PLANE AND

SOLID
GEOMETRY

SEMA 30033
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

- Points, Lines and Plane 1

- Angles and Angle Measurement 10
- Parallel Lines In A Plane 20
- Triangles 28
- Inequalities 37
- Quadrilaterals 42
- Circles 47
- Polygons 59
- Surface Area and Volume of Solids 69

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 POINTS, LINES AND PLANE

OVERVIEW
These lessons introduce basic geometry terms including: points, lines, line segments,
midpoints, rays, planes and space. Building upon these basic ideas, we look into some
introductory geometry concepts.

OBJECTIVES

After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:

1. identify and model points, lines, and planes;
2. identify collinear and coplanar points and intersecting lines and planes in space
3. have practiced graphing lines, rays, line segments and planes

COURSE MATERIAL
We may start by gathering simple facts which are accepted as true without any proof.
These are called postulates. A postulate is a statement about the undefined terms or other
geometric ideas. It is accepted as true without any proof. Statements that need proof are called
theorems.
A theorem is a statement that we need to prove to be true form previously known facts,
namely definition, postulates and proved theorems. We need to define the words we use to show
facts, but as we do so, we arrive at the most fundamental, most basic term, thus we go cyclic in
our definition.
A definition is an exact description of a term that we shall use in the study of geometry. As
we start to use a term in geometry, we first give its definition.

Point, Line and Planes

The point line and plane are the three undefined terms in geometry.
Undefined term Description Notation
 Indication of position
 A point does not occupy an area
POINT
 It does not have any width, length or A single capital letter is used to
depth name a point.
  To name a line, use two points
on the line with a line over the
 A collection of continuous points two letters.
that extends indefinitely in both  ⃡𝐴𝐵 or ⃡𝐵𝐴
directions. It does not have width.
 Since it extends indefinitely, a line is
A line
usually denoted as a segment with
segment
arrows on both ends
 A part of a line that has defined with two
LINE ̅̅̅̅
endpoints A and B is denoted by 𝐴𝐵
endpoints is called a line segment.
 The midpoint of a segment The diagram
divides the segment into two shows the
segments of equal length.
 A ray is part of a line that extends midpoint M of the line segment
without end in one direction. It ̅̅̅̅ . Since M is the midpoint, we
𝐴𝐵
starts from one endpoint and know that the lengths AM = MB.
extends forever in one direction.
A ray starting from
point A and passing
through B is
denoted by 𝐴𝐵

 A set of points contained in a flat

surface and extends indefinitely in
PLANE all directions
 A plane is commonly denoted as a
closed four-sided figure

Defined terms:

Space is the set of all points in the three dimensions - length, width and height. It is
made up of an infinite number of planes. Figures in space are called solids.

Figures in space.

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 Two distinct points are either collinear or noncollinear. All points on the same line are
called collinear. Points not on the same line are noncollinear.

Points H, D and C are collinear Points L, N and D are noncollinear

Coplanar points are points that lie in the same plane, while non-coplanar points are
points that do not lie in the same plane. Coplanar line are lines on the same plane.

Points R, T and Y are coplanar points. Q, R, Y, T are non-coplanar

The intersection of geometric figures is the set of all points that are common to figures
involved.

̅̅̅̅ and 𝐽𝐾
The intersection of 𝐵𝑉 ̅̅̅ is O because O is a The intersection of plane P and q is line m. The
point common to both lines dashed lines in the figures are parts of the planes
that are hidden or at the back of the other plane.
https://www.mathplanet.com/education/geometry/points,-lines,-planes-and-angles/an-introduction-
to-geometry

3
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-rD1CuVBa0&feature=youtu.be

Initial Postulates and Theorems

Postulate 1: Any line, a plane and a space, each contains an infinite number of points.
Postulate 2: Two points determine a line
Postulate 3: Three noncollinear points determine a plane

Review:

PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY
Reflexive Property If a=a, then b=b
Symmetry If a=b, then b=a
Transitive If a=b and b=c then a=c
Addition Property of Equality (APE) If a=b, then a+c=b+c
Multiplication Property of Equality (MPE) If a-b, then ac=bc
Cancellation Property of Addition If a+c = b+c, then a=b
Cancellation Property of Multiplication If ac = bc and c≠ 0, then a=b
Substitution Principle If a=b and a + c = d,then b+c = d

Segment

Postulate 4
DISTANCE POSTULATE: To every pair of different points their corresponds a unique positive
number.

!aaA

Definition: The distance between 2 points is the number given by the Distance Postulate. If the
points are P and Q, then the distance between is denoted by ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄

̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄 = |𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑄 |
̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄 = |−4 − 4|
̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄 = |−8|
̅̅̅̅ =
𝑷𝑸 𝟖

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 Postulate 5
RULER POSTULATE: Each point on a line can be paired with exactly one real number called its
coordinate. The distance between two points is the positive difference of their coordinates.

Definition: A correspondence of the sort describe in the ruler postulate is called coordinate
system. The number corresponding to a given point is called the coordinate of the points.

̅̅̅ = |−4 − 4|
𝐴𝐼 ̅̅̅̅ = |−1 − 3|
𝐷𝐻 ̅̅̅ = |5 − (−3)|
𝐽𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ = |−4 − (−4)|
𝐴𝐷
̅̅̅ = |−8|
𝐴𝐼 ̅̅̅̅ = |−4|
𝐷𝐻 ̅̅̅ = |8|
𝐽𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ = |−3|
𝐴𝐷
̅𝑨𝑰
̅̅̅ = 𝟖 ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑫𝑯 = 𝟒 ̅̅̅̅
𝑱𝑩 = 𝟖 ̅̅̅̅
𝑨𝑫 = 𝟑

Postulate 6
SEGMENT ADDITION POSTULATE: If B lies between A and C on a line, then ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 + ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 = ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶

A lies between C and T. Find CT if CA = 5 and AT = 8.

