Scribd
Upload
2 views

system_noise_temperature

The document discusses noise temperature and its significance in communication systems, particularly at microwave frequencies. It explains the relationship between noise power, physical temperature, and the Carrier to Noise Ratio (CNR) in satellite systems, as well as how to calculate system noise temperature. Additionally, it covers the conversion of noise figure to noise temperature for better application in satellite communications.

Uploaded by

napate7052
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

system_noise_temperature

The document discusses noise temperature and its significance in communication systems, particularly at microwave frequencies. It explains the relationship between noise power, physical temperature, and the Carrier to Noise Ratio (CNR) in satellite systems, as well as how to calculate system noise temperature. Additionally, it covers the conversion of noise figure to noise temperature for better application in satellite communications.

Uploaded by

napate7052
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

Noise Temperature

and
G/T ratio
Noise Temperature
Noise temperature is a useful concept in communication, as it
describes how much thermal noise is generated by active and
passive devices in receiving system

At microwave frequencies, a black body with physical


temperature, 𝑇𝑝 degree kelvin generates electrical noise over
a bandwidth
Noise power
The noise power is given by,

𝑷𝒏 = 𝒌𝑻𝒑 𝑩𝒏 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

Where
k is Boltzmann’s constant = 1.39 × 10−23 𝐽/𝐾= - 228.6 dBW/K/Hz
𝑇𝑝 is physical temperature of source in degree Kelvin
𝐵𝑛 is noise bandwidth in which noise power is measured, in Hz
Noise Power
𝑷𝒏 is the available noise power in watts, and will be
delivered only to a load that is impedance matched to noise
source
A device with noise temperature 𝑻𝒏 Kelvin produces the
same noise power at its output as a black body at physical
temperature 𝑻𝒏 degree Kelvin followed by a noiseless
amplifier with same gain as actual device
Concept of equivalent noise source at the input of noiseless
amplifier is very useful because we can add noise
temperatures to determine noise power in the receiver
CNR – Carrier to Noise Ratio
In satellite system, received signal is very weak, so we must maintain
the CNR requirements

To determine performance of receiver, thermal noise power against


which the signal must be demodulated is calculated

If overall gain of receiver is 𝐺𝑟𝑥 , the noise power at the demodulator


input is
𝑷𝒏𝒐 = 𝒌𝑻𝒔 𝑩𝒏 𝑮𝒓𝒙
𝐺𝑟𝑥 is the gain of receiver from RF input to demodulator input
C/N Ratio
The noise power referred to the input of receiver is 𝑃𝑛 where
𝑃𝑛 = 𝑘𝑇𝑠 𝐵𝑛

The antenna delivers signal power 𝑷𝒓 to the receiver. Thus, the


signal power a demodulator input is 𝑃𝑟 𝐺𝑟𝑥

Hence, carrier to noise ratio at the demodulator is


𝑪 𝑷𝒓 𝑮𝒓𝒙 𝑷𝒓
= =
𝑵 𝒌𝑻𝒔 𝑩𝒏 𝑮𝒓𝒙 𝒌𝑻𝒔 𝑩𝒏
C/N Ratio
𝑪 𝑷𝒓 𝑮𝒓𝒙 𝑷𝒓
= =
𝑵 𝒌𝑻𝒔 𝑩𝒏 𝑮𝒓𝒙 𝒌𝑻𝒔 𝑩𝒏

This is convenient because the link budget will find 𝑷𝒓 at this


point
Several sources of noise in the receiver are replaced by a
single system noise temperature, 𝑻𝒔
Calculation of System Noise Temperature
Calculation of 𝑇𝑠
Noisy devices in the receiver are replaced by equivalent
noiseless blocks with same gain and noise generators at
the input of each block such that the block produces
same noise output as the block it replaces

The total noise power at the output of IF amplifier of


receiver is given by
Calculation of 𝑇𝑠
The equation,

Can be rewritten as,


Calculation of 𝑇𝑠
Noise model of the receiver
with single noise source 𝑇𝑠 , the
system noise temperature, at
the input of noiseless receiver
with identical gain to the
receiver
Calculation of 𝑇𝑠
The single source of noise temperature 𝑇𝑠 generates the same
noise power 𝑃𝑛 at its output as the model with independent
blocks

Therefore, equating the two expressions, we get,


Hence, the system noise temperature is given by,

Frequently, when RF amplifier has high gain, the noise


contributed by IF amplifier and later stages can be
ignored
And system noise temperature is simply
Noise model for Equivalent Output Noise
Source
Noise reaches receiver after passing
through a lossy medium

Waveguide or rain losses are the


examples

Modelled as noise source placed at


the output of the atmosphere
Noise model for Equivalent Output Noise
Source
The noise temperature 𝑇𝑛𝑜 is given as

Where, 𝐺𝑙 is the linear gain of the attenuating device or


medium (not in dB), 𝑇𝑝 is the physical temperature of the
device or medium
For an attenuation of A dB, 𝐺𝑙 is given as
Example
Suppose we have a 4GHz receiver with gains and noise temperatures as
given in the table shown. Calculate the system noise temperature
assuming that mixer has the gain, 𝐺𝑚 = 0𝑑𝐵. Recalculate the system
noise temperature when mixer has 10dB loss. How can the noise
temperature of the receiver be minimized when mixer has a loss of
10dB?
Ans: 82.5K, 127.5K,
Increase 𝐺𝑅𝐹 to 50dB
Noise Figure and Noise Temperature
Noise figure is frequently used to specify noise generated
within a device

Since the noise temperature is more useful in satellite


communication systems, the noise figure is converted to
noise temperature, by the following relation,

𝑇0 is the reference temperature used to calculate standard


noise figure, usually, 290K

You might also like