Unit I: Integral Calculus 2021

Double integrals:
b
The definite integral  f ( x)dx is defined as limit of the sum
a

f ( x1 ) x1 + f ( x2 ) x2 + f ( x3 ) x3 + ...... + f ( xn ) xn where n →  and each of  x1 ,  x2 ,  x3 ,......,  xn tend to

zero. A double integral is counterpart in two dimensions.
Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) of two independent variables 𝑥, 𝑦 defined at each point in the finite region 𝑅
of 𝑥𝑦 −plane. Divide 𝑅 into 𝑛 elementary areas  A1 ,  A2 ,  A3 ,......,  An . Let (𝑥𝑟 , 𝑦𝑟 ) be any point within
the 𝑟 𝑡ℎ elementary area  Ar . Consider the sum
n
f ( x1 , y1 ) A1 + f ( x2 , y2 ) A2 + f ( x3 , y3 ) A3 + ...... + f ( xn , yn ) An . i.e.,  f ( x , y ) A
r =1
r r r

The limit of this sum if exists as number of subdivisions increases indefinitely and area of each subdivision
decreases to zero, is defined as the double integral of f ( x, y) over the region R and is written as
 f ( x, y)dA
R
n
Thus  f ( x, y )dA = lim  f ( xr , yr ) Ar --------(1)
n →
R  A→0 r =1

For the purpose of evaluation (1) is expressed as

x2 y2

The repeated integral   f ( x, y)dxdy

x1 y1

Case 1: When 𝑦1 and 𝑦2 are functions of 𝑥 and 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 are constants f ( x, y) is first integrated with
respect to 𝑦 keeping 𝑥 fixed between the limits 𝑦1 and 𝑦2 and then resulting expression is integrated with
respect to 𝑥 within the limits 𝑥1 and 𝑥2

x2
 y2 
i.e., I1 =    f ( x, y )dy dx
x1  y1 
𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷 are the two curves whose equations are
y1 = f1 ( x) and y2 = f 2 ( x) respectively. 𝑃𝑄 is a vertical strip of width
𝑑𝑥. Whole region of integration is 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷, where 𝑥 value varies from
𝑥1 to 𝑥2 .

Case 2: When 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 are functions of 𝑦 and 𝑦1 and 𝑦2 are constants f ( x, y) is first integrated with
respect to 𝑥 keeping 𝑦 fixed between the limits 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 and then resulting expression is integrated with
respect to y within the limits 𝑦1 and 𝑦2

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 Unit I: Integral Calculus 2021

y2
 x2 
i.e., I1 =    f ( x, y )dx dy
y1  x1 
𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷 are the two curves whose equations are
x1 = f1 ( y ) and x2 = f 2 ( y ) respectively. 𝑃𝑄 is a horizontal strip
of width 𝑑𝑦. Whole region of integration is 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷, where
y value varies from 𝑦1 to 𝑦2

Case 3: when both pairs of limits are constants, the region of integration is 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 as shown in the figure
below.

Thus, for constant limits it hardly matters whether we first integrate wrt
𝑥 then wrt 𝑦 or viceversa.
Therefore,
b d d b

  f ( x, y)dydx =   f ( x, y)dxdy
a c c a

b d
Note: If f ( x, y) is not continuous at any point in the rectangular region R then   f ( x, y)dydx need not be
a c
d b
equal to   f ( x, y)dxdy
c a

Examples:
1 1
dxdy
1. Evaluate   x + y +1
0 0
1
1 1
dxdy 
1 1
dx 
1
Solution:  
0 0
=   
x + y + 1 0  0 x + y + 1
dy = 0 log( x + y + 1) dy
0

1 1 1
=   log(2 + y) − log( y + 1) dy =  log(2 + y )dy −  log( y + 1)dy
0 0 0

1 1 1 1
y y
=  log(2 + y )dy −  log( y + 1)dy =  y log(2 + y )0 −  dy −  y log( y + 1)0 + 
1 1
dy
0 0 0
y+2 0
y + 1

y+2−2 y + 1 −1
1 1 1 1 1 1
3 1 1
= log 3 − 0 −  dy −  log 2 − 0 +  dy = log −  dy + 2 dy +  dy −  dy
0
y+2 0
y + 1 2 0 0
y + 2 0 0
y + 1
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 Unit I: Integral Calculus 2021