Definition of Betweeness: Points S is between points M and I if and only if satisfies the following
conditions:
 M, S and A are collinear and distinct
̅̅̅̅ + 𝑆𝐴
 𝑀𝑆 ̅̅̅̅ = 𝑀𝐴
̅̅̅̅̅

Unless otherwise stated, a point is between two other points and collinearity of points are
observed from the figure and need not be proven

Examples:
̅̅̅̅ = 5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 and 𝑂𝐴
1. Given that point O is between points P and A. If 𝐴𝑃 ̅̅̅̅ = 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠, what is ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑂 ?
̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑂 + ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐴 = ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝐴
̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑂 + 2 = 5
̅̅̅̅
𝑷𝑶 = 𝟑
̅̅̅̅̅ = 𝐸𝐾
2. Given: 𝑀𝐸 ̅̅̅̅ = ̅̅̅
𝐾𝐼
̅̅̅̅̅
Prove: 𝑀𝐾 = 𝐸𝐼 ̅̅̅

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 STATEMENTS REASONS
1. ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝐸 = 𝐸𝐾 = ̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ 𝐾𝐼 1. Given
2. ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝐾 = ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝐸 + ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐾 2. Definition of betweeness
3. ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝐾 = 𝐸𝐾̅̅̅̅ + 𝐸𝐾
̅̅̅̅ 3. Substitution principle
4. ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐾 + ̅̅̅
𝐾𝐼 = ̅̅̅
𝐸𝐼 4. Definition of betweeness
5. ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐾 + ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐾 = ̅̅̅
𝐸𝐼 5. Substitution principle
6. ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝐾 = ̅̅̅
𝐸𝐼 6. Transitive property

3. Given: A, B, C and D are collinear with

̅̅̅̅ = 𝐶𝐵
𝐴𝐷 ̅̅̅̅

Prove: ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 = ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐵
STATEMENTS REASONS
1. A, B, C and D are collinear 1. Given
2. ̅̅̅̅ + 𝐶𝐷
𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ = 𝐴𝐷
̅̅̅̅ 2. Definition of betweeness
3. ̅̅̅̅ + 𝐷𝐵
𝐶𝐷 ̅̅̅̅ = 𝐶𝐵
̅̅̅̅ 3. Definition of betweeness
4. ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐷 = 𝐶𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ 4. Given
5. ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 + ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷 = ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷 + ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐵 5. Substitution principle
6. ̅̅̅̅ = 𝐷𝐵
𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ 6. Cancellation property

Theorem 1-1: THE POINT-PLOTTING THEOREM

̅̅̅̅ be a ray and let x be a positive number. Then there is exactly one point P of 𝐴𝐵
Let 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ such
̅̅̅̅ = x
that 𝐴𝑃

Definition: The Midpoint of a segment is said to bisect the segment. Segments that have the
same length are called congruent segments.

In the figure R is the midpoint of ̅̅̅

QS because ̅̅̅̅
QR = ̅̅̅̅
RS or
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅
because QR = ½ QS or RS = ½ QS

The midpoint of a segment ̅̅̅̅ 𝐴𝐵 or any line, plane, ray or segment which contains the
̅̅̅̅ is called the bisector of 𝐴𝐵
midpoint and does not contain 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅.

̅ and point
In the figure, point O is the midpoint of IE
O is also the intersection of the two lines. We can
̅
say conclude that line l is bisector of IE

Theorem 1-2: THE MIDPOINT THEOREM

Every segment has exactly one midpoint.

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Example:

1. Given: ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝐾 ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝑀
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐸𝑀
Prove: 𝑃𝐾 ̅̅̅̅̅

Statements Reasons
1. ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝐾 ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝑀 1. Given
2. ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝐾 = ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝑀 2. Definition of congruence
3. ̅̅̅̅̅ = 𝑃𝐾
𝐸𝑀 ̅̅̅̅ 3. Symmetric Property
4. ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐸𝑀
𝑃𝐾 ̅̅̅̅̅ 4. Definition of congruence

2. Given: ̅̅̅
𝐸𝐼 is a segment

Prove: ̅̅̅
𝐸𝐼 ≅ ̅̅̅
𝐸𝐼
Statements Reasons
1. ̅̅̅
𝐸𝐼 = ̅̅̅
𝐸𝐼 1. Reflexive Property
2. ̅̅̅
𝐸𝐼 ≅ ̅̅̅
𝐸𝐼 2. Definition of congruence

Reference: https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/geometry/fundamental-ideas/segments-
midpoints-and-rays

ACTIVITIES
I. Look around you. What objects or parts of objects represent point, line and plane.
Point Line Plane
Ex. Tip of ballpen Edge of a notebook Page of a newspaper
1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5.

II. Answer the following:

1. Given the line

a. Name two rays in opposite directions

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 b. Name two line segments
2. Name a point that is coplanar with the given points
a. A, B, C
b. E, A, B

3. Name two lines that are coplanar with ̅̅̅̅

𝐶𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ̅̅̅̅
𝐺𝐻 .
4. Illustrate the figures described:
For numbers 2-3
a. Lines l, m, and n are coplanar and lie in plane Q.
b. Lines l and m intersect at point P.
c. Line n intersects line m at R, but does not intersect line l.
5.
a. How many planes appears in this figure?
b. Name 3 collinear points
⃡ intersect plane T?
c. Where does 𝐴𝐶

IV. Given the following correspondence answer the following questions.

1. ̅̅̅̅ , what is the value of y ?

