture number 9 of module 3 in this lecture I will discuss about the
SVC which is the reactive power control device and also it can improve the dynamic
performance of the power system. In the next module that is the module number 4 the
FACTS that is the flexible ac transmission system is mentioned, but the facts SVC is
mentioned here and this SVC is a device of FACTS family. So, here we can now see
what is the FACTS; that is a flexible ac transmission system what are the definitions
given by different organizations and what are the devices and how we can classify them.
Then I will go on the static compensator that is a SVC and also we will see the
compression between the statcom that is a static synchronous compensator and SVC.

(Refer Slide Time: 01:17)

So, to begin with here the flexible ac transmission system that is known as the FACTS
and are the name given to the application of power electronics devices to control the
power flows and other quantities in power system. There is always question that whether
which device is FACTS device or not. So, the term which is used here the power
electronic devices for example, if you are using a simple capacitor here with a
mechanical switch this is not a FACTS device. But if you are using here some thyristor
switch from switching mechanism you are using based on the power electronic device
then this device is known as FACTS device; then it is called thyristor switched capacitor
that is a TCSC.

So, we have it should be a FACTS there should be power electronics device or operators
and it should be operated very efficiently in very quick time. So, that is why the FACTS
that is a flexible ac transmission system are the name given to the application of power
electronic devices to control the power flows that may be real and reactive and other
quantity, in the power system other quantities are voltage. We can change the current we
can control the reactance we can control the phase angle. So, these are the various power
system quantities.

As per IEEE definition to add any confusion IEEE gave a definition that, the FACTS the
ac transmission system incorporating the power electronic based and other static
controller to enhance the controllability and increase power transfer capability. Means;
we can enhance the controllability means we can control some of the power system
quantities, it may be your voltage, it may be your reactive power, it may be your real and
reactive power flows in the transmission lines or vice versa. And also that, it can increase
the power transfer capability of the system by that why we are controlling this why we
want to control out this quantity to enhance the power transfer capability or to improve
the performance that is a static and as well as dynamic performances of the power
system.

The flexibility of electric power transmission is defined as the ability to accommodate

the change in the transmission system or operating conditions while maintaining the
sufficient steady state and the transient margin. Since the flexibility here is a related to
the terms as margin, that is steady state margin as well as the transient margin. Whenever
there is a severe disturbance in the system goes in the transient region. And then how
much margin do you have that; you can operate your system efficiently. The FACTS
controller that, a power electronic based system and other static equipment that provides
control of one or more of the AC transmission system parameter.

The parameters are normally the voltage angle and x of the transmission line, with the
help of these three we can control other that is the real and reactive power flows in the
transmission line and also we can. The reactive power control at any bus can be changed
accordingly.

(Refer Slide Time: 04:42)

Now, the question why we are going for these FACTS device let us go back that what
are the limitations of your transmission system. First and the major limitation normally it
is called the system stability, because we know that we cannot transmit the maximum
power without losing the stability because all the lines are having some stability limits
and we have to operate well below that limit. So, the steady system stability limits again
can be categorized you know it very well; that is your transient stability here the voltage
stability if you are governing here, the voltage here we are talking about angle sometimes
it is also called angle stability.

The dynamic stability is also a part of your this angle stability, here the steady state
stability the frequency collapse where we are talking about the frequency stability and it
may be your sub synchronous resonance problems. So, AC transmission system is
limited by the stability limits as I mentioned that where is steady that is stability limits
are there and then, we have to improve if we want to enhance the power system
performance you have to improve these stability limits. And thereby you can transfer you
can transfer more power as well as you can control your power system for the given
objective.
Another limitation of AC power system is, the loop flows loop flow is nothing but, the
flow suppose a system here you are having a generator here, this is having a line here
here again we are having another line. And finally, we are having another load here and
now; we can say the power which is flowing here is coming from here rather than here.
So, the power which is going all the way from here to here and then finally, coming here
that is called your loop flow. And it is nothing but, it is due to the impedance seen by the
current we know the current flows in the ac network and it depends upon the impedance
seen by that current in it.

So, always the current follows the minimum impedance path. So, here we do not know
what the problem with the loop flow is; the problem the major problem with the loop
flow is that it will increase the system losses. Now, you can remember here it is I and
then, it is I square R again it is going to be added. So, with the more loss. So, to avoid
that we have to use we have to control somewhere that, you can use some devices that
can control. And that can fact device is 1 of the option another is your voltage limit; we
know that we cannot operate our power system satisfactorily beyond a certain limit.

