Scribd
Upload
18 views15 pages

Applied Electricity

The document is a lecture by Dr. Daniel Oppong Bediako on applied electricity, focusing on circuit theorems including Kirchhoff's laws, superposition, and Thévenin's theorem. It provides examples and solutions for calculating current in various circuit configurations. The lecture is part of the curriculum at the University of Cape Coast's Faculty of Sustainable Engineering.

Uploaded by

elisha0533
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
18 views15 pages

Applied Electricity

The document is a lecture by Dr. Daniel Oppong Bediako on applied electricity, focusing on circuit theorems including Kirchhoff's laws, superposition, and Thévenin's theorem. It provides examples and solutions for calculating current in various circuit configurations. The lecture is part of the curriculum at the University of Cape Coast's Faculty of Sustainable Engineering.

Uploaded by

elisha0533
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

APPLIED ELECTRICITY

LECTURE ONE B

Dr. Daniel Oppong Bediako


❖ Ph.D. Information and Communication Engineering
❖ MSc, Information and Communication Engineering
❖ BSc, Electrical/Electronic Engineering
❖ HND, Electrical/Electronic Engineering

UNIVERSITY OF CAPECOAST
FALCULTY OF SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING
CIRCUIT THEOREMS CONT’D
Kirchhoff’s First Law (Current Law):
For the Network shown below, show the relationship between 𝐼1; 𝐼3; 𝐼4
𝑰𝟏 A 𝑰𝟒
𝑹 Solution
𝑹𝟏 𝑰𝟑 𝟐
At junction A
𝐼3 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼4 …….eq.1
𝑹𝟑
𝑰𝟐 𝑰𝟓 At junction B
B 𝐼2 = 𝐼3 + 𝐼5 …….eq.2

Put eq.1 into eq.2


𝐼2 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼4 + 𝐼5
𝐼1 + 𝐼4 + 𝐼5 − 𝐼2 = 0
CIRCUIT THEOREMS CONT’D
Write down the I relationship for the junctions A,B,C of the network. Hence find 𝐼2, 𝐼4
and 𝐼5. Where 𝐼1=3A, 𝐼3=1A, 𝐼6=1A
Solution To find 𝑰𝟒 ;
At junction A From eq.2
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟑 + 𝑰𝟐……eq. 1 𝑰𝟔 = 𝑰𝟒 + 𝑰𝟐
At junction B 𝑰𝟒 = 𝑰𝟔 −𝑰𝟐
𝑰𝟔 = 𝑰𝟒 + 𝑰𝟐 ……eq. 2 𝑰𝟒 = 1 – 2
At junction C 𝑰𝟒 = −1A
𝑰𝟑 = 𝑰𝟒 + 𝑰𝟓 ……eq. 3
To find 𝑰𝟓 ;
To find 𝑰 𝟐; From eq.3
From eq.1 𝑰𝟑 = 𝑰𝟒 + 𝑰𝟓
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟑 + 𝑰𝟐 𝑰𝟓 = 𝑰𝟑 −𝑰𝟒
𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝟏 −𝑰𝟑 𝑰𝟓 = 1− (–1)
𝑰𝟐 = 3 – 1 𝑰𝟓 = 2A
𝑰𝟐 = 2A
CIRCUIT THEOREMS CONT’D
Kirchhoff’s Second Law (Voltage Law):
If 𝑬𝟏 > 𝑬𝟐 ⟹ 𝑬𝟏 − 𝑬𝟐 = 𝑰𝟏𝑹𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐𝑹𝟐
In general
𝜮𝑬 = 𝜮𝑰𝑹 ⟹ 𝑬 = 𝑰𝑹

If, 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐 ⟹ The currents are the same