3 3  27 
= log + 2  log( y + 2) 0 −  log( y + 1) 0 = log + 2  log 3 − log 2 − log 2 − log1 = log  
1 1

2 2  16 

 sin y
2. Evaluate 
0 0
dxdy

 sin y  sin y 
dxdy =   x  dy =  sin ydy =  − cos y 0 = − cos  + cos 0 = 1 + 1 = 2

Solution: 
0 0 0 0
0

1 x

  (x + y 2 ) dydx
2
3. Evaluate
0 x

1 
( )
− x3 
3
x
  x
( )
1 x 1

x ( x + y ) dydx = 0  x y + 3  dx = 0  x x − x + 3 dx
3
y  

2 2 2 2
Solution:
0 x
 
1  5 
3
1
 x 2
− x3   2 72 4 x 4 1 2 52 
= x −x +
3
2 3
dx =  x − + x  = 35
 3  7 3 4 3 5 0
0
 

Jacobians: Suppose 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 are functions of two independent variables 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 then the determinant
u u
x y  (u , v)  u, v 
is called Jacobian of 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 with respect 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 and is denoted by or J   or 𝐽
v v  ( x, y )  x, y 
x y
Also if 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 are functions of three independent variables 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 then, Jacobian of 𝑢 , 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 with
respect 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 is given by,
u u u
x y z
 (u, v, w) v v v  u , v, w 
= . It is also denoted by J   or 𝐽
 ( x, y, z ) x y z  x, y , z 
w w w
x y z

 ( x, y )
Change of variables :Let 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣) and 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣) and  0 , then
 (u, v)
 f ( x, y)dxdy =  (u, v) Jdudv where 𝑅 is the region where 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 vary and
R R
R is the region where

𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 vary and  (u, v) = f ( x(u, v), y(u, v)) .

Double integral in polar form:
Let x = r cos , y = r sin 
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 Unit I: Integral Calculus 2021

x y
 ( x, y ) r r cos  −r sin 
Then = = =r
 (r , ) x y sin  r cos 
 
Therefore,  f ( x, y )dxdy =   (r ,  )rdrd , where 𝑅 is the region where 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 vary and 𝑅̅ is the region
R R

where 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 vary.

Examples:
( x − y)
2

1. Evaluate  xR
2
+y 2
dxdy by changing to polar coordinates, where 𝑅 is the region x 2 + y 2  1

Solution: Let x = r cos , y = r sin  . Then 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃.

In 𝑅: x 2 + y 2  1 , 𝑟 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 and 𝜃 varies from
0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋.
( x − y ) = r 2 ( cos  − sin  ) = cos  − sin  2
2 2

( )
x2 + y 2 r2
= cos2  − 2sin  cos + sin 2  = 1 − 2sin 
( x − y) 2
2 a

 x
R
2
+ y2
dxdy =   (1 − 2sin  )rdrd
=0 r =0
2 a
a
 r2 
 (1 − 2sin  ) d  rdr =  + 2 cos 
2
= 0 2
=0 r =0  0
a2
= 2 =  a2
2
 
1
2. Evaluate  dxdy by changing to polar coordinates.
(1 + x + y2 )
2 3/2
− −

Solution: Let x = r cos , y = r sin  . Then 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃.

Region of integration is entire 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒.

  2  2 
1 1 1
 dxdy =  rdrd =  d  rdr
− − (1 + x 2
+y )
2 3/2
0 0 (1 + r )
2 3/2
0 0 (1 + r )
2 3/2

dt
Let 1 + r 2 = t  2rdr = dt  rdr = . Also, r = 0  t = 1and r =   t = 
2

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Therefore,
  
1 1 dt
dxdy =  0
2
 t
(1 + x )
2 3/2 3/2
− −
2
+y 1
2


−1/2 
1 t
= 2  = −2 (0 − 1) = 2
2  1 
− 
 2  1

Change of order of integration:

