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The document discusses the occurrence and properties of hydrogen and its isotopes: protium, deuterium, and tritium. It details their atomic and physical properties, including abundance, stability, and specific heat values. The document also highlights the significance of hydrogen in the universe and its various applications.

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11 views4 pages

Group Assignment

The document discusses the occurrence and properties of hydrogen and its isotopes: protium, deuterium, and tritium. It details their atomic and physical properties, including abundance, stability, and specific heat values. The document also highlights the significance of hydrogen in the universe and its various applications.

Uploaded by

m5hspxls
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MUNI UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

PERIODICITY AND BONDING

Group 10 assignment

Mumia Ivan-2401200318

Lulu Jonathan Leku 2401200349

Kilali Emmanuel-2401201048

Diku Japhet-2401201050

Muhereza Godwin-2401201044

Kato William-2401200319

Ojok Joshua-2401201928

H2 MOLECULE

Occurrence

1. In the free state, it exists in small traces in volcanic and natural gases and it in the outer
atmosphere of sun and the other stars of the universe. Nearly half of the mass of sun and
the stars is due to hydrogen. Jupiter and Saturn consist mainly of Hydrogen
2. Hydrogen constitutes about 9% by mass of earth’s crust
3. Hydrogen is the ninth element in order of abundance in the earth’s crust
4. Ordinary dihydrogen contains 75% ortho and 25%para hydrogen

Atomic and Physical Properties of Isotopes of Hydrogen


It has been established by mass spectrometry that hydrogen has three isotopes (protium,
deuterium, and tritium) each with atomic number 1 and mass numbers 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but different mass
numbers.

Isotopes of hydrogen

1. Hydrogen-1(Protium)/ Ordinary Hydrogen

Atomic properties of Protium


1
H or protium is the most common hydrogen isotope with an abundance of more than 99.98%.

The nucleus of this isotope consists of only a single proton,

Its mass number is 1

The proton has never been observed to decay and hydrogen-1 is therefore considered a stable
isotope.

It is generally found as a diatomic hydrogen gas (H2). It combines with other atoms in
compounds.

Physical properties of Protium

Its boiling point is -252.76°C

Its melting point is -259.193°C

Its density is 0.09grams per cubic centimeter

Its enthalpy of fusion is 0.117KJ/mol


Its enthalpy of vaporization is 0.904KJ/mol

Its enthalpy of dissociation is 435.9KJ/mol

Its critical pressure is 12.98bar

Its critical temperature is 33.19k

Protium is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas at room temperature.

Hydrogen-2(Deuterium)/Heavy Hydrogen

Atomic Properties of Deuterium


2
H is the other stable hydrogen isotope, is known as deuterium.

Its nucleus contains one proton and one neutron and that is why its mass number is 2

Deuterium comprises of approximately 0.0156% of all hydrogen found on earth, it has a mean
atomic mass of 2.01402amu, it occurs in trace amounts naturally as deuterium gas written as 2H2 or
D2 but most commonly found in the universe bonded to hydrogen-1 atom forming a gas called
deuteride (HD or 1H2H).
Deuterium is not radioactive, and does not represent a significant toxicity hazard.

Physical Properties of Deuterium

Its heat of vaporization of deuterium is 1.226kjmol-1.

Its heat of fusion is 0.197kj/mol

Its dissociation enthalpy is 443.35kjmol-1 at 298k

Its melting point is -252.4°C

Its boiling point is -248.1°C

Hydrogen-3 (Tritium)/radioactive hydrogen


Atomic properties of Tritium
3
H is known as tritium and contains one proton and two neutrons in its nucleus.

Its mass number is 3

It is radioactive, decaying into helium-3 through β− decay with a half-life of 12.32 years.

3 3 0
1 H 2 He + −1e

Small amounts of tritium occur naturally because of the interaction of cosmic rays with
atmospheric gases.

Tritium is produced by bombarding a natural isotope of lithium, lithium-6, with neutrons in a


nuclear reactor.

Tritium is released during nuclear weapons tests. It is used in thermonuclear fusion weapons, as
a tracer in isotope geochemistry, and specialized in self-powered lighting devices.

Physical properties of Tritium

Tritium has heat of vaporization of1.393kjmol-1.

Its heat of fusion is 0.250kjmol-1

Its dissociation enthalpy of 446.9kjmol-1 at 298k.

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