If R is the midpoint of 𝐿𝑇
2. What is z; if the coordinate of the midpoint of ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝑁 is 7.5 ?
3. Another name for 𝑆𝑂 ̅̅̅̅ ?
4. If AN =2(SO) , what is x ?
5. Name two segments that are congruent to ̅̅̅̅ 𝐿𝑁 ?

VI. Prove the following:

1.

̅̅̅̅ =𝑅𝑆
Given: 𝑅𝑄 ̅̅̅̅

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 ̅̅̅̅ = 𝑄𝑆
Prove: 𝑃𝑅 ̅̅̅̅

Statements Reasons
1. 1.
2. ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑅 = 𝑄𝑆̅̅̅̅ 2. Given
3. 𝑅𝑆 + 𝑄𝑅 = ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ 𝑄𝑆 3.
̅̅̅̅ + 𝑄𝑅
𝑃𝑄 ̅̅̅̅ = 𝑃𝑅
̅̅̅̅
4. 4. Addition Property of Equality
5. ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑅 = ̅̅̅̅
𝑄𝑆 5.

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 ANGLES AND ANGLE MEASURMENT

OVERVIEW
This study the angles leads to other important concepts in geometry. We can use our
knowledge of points, lines and rays to understand to concept of angles.

OBJECTIVES
After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:
1. Classify angles
2. Identify complementary and supplementary angles.
3. Use the theorems and definitions in proving

COURSE MATERIAL

Angles

Definition: An angle is a geometric figure consisting of two non-collinear rays with a common
endpoint called vertex. The rays are called the sides of the angle.

A is the vertex. and are the sides of the

angle.

Different names for the same angle.

 By the letter of the vertex—therefore, the angle in Figure could be named ∠ A.

 By the number (or small letter) in its interior—therefore, the angle in Figure could be
named ∠1 or ∠ x.

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  By the letters of three points that form it—therefore, the angle in Figure could be
named ∠ BAC or ∠ CAB. The center letter is always the letter of the vertex.

Example: In the figure,

(a) use three letters to rename ∠3;

∠3 is the same as ∠ IMJ or ∠ JMI
(b) use one number to rename ∠ KMJ.
∠ KMJ is the same as ∠ 4

Definition: The interior angle of ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶is the set of all points P in the plane of ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 such that:

a. P and B are on the same side of⃡𝐴𝐶

b. P and C are on the same side of ⃡𝐴𝐵
The exterior angle is the set of all points of the plane of ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 that lie neither on the
angle nor on its interior.

Definition: Adjacent angles are two angles which have the same vertex and a common side but do not
have common interior point.
In the figure, ∠1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠2 are adjacent angles, where F is
the common vertex and 𝐹𝐻 is the common side

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 .Angle Measurement

Compare two angles below.

Notice that ∠1seems to be much wider than ∠2. We need to have a numerical basis, so
that we can compare angles in a more mathematical way. To measure an angle, we use an
instrument called protractor. The unit used is degree (°).

Postulate 7
ANGLE MEASUREMENT POSTULATE: To every angle there corresponds a real number between
0 and 180.

Definition: The number given by the angle measurement postulate is called the measure of
∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 written as 𝑚∠𝐵𝐴𝐶.

For example, if ∠1 ha a measure of 21°, then 𝑚∠1 = 21°.

Postulate 8
ANGLE CONSTRUCTION POSTULATE: Let 𝐴𝐵 be a ray on the edge of the half-plane H. For every
r between 0 and 180, there is exactly one 𝐴𝑃 with P in H such that 𝑀∠𝑃𝐴𝐵 = 𝑟.

Definition: Two angles with the same measure are called congruent angles
Example: ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐷𝐸𝐹 are congruent. With this we can say that 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑚∠𝐷𝐸𝐹

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 Classification of angles

Angles may be classified according to their measure as shown below.

Postulate 9
ANGLE ADDITION POSTULATE: If D is an interior of ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 then 𝑚∠𝐵𝐴𝐷 + 𝑚∠𝐷𝐴𝐶 = 𝑚∠𝐵𝐴𝐶

Definition: If 𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐷 are opposite rays, and 𝐴𝐶 is any other ray then ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐶𝐴𝐷 form a linear
pair.

Definition: If the sum of measure of two angles is 180°, then the angles are called supplementary angles
and each is called supplement of the other.

Postulate 10
SUPPLEMENT POSTULATE: If two angles form a linear par then they are supplementary.

Example: Twice the measure of an ∠ is 30° less than the measure of its supplement

Let x – be the measure of the angle

S
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 180 – x =be the measure of the supplement

2𝑥 = (180 − 𝑥) − 30
2𝑥 = 150 − 𝑥
3𝑥 = 150
𝒙 = 𝟓𝟎

Right angles, Perpendicularity, Congruent angles

Definition: If the angles in a linear pair has the same measure then each of them is called right angle.

In this case we can have r°+ r° =180° and so r° = 90°, therefore every
right angle has measure 90° on the other hand if an angle has
r° r° measure 90° then it forms a linear pair with another angle measure
90° and so it is a right angle.

Theorem 2-1:
For every right angle measure 90° and every angle with measure 90 is a right angle.

