CHAPTER 1 C.

HISTORY ILLUMINATES PIECES OF THE

PAST
History
- History provides for explanations of
- Is a branch of Social Sciences that deals thing that happened in the past. By
with the systematic study of the past, a looking at relationships of different
branch of knowledge that records and events and phenomena, it provides
explains past events and which explanations for seemingly
concerns people and human nature. unexplainable gaps.
- Used by the Greek Philosopher D. HISTORY IS CONSTANTLY CHANGING
Aristotle. - Since claims to historical facts are based
on personal accounts, documents and
Other Meaning of History: artifacts, a Historian makes an analysis
 Historia (Spanish) based only on what is available sources
 Historie (French) of data. The historian can not conclude
 Geschichte (German) something that is baseless.
 Kasaysayan (Filipino) - When new data are found/discovered,
previous historical accounts can be
Salaysay – narrative or a story changed.
Saysay – meaning E. HISTORY SHEDS LIGHT TO TRUTH.
- Since a historian constantly write about
Without both, you cannot have true history. previous phenomena using historical
(Ambeth Ocampo, 2014) sources as basis, all claims therefore
supports only the truth base on the
Historiography
data available. However, this does not
- It refers to the study of history itself. preclude the fact that a historian uses
- It analyzes who is the history writer, the also unwritten sources such as oral
motives of the writer, the sources of accounts and traditions.
the writer, theories applied and other
IN RELATION WITH OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES
historical records.
Archaeology
Element of History
- Is the scientific study of material
 THE HISTORIAN
remains of past human life and
 PLACE
activities as stated by Merriam and
 PERIOD – refers to the context of the
Webster.
time when the history was written.
- Usually excavates the earth in search of
 SOURCES – refers to the basis of claims
artifacts. Through investigations of
or analysis of the historian such as
artifacts such as pottery, weapons,
documents, written or oral accounts.
jewelry, etc. the historian can draw
NATURE OF HISTORY AS AN ACADEMIC important analysis and interpretation
DISCIPLINE from them and make a description of
the lives and culture owned by the
A. HISTORY HAS NO SUBECT MATTER OF
artifacts.
ITS OWN.
- The subject matter of history covers all Anthropology
the persons and all events that have
- The study of human beings and their
happened in the past. It is broad, it
ancestor through time and space and in
covers everything that had happen in
relations to physical character,
the society, including all aspects from
environmental and social relations, and
political, economic social, culture. Etc.
culture. (Merriam and Webster).
B. HISTORY SYNTHESIZES KNOWLEDGE
FROM THE OTHER FIELDS
- since it covers all phenomena, history
also analyzes the relations of different
events, their cause and effects using
also the knowledge used in other fields
of social sciences such as Anthropology,
Sociology, Economics, etc.
IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY OF HISTORY INCLUDES: historical and legal documents,
eyewitness accounts, results of experiments,
E. Kent Rogers
statistical data, pieces of creative writing, audio
FIRST. TO KNOW MORE ABOUT THE ROOTS and video recordings, speeches, and art objects,
OF OUR CURRENT CULTURES. interviews, surveys, fieldwork, internet
communications via email, blogs, newsgroup
- history will provide us with the basis by are also primary sources
which we can understand better
different cultural institutions and SECONDARY SOURCES
construct. e.g. Different complexions of
- These are the interpretations of the
Filipino
history they describe, discuss,
SECOND. TO LEARN ABOUT HUMAN interpret, comment upon, analyze,
NATURE BY LOOKING AT TREND THAT evaluate, summarize, and process
REPEAT THROUGH HISTORY, AND LEARN primary sources.
ABOUT THE MISTAKES OF THOSE WHO - These are the products of people or
HAVE GONE BEFORE US. writers who were not part of the event
or phenomena.
- by studying different trends that - History books, although this is a bit
happened before, this could provide us misleading, or confusing, secondary
with clear analysis of causes of events sources can also includes articles,
that happened. movies, audio recordings, or any other
- by analyzing historical facts we can use source of media that INTERPRETS
the result in decision making or future history.
planning. - Secondary sources materials can be
Ambeth Ocampo articles in newspaper or popular
magazines, book or movie reviews, or
- History can be a mere narrative of past articles found in scholarly journals that
events, while kasaysayan is not just a discuss or evaluate someone else’s
narrative or salaysay – it must have original research.
saysay or meaning.
- Saysay gives us a way or looking at the TERTIARY BOOKS
world, a Filipino viewpoint that - Contains information that has been
influences the way we see the past, the compiled from primary and secondary
present, and hopefully the future. sources.
- History is making people see their past, - Includes almanacs, chronologies,
thereby giving them a sense of being dictionaries, and encyclopedias,
Filipinos. directories, guidebooks, indexes,
- If memory gives us our individual manuals, and textbooks.
identities, then history will contribute
to a national memory and eventually Types of Historical Sources
national identity.
1. Archival materials
Sources of History - Manuscript and archives are primary
sources, it includes business and
Historical evidences are important proof of personal correspondence, diaries and
truthfulness of the past. In the aims towards journals, legal and financial documents,
objectivity of the writing of the history, these photographs, maps, architectural
evidences become the sources of historical drawings, objects, oral histories,
data. computer tapes, and video and video
PRIMARY SOURCES – provides direct or first cassettes. Some archival materials are
hand evidences about an event, object, published and in prints and available
person, or work of art. These are the historian’s online.
responsibility is to organize the primary sources
into a coherent account to become secondary
sources.
 2. Government Documents CHAPTER 2 THE NATURE OF CRITICISM IN
- Provides evidences of activities, HISTORY
functions, and policies at all
Historical Criticisms
government levels. Government
documents are primary sources - it is the duty of the historian to check
- These documents includes hearings and on the authenticity of the sources that
debates of legislative bodies, the official are presented to him to be used as
text of laws, regulations and treaties, basis in writing history.
records of government expenditures - Sources have to undergo doubting and
and finances, and statistical therefore should be critically tested for
compilations of economics, validity.
demographic, and scientific data.
Two types of Historical Criticisms
3. SERIALS
 External criticisms
- Journals, magazines, and newspaper  Internal criticisms
are serial publications that are
published on an ongoing basis. External criticisms
- Scholarly journals in the science and - Covers the physical examinations of
social sciences include primary source sources like documents, manuscripts,
articles where the authors report on the books, pamphlets, maps, inscription
research they have undertaken. It and monuments.
follows “methods”, “results”, - In original documents it includes
“conclusions”. looking at the paper, ink used.
- It also includes books reviews,
editorials, and review articles. These are There are elements that have to be take
all considered secondary sources. into consideration in doing validation.