If, 𝑬𝟐 − 𝑬𝟏 ⟹ 𝑰𝟐𝑹𝟐 − 𝑰𝟏𝑹𝟏
Since 𝑰𝟏= 𝑰𝟐 ⟹ 𝑰𝟏= 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰
∴ 𝑬𝟐 − 𝑬𝟏 = 𝑰𝑹𝟐 − 𝑰𝑹𝟏 = 𝑰 𝑹𝟐 − 𝑹𝟏
CIRCUIT THEOREMS CONT’D
Eg1:Use Kirchhoff’s Theorem to find the current in the 10 Ω resistor of the circuit
shown below. 𝟐𝒙 𝟖 = 𝟏𝟓𝑰𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝑰𝟐
A B C { Current flowing through
−𝟑𝒙 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝑰𝟏 + 𝟏𝟔𝑰𝟐 5Ω resistor =
𝟑𝟎𝑰𝟏 + 𝟐𝟎𝑰𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟓
{
−𝟑𝟎𝑰𝟏 − 𝟒𝟖𝑰𝟐 = −𝟑𝟎
Loop 1 Loop 2 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝑨
−𝟐𝟖𝑰𝟐 = −𝟏𝟒
F E D
𝑰𝟐 = −𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑨
−𝟐𝟖
Solution
Loop One (ABEFA) From eq.2
8=5I1 + 10 I1 + I2 𝟏𝟔𝑰𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝑰𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎
8=5I1 + 10I1 + 10I2 𝟏𝟔𝒙 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟏𝟎𝑰𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎
8=15I1 + 10I2-----------eq.1 8+𝟏𝟎𝑰𝟏 =10
Loop Two (BCDEB) 𝟏𝟎𝑰𝟏 =10−8
10=6I2 + 10 I1 + I2 𝟏𝟎𝑰𝟏 =2
10=6I2 + 10I1 + 10I2 𝟐
𝑰𝟏 = = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝑨
𝟏𝟎
10=16I + 10I -----------eq.2
CIRCUIT THEOREMS CONT’D
Eg2.For the circuit shown below, find the current in the 5Ω resistor using Superposition
Theorem. 𝑹𝑻 = 2+
𝟓×𝟏
𝟓+𝟏

= 2 + 𝟓𝟔
5Ω
𝑹𝑻 = 2.83 Ω

Solution I=
𝑽
=
𝟔
Remove the 2 Volts source and redraw the circuit 𝑹𝑻 𝟐.𝟖𝟑
I = 2.12A
Current in the 5 Ω Resistor when the 2Volts
source was removed is 𝑰𝟏
Hence, using current division ratio
2.12 ×1
I1 =
5+1
= 2.12
6
I1 = 0.35A
CIRCUIT THEOREMS CONT’D
Remove the 6 Volts source and redraw the circuit
Current in the 5 Ω Resistor when the 6Volts source
was removed is 𝑰𝟐
Hence, using current division ratio
5Ω 𝑰 𝑻 𝑹𝟐
𝑰𝟐 = 𝑹 𝟓+ 𝑹 𝟐

𝟓×𝟐 𝟎.𝟖𝟐 ×𝟐 𝟏.𝟔𝟒𝟔


𝐑𝐓 = 1+ 𝑰𝟐 = =
𝟓+𝟐 𝟓+𝟐 𝟕

= 1 + 𝟏𝟎
𝟕
= 1 + 1.43 𝑰𝟐 = 0.235A
𝐑𝐓 = 2.43Ω The total current in the 5 Ω resistor
𝐕 𝟐
𝑰5Ω = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐
I= =
𝐑𝐓 𝟐.𝟒𝟑 = 0.35 + 0.235
I = 0.82A 𝑰5Ω = 0.585A
CIRCUIT THEOREMS CONT’D
Eg 3:For the network shown in the figure below determine the current in the 3.6Ω
resistor by means of Thervenin’s Theorem.
Step 1 𝑽𝑶𝑪 = Emf – (𝑰𝑻r)
The open circuit voltage Where
𝑹𝑻 = 4+6 Emf = 𝑽𝑻 and
𝑹𝑻 = 10Ω r = internal resistance
𝑽
𝑰𝑻 = 𝑻 =
𝟏𝟎 r = 4Ω
𝑹𝑻 𝟏𝟎
𝑽𝑶𝑪 = 10 – (1 × 4)
𝑰𝑻 = 1A
Solution = 10 – 4
𝑽𝑶𝑪 = 6V
𝑽𝑶𝑪 = 𝑰𝑻𝑹𝟔
=1×6
𝑽𝑶𝑪 = 6 V
or
CIRCUIT THEOREMS CONT’D
Step 2 Step 3
The source resistance Thervenin’s Theorem equivalent circuit