Definition: Two sets are perpendicular if they intersect and their intersection is a right angle. (Sets: ray,
line segment)

Definition: If the sum of the measure of two angles is 90°, the they are called complementary and each
one of them is called complement of the other.

Theorem 2-2:
If two angles are complementary, then both are acute.

Theorem 2-3:
Any two right angles are congruent.

Theorem 2-4:
SUPPLEMENT THEORY: Supplements of congruent angles are congruent.
.
Theorem 2-6:
COMPLEMENT THEORY: Complement of congruent angles are congruent

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Definition: Two angles are vertical if their sides form 2 pairs of opposite rays

Theorem 2-7:
VERTICAL ANGLE THEOREM: Vertical
angles are congruent

∠1 ≅ ∠3
∠2 ≅ ∠4

Theorem 2-8:
If two intersecting lines form one right angles, then they form four right angles

Example: If the measure of one angle is 5 times its complement. Find the measure of its
supplement.
Let x: measure of complement
90 – x: measure of angle
180 – 5x: measure of supplement

5𝑥 + 𝑥 = 90 180 − 5𝑥 = 180 − 5(15)

6𝑥 = 90 = 105 → 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑥 = 15 → 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

Reference: https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/geometry/fundamental-ideas/angles-and-
angle-pairs

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http://web.mnstate.edu/peil/geometry/C2EuclidNonEuclid/4angles.htm#:~:text=(Angle%20Meas
urement%20Postulate)%20To%20every,Postulate%2012.&text=For%20every%20r%20betwee
n%200,Postulate%2013.
https://www.dummies.com/education/math/geometry/getting-to-know-angle-pairs/
http://web.mnstate.edu/peil/geometry/C2EuclidNonEuclid/4angles.htm#:~:text=(Angle%20Meas
urement%20Postulate)%20To%20every,Postulate%2012.&text=For%20every%20r%20betwee
n%200,Postulate%2013.

PROVING

Examples:

1.

Given: ∠1 ≅ ∠5

∠2 ≅ ∠6
Prove: ∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 ≅ ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶

Statements Reasons
1. ∠1 ≅ ∠5 1. Given
∠2 ≅ ∠6
2. 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠2 = 𝑚∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 2. Angle addition postulate
𝑚∠5 + 𝑚∠6 = 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶
3. 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠2 = 𝑚∠5 + 𝑚∠6 3. Addition property of equality
4. 𝑚∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 = 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 4. Substitution Principle
5. ∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 ≅ ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 5. Definition of congruence

2. Given: : ∠𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑∠𝐵 are supplementary

∠𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑∠𝐷 are supplementary
∠𝐴 ≅ ∠𝐶

Prove: ∠𝐵 ≅ ∠𝐷
Statements Reasons
1. ∠𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑∠𝐵 are supplementary 1. Given
∠𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑∠𝐷 are supplementary
2. 𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐵 = 180 2. Definition of Supplementary angles
𝑚∠𝐶 + 𝑚∠𝐷 = 180

16
 3. 𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐵 = 𝑚∠𝐶 + 𝑚∠𝐷 3. Transitive property
4. ∠𝐴 ≅ ∠𝐶 4. Given
5. 𝑚∠𝐴 = 𝑚∠𝐶 5. Definition of congruent angles
6. 𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐵 = 𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐷 6. Substitution principle
7. 𝑚∠𝐵 = 𝑚∠𝐵 7. Cancellation property
8. ∠𝐵 ≅ ∠𝐷 8. Definition of congruent angles

3.
Given:∠3 ≅ ∠4

Prove: :∠1 ≅ ∠2

Statements Reasons
1. ∠1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠3 are vertical angles 1. Definition of vertical angles
2. ∠1 ≅ ∠3 2. Vertical angle theory
3. ∠3 ≅ ∠4 3. Given
4. ∠1 ≅ ∠4 4. Transitive property
5. ∠2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠4 are vertical angles 5. Definition of vertical angles
6. ∠2 ≅ ∠4 6. Vertical angle theory
7. ∠1 ≅ ∠2 7. Transitive property

3.

Given: ∠𝑃𝑀𝑁 ≅ ∠𝑃𝑁𝑀

Prove: ∠𝐶𝑀𝑃 ≅ ∠𝐷𝑁𝑃

Statements Reasons
1. ∠𝐶𝑀𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑∠𝑃𝑀𝑁 form a linear pair 1. Definition of linear pair
2. ∠𝐶𝑀𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑∠𝑃𝑀𝑁 are supplementary 2. Supplement postulate
3. ∠𝐷𝑁𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑∠𝑃𝑁𝑀 form a linear pair 3. Definition of linear pair
4. ∠𝐷𝑁𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑∠𝑃𝑁𝑀 are supplementary 4. Supplement postulate
5. ∠𝑃𝑀𝑁 ≅ ∠𝑃𝑁𝑀 5. Given
6. ∠𝐶𝑀𝑃 ≅ ∠𝐷𝑁𝑃 6. Supplement theory

17
ACTIVITIES
Prove the following:

1. Given: ∠1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠3 are complementary

line m intersects ̅̅̅̅

𝑂𝐶 at O
̅̅̅̅
Prove: m ⊥ 𝑂𝐶

Statements Reasons
1. ∠1 and ∠3 are complementary 1. Given
̅̅̅̅ at O
2. m intersects 𝑂𝐶 2. Given
3. 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠3 = 90° 3.
4. ∠1 and ∠2 are vertical angles 4.
5. ∠1 ≅ ∠2 5.
6. 𝑚∠2 + 𝑚∠3 = 90° 6.
7. 𝑚∠2 + 𝑚∠3 = 𝑚∠ 𝐴𝑂𝐶 7.
8. 𝑚∠ 𝐴𝑂𝐶 = 90° 8.
9. ∠ 𝐴𝑂𝐶 is a right angle 9.
10. m ⊥ ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐶 10.