b  y2 ( x ) 
While changing the order of integration we need to convert the integral x=a  y = y( x ) f ( x, y)dy dx into the
 1 
d  x2 ( y ) 
form    f ( x, y )dx dy or vice versa. This procedure generally changes the limits of integration and
y =c  x = x1 ( y ) 
new limits are to be determined by examining the geometrical region in which the integration is being
carried out. We use this method because, sometimes the evaluation becomes very difficult, but after
changing the order it becomes very easy.
Examples:
 x x2
−

  xe
y
1. Evaluate dydx by changing the order of integration.
0 0

Solution: Here 𝑦 varies from 𝑦 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑥 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 ∞. The region of integration is as
shown in the figure.
While changing the order of integration we need to integrate
with respect to 𝑥 and then with respect to 𝑦. So, let us
consider a horizontal strip (strip parallel to x axis) in the
region of integration, whose starting point lies on the line
𝑥 = 𝑦 and end point lies at ∞. The least and greatest value of
𝑦 in the region are 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∞ respectively.
Therefore,
 x x2  x2   x2 
− −
 −

0 0 = y 0 = y 0 dy
y y y
xe dydx xe dxdy xe dx
 

x2 ydt
Let = t  x 2 = yt  xdx =
y 2
x = 0  t = 0 and x =   t = 

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Thus,
1 
 
 x x2    
− y ( e −t ) dy
− 1 
  xe   
−t
y
dydx = ye dt  dy =
0 0
2 0  y  20 y


1 1  1
=  ye− y dy =  − ye− y − e− y  =
20 2 0 2
1 e
dydx
2. Evaluate   log y
0 ex
by changing the order of integration.

Solution: Here 𝑦 varies from 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 = 𝑒 and 𝑥 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 1. The region of integration is as
shown in the figure.
While changing the order of integration we need to
integrate with respect to 𝑥 first and then with respect to
𝑦. So, let us consider a horizontal strip (strip parallel to
x axis) in the region of integration, whose starting point
lies on the line 𝑥 = 0 and end point lies at 𝑥 = ln 𝑦. The
least and greatest value of 𝑦 in the region are 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒
respectively.
Therefore,
1 e
dydx 
e log y
dx 
e
1
0 x log y 1  0 log y  1 log y x0 dy
= =
log y
dy
e  

e
1
= log ydy = ( y )1 = e − 1
e

1
log y

a a
y 2 dxdy
3. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate, I =  
0 ax y 4 − a2 x2
Solution: Given that 𝑦 varies from 𝑦 = √𝑎𝑥 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 varies from 𝑥 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 𝑎
The region of integration is as shown in the figure.

While changing the order of integration we need to integrate with

respect to 𝑥 first and then with respect to 𝑦. So, let us consider a
horizontal strip (strip parallel to x axis) in the region of
integration, whose starting point lies on the line 𝑥 = 0 and end
𝑦2
point lies at 𝑥 = 𝑎 . The least and greatest value of 𝑦 in the region
are 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 respectively.

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 y2 
 y
2
 
a a
y 2 dx 
2
y dxdy
a
a
a
a y 2 dx 
Therefore, I =   dy =   
=  dy
y 4 − a2 x2 0  0
y 4 − a2 x2  0 0 x 2

 y 1− a y4 
0 ax 2 2
 
 
ax y sin 
2
y cos  d
2
Let 2 = sin   x =  dx =
y a a

y2 
x = 0   = 0 and x =  =
a 2

   2 
 y cos  d  y    2
a 2 4 a 2 a
Thus, I =    dy =   d dy =  y dy
0 0 ay 2
1 − sin 2
  0
a 0  0
2 a
   

a
  y3   a2
= =
2a  3  0 6
3 4− y

4. Change the order of integration in I =   ( x + y )dxdy and hence evaluate it.

0 0

Solution: Given that 𝑥 varies from 𝑥 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = √4 − 𝑦 and 𝑦 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 3.The region of
integration is as shown in the figure.