Normally thus we say that for EHV line the plus minus 5 percent is the limit; however,
for this other it may be plus minus 10 percent limit and beyond that we may face several
problems. Suppose, the voltage is more there will be lot of flash over an insulator, flash
over insulation breakdown etcetera. So, that will cause another problem. So, if it is under
voltage then there will be huge reactive power generation of the induction machine loads
etcetera, and that will gain require more reactive power. So, we have to restrict that with
a certain band thermal limit of the line we know this limit the lines of the limit lines are
limited by the thermal limit

Means we cannot flow the power in a particular line beyond its thermal limit because, if
thermal limits is the limit if you extend that power in the line that beyond that limit the
line will sag and there will be another problem. What will happen, normally if you’re
current exceed here this is your normal catenary that is formed on the transmission line.
If the temperature of this wire increases there is a possibility that, it will again more
sagging. And then there is a possibility here that we may lose the ground clearance and
there may be flash over there may be danger of the life and so, many problems will
occur. And again if the current will increase load will increase there will be, that this line
will melt and this will be broken because tension will be less.
So, that is extreme case, but even though there is a small increase on temperature only
this sagging will be more and then, the flash over and the other problem will occur in the
transmission line. So, we have to do in such a way that we can utilize those lines that
they are not heating the thermal limit we can transfer the power from one line to another
line and then we can achieve how are the performance of more power transferred over
the carried our subset of networks. Another problem is your high short circuit limits we
know that, if you are keep on adding several transmission line let suppose at this bus we
have several lines going and coming.

This bus here we are having and we are having the circuit breakers in the each line; now,
the rating of this circuit breakers are decided by the fault level that is a three phase fault
at this bus and that is decided. Now, if you connecting more line here again let us
suppose, what will happen the fault level of this bus will increase because we are adding
another parallel path here this earlier three parallel now 4 parallel. So, impedance will be
reduced and the fault level will be increased and there will be possibility that, we have to
replace these circuit breaker ratings as well means we have to go for higher current rating
circuit breakers and get the cost will be more.

So, once you are keep on connecting the ac network the fault high short circuit current is
going to increase and that, will 1 time it will limit that, we cannot get the circuit breakers
of that rating. Because we have some standard practice of the circuit breakers rating like
60 MVA may be it is eighty mva. So, we know this what the current limit is and what is
the power limit of this and based on that we decided. So, these are the various limitations
already other limitations that you know, the Ferranti effect and more coronal aspects
those those are the minor loss problems in the ac transmission system.

So, to avoid the FACTS controller can do much in this directions it can no doubt here the
FACTS devices will not eliminate these problems completely, but they will improve the
performance of the system. For example: the transient stability or you can say stability of
a system; using the FACTS controller we can improve the stability of the system. Means,
we can have the more margin and then we can operate our power system satisfactorily.
So, it can stability we cannot say that, there is no stability problem, but we can say we
are enhancing the stability limit by using some extra devices and that is FACTS that is
we are talking. We can avoid the loop flow, we can go for the voltage control as well we
can load the line up to thermal limit, and we can reduce the short circuit limits of the
buses etcetera.

(Refer Slide Time: 12:07)

Now, let us see what are the various advantages means benefits of the FACTS
technology. There is a basically 2 major advantages of FACTS technology FACTS
devices or you can say FACTS controllers to increase, the power transfer capability of
transmission network, means, it will increase the power transfer capability of
transmission network and it will provide, direct control of power flow over designated
transmission routes. It is not necessary that wherever, you are putting that device it will
control power flow or power system quantity of that line only it can control the quantity
of the other line, other designated route or other designated corridors.

It can control and we therefore, what will happen we can improve the power system
performance accordingly. So, with the help of these 2 various major benefits; means that
will increase the power transfer capability of the network. And it will provide direct
control means you can control the power flow over the any designated route based on
that we can have the various opportunities and those opportunities can be, again written
as first-one that it can control the power flow as ordered.

So, that it follows on the prescribed transmission corridor means we can control the
power in the some lines that it will meet the requirement of the specified power flow in
certain corridors; means, set of the lines may be 1 line 2 line and so on. So, in the
transmission corridors we can fix the amount of power, another is here the use of control
of the power flow may be to follow the contract meet the utilities own needs ensure your
optimal power flow, right through emergency condition or a combination there of.

(Refer Slide Time: 14:06)

So, use of control of power flow may do several objectives for example, I can tell you let
us suppose, we have here one utility and another here is consumer is here in this utility
this is a consumer here one generator in this utility and we want the power and then, here
from transmission line we want the power here. So, the power which is agreement
between these 2 can be controlled that, how much power they are having in this line.