2. Given: ∠𝐴 and ∠B are congruent and supplementary

Prove: ∠𝐴 and ∠B are right angles

Statements Reasons
1. ∠𝐴 ≅ ∠𝐵 1. Given
2. 𝑚∠𝐴 = 𝑚∠𝐵 2.
3. ∠𝐴 and ∠𝐵are supplementary 3. Given
4. 𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐵 = 180° 4.
5. 𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐴 = 180° 5.
6. 𝑚∠𝐴 = 90° 6. Addition, MPE, Division
7. ∠𝐴 is a right angle 7.
8. 𝑚∠𝐵 = 90° 8.
9. 𝑚∠𝐴 = m∠B 9.

3. Given: ∆𝑋𝑌𝑍with exterior angle ∠1

18
 Prove: 𝑚∠1 = 𝑚∠𝑋 + 𝑚∠𝑌

StatementsStatements Reasons Reasons

1. ∆𝑋𝑌𝑍with
1. exterior
∆𝑋𝑌𝑍withangle ∠1 angle ∠1
exterior 1. Given 1. Given
2. 2. 2. Definition
2. of linear pair
Definition of linear pair
3. 3. 3. Definition
3. of supplementary
Definition angles
of supplementary angle
4. 𝑚∠1 + 4.m∠2 = 180
𝑚∠1 + m∠2 = 180 4. 4.
5. 𝑚∠1 =5.180𝑚∠1
− 𝑚∠2
= 180 − 𝑚∠2 5. 5.
6. 6. 6. Sum of6.measures
Sum of of angles inofaangles in a
measures
triangle triangle
𝑚∠1
7. 𝑚∠1 =7.𝑚∠𝑋 = 𝑚∠𝑋 + 𝑚∠𝑌
+ 𝑚∠𝑌 7. 7.

4. Given: ∠𝐴 and ∠B are complements of ∠𝐶 and ∠D, respectively

∠𝐶 ≅ ∠D

Prove: ∠𝐴 ≅ ∠B

Statements Reasons
1. ∠𝐴 is complement of ∠𝐶 1. Given
2. ∠𝐵 is complement of ∠𝐷 2. Given
3. ∠𝐶 ≅ ∠D 3. Given
4. 𝑚∠𝐶 = m∠D 4.
5. 𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐶 = 90° 5.
𝑚∠𝐵 + 𝑚∠𝐷 = 90°
6. 𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐶 = 𝑚∠𝐵 + 𝑚∠𝐷 6.
7. 𝑚∠𝐴 = m∠B 7.
8. ∠𝐴 ≅ ∠B 8.

19
 PARALLEL LINES IN A PLANE

OVERVIEW
These lessons introduce parallel and transversal lines.

OBJECTIVES

After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:

1. Distinguish between intersecting lines, parallel lines, and skew lines.
2. Identify the angles formed when two lines are cut by a transversal.
3. State and apply the definition, postulate, theorem and the corollaries about parallel
lines.

COURSE MATERIAL
There are 3 ways in which 2 lines can be situated in a space:
1. They may intersect in a point and fail to be coplanar
2. two lines may lie in the same plane without intersecting one another (skew lines)
3. Parallel lines

Definition:

 Two lines which are not coplanar are called skew lines.
 Two lines are parallel if they are coplanar and they do not intersect. The symbol for
"parallel to" is //

Theorem 3-1:
Two parallel line lie in exactly one plane

Theorem 3-3:
In a plane, two lines are parallel if they are both perpendicular to the same line

20
 L1 and L2 are parallel, hence they are both
perpendicular to L3

Theorem 3-3:
EXISTENCE OF PARALLEL – Let l be a line and let P be a point not on l, then there is at least
one line parallel to l through P

Definition: A transversal is a line (any part of a line) that intersects coplanar lines at different
points.

Interior angles: ∠4 , ∠6, ∠3 & ∠5

Exterior angles: ∠1 , ∠2, ∠7 & ∠8

∠4 & ∠6 are alternate interior angles

∠5 & ∠3 are alternate interior angles

∠1 & ∠7 are alternate interior angles

∠2 & ∠8 are alternate interior angles

Theorem 3-4:
PAI THEOREM: If two lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate interior angles are
congruent.
Theorem 3-5:
If two lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate exterior angles are congruent

In the figure above, ∠4 & ∠6 are alternate interior angles hence ∠4 ≅ ∠6

∠5 & ∠3 are alternate interior angles hence ∠5 ≅ ∠3
∠1 & ∠7 are alternate interior angles hence ∠1 ≅ ∠7
∠2 & ∠8 are alternate interior angles hence ∠2 ≅ ∠8

21
 Theorem 3-6:
If two lines are cut by a transversal and one pair of alternate interior angles are congruent
then the other pair of alternate interior angles are also congruent

In the figure above, If ∠4 ≅ ∠6, then ∠𝟓 ≅ ∠𝟑.

Theorem 3-7:
ANGLE INTERIOR THEOREM: Given two lines cut by a transversal. If a pair of alternate
interior angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel.