While changing the order of integration we need to integrate with

respect to 𝑦 first and then with respect to 𝑥. So, let us consider a
vertical strip (strip parallel to y axis) in the region of integration.
The region of integration is divided into two subdivisions
𝑅1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅2 . in 𝑅1 ,y varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 3.and 𝑥 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜1.
In 𝑅2 , y varies from 𝑦 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑥 varies from
1 𝑡𝑜 2.
Therefore,

1 3 2 4− x2
I=   ( x + y)dydx +  
x =0 y =0 x =1 y = 0
( x + y )dydx

(4 − x 2 )2
1 2 1 2
y2 y2 2 9
=  ( xy + )30 dx +  ( xy + )04− x dx =  (3x + )dx +  ( x(4 − x 2 ) + )dx
x =0
2 x =1
2 x =0
2 x =1
2

1 2 2
 x 2 9   x 2 x 4   16 8 x3 x5 
= 3 + x +  4 −  +  x − + 
 2 2 0  2 4 1  2 6 10 1

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 3 9   4  3 15   16 8  7 31 
=  + + − + − + 
2 2  2 4  2 6 10 

15 28 31 601
= 6+6− +8− + =
4 3 10 60
Area, volume and average value of a function:
1.  zdxdy gives the volume of solid bounded by the region R and the surface 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) where R is
R

projection of the surface 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) on 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒. i.e.,  zdxdy gives volume under the surface 𝑧 =
R
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) above 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒.
2.  dxdy gives area of the region R in cartesian form.
R

3.  rdrd
R
gives area of the region R in polar form.

 f ( x, y)dxdy  f ( x, y)dxdy
4. R
or R
gives the average value of the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) over the region R where
 dxdy
R
A( R)

𝐴(𝑅) is area of the region R. average value gives the measure of average height of calculated volume.

Examples:
16a 2
1. Show that the area between the parabolas y 2 = 4ax and x 2 = 4ay is
3
Solution:
To find the point of intersection of the parabolas,
y 2 = 4ax − − − − − (1) and x2 = 4ay − − − −(2) :
By (1) and (2),
2
 y2 
  = 4ay  y ( y − ( 4a ) ) = 0  y = 4a or y = 0
3 3

 4a 
 x = 4a or x = 0
Therefore, the points of intersection are,
(0,0) and (4a, 4a)
Area between the parabolas y 2 = 4ax and x 2 = 4ay is given by,
 2 ay 
4a
  4a
 y2 
R dxdy = y=0   2 dx dy = y=0 2 ay − 4a dy
 x= y 
 4a 
( 4a ) − 1 ( 4a ) = 16a 2
4a
 1 y3 
3/2 3
y 3/2
= 2 a −  = 2 a
 ( 3 / 2 ) 4a 3  0 ( 3 / 2 ) 4a 3 3

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2. Find the area lying inside the cardioid 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) and outside the circle 𝑟 = 𝑎

Solution: Required are= 2 ×area above 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠)

  
a (1+ cos )
2 a (1+ cos )
 r2 
2 2
2  rdrd = 2    d = a 2  (1 + cos  ) 2 − 1 d
0 
0 a
2 a 0
 
2

2
1 + cos 2 
= a 2   2cos  + cos 2   d = a 2   2cos  +  d
0 
0
2

  sin 2  2  
= a  2sin  + +
2
 = a 2 2 + 
 2 2 0  4

3. Find the volume bounded by the paraboloid x 2 + y 2 = az , the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 2ay and the plane 𝑧 = 0

Solution: the region of integration is as shown in the diagram.

x2 + y 2
Required volume =  zdxdy where z = and 𝑅 is the circle x 2 + y 2 = 2ay
R
a
Let x = r cos , y = r sin  . Then 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃.
x2 + y 2 r2
x + y = 2ay  r = 2a sin  and z =
2 2
z= .
a a
 2 a sin  2  2 a sin 
r 1
Therefore, required volume =   rdrd =   r 3drd
 =0 r =0 a a  =0 r =0


 2 a sin  
1  r4  1 2
=    d =  ( )   =   sin 4  d
4 4 3
2 a sin d 4 a 2
a  =0  4  r =0 4a  = 0  =0