We know suppose your generators are here one generator the 2 buses are here; now, here
another load is there. And let us suppose here that, we have another generator and the
load it is not necessary that, the power which is taken by this generator is directly coming
here, it may be we cannot identify the power flow because the electrons are not having
any color. So, the current here which is flowing that is basically in which line what is the
contribution of these powers or the contribution of this load can be obtained and
normally this is known as the power tracing.

So, we can do the power tracing and then we can see that which is contributing how
much. So, here that is use of control of power flow may follow a contract means; we can
meet that and check contract what is over that line. Means some we are having line and
then, we are having contract that will flow hundred mega watt powers over that line. So,
we can meet that, requirement by controlling the FACTS controller.

So, it can meet the utility needs and it will ensure that optimal power flow means, we can
optimally flow the power. So, that we can cheap our objectives may be our minimum
cost or minimum cost and other objective that, we can achieve with these FACTS
controller. In emergency condition; suppose one line gets one line drips what will happen
other lines may be overloaded. So, in that even too it may eliminate that emergency
condition by redoing the power flow in other lines.

Third is your increasing in the loading capability of lines to these thermal capabilities
including short term and seasonal; means here, we can increase the line loading through
their thermal limits by controlling the FACTS controller parameter. What will happen
means; we can in the short term as well as in the seasonal means for long term we can
control and then, we can load the lines up to their thermal limits increase. The system
security through raising the transient stability limit. Limiting short circuit currents and
overloads and managing the cascade blackouts and damping electromechanical
oscillations of the power systems and machines by controlling we will see later on.

So, Even by using SVC we can see we can damp out the oscillations; we can improve the
transient stability of the system, we can limit the short circuit currents and we can
manage the cascade tripping as well. What happens normally I’ll tell you an example: let
suppose here, this is a line the load is here and this system is this system is running
smoothly. If this line is tripped what will happen, this complete power will be followed
through this. And there may be possibility this line will be getting overloaded there will
some protection system, that is your overcurrent protection or distance protection what
will happen this will be also tripped and there will be cascade tripped and whole system
will blank out.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:04)

So, with the help of controlling if there are other lines we can control easily and then, we
can control the block outs means we can avoid the block outs in the system. The FACTS
controllers can also provide the secured tie line connections to the neighboring utilities
and the regions; thereby, decreasing overall generation reserves requirement on both the
sides. Already I have explained in the previous lectures that connecting 2 tie lines means
connecting 2 system with the tie line can reduce the reserve margins and then, we can
have sometimes very secure tie line can provide, the emergency support of one area from
the another area.

So, it can do very good duty during the emergency even and of course, it will decrease
your generation reserve and therefore, we can run the power system at higher plf. It also
allows the secure loading or the transmission lines to the level closer to the thermal limit.
While avoiding overloading and the reduce the generation margin by having the ability
to transfer, more power between the control areas. Means we can again go up to the
secure loading; means, we can go up to its limiting value and then this will again
improve the power transfer capability between the 2 areas.

So, another opportunity that we can achieve with our power FACTS controller that, it
can damp our power system oscillations why the power system oscillations. In the power
system, there are various types of faults and that faults here for example, having
generator let say a single machine is infinite bus; here we are having 2 lines this is
infinite bus if there is a 1 fault in the transmission line what will happen.

This machine will accelerate and de accelerates; so, there will some oscillations in the
rotor angle delta (δ) and also the speed. So, this machine will keep on oscillating and
then it will be going at a certain value. So, this oscillations can be damped out quickly
with the help of the power system FACTS controllers. It can again, thus prevents it can
prevent the cascade outages by limiting impact of fault and the equipment failures. It
provides greater flexibility, in sitting new generation what does it mean? I want to say
that here let us suppose in a power system; now, this lines are loaded there is a
possibility we have another line here that is under loaded .

So, we can put it even though generator here and then, by putting some device here we
can control the power over this line and then, we can put here or we can put anywhere
and then we can utilize them properly. So, FACTS controller may allow that proper
sitting of the generator with the help of, controlling the power flow in the lines another is
upgrading of the lines. Means at the same time you can go for the upgrading of the lines
means from one conductor to you can go for other size of conductors and then, you can
load up to that limit by using the FACTS controller. It also reduces the reactive power
flows, thus allowing the line to carry more active power.

So, it can reduce the reactive power in the transmission line. So, that we can go for the
more active power what does happen you can see thus you are having a transmission line
here between the 2 buses. Here this current which is flowing here that is the magnitude
and here this is I2R losses there. So, this line has these limitations that, I is the real and
reactive component are here. Means I is nothing but, your IR + j IM here, you can say real
part and q part; now, if you are going for this is less then you can go for more reactive
real power current and then you can transfer more real power than active power.