If ∠1 ≅ ∠2, then 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 are parallel

Theorem 3-8:
Given two lines cut by a transversal. If a pair of corresponding angles are congruent, then
a pair of alternate interior angles are congruent.

Definition: Corresponding angles are pairs of angles that lie in the same relative position of
the transversal.

Given two lines cut by a transversal. If ∠𝑥 and ∠𝑦 are

alternate interior angles and ∠𝑦and ∠𝑧 are vertical angles the
∠𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝑥 are corresponding angles.

PCA Corollary: If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, each pair of corresponding angles
are congruent.
∠𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝑥 are corresponding angles, then ∠𝑧 ≅ ∠𝑥

22
Theorem 3-9:
CAP THEOREM: Given two lines cut by a transversal. If a pair of corresponding angles are
congruent then the lines are parallel.

∠1 and ∠2 are congruent hence ∠1 and ∠2 are parallel

lines.

Theorem 3-10:
Given two lines cut by a transversal. If a pair of interior angles on the same side of the
transversal are supplementary, then the lines are parallel.

∠𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝑦 are interior angles on the

same side of a transversal

m∠𝑥 + 𝑚∠𝑦 = 180

Postulate 11
PARALLEL POSTULATE: Through a given external point, there is only one parallel to a given line.

Theorem 3-11:
In a plane, if a line intersects one of the two parallel lines in only one points then it
intersects the other.

Theorem 3-12:
In a plane, if two lines are each parallel to a third line then they are parallel to each
other.

23
 If 𝑙1 ∥ 𝑙2 and 𝑙3 ∥ 𝑙2 , then 𝑙1 ∥ 𝑙2 ∥ 𝑙3

Theorem 3-13:
In a plane, if a line is perpendicular (⊥) to one of the two parallel lines then it is
perpendicular to the other

L1 ∥ L2
L1 is perpendicular to L3
Therefore L2 ⊥ L3

References: https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/skew-lines.html
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/geometry/parallel-lines/consequences-of-the-parallel-
postulate
http://www.geocities.ws/ibgeometry/theorems.html
https://youtu.be/fRihRLaR0mY

Examples
1.

Find: a. 𝑚∠1
b. 𝑚∠2
c. 𝑚∠4

Solution: 4(3𝑥 + 17)° = (𝑥 − 3)°

3𝑥 − 4𝑥 = −12 − 17
𝑥 = 29°

24
 𝑚∠1 = 3𝑥 + 17 𝑚∠2 = 180° − 𝑚∠1 𝑚∠4 = 4(𝑥 − 3)
= 3(29) + 17 = 180° − 104° = 4(29 − 3)
= 𝟏𝟎𝟒° = 𝟕𝟔° = 𝟏𝟎𝟒°

2.
̅̅̅̅ ∥ 𝐶𝐷
Given: ∠1 ≅ ∠2, 𝐸𝐺 ̅̅̅̅

Prove: ∠2 ≅ ∠𝐵𝐶𝐴

Statements Reasons
̅̅̅̅ ∥ 𝐶𝐷
8. 𝐸𝐺 ̅̅̅̅ 8. Given
9. ∠1 ≅ ∠2 9. Given
10. 𝑛∠1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐵𝐶𝐴 form alternate exterior 10. Definition of alternate exterior angles
angles
11. ∠1 ≅ ∠𝐵𝐶𝐴 11. Theorem 3-5
12. ∠2 ≅ ∠𝐵𝐶𝐴 12. Transitive property

3.
Given: ∠𝑊 ≅ ∠𝑌
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉𝑊 ∥ ̅̅̅̅𝑋𝑌
̅̅̅̅̅ ∥ 𝑌𝑍
Prove:𝑊𝑋 ̅̅̅̅

Statements Reasons
1. ∠𝑊 ≅ ∠𝑌 1. Given
̅̅̅̅̅ ∥ 𝑋𝑌
𝑉𝑊 ̅̅̅̅
2. ∠𝑊 𝑎𝑛𝑑∠𝑋 are alternate exterior angles 2. Definition of alternate exterior angles
3. ∠𝑊 ≅ ∠𝑋 3. PAI theorem
4. ∠𝑌 ≅ ∠𝑋 4. Transitive property
5. ∠𝑌 𝑎𝑛𝑑∠𝑋 are alternate exterior angles 5. Definition of alternate exterior angles
6. 𝑚∠3 = 𝑚∠4 6. Definition of congruence
7. ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑊𝑋 ∥ 𝑌𝑍 ̅̅̅̅ 7. Angle interior theorem

25
ACTIVITES
Fill the blanks to prove the following:

1. Given : 𝑙 ∥ 𝑚
n is a transversal of l and m

Prove: ∠3 ≅ ∠5 , ∠4 ≅ ∠6

Statements Reasons
1. 𝑙 ∥ 𝑚 1. Given
2. ∠1 and ∠5; ∠2 and∠6 are pair of 2.
corresponding angles
3. 3. PCA Corollary
4. ∠1 and ∠3; ∠2 and∠4 are pair of vertical 4.
angles
5. ∠1 ≅ ∠3; ∠2 ≅ ∠4 5.
6. ∠3 ≅ ∠5; ∠4 ≅ ∠6 6.