31 3 3
= a = 8a 3
422 2
4. Determine the average value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 over the region 𝑅 = [0,2] × [0, 2]
Solution: we know that average value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) over the
R f ( x, y)dxdy
region 𝑅 = .
area of R
Therefore, average value of 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 over the region [0,2] × [0,2]
2 2

e
x+ y
dxdy
1 2 2 2 2 e2 − 1
2 2
e dx  e dy = ( e ) ( e ) =
1 x
Area of ABCD 22 0
= =
0 0 y

0
4 0 0 4

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Triple integrals: Consider a function 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) defined at every point of three-dimensional finite region𝑉.
Divide 𝑉 into elementary volumes  V1 ,  V2 ,  V3,.....,  Vn . Let ( xr , yr , zr ) be any point within the 𝑟 𝑡ℎ

subdivision  Vr . Consider the sum,  f ( x , y , z )V . The limit of the sum, if exists, as 𝑛 → ∞,  V
r =1
r r r r r →

0 is called triple integral of 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) over the region 𝑉 and is denoted by  f ( x, y, z )dV .
V
x2 y2 z2

For the purpose of evaluation, it can be expressed as repeated integral    f ( x, y, z)dzdydx . If 𝑥1𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2
x1 y1 z1

are constants, 𝑦1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦2 are constants or functions of 𝑥 , 𝑧1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 are constants or functions of x,y then the
integral is evaluated as follows:
First 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is integrated with respect to 𝑧 between the limits 𝑧1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 keeping 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 fixed. The
resulting expression is integrated with respect to 𝑦 between the limits 𝑦1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦2 keeping x constant. The
result obtained is finally integrated with respect to x between the limits 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 .
x2  y2 z2
   
Thus, I = x  y  z f ( x , y , z )dz  dy dx .
 
1 
 11
Examples:
1 2 2

   xyz dxdydz
2
1. Evaluate
0 0 1
1 2 2
1 2 2 1
 z3   y 2   x2 
2 2

Solution:    xyz dxdydz =  z dz  ydy  xdx =      

2 2

0 0 1 0 0 1  3  0  2  0  2 1
1 4  4 − 1
= =1
3 2  2 
1 1 1− x

2. Evaluate    xdzdxdy
0 y2 0
1 1 1− x 1 1 1 1 1 1
xdzdxdy =   x  z 0 dxdy =  x 1 − x  dxdy =    x − x 2  dxdy
1− x
Solution:  
0 y2 0 0 y2 0 y2 0 y2

1 1
1
 x 2 x3  1
 1 1 y4 y6  1 y5 y7 
=   −  dy =   − − +  dy =  y − + 
0
2 3  y2 0
2 3 2 3 6 10 21  0
1 1 1 35 − 21 + 10 24 4
= − + = = =
6 10 21 210 210 35
1 1− x 2 1− x − y
2 2

3. Evaluate  
0 0
 0
xyzdzdxdy

1− x 2 − y 2
1 1− x 2 1− x − y
2 2
1 1− x 2  1− x 2 − y 2  1 1− x 2
 z2 
 zdz xydxdy = 
Solution:    xyzdzdxdy =        
 2 0
xydxdy
0 0 0 0 0
 0
 0 0

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1 1− x 2 1− x 2 1− x 2
 1 − x2 − y 2  1
1 
1
y2 y4 
( x − x ) y − xy dydx =  ( x − x3 ) − x 
1
=   xydydx =   
3

3
dx
0 0  2  20 0
20 2 4 0

3 (
1 
1 − x2 ) (1 − x2 ) 
2
1 1
=  (x − x ) dx =   x (1 − x ) dx =   x (1 − 2 x 2 + x 4 ) dx
1   1  2 2 1
−x
20 2 4  80  80
 
1
1  x2 x4 x6  1 1 1
1
=  ( x − 2 x3 + x5 ) dx =  − 2 +  =  =
1
80 8 2 4 6  0 8 6 48
4. Evaluate  ( x + y + z )dxdydz over the tetrahedron bounded by the planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑥 +
𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1.
Solution: The region of integration is as shown in the diagram where 𝑧 varies from 𝑋𝑌 plne (𝑧 = 0) to the
plane 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 i.e., 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑥 − 𝑦. 𝑥 varies from 𝑥 = 0 to the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1
i.e., 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑦 and y varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 1.