4. BOOKS A. AUTHORSHIP. Name of the author

provides credence in the establishment
- Most of the books are secondary of validity of a certain documents. The
sources, where authors reference are author’s name in itself can provide for
primary source materials and add their the test of authenticity.
own analysis. B. DATE AND PLACE OF PUBLICATION.
- Books can also function as primary The date of the document including the
sources. time and place of publication should be
- E.i. Jose Rizal’s own letters and essays properly analyzed in order to establish
would be primary sources. its authenticity.
5. Visual and Audio Materials C. TEXTUAL ERRORS. The historian should
always look at the textual errors in the
- Visual materials such as maps. text of documents and manuscripts.
Photographs, prints, graphic arts, and There are two types of textual errors:
original art forms can provide insights  Intentional errors – often made
into how people viewed and/or were when there is an effort to
viewed the world in which they existed. modify or supplement existing
- Films, videos, TV programs, and digital records or original manuscript
recordings can be primary sources. for personal intention or
- Documentaries, feature films, and TV interest.
news broadcasts can provide insights  Unintentional errors – mistakes
into the fantasies, biases, political that are caused by typist of
attitudes, and material culture of the scribes usually in spelling,
times in which they were created. omitted words or phrases
- Radio broadcast recordings, oral D. MEANING OF THE WORDS USED. The
histories, and the recorded music of a meaning of the words used usually
particular era can also be serve as changes from generation to generation,
primary source material. therefore the historian have to
interpret the words used on the time
when the document was made.
Internal Criticisms - History accounts only recorded past..
that means it is only for those who can
- Refers to the understanding of both
write, those who are educated.
literal and real meaning of words
- From the very word “history”, Filipino
- Historian must be able to analyze and
historians noticed it being gender-
interpret the contents of documents in
biased towards male
their real meaning.
- Documents contains the idea of the Kasaysayan as a Filipino concept
person who wrote or made the
- History is a western concept introduced
evidences, therefore they should be
by our colonizers, particularly by the
within its content.
Spaniards.
- Historian should question the motive of
- Kasaysayan, unlike history, is not only
the writer and question the accuracy of
bound by written documents but as
the document.
well as oral traditions.
ISSUES & PROBLEMS IN PHILIPPINE - As to the inclusivity of the concept of
HISTORIOGRAPHY kasaysayan, it advocates the philosophy
of “People’s History” or “History from
Modern day Filipino historian have put a lot of
Below”.
question on the manner by which Philippine
history was written: Bipartite View vis-à-vis Tripartite View of
Philippine History
A. Correcting the errors of published
historical work. Since most of the Bipartite View of Philippine History
primary sources were written in foreign
- Spaniards made us believe that there
language, errors in translation have
was no civilization in Philippines.
happened and have affected much the
- Philippine History can be only viewed
writing of history. There was therefore
into two epochs: “Pre-Hispanic period”
the need to correct errors in publication
and “Hispanic period”.
B. Filling the gaps in Philippine History.
- The Bipartite View of Philippine History
There were very few anthropologists
made us think that we owe our
and archaeologist in the Philippines
civilization to the Spaniards. As a
hence there are still gaps in some
metaphor to this view, the Katipuneros
account or parts of the Philippine
illustrated this view as “dilim-liwanag”.
history.
Dilim means darkness and liwanag
C. Reinterpretation of historical facts &
means light.
events. Historical Revisionism is a
practice in writing history in which Tripartite View of Philippine History
historians reinterpret views of causes
and effects, decisions, explanations and - The educated Filipinos during the
evidences. Spanish era, known as the ilustrados
D. Rewriting History in the Filipino point cannot accept the bipartite view of
of view. The biggest problem that was Philippine history presented by the
raised is the fact that writers were Spaniards.
foreigners therefore Philippine history - The Katipuneros adopted this historical
was mostly written in a foreigner’s framework and used “liwanag-dilim-