3.
̅̅̅̅ ∥ 𝐸𝐹
Given: 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅

∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∠𝐹𝐸𝐷
̅̅̅̅ ∥ 𝐸𝐷
Prove: 𝐵𝐶 ̅̅̅̅

Statements Reasons
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
1. 𝐴𝐵 ∥ 𝐸𝐹 1. Given
2. ∠𝐴𝐵𝐸 and ∠𝐹𝐸𝐵 are alternate interior 2.
angles
3. ∠𝐴𝐵𝐸 ≅ ∠𝐹𝐸𝐵 3.
4. 4. Definition of ≅ angles
5. 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐸 = 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 + 𝑚∠𝐶𝐵𝐸 5.
6. 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐸 = 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 + 𝑚∠𝐶𝐵𝐸 6.
7. 7. Transitive Property
8. ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∠𝐹𝐸𝐷 8. Given
9. 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑚∠𝐹𝐸𝐷 9.
10. 𝑚∠𝐶𝐵𝐸 = 𝑚∠𝐷𝐸𝐵 10.
11. 11.
12. 12. Definition of alternate interior
angles
13. ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 ∥ ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐷 13. Angle interior theorem

26
3. Given: Lines l and m are parallel
line t is perpendicular to l

Prove: 𝑡 ⊥ 𝑚

Statements Reasons
1. l ∥ m 1. Given
2. 𝑡 ⊥ 𝑙 2. Given
3. 3.
4. 𝑚∠1 = 90° 4.
5. ∠1 and ∠5 are corresponding angles 5.
6. 6. PCA Corollary
7. 7. Definition of ≅ angles
8. 8.
9. ∠5 is a right angle 9.
10. 𝑡 ⊥ 𝑚 10.

27
 TRIANGLES

OVERVIEW

Geometric shapes, also called figures, are an important part of the study of geometry. The
triangle is one of the basic shapes in geometry. In Pre-algebra we learnt that triangles have three
sides and three angles. We also learnt that the sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°.

OBJECTIVES

After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:

1. Classify triangles according to sides and to angles.
2. identify parts of triangle and corresponding parts of congruent figures.,
3. State and apply the definition, postulate, theorem and the corollaries about the sum of
the measures of the angles of a triangle.
4. Prove two triangles congruent by using the SSS Postulate, the SAS Postulate, the ASA
Postulate, and the AAS Theorem.

COURSE MATERIAL

Triangles

Definition: A triangle is a union of three segments joined together at their endpoints. It is the
simplest polygon, consisting of three sides, three vertices and three angles.

If A, B and C are any three noncollinear points then the union of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵, ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 , and ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 is
called triangle and is denoted by ∆ABC

The points A, B and C are called vertices

̅̅̅̅, 𝐴𝐶
and the segments 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ , and 𝐵𝐶
̅̅̅̅ are
called sides.

Every ∆ABC determines three angles namely ∠𝐴, ∠ 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐶

28
 Types of triangles based on sides

 Equilateral triangle: A triangle having all the three sides of equal length is an
equilateral triangle.
 Isosceles triangle: A triangle having two sides of equal length is an Isosceles triangle.
 Scalene triangle: A triangle having three sides of different lengths is called a scalene
triangle.

Theorem 4-1:
ISOSCELES TRIANGLE THEOREM: If two sides of a triangle are congruent then the
angles opposite these sides are congruent.

Types of triangles based on angles

 Acute-angled triangle: A triangle whose all angles are acute is called an acute-angled
triangle or Acute triangle.

 Obtuse-angled triangle: A triangle whose one angle is obtuse is an obtuse-angled

triangle or Obtuse triangle.

 Right-angled triangle: A triangle whose one angle is a right-angle is a Right-angled

triangle or Right triangle.

In the figure of Right-angled triangle, the side opposite to the right angle, BC is called the
hypotenuse. For a Right triangle ABC, ̅̅̅̅ 𝐵𝐶 2 = ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵2 + ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 2 .This is called the Pythagorean

29
Theorem. In the triangle above, 52 = 42 + 32. Only a triangle that satisfies this condition is a right
triangle. Hence, the Pythagorean Theorem helps to find whether a triangle is Right-angled.

Corollary 4-1: Every equilateral triangle is equiangular

Corollary 4-2: Every equiangular triangle is equilateral.

Angle bisector and median

Every triangle has three bases (any of its sides) and three altitudes (heights).
Every altitude is the perpendicular segment from a vertex to its opposite side (or the
extension of the opposite side)

A median in a triangle is the line segment drawn from a vertex to the midpoint of
its opposite side. Every triangle has three medians.

An angle bisector in a triangle is a segment drawn from a vertex that bisects

(cuts in half) that vertex angle. Every triangle has three angle bisectors.

30
 Theorem 4-2:
ANGLE BISECTOR THEOREM: Every angle has exactly one bisector

Theorem 4-3:
PERPENDICULAR BISECTOR THEOREM - The perpendicular bisector of a segment, in a
plane, is the set of all points of the plane that are equidistant from the endpoints of the
segment.

̅̅̅̅̅
𝑴𝑵 is the perpendicular bisector of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵

Similarity and Congruency in Triangles

Theorem 4-4:
If two angles of a triangle are congruent then the sides opposite them are congruent.

Similarity of triangles
Two triangles are said to be similar if the corresponding angles of two triangles are
congruent and lengths of corresponding sides are proportional
.

31
Definition: Given a correspondence 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ↔ 𝐷𝐸𝐹 between vertices of triangles. If every pair of
corresponding sides are congruent and every pair of corresponding angles are
congruent, then the correspondence 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ↔ 𝐷𝐸𝐹 is called Congruence between
triangles

When we write ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹, we mean:

̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐸 ∠𝐴 ≅ ∠D
̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 ≅ 𝐷𝐹̅̅̅̅ ∠𝐹 ≅ ∠C
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐸𝐹
𝐵𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ ∠𝐵 ≅ ∠E

Definition: A side of a triangle is said to be included by the angles whose vertices are the end
points of the segment.
An angle of a triangle is said to be included by the sided of the triangle which lie in
the sides of the angle.