1 1− y 1− x − y

Therefore,  ( x + y + z)dxdydz =  0 0

  0
( x + y + z )dxdydz
1− x − y

1 1− y 1− x − y
 1 1− y
 z2 
=     ( x + y + z )dz dxdy =   ( x + y) z +  dxdy
0 0 
0 0  0  2 0
1 1− y 
(1− x − y) 
2

=   ( x + y )(1 − x − y ) + dxdy
0 0  
 2
1 1− y
 
=   (1 − x − y ) ( x + y ) +
(1 − x − y )  dxdy

0 0    
 2

1− y

(1 − ( x + y ) ) dxdy = 1  x − (
1 1− y 1 1− y 1 
x + y) 
3
1 1
=   (1 − x − y ) 1 + x + y dxdy =   2 0 
2
   dy
20 0
20 0
3 
0

1  (1 − y + y ) + y3 dy = 1  1 − y − 1 + y3 dy = 1  y − y 2 − y + y  4 1
1 3 1

( ) ( )
2 0  2 0 
=  − − 
3 3  2  2 3 12  0
1 y
3 3 
1 1 1 1  1
= 1 − − +  =
2  2 3 12  8
Change of variables:
We can often reduce computational work while evaluating triple integrals by changing variables 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 to
new variables 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 such that,
 ( x, y , z )
J=  0.
 (u, v, w)

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It can be proved that  f ( x, y, z)dxdydz =   (u, v, w) Jdudvdw , where 𝑅 is the region in which 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
R R
vary
and 𝑅̅ is the region in which 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 vary and  (u, v, w) = f ( x(u, v, w), y(u, v, w), z(u, v, w))

two standard examples of (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) which are widely used in the evaluation of triple integrals are
cylindrical polar coordinates (  ,  , z ) and spherical coordinates ( r ,  ,  ) .
Triple integrals in polar co-ordinates:

Suppose (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) are related to three variables (  ,  , z ) through

x =  cos  , y =  sin  ,𝑧 = 𝑧 then (  ,  , z ) are called cylindrical polar
coordinates.
 ( x, y , z )
J= =
 (  , , z )
Therefore,  f ( x, y, z )dxdydz =   (  , , z )  d  d dz
R R
Triple integrals in cylindrical polar coordinates:
Suppose (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) are related to three variables ( r ,  ,  ) through
x = r sin  cos  , y = r sin  sin  , z = r cos then ( r ,  ,  ) are called
spherical polar coordinates.
 ( x, y , z )
J= = r 2 sin 
 ( r , ,  )

 f ( x, y, z)dxdydz =   ( r , , ) r sin  drd d , where

2
Therefore,
R R
r  0,0     ,0    2

Examples:
1. Find by triple integration volume of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2
Solution: Changing to spherical coordinates, by putting x = r sin  cos  , y = r sin  sin  , z = r cos .Then,
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = r 2 sin  drd d
Area of sphere= 8 ×Volume of its portion in first octant.
   
a
2 2 a 2 2 a
 r3 

 
a3 4 a3
= 8    r sin  drd d = 8  d  sin  d  r dr =8  02  − cos  02   = 8  1 =
2 2

 =0  =0 r =0  =0  =0 r =0  3 0 2 3 3
2. Find the volume of the portion of the sphere x + y + z = a lying inside the cylinder x + y = ay
2 2 2 2 2 2

Solution: let us use cylindrical co-ordinates, x =  cos  , y =  sin  ,𝑧 = 𝑧. Then dxdydzy =  d  d dz .