point of view and not on the point of liwanag” as a metaphor.
view of the Filipinos. - The pre-colonial being “liwanag” since it
was a great of civilization and identity
History as a western concept and Kasaysayan for the Filipinos.
as a Filipino concept - The colonial period being “dilim” since
it was an epoch of abuse of power and
History as a western concept
lost of Filipino identity.
- History is a western concept introduced
by our colonizers, particularly by the
Spaniards
- Historia became known as the account
of the pat of a group of people through
written documents and historical
evidence.
Zeus Salazar’s Pantayong Pananaw and other started preaching around Laguna de
Pananaw Pangkasaysayan Bay and Tayabas, Quezon, in Quezon
Province, where he founded several
Pantayong Pananaw
towns.
- Only few of our historical documents  During the following years they are also
are written in Filipino or native credited with the foundation of a large
language. number of towns in the provinces of
- They wrote for foreigners to Bulacan, Laguna and Rizal, such as
understand our history but not for their Tayabas, Caliraya, Lucban, Mahjayjay,
fellow Filipino who mostly do not Nagcarlan, Lilio(Liliw), Pila, Sánta Cruz,
understand the medium that they used. Lumban, Pangil, Siniloan, Morong,
- Through the guiding philosophy of Antipolo, Taytay, and Meycauayan.
Pantayong Pananaw, Philippine  As a friar, Juan de Plasencia lived up to
historiography will be seen from point his pledge, leading a lifestyle devoid of
of view of Filipinos and addressed any luxury and in constant contact with
directly to the Filipinos. the people he was trying to convert to
- Language batay sa gamit ng Pilipino, Christianity. He was also known to be a
Native Filipino language ang gamit defender of the native population,
looking after the poor, ill, or neglected,
Pangkaming Pananaw and standing up for their rights on
- Historical perspective in which numerous occasions.
Philippine history is written by Filipinos  He was also very keen on creating
in foreign language and intended for to primary schools, and requested of cial
be read by foreigners to understand our sanction for the creation of educational
history in our point of view. centers where "Filipinos could not only
- Filipino, in a foreign language, foreigner learn Christian doctrine, but also
target reading and writing, and some arts and
crafts, so they would become after, not
Pangkayong Pananaw only good Christians but also useful
- Historical perspective in which citizens", an initiative that was
Philippine history is written by foreigner approved by Domingo de Salazar, the
in a foreign language as well but it is first Bishop of the See of Manila (1512-
meant to be addressed or directed to 1594).
Filipinos as audience.  He is the author of what is believed to
- Foreigner, in a foreign language, Filipino be the first book printed in the
target Philippines, the Doctrina Cristiana, that
was not only printed in Spanish, but
Pansilang Pananaw also in Tagalog, in both Latin script and
the commonly used Baybayin script of
- Historical perspective in which
the natives of the time, and it even had
Philippine history is written by foreigner
a version in Chinese.
in a foreign language as well but it is
 Other works attributed to him are the
meant to be addressed or directed to
"Relacion de las Costumbres de Los
Filipinos as audience.
Tagalos" (1589), that not only helped
- Foreigner in a foreign language,
understand and preserve many of the
foreigner target audience
traditional ways of the local population,
CHAPTER 4 CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS but also provided the first form of civil
code, used by local governors to
 He spent most of his missionary life in
administer justice.
the Philippines, where he founded
 A mystical work which he entitled "La
numerous towns in Luzon and authored
Santina", was an Opus number on
several religious and linguistic books,
prayer and contemplation entirely done
most notably the Doctrina Cristiana
in the Tagalog language so the natives
(Christian Doctrine), the first book ever
who did not know Spanish could also
printed in the Philippines.
engage in the spiritual exercises of their
 He is believed to have arrived to the
teachers.
Philippines in 1578, after a stopover in
Mexico. As soon as he arrived, he joined
forces with another missionary, Fray
Diego de Oropesa, and they both
CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS • Alliances are formed through blood compact
or sandugo.
• It was written on the year 1589 during the
Spanish Colonial Period. Dato (Datu)