CONGRUENCE POSTULATES FOR TRIANGLES

Postulate 12:
SAS (Side Angle Side) POSTULATE: Every SAS correspondence is a congruence.

̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐸
∠𝐴 ≅ ∠𝐸
̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐹
Therefore ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹

Postulate 13:
ASA (Angle Side Angle) POSTULATE: Every ASA correspondence is a congruence.

32
 ∠𝐺 ≅ ∠𝐽
̅̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅
𝐺𝐻 𝐽𝐾
∠𝐻 ≅ ∠𝐾

Therefore ∆𝐺𝐻𝐼 ≅ ∆𝐽𝐾𝐿

Postulate 14:
SSS (Side Side Side) POSTULATE: Every SSS correspondence is a congruence.

̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐸
̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 ≅ 𝐷𝐹̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐸𝐹
𝐵𝐶 ̅̅̅̅

Therefore, ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹

Postulate 15:
SAA (Side Angle Angle) POSTULATE: Every SAA correspondence is a congruence.

∠𝐹 ≅ ∠𝑋
∠𝐼 ≅ ∠𝑊
̅𝐻𝐼
̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑌𝑊
Therefore, ∆𝐹𝐻𝐼 ≅ ∆𝑋𝑌𝑊

Theorem 4-5:
HYPOTHENUS-LEG THEOREM: Given a correspondence between 2 right triangles, if the
hypotenuse and one leg of a right triangle are congruent to the corresponding parts of the
second triangle, then the correspondence is a congruence.

33
 ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐸𝐹
𝐵𝐴 ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐴 ≅ 𝐷𝐹̅̅̅̅

Therefore ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐷 , ∠𝐵 ≅ ∠𝐸, ∠𝐶 ≅ ∠𝐷, ∠𝐴 ≅ ∠𝐹

References: https://www.mbacrystalball.com/blog/2015/10/16/triangles-properties-types-
geometry/
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/geometry/triangles/altitudes-medians-and-angle-
bisectors
https://www.mathplanet.com/education/geometry/triangles/congruent-triangles

Examples:

1. If two segments bisect each other, then the segments joining the
endpoints of the given segments are congruent.

Given: ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷 bisects each other at M
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
Prove: 𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐶𝐷

Statements Reasons
1. ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝐷 bisects each other at M 1. Given
2. ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝑀 ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝑀 2. Definition of bisector
̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐶𝑀
𝐷𝑀 ̅̅̅̅̅
3. ∠𝐶𝑀𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐷𝑀𝐴 are vertical angles 3. Definition of vertical angles
4. ∠𝐶𝑀𝐵 ≅ ∠𝐷𝑀𝐴 4. Vertical angles theory
5. ∆𝐶𝑀𝐵 ≅ ∆𝐷𝑀𝐴 5. SAS postulate
6. ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐶𝐷
𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ 6. Corresponding parts of
congruent triangles are
congruent (CPCTC)

2.

Given: ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐸 = ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐵
∠𝐸 ≅ ∠𝐴
Prove: ∠𝐷 ≅ ∠𝐴

34
 Statements Reasons
̅̅̅̅
1. 𝐶𝐸 = 𝐶𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ 1. Given
̅̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅
2. 𝐶𝐸 𝐶𝐵 2. Definition of congruent
segment
3. ∠𝐷𝐶𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 are vertical angles 3. Definition of vertical angles
4. ∠𝐷𝐶𝐸 ≅ ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 4. Vertical angles theory
5. ∠𝐸 ≅ ∠𝐴 5. Given
6. ∆𝐷𝐶𝐸 ≅ ∆𝐴𝐶𝐵 6. ASA postulate
7. 𝐷 ≅ ∠𝐴 7. CPCTC

ACTIVITIES
Supply the reason for the following proof.

1. Given : ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ∥ ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐶𝐷
𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅

Prove: ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝐶𝐷𝐴

Statements Reasons
̅̅̅̅ ∥ 𝐶𝐷
1. 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ 1. Given
̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷
2. ∠1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠4 are alternate interior angles 2.
3. 3. PIA theorem (theorem 3-4)
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐴𝐶
4. 𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ 4.
5. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝐶𝐷𝐴 5.
2.

Given: ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐻 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐹𝐻

∠𝐴𝐻𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐹𝐻𝐵

Prove: ∠𝐴 ≅ ∠𝐹

Statements Reasons
1. 1. Given
2. ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐻 ≅ 𝐵𝐻 2.
3. 3. SAS Postulate
4. ∠𝐴 ≅ ∠𝐹 4.

35
3.

̅̅̅̅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝐵
Given: ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶is an isosceles with legs 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅

̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐵 bisects ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐶𝐸
Prove: 𝐴𝐸 ̅̅̅̅

Statements Reasons
1. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶is an isosceles with legs ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐵 1. Given
2. ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐶𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ 2.
3. ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐵 bisects ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 3. Given
4. ∠𝐴𝐵𝐸 ≅ ∠𝐶𝐵𝐸 4.
5. 5. Isosceles triangle theorem
6. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐸 ≅ ∆𝐶𝐵𝐸 6.
7. ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐸 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐸 7.

36
 INEQUALITIES

OVERVIEW
You have just seen that if a triangle has equal sides, the angles opposite these sides are
equal, and if a triangle has equal angles, the sides opposite these angles are equal. This