ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

(MED) – U.E.T. TAXILA

ENGR. M. MANSOOR ASHRAF
01

INTRODUCTION
All the branches of Electrical Engineering are based on
two fundamental theories: Electric Circuit Theory and
Electromagnetic Theory.
The well known branches of Electrical Engineering:
power, machines, control, electronics, communication and
instrumentation, are based on Electric Circuit Theory.
The basic Electric Circuit Theory is an important course
for beginning student in Electrical Engineering.
This course is also valuable for physical sciences: Energy
Systems, Applied Mathematics and Physics etc.
INTRODUCTION
Most often in Electrical Engineering, the energy is
transferred from one point to another.
To do this requires an interconnection of electrical
devices.
Such interconnection is referred to as an Electric Circuit,
and each component of the circuit is known as an
Element.
An Electric Circuit is an interconnection of electrical
elements.

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
A simple Electric Circuit
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
Electric Circuit of Radio Receiver

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
Electric Circuits are used in numerous electrical systems
to accomplish different tasks.
Our objective is to analyze different electric circuits.
By the analysis of a circuit, we mean a study of the
behavior of the circuit: How does it respond to a given
input. How do the interconnected elements and devices
in the circuit interact.
SYSTEMS OF UNITS
According to International System of Units (SI), there are
six principal units from which the units of all physical
quantities can be derived.

SYSTEMS OF UNITS
One great advantage of
SI units is that it uses
prefixes based on the
power of 10 to relate
larger and smaller units to
the basic unit.
CHARGE
The most basic quantity in an electric circuit is the
Electric Charge.
Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles
of which matter consists, measured in Coulombs (C).
All matter is made of atoms and each atom consists of
electrons, protons and neutrons.
The charge on an electron is negative and equal in
magnitude to 1.602×10-19 C.
The proton carries the positive charge of the same
magnitude as the electron.

CHARGE
The Coulomb is a large unit for charges. In 1 C of
charge, there are 6.24×1018 electrons.
In nature, the charges occur in integral multiples of
electronic charge, e = -1.602×10-19 C.
The law of conservation of charge states that charge
can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred.
A unique feature of charge is the fact that it is mobile;
it can be transferred from one place to another, where
it can be converted to another form of energy.
CURRENT
The motion of charges creates electric current.
It is conventional to take the current flow as the
movement of positive charges.
That is opposite to flow of negative charges.

CURRENT
Electric Current is the time rate of change of charge,
measured in amperes (A).
1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second
Mathematically,

Charge transferred,
DIRECT CURRENT (DC)
A Direct Current (DC) is a current that remains constant
with time.
Conventionally, the symbol I is used to represent
constant current.

ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)

An Alternating Current (AC) is a current that varies
sinusoidally with time.
Conventionally, the symbol i is used to represent time-
varying current.
PROBLEMS
How much charge is represented by 4600 electrons?
-7.369×10-16 C
Calculate the amount of charge represented by 4 million
protons? 6.408×10-13 C
The total charge entering a terminal is q=5t sin 4πt mC.
Calculate current at t=0.5 s? 31.42 mA
The total charge entering a terminal is q=(10-10e-2t)
mC. Calculate current at t=0.5 s? 7.36 mA

PROBLEMS
Determine the total charge entering a terminal between
t=1 s ans t=2 s, if current passing the terminal is i=(3t2-
t) A? 5.5 C
The current flowing through an element is:

Calculate the charge entering the element from t=0 s to

t=2 s?
6.667 C
VOLTAGE
To move an electron in a conductor requires some work
or energy transfer.
This work is performed by an external electromotive
force (emf), represented as battery.
This emf is also known as Potential Difference or
Voltage.
Voltage is the energy required to move a unit charge
through an element, measured in volts (V).
1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb

VOLTAGE
The voltage vab between two points a and b in an
electric circuit is the energy or work needed to move a
unit charge from a to b.
Mathematically,

Voltage is always specified by its polarity and exists

across an element.
VOLTAGE
The vab can be interpreted in two ways: (1) point a is at
potential of vab volts higher than point b, or (2) the
potential at point a with respect to b is vab.

DC VOLTAGE
A DC Voltage is a voltage, the magnitude and polarity
of which remains constant with time.
In DC voltage, the two points are considered as positive
and negative terminals.
The positive terminal is represented as higher potential
terminal.
The negative terminal is represented as lower potential
terminal.
AC VOLTAGE
An AC Voltage is a voltage that varies sinusoidally with
time..
In AC voltage, the two points are considered as phase
and neutral terminals.
The phase terminal is represented as higher potential
terminal.
The neutral terminal is represented as lower potential
terminal.

POWER
Power is time rate of expending or absorbing energy,
measured in watts (W).
Mathematically,

Instantaneous
Power,
POWER
The power absorbed and supplied by an element is the
product of the voltage across the element and current
through it.
To specify the sign of power, passive sign convention is
used.
Passive Sign Convention is satisfied when the current
enters through the positive terminal of an element and
p=+vi. If the current enters through the negative
terminal, p = -vi.

POWER
If the power has positive sign, power is being delivered
to or absorbed by the element.
If the power has negative sign, power is being supplied
by the element.
POWER
The law of conservation of energy must be obeyed in
any electric circuit.
The algebraic sum of power in a circuit, at any instant
of time, must be zero.

The total power supplied to the circuit must balance the

total power absorbed.

ENERGY
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work, measured
in joules (J).
Mathematically,

The electric power utility companies measure energy in

watt-hours (Wh).
PROBLEMS

20 C, 115 V

-15 V, 5 V

53.48 W, -6.396 kW

PROBLEMS

720 kJ, 200 Wh

16.667 s
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Element is the basic building block of a circuit.
An electric circuit is simply an interconnection of
elements.
Circuit Analysis is the process of determining the
voltages across (or the currents through) the elements of
the circuit.
There are two types of elements found in electric
circuits: passive elements and active elements.

PASSIVE ELEMENTS
A Passive Element is that which is not capable of
generating energy, rather it absorbs energy.
Examples of the passive elements are resistors, inductor
and capacitors.
ACTIVE ELEMENTS
An Active Element is that which is capable of generating
energy.
Typical active elements include generators, batteries
and operational amplifies.
The most important active elements are voltage or
current sources that generally deliver power to circuits
connected to them.
There are two kinds of sources: independent and
dependent sources.

INDEPENDENT SOURCE
An ideal Independent Source is an active element that
provides voltage or current that is completely
independent of other circuit elements.
An ideal independent voltage source delivers to the
circuit whatever current is necessary to maintain its
terminal voltage.
INDEPENDENT SOURCE
Physical sources such as generators and batteries may
be regarded as approximations to ideal voltage
sources.
An ideal independent current source delivers to the
circuit whatever voltage is necessary to maintain the
designated current.

DEPENDENT SOURCE
An ideal Dependent (or Controlled) Source is an active
element in which the source quantity is controlled by
another voltage or current.
The dependent sources are usually designated by
diamond shaped symbols.
DEPENDENT SOURCE
There are four possible types of dependent sources as
following;
1. A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)
2. A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)
3. A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
4. A current-controlled current source (CCCS)

PROBLEMS
Calculate the power of each element?

-100 W, 60 W, 48 W, -8 W
PROBLEMS
Calculate the power of each element?

-40 W, 16 W, 9 W, 15 W

REFERENCES
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits (4th Edition)
Charles K. Alexander, Matthew N. O. Sadiku

Chapter 01 – Basic Concepts (1.1 – 1.6)

Exercise Problems: 1.1 – 1.20
Do exercise problem yourself.