• A task by Governor Santiago De Vera • Governs the barangay and captain of wars.

• A guide for the Alcalde Mayors in settling the • Obeyed and revered by the members of the
dispute among native Filipino barangay.

• Put an end into the injustice committed • Create and execute laws.
against the ancient Filipinos
Social Classes
• First form of civil code
Nobles or Maharlikas
• Help in understanding and preserving
 They do not pay taxes
traditions of ancient Filipinos
 Freeborn
Obtain simple truths regarding their:  Must accompany the Datu in war, at
their own expense, but divide the
- Social classes
spoils.
- Government
 Warriors, rich traders, and craftsmen.
- Administration of justice
- Inheritance Commoners or Timawa class
- Slaves
 Lower ranking than the Maharlika
- Dowries
 Also called Aliping namamahay.
Historical Context  Everyday folks, forming the majority of
the population.
Fray Juan de Placencia
 They pay taxes and served the Datu as
• Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalogs well as the Maharlikas.
(Customs of the Tagalogs, 1589)  They live in their own houses, and are
lords of their property and gold.
• Described the political, social, economic, and  They are allowed to earn money but
cultural practices of the Filipinos before they have to surrender a percentage of
were Christianized. earnings to their masters.
PRACTICE THE “SEMI-CASTE” SYSTEM  They cannot be slaves nor either
parents nor children can be sold
Social:  They cannot be taken away from their
Datus : Chieftain own village and be carried with the
master who is going to dwell to another
Maharlicas : Nobles/Freeman village.
Aliping Namamahay : Commoners (offer labor Alipin or Aliping Sagigilid
to the upper class but they are not considered
as proper) • Could not own anything.

Aliping Sagigilir/Sagigilid : Slaves (offer labor • Usually captives of war or sentenced criminal.
and property of Maharlicas and Datus; they can • Could be bought or sold at will.
be sold)
• Couldn’t enter into a contract or marriage.
Caste System – A person is considered a
member of the caste into which he or she is • Used in sacrificial ceremonies and could be
born and remains within that caste until death. buried alive upon the death of their masters, to
continue serving them in the afterlife.
The Barangay
Marriage and Children
• Started out as a single clan comprised of
parents, children, their extended family  Those who are maharlikas on both
members, and their slaves. father’s and mother’s side continue to
be so forever; if it happens they should
• Each barangay was independent, although be slaves, it is through marriage.
some entered into alliances.
  If maharlikas (men) had children among  If the husband possessed children at
their slaves, the children and their the time of his divorce, the whole
mothers became free. dowry and fine will be given to the
 If a slave-woman is pregnant, she is children, and held for them by their
compelled to give her master half of the grandparents or other responsible
gold tael because of her risk of death, relatives.
and for her inability to work during
Dowries and Contract
pregnancy.
 If two persons married, of whom one  There are fine stipulated in the
was a maharlika and the other a slave, contract, that he who violates it shall
whether namamahay or sagigilid, the pay a certain sum which varies
children were divided; first, whether according to the practice of the village
male or female belonged to the father, and the affluence of the individual.
as did the third and fifth; and the  If upon the death of the parents, the
second, fourth, and the sixth fell to the son or daughter should be unwilling to
mother. marry because it was arranged by his or
 In this manner if the father were free, her parents, the dowry which the
all those belonged to him were free; if parents received is returned nothing
he were a slave all those who belonged more.
to him were slaves; and same applied to  If the parents are living, they pay a fine,
mother. because it was assumed that is was
 Maharlikas could not, after marriage their design to separate the children.
move from one village to another,
without paying a certain fine of gold, as Laws and Punishment
arranged among them.  Investigations made and sentences
 This fine is larger or smaller according passed by the datu must take place in
to the inclination of the different the presence of those in his barangay.
villages, running from one to three taels  If any of the litigants (being sued) fell
and banquet to the entire barangay. himself aggrieved, an arbiter (judge) is
 Failure to pay the fine might result in a unanimously selected from another
war between the barangay where the village.
person left and one which he entered.  A man of low birth who insulted the
 This applied equally to men and women daughter or wife of the Datu will be
except that when one married a woman condemned to death.
of another village, the children were  Witches were killed, and their children
divided equally to two barangays. and accomplices becomes slaves of the
Dowries Datu.
 All other offenses were punished by
 Dowries are given by men to women’s fines in gold, which id not paid in
parents. promptness, expose the culprit to serve
 If the women’s parents are living, they until the payment should be made.
will enjoy the use of it. At their death,
provided the dowry has not been Worships of the Tagalogs
consumed, it is divided like the rest of Pandot - a celebration of festival or worship
the estate, equally among the children. which is held at the large house of the Datu.
 If the wife, at the time of her marriage
has neither father, mother, nor Sibi - a temporary shed to shelter the people
grandparents, she enjoys her dowry. during worship.

Dowries and Divorce Sorohile – small lamps to illuminate the sibi

during worship.
 In case of a divorce before the birth of
children, if the wife left the husband to Naagnitos – the act of worshipping that unites
marry another, all her dowry and an the whole barangay and families.
equal additional amount goes to the
husband; but if she left him, and did not
marry another, the dowry is returned.
 When the husband left his wife, he lost
 At the center of the house, worshippers
half of the dowry, and the other half is
place one large lamp adorned with
returned to him.
 leaves of white palm wrought into successively during the feast, which
many designs. usually lasted for four days.
 They also bought together many drums,
large and small which they beat
Death  Disapproves the claim of some
Spaniards that when they arrived in the
Maca – place of another life of rest. The
Philippines, Filipinos were still
“paradise” or “village of rest”. Those who go to
uncivilized and lacking culture.
this place are the just, the valiant, and those
 Filipinos were already politically and
who lived without doing harm, or who
economically organized.
possessed moral virtues.
 Filipinos has a functioning government,
Casanaan – place of punishment, grief, and tax system, set of laws, criminal justice
affliction. Which is also called “place of system, indigenous calendar, and long-
anguish”. standing customs and traditions.
 They had the concept of supreme being
No one would go to heaven, where there only called Bathala, practice burial customs
dwelt Bathala. and believed in life after death.
Vibit – ghost  People then were already wearing
garments and gold ornaments, and
Tigbalaang – phantoms their houses were decorated with idols.
Patianac – the lament, which can be heard at  All these lead to the conclusion that
night, of a woman died during childbirth. She prior to the coming of the Spaniards,
and her child suffered punishment. Filipinos were already civilized and
maintained a lifestyle that was on par
Relevance with or even better than that of people
from other countries in Southeast Asia.