Rs = 𝟒 × 𝟔
= 24
𝟒+𝟔 10

Rs = 2.4Ω
CIRCUIT THEOREMS CONT’D
The battery A in the figure below has an emf of 6V and an internal resistance of 2
Ohms, the corresponding values for the battery B are 4V and 3 Ohms respectively. The
two batteries are connected in parallel across 10 Ohms resistor. Using Thévenin’s
Theorem.
Find the Open Circuit Voltage.
Find the Source Resistance,
Draw the Thévenin’s Theorem Equivalent Circuit, and determine the current in the
10Ω resistor.
CIRCUIT THEOREMS CONT’D
Solution 𝑹𝑻 =2+3
𝑹𝑻 =5Ω
𝑬𝑴𝑭𝑨−𝑬𝑴𝑭𝑩 𝟔−𝟒
𝑰𝑻 = =
𝑹𝟏+𝑹𝟐 𝟓
𝟐
𝑰𝑻 =
𝟓
𝑰𝑻 = 0.4 A

For Larger Battery


Voc =𝑬𝑴𝑭𝑨 − 𝑰𝑻 𝐫 = 𝟔 − (𝟎. 𝟒𝐱𝟐)
Voc = 𝟔 − 𝟎. 𝟖
Voc = 𝟓. 𝟐𝐕
or
For Smaller Battery
Voc =𝑬𝑴𝑭𝑩 + 𝑰𝑻 𝐫 = 𝟒 + (𝟎. 𝟒𝐱𝟑)
Voc = 𝟒 + 𝟏. 𝟐
Voc = 𝟓. 𝟐𝐕
CIRCUIT THEOREMS CONT’D
Source Resistance (Rs)
𝟐𝒙𝟑
𝑹𝒔 = =𝟔
𝟐+𝟑 𝟓
𝑹𝒔= 1.2 Ω
TT Equivalent Circuit

𝑽𝒐𝒄 𝟓.𝟐
𝑰𝒙𝒚 = =
𝑹𝒔+𝑹𝒙𝒚 𝟏.𝟐+𝟏𝟎
𝟓.𝟐
𝑰𝟏𝟎Ω =
𝟏𝟏.𝟐

𝑰𝟏𝟎Ω = 0.464 A
CIRCUIT THEOREMS CONT’D
Eg 4: For the circuit illustrated in the figure below, calculate the current in the branch
AB using Norton’s theorem.

Solution
Hints •If the 1Ω resistor is short circuited, current will
Determine flow through only the 4Ω resistor.
✓ The total resistance •In this situation, the total resistance will be 4Ω
✓ The short circuit current and the total current will be equal to short circuit
✓ The parallel resistance current.
✓ Norton’s Equivalent circuit
✓ The current flowing through the 1Ω
CIRCUIT THEOREMS CONT’D
𝟒𝒙(𝟑 + 𝟐 + 𝟒) 𝟒𝒙𝟗 𝟑𝟔
The short circuit current 𝑹𝒑 = = = = 2.77Ω
𝑽
𝟒 + (𝟑 + 𝟐 + 𝟒) 𝟒+𝟗 𝟏𝟑
𝟏𝟎
𝑰𝑻 = 𝑰𝒔𝒄 = = =2.5A
𝑹𝑻 𝟒
Norton’s Equivalent circuit
Therefore
𝑰𝒔𝒄 = 2.5A

The parallel resistance

𝐈𝐬𝐜𝐑𝐩
𝐈𝐀𝐁 = =𝟐.𝟓𝒙𝟐.𝟕𝟕=6.925
𝐑𝐩+𝐑𝐀𝐁 𝟐.𝟕𝟕+𝟏 3.77
𝐈𝐀𝐁=1.84A
∴ the current flowing through the 1𝛀 is 1.84A.
CIRCUIT THEOREMS CONT’D

“Whatever you do will be insignificant, but it is very important that you do it.”
-Mahatma Gandhi

You might also like