Equation of the sphere is x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2 i.e.,  2 + z 2 = a 2  z 2 = a 2 −  2  z = a 2 −  2
In the region of integration,
𝑧 varies from 0 to a2 −  2

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 varies from 0 to 𝑎.
 varies from 0 to 𝜋.
Therefore, required volume= 2 × 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑋𝑌 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒.
 a sin  a2 −  2  a sin 

  z 0
a2 −  2
=2  a − 2 2
  d  d dz = 2   d  d
 =0  =0 z =0  =0  =0
a sin 
 a sin 
( a 2 −  2 )3/2 

  0
=2  a 2 −  2  d  d = −  d
 =0  =0  =0
3
2

(a − a 2 sin 2  ) − ( a2 ) ( cos  ) − 1 d = 2a
3/2 3/2
 2  3 3  3

 (1 − cos  ) d = 9 ( 3 − 4 )
2a
= −2  d = −2a 3

3

 =0 3  =0 3 3  =0

1 1− x 2
1
dzdydx
3. Evaluate    x + y2 + z2
2
0 0 x2 + y 2

Solution: Let us use spherical coordinates, x = r sin  cos  , y = r sin  sin  , z = r cos , then, 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 =
r 2 sin  drd d .
The region of integration common to the cone, z 2 = x 2 + y 2 and
the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1 bounded by the plane 𝑧 = 1in the first
octant. Therefore, given integral becomes,

    sec
4 sec
2
1 2 r  2 4 2
=   
 
=0 =0 r =0
r
r sin  drd d =     sin  d d
 =0  =0  2  0
   
2 4 4 2
1 1
=   sec  sin  d d =   sec  tan  d d
2

2  =0  =0 2  =0  =0
 

1 2
1 2  


=   0
sec  4 d  =   sec − sec 0  d
2  =0 2  =0  4 

( )


1 2 2 − 1 2 2 −1  2 −1 
=   2 − 1 d =  0 =  =
2  =0 2 2 2 4

Mass, Centre of gravity and Moment of inertia:

Let  =𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) > 0 be surface density (mass/unit area) of a given plane region. The amount of mass 𝑀
contained in the plane region 𝐷 is given by, M =  dxdy =  f ( x, y )dxdy .
D D

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Let  =𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) > 0 be volume density (mass/unit volume) of a given solid. The amount of mass 𝑀
contained in the volume 𝐷 is given by, M =   dxdydz =  f ( x, y, z )dxdydz .
V V

Moment of inertia:
Moment of inertia of a plane region 𝐷 with surface density  =𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) relative to 𝑋 −axis, Y-axis and
origin are respectively given by,
I x =   y 2 dxdy =  y 2 f ( x, y )dxdy
D D

I y =   x dxdy =  x 2 f ( x, y )dxdy
2

D D

I o = I x + I y =   ( x 2 + y 2 )dxdy =  ( x 2 + y 2 ) f ( x, y )dxdy
D D
Moment of inertia of a solid relative to 𝑋 −axis, Y-axis and Z-axis are respectively given by,
( ) (
I x =   y 2 + z 2 dxdydz =  y 2 + z 2 f ( x, y, z )dxdydz )
V V

I y =   ( x 2 + z 2 ) dxdydz =  ( x 2 + z 2 ) f ( x, y, z )dxdydz

V V

I z =   ( x + y ) dxdydz =  ( x 2 + y 2 ) f ( x, y , z )dxdydz

2 2

V V

Centre of gravity/ centre of mass:

The coordinates (𝑥̅ , 𝑦̅) of centre of gravity of a plane region 𝐷 with surface density  =𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) containing
mass 𝑀 are,

 xdxdy  y dxdy
x= D
, y= D
M M
The coordinates (𝑥̅ , 𝑦, 𝑧̅) of centre of gravity of a solid volume V with surface density  =𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
̅̅̅̅̅
containing mass 𝑀 are,

 x dxdydz  y  dxdydz  z  dxdydz

x= V
, y= V
,z= V

M M M
Problems:
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
1. Find the mass of the tetrahedron bounded by the coordinate plane 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 1, the variable density
 =  xyz
Solution: Mass M =   dxdydz =   xyzdxdydz
V V
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦
In the volume V, 𝑧 varies from 𝑋𝑌 plne (𝑧 = 0) to the plane 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 1 i.e., 𝑧 = 𝑐(1 − 𝑎 + 𝑏).
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
𝑦 varies from 𝑦 = 0 to the line 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1 i.e., 𝑦 = 𝑏(1 − 𝑏 ) and x varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎.
x x y
b (1− ) c (1− − )
a a a b
Therefore, M =   dxdydz =   xyzdxdydz =     xyzdxdydz
V V x =0 y =0 z =0