So, if you are having this then this will be reduced because this I2R, I square is the
limiting value of the transmission line, because I2 R is the last and then it is you can say
limiting value that thermal limits. So, with the help of if you can control this you can
imagine this, we can go for more real power again I said it can reduce the loop flows
again we can control the power thus we can redirect the power in the different fashion
according to our requirement.
So, loop flows can be reduced; it will increase the utilization of the least cost generation
means, we can have the different generating stations and then we can go for the
economic dispatch. For example: you are having several generators here then, you can
run this economic dispatch without any problem. Normally, what happens here there are
some possibilities some transmission lines are getting congested then we have to reduce
the loading of the cheap generator some time with the help of your FACTS controller we
can redirect and then we can load.

We can utilize the cheap generations first followed by the next cheap next expensive
generator. So, the economic dispatch here that is a optimal power flow or economic
generation, least cost operation can be achieved very efficiently compared to that without
FACTS controller.

(Refer Slide Time: 23:43)

So, these are the major advantages of FACTS controller; now, in the if you remember in
the very beginning I discussed about, the FACTS as the HVDC and again in the next
module I’ll discuss about the salient features of the HVDC control. Now, always the
question arises that, whether we are going for HVDC system or FACTS controller
because the HVDC system here it’s we are talking the transmission is the DC we are
generating ac utilizing AC, but the intermediate part we are transferring the power over
the DC lines. So, the here both are using the power electronics devices in HVDC also,
we use the converters we will see in the next lecture next module of the lectures. And the
FACTS controller also uses power electronic devices. So, these 2 FACTS as well as
HVDC are the complemented technologies role of HVDC is to interconnect AC system,
where our reliable AC interconnection would be too expensive or if you want to transmit
power over a long distance more than 600, 700 kilometer AC is not particularly feasible
and its very expensive because we have to go for the several stages of compensation.

So, you can use the DC system and already in India in UP itself we are having HVDC
long HVDC line that is coming from the Rihand and it is going to Dadri near Delhi and
this line length is approximately 900 kilometers. And we are flowing 1500 megawatts in
a steady state condition and the voltage is operating plus minus 500 volt. So, it is a
bipolar operation again I’ll discuss HVDC in the next module.

So, the advantage of HVDC that is the independent frequency and the voltage control
means here, the 2 independent frequency systems can be connected and the power can be
controlled independently after system frequency of the 2 areas. The we require only 2
wires maximum or 1 wire we can use the ground as return. So, the lower line cost of
course, in the three phase system if the power control is possible voltage control we can
do very well and stability control is also possible.

However; in the DC there is no stability concern at all because p δ angle is not a existing
there. For the FACTS the large the market potential for the FACTS is within the AC
system itself and on value added basis where; means, FACTS technology is incorporated
in the ac system itself you are having a ac transmission system if you are having AC
transmission system. If you are going for the DC then, you have the built a new
transmission line dc and you have to put the converters etcetera .

But here what we are doing that, we are not going to change the transmission line we are
not going to change anything else only we are putting some devices in the AC system
itself. And the what, should be the base is that existing steady state angle between the
buses should be reasonable. Why it is so, because we know that this value is this is your
δ this is p, I am talking this one from very beginning. Now, if you are loading the power
system here, your δ is this much this δ is the angle difference between the 2 buses; now,
you have the margin up to this one this is the p max.

So, if you already operating here; whatever the device you are using you are very close
to p max and the margin is very less with u. So, the point is just noted here; it means that
if you are having the more the margin. If the δ difference is less then you can load more
from here you can go up to this margin and this very high. So, this is a value added
addition. So, the existing steady state phase angle between the bus nodes that is 2 ends
should be reasonable should be small.

The cost of FACTS solution is lower than HVDC cost of course, we will see the cost of
FACTS devices are always lower than, the HVDC cost and the required FACTS
controller capacity is lesser than the transmission rating. Because the transmission rating
is this much. So, it is always this rating is less than capacity of the transmission line. So,
these are the 3 point where we have to decide.

(Refer Slide Time: 28:04)

Now, if you go for the comparison for HVDC to terminal the cost for the 200 megawatt
through put means that is the power which is we are going to transfer here it will require
this 40 to 50 million dollar. However the FACTS is the 5 to 10 million dollar. So, you
can see this is almost 8 to 10 times lesser compared to your HVDC. So, this device is
cheaper economical as well. Now, the FACTS technology is concerned with the
development of the following 2 area; now, why this FACTS technology is so, much
becoming popular and popular. The reason behind that, the high rating power electronic
switching device and the pulse with modulated converters are existing; means, earlier the
line commutated converted where thyristors were there and they were creating lot of
problem, but now we can use the pulse with modulations for the converter circuit and
then we can maintain the even the power factor unity .

And also we are right now we are having the power electronics devices with the more
voltage as well as the current ratings and that is, making feasible and also the cost is
reducing. Another reason that is the control methods using the digital signal processing
that is called dsp and the microprocessor and microcontroller are feasible nowadays and
based on that we can control very efficiently and smoothly, various devices normally in
the power electronics. We know, it vary with simple thyristors we had the IGBT that is a
transistor based technology that is insulated gate bipolar transistor, we are having GTO
gate turn of thyristors; MCT that is metal oxide thyristor MOS controlled transistor.

(Refer Slide Time: 29:58)

So, we will see what the comparison of the power semi conductor devices is. I have just
compared the thyristors GTO’s IGBT’s SI that is the static induction thyristors; here
MCT and we are having the MOSFET that is a MOS field effect transistors. Presently we
are having approximately 8 kv voltage rating and 4 kilo ampere current rating of single
unit of thyristor. Whereas the GTO’s we are having 6 kv and 6 kilo ampere IGBT’s of
course, we are having 1.7 kv and 0.8 kilo ampere current and others are also, lesser than
your thyristor and the GTO’s.

The other difference between these all 6 power semiconductor devices are voltage
blocking that is here, it is a symmetrical and asymmetrical is possible here symmetrical
and asymmetrical both are possible. Here only asymmetrical asymmetrical here
symmetrical and asymmetrical; means, gating here we get the pulse in the thyristors
GTO we get the current, IGBT we get the voltage and SI we get the current and the
voltage and so on so forth. If you see the voltage drop the thyristor are having the
minimum drop that is 1.2; however, your GTO’s are 2.5 switching frequency you can say
here is 1 kilo hertz here the GTO’s are 5 IGBT’s even have 20 kilohertz.

Now, the targeted value it is expected in the future; we can achieve the thyristors of
rating 10 kilo volt and here we can get the 10, 8 kilo ampere. We are also expecting the
GTO’s they will be available here in the 10 kilo volt rating of single unit and here 8 kilo
ampere. Similarly, the IGBT’s also we are expecting more development and then again
the cost also it may keep on reducing.

(Refer Slide Time: 32:02)

So, the 2 versions of switching converters in the power applications that is the FACTS
controllers we can categorize the devices into 2 categories, one they are using the
converters. So, it is called converter based FACTS controller and others are simple
without the converter FACTS controllers. So, the 2 versions of switching converters are
feasible depending upon, whether the DC storage device utilizes it means if you are
talking about the converter based technology. So, if you are using the power storage
device as a inductor then, it is called current source converter if you are using capacitor
then it is called voltage source converter.
So, HVDC basically use the current source; however, this VSC is used in the stat com
and other active power filters. The comparison you want to see that CSC and the VSC; in
the current source converters inductor is used in DC side; however, in the voltage source
converter capacitor are used. In the CSC the current constant current is achieved;
however, in the voltage source converters constant voltage is achieved. The CSC are
having more losses whereas, this VSC is less or also so, more efficient. CSC we can have
the fast control and accurate as well; however, this VSC is slow control CSC requires
larger and the more expensive, area require is more and it is more expensive.

However; the VSC are smaller in size and they are less expensive; the CSC there is a
current source converter more fault tolerant and more reliable; however, the VSC they
are less fault tolerant and less reliable. In CSC the control is very simple; however, the
VSC control is very complex; CSC not easily is expandable in series; however, the VSC
that we can easily go further adding the expanded adding the parallel to increase the
rating.

(Refer Slide Time: 34:17)

Now, let us come to the various devices and how we can categorize. So, the types of
FACTS controller; now, we can categorize the first category I just I made based on the
converter or non converter. Now, here again we are going for the different means how
they are connected in the system and then we can classify the FACTS controllers. First
one is your the series controller means; they are connected in the series as it name. Shunt
controller, they are connected to the bus combined series series controller means they are
place in the series of a 2 lines combined shunt and series controller means, there will be a
shunt shunt is always connected in the bus and then, to the ground and then the series
inside the line.

So, the series controller it could be variable impedance such as capacitor, reactor etcetera
or power electronics based variable source main of main frequency, sub synchronous or
harmonic frequency.

(Refer Slide Time: 35:22)

You can see here first; this is let us suppose a notation of FACTS controller then, what I
am going to do here just I am putting here. In the series of this line this is line we have
put this FACTS controller then it is called your series FACTS controller. If you are
putting in the shunt here you can say it is shunted at the bus or in the lines end, here it is
called shunt FACTS controller. Now, if we are using the series here and the series here
and again if you are connecting with DC link then it is called, your series and series
FACTS controller, there is a possibility you can have 1 shunt and then 1 series and then
we can have, the coordinated control then it is your shunt and series FACTS controller
and this is a coordinated.

So, because here the control are HVDC are coordinating such that it can operate
smoothly, another is your here is it is also shunt and series FACTS controller because 1
shunt here series, but they are connected with the DC here power link. And it is that is
why it is called unified; here there is no control it is a unified control automatically it is
taking care of and then, it is called unified series shunt controller here it is called
coordinated shunt series FACTS controller. So, in series controllers I can say, here it
could be variable impedance; means, as I put here in transmission line what is this it can
be a variable x or it can be x or l whatever you can say, and or it can be a voltage source.

Means it can be simply Xl it can be your Xc it can be a voltage source and this voltage
source, may be of the same frequency component of the operating system or it may be
sub frequency or super frequency or the combination of all these is possible in series
controllers. All series controllers inject a voltage in series with in line; no doubt these
controllers will inject voltage whatever will be the current flowing here. If it is a VSC of
course, it is injecting if it is a x scalar Xe some I Xe is injected.

So, all the series controllers injects voltage in series with line, if the voltage is in the
phase with the quadrature if this is the voltage which is injected is in phase coordinator
of this VI no phase with the line current. Here which is flowing, line current if it is in the
quadrature then it only supplies or absorbs the reactive power and then, it is working as a
variable reactive power flow. For other phase relationship, the real power is also
controlled and then it is called your series controller.

(Refer Slide Time: 38:28)

Now, let us see this other controllers that is a your shunt controller it could be again the
variable impedance as I said this impedance here x; it may be a variable source or
combination of these. So, this is you shunt controller all shunt controllers inject current
into the system, at the point of interconnection as we shown here. This is connected here
with the FACTS device this will inject, the current again it may be leading or lagging
current. It will inject into the system where, it is connected if injected current is in phase
quadrature with the line current here this line I and this is your I injected if they are in the
quadrature then, it only supplies or absorbs the reactive power.

For other possible relations here the real power will be also controlled; in the combined
this series and series controllers it could be combination of separate series controllers, as
coordinated or unified already I showed you. Controllers provide independent series
reactive power compensation means; they can control the independent reactive power as
well control real power transfer capability of unified series series controller, is known as
inter line power flow controller makes it possible to control both real and reactive power
flows.

Means we can change the power from one line to other line and this is a interline power
flow that is called IPFL means; IPFC is one device that is a interline power flow
controller that, is a example of series series controllers.

(Refer Slide Time: 40:09)

Unified means that DC terminal of controller converters are connected together for real
power exchange. So, here this is a DC if they are 2 converter are connected by DC link.
The combined series and shunt controllers or shunt series controller you can say, it could
be a combination of separate shunt and the series controllers as coordinated or unified.
The example: of this is UPFC that is very versatile device and it is called unified power
flow controller. Here it is called unified because the series and shunt controller’s
converters are connected by the DC link.

If it is not by direct DC link you are controlling separately then, it is called coordinated
combined series and shunt controllers injects current into the system with shunt part and
voltage in series with series part of the controller. When shunt and series controller are
unified, there can be a real power exchange between the shunt and series controller via
the DC link I want to say that; for example, let us suppose here this is your line here we
are having the shunt FACTS.

Here we are having series; what we are doing if you are controlling here separately by
coordinated controls here then, we cannot transfer exchange the power between the shunt
and the series, but if you are removing this and we are having this type of arrangement
this is a FACTS controller series part here your shunt and if you are connecting by the
DC line here, then there is a possibility the power will be exchanged through this DC
link. And then, we can control the active and reactive power independently and the
UPFC is example of this which is very versatile it can control the bus voltage here, it can
control the power flow here p and q independently. All these three quantity can be
controlled independently from the UPFC.
(Refer Slide Time: 42:06)

Now, the basic FACTS controller that is the shunt controller that I want to explain
because in this module only this SVC is mentioned. So, I’ll be discussing SVC more and
again, another advanced technology is there that is called static static synchronous
compensator here it is static VAR compensator we normally call it SVC. Now, you can
see the, construction of HVDC how it is connected; this is your system here we are
having, it is connected by your transformer because we are connecting at the lower
voltage.

Here this is your reactor we are using anti parallel thyristors and these thyristors are
controlled in such a fashion that, value of l can be controlled thereby we are controlling
the impedance of this complete system. This is your fixed capacitor this is your switched
capacitors here and they can be added. So, that you can say here this total effective x of
the system is changed and by that, we can inject or we can absorb the reactive power.

If whole this x effective is capacity then, we can inject the reactive power we can
improve the voltage profile. We can do other purpose as well; however, if it total is
inductive then we can absorb the reactive power and we can reduce the voltage. So, static
VAR compensator has been used for the reactive power compensation since mid of
1970s it is more than 36 years old device and till today it is more than seven fifty
location are SVC device are in the system and they are basically providing
40000.MVAR
Now, so, many locations in India also here in that is the power grid substation of near
Guwahati and Kanpur; we are having the SVC that is the rating here is the plus minus
280MVR; basically we are having 2 device and that is here plus minus 140 and that is
doing the purpose from the very beginning from the early of 90s if you notice from 88 or
89 onwards. So, it has a several advantages advantage that it can provide the voltage
support it will improve the transient stability we will see later all these things and it also
damp out the power system oscillations. And we will see these 3 advantage by analyzing
by taking a simple example;

(Refer Slide Time: 44:51)

However, another shunt device is your STATCOM that is called static synchronous
compensator or STATCOM simply. It is superior than SVC the reason that, it is here the
converter based technology. If you see in the previous one it was here your thyristor
simple anti parallel thyristor it is not a converter. So, it is superior because we are using
the converters here, the reduction in the outdoor area requirement it requires less space it
reduces the, volume in capacitor and reactor there are. So, many inductors and capacitors
were used here we require only one capacitor or inductor that will solve your purpose.

So, that is why we require less space as well; here its performance is better in the low
voltage system, thus in earlier cases the thyristors once you are firing if you are changing
the inductance what will happen. You are just delaying your firing angle or you are
advancing the firing angle thereby, we are generating the harmonies in the system here;
however, it reduce the harmonics very well and therefore, there is no need of the filters
those can be filtered out.

So, the dynamic performance also and the stability limit enhancement with the
STATCOM is better. Now, the question here why the voltage performance is better for
the STATCOM compared to SVC. To understand this, in the previous case here you saw
here the reactive power provided by this whole system. This Q it is nothing but,
(V2/Xeffec) voltage here is the voltage of the system. Here this is the V; if voltage falls
what happen this q generated is less again we just take a new page here, in SVC I can say
let us take SVC example: here I am talking about STATCOM and then we see the
difference for the reactive power support under the low voltage.

(Refer Slide Time: 47:00)

So, the reactive power provided by your SVC it is the v square divided by whatever can
say xe or x effective which I am using. Now, you can see if your voltage falls down from
1 per unit to let us suppose 0.8 per unit, when it was 1 per unit it was giving the reactive
power at 1 per unit this 1 / Xeffective. Now, I have this value this x cube will be your 0.8
square divided by x effective and it is 0.6 4 upon x effective what does it mean.

Now, the reactive power provided when the voltage is less the reactive power provided
by the system is less. It means that, when we need more reactive power it is providing
less here it is providing more it is 1 per unit. So, therefore, here you can say the reactive
power reduction is the square term and therefore, when we need more it provides less.
So, this is not. So, superior here now, come to the STATCOM in the STATCOM what
we are doing we can see in STATCOM here we are just injecting the current this is your
voltage.

So, the reactive power here this q will be nothing but, your V into I. And we can fix the
current limit the limit hitting value here is your I. So, let us suppose it is at the limiting
value and your voltage is reduced. So, earlier it was 1 per unit. So, your q was I and now
once it is voltage is 0.t 8 now, q here is 0.8 I. Now, this is also reducing no doubt, but
what happens earlier in SVC was your q SVC was 0.64 times of your q original. So, it
was more reduction than this it is 0.8 times of the original value I can say, 0.8 q not and
here 0.64. So, this is giving more reactive power when you require compared to SVC
although this is also reducing.

So, that is why it is said the improved performance at here low voltage another here that,
your reduce need of filters as I said, the requirement of filters are minimized because
here we are can use the pulse width modulated converters firing circuit. By that we can
eliminate the harmonics generated by these converters and even though, sometimes we
can improve the power factor of this very effectively compared to your SVC. So, SVC is
nothing but, a variable impedance source variable impedance device; however, this
STATCOM is variable voltage source because this is a different between the
STATCOM. So, SVC is your variable x that is, the shunt. Here it is your variable voltage
and then we can change the voltage and thereby we can change the current. So, here if
this is your voltage vss. So, I can write (V - VSS ) divided by the transformer impedance
is your I.

So, this is your I want to say this is voltage source device this is your variable impedance
device. So, here we can generate this voltage source with the fundamental frequency. So,
there will be no harmonics. So, the reduced need of filters wherever, there we require
some filters, but another advantage of that SVC here if you are putting the filters here
add the fundamental frequency those filters here they are used they provide the reactive
power at the fundamental load.
So, there is a this filters sometimes very advantageous that, they will inject the reactive
power at the fundamental; however, harmonic frequency they will work as a filter and it
will be going to the ground. So, this, but again the cost will be more you are putting
another extra device and the dynamic performance, it is better and enhancement of
stability will be also better and then only we can understand this part only based on if
you go the characteristics of these devices.

So, then we are just before that again we have to go for the basic fundamental about the
stability that, how it is going to improve and we will see that this STATCOM is better
than SVC. But the SVC is the voltage device in the FACTS family and that is why still it
is cheap also, but this device is very expensive and the main disadvantage of this one is it
is expensive because here we are using converters.

So, may thyristor are used wherever there we using 2 thyristor. So, that device is cheaper
this device is expensive; now, another difference here the 2 type of STATCOM’s are
available that is your voltage source and the current source as I said the CSC are the
current source you have to use inductor here we are using inductors. So, this is your CSC
here you are using capacitor it is your voltage source. Now, this s STATCOM’s are now
people are planning to put in the earlier people, were using simple capacitors now with
the help of that can improve the static as well as the dynamic performance of the system.

Because now, the cost of this devices is keep on going down and we can enhance the
power system dynamics or you can say performance both static as well as dynamic with
the help of these compensator and that is the shunt controllers .
(Refer Slide Time: 53:04)

So, let us see the comparison of a stat com and SVC whatever I told in the nut shell now
we can go in the detail that we here, I have written the STATCOM here this is your
SVC. First we will see the compression that this STATCOM acts as a voltage source
behind the reactance, as I said it is your voltage source here it is just acting like a
variable susceptance or impedance. The STATCOM is insensitive to transmission system
harmonics because, we are injecting the voltage source and that voltage source is
independent of the system harmonic; however, this is the very much sensitive to the
system harmonic.

So, then there may be some resonant because we are using some parallel capacitor and
inductors and there may be some other harmonics component may resonant and this may
give your outage or you can say damage of that equipment and the other elements of the
SVC. The STATCOM is having higher dynamic range again this comparison I’ll come
later, but you should know here right now; this here it has the larger dynamic range
means it can operate in range very very wide compared to your this SVC. SVC is having
smaller dynamic range of course, this STATCOM generates less harmonics fewer
harmonics; however, it generates more harmonics compared to the STATCOM .

A STATCOM has faster response within milli seconds and better performance during
transient its performance that is, SVC performance is slow during the transient
STATCOM both inductive and capacitive region of the operations are possible here you
can operate both the region that is the inductive as well as the capacitive this SVC are
mostly operating in the capacitive region means whatever just you are connecting here
your this thyristors and here your inductors here you are using capacitors barrier. So,
total here normally your x effective will be your xe; means, we are using in the
capacitive region most of the time 1 STATCOM that is we are having in the power
building substation Guhwati Kanpur it is operating your xe mode always; STATCOM
can maintain or even stable voltage even with a very weak AC means; your system is
weak it can maintain the voltage compared to your AC weak system as I said the reactive
power generation here the q is once voltage keep on down then reactive power
generation is also reducing. But at that time we need more here that reduction is less.

So, it is better it can maintain voltage stably with even though very weak AC system. A
stat com can be used for the small amount of energy storage device as I said here we can
use the STATCOM for storing some energy because we are using capacitors here as I see
here, in this capacitor or this inductor. They can store the energy for little amount no
doubt though this is not huge amount. If you are going for the huge storage then the cost
will be going very high, but that energy can given during the emergency condition. And
that, it will be better when you need some power in the emergency condition and it can
provide.

So, it can handle a small amount of energy as well, but here there is no scope of storing
the energy. The temporary overload capacity translate into the improved voltage stability
here, we can go for the over means; we can go for the temporary overload capacity and
therefore, we can again improve the voltage stability of the system whereas, SVC it is
not possible. So, in this lecture just we saw that the importance of the FACTS controller
we also just compare your STATCOM and your SVC’s devices and we saw that,
STATCOM is better than SVC.

But the main problem with the stat com it is expensive than SVC and due to that, here
the SVC’s are very popular and it is already located in more than 75 locations all over
the world and it is feeding 40000 almost more than that MVAR power to the system. So,
the SVC’s are very popular and then here now, I am going to just these 2 sent I’ll show
you later that how they are, who is better again based on that I mentioned here we will
compare in the next lecture .
Thank you