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x x y x
b (1− ) c (1− − ) b (1− )
a a
z 
2 a b 1
a a
 x y 
=  
x =0 y =0
 xy  
 2 0
dydx =
2 x=0 
y =0
 xy c 2 (1 − − )2  dydx
 a b 

x
b (1− )
c 2 a a   x  y  2 
=
2  
x =0 y =0
xy  1 −  −   dydx
  a  b  
x
b (1− )
c2 a a   x 2  y 2  x y
=
2   xy  1 −  +   − 2 1 −   dydx
 a   b   a  b 
x =0 y =0 

 x
2 b (1− a )
x
4 b (1− a ) 3 b (1− a ) 
x
c2      
2
   
a
x  1 −  dx
x y x y x y
2 x=0   a   2  0
= + 2  − 2 x 1 −   
b  4 0  a   0
3b 
 

c2   b2  x 4  x
a
 b4   x 
4
 x  b 
4 3

2 x=0   2  a   b 2
=  x  1 −   +  4  a 
1 − − 2 x  1 −    dx
     a   3b  
 c 2 a  b 2   x   b 2  x  2b  x   c2
4 4 4 4
 x 1 1 2
2 a
=
2 x=0  2   a   4
  x 1 −   + x 1 −  − x 1 −  dx = x=0 xb 1 − a   2 + 4 − 3 dx
2

 a 3  a   2
c2  c 2b 2  a 2b 2 c 2
4 4
2 x  x
a a

24 x=0 24 x=0  a 
= xb  1 −  dx = x  1 −  dx =
 a 720
2. Find by double integration the centre of gravity of cardioid r = a(1 + cos  )
Solution: the cardioid being symmetrical about the initial line, its centre of gravity lies on OX. i.e.,𝑦̅ = 0.

Therefore,
 a (1+ cos )  a (1+ cos )
 r3 
  rdrd  0     d
2
cos r drd cos 3
−  0
x= R
= −
 a (1+ cos )
= a (1+ cos )
  drd  0 rdrd

 r2 
R
−
  2 
− 
d
0
 
 a 3 (1 + cos  )3  a3
− cos    d  cos  (1 + cos  )3 d
=  2 
3 3
= −2 
 a (1 + cos  ) 2
a
−  2 

d
2 − (1 + cos  ) 2 d

15 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit I: Integral Calculus 2021

 

 
2a −
( cos  + 3cos  + cos  + 2
3cos  ) d  
4

2a − 
(cos  + 3cos 3
 ) 3
d + − ( 3cos 2
 + cos 4
 )  d
= = 
  
3 3
 (1 + cos  + cos  )d  cos  d +  (1 + cos  )d
2 2

− − −



( 3cos  + cos  )d 4  ( 3cos 2  + cos 4  )d

2
1  3 1   
2a 
2 4
3  +   +
2a 2a 2 2 4 2 2 2 8
= −
= 0
= =a
3 
3 
3  1   
+  +
 (1 + cos  )d
2 2

−
4  (1 + cos 2  )d 2 2 2 2 4
0

 5 
  5a
=a =
8
 3  6
 
 4 
5𝑎
Hence centre of gravity of the cardioid is at ( 6 , 0)
3. Find the moment of inertia of a hollow sphere about a diameter, its external and internal radii being 5
meters and 4 meters respectively.
Solution: Solution: let  = a constant.
The moment of inertia about the diameter, i.e., X axis is, I x =   y 2 + z 2 dxdydz . ( )
V

Changing to spherical coordinates, we get,

2  5
Ix =     (r sin  sin  ) + ( r cos ) r sin  drd d
2 2 2

0 0 4

2  5 2  5
=   sin  d  sin  d  r dr +   d  cos  sin  d  r 4 dr
2 3 4 2

0 0 4 0 0 4

8 5 5
=
15
( 5 − 4 ) = 1120.5m
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16 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit I: Integral Calculus 2021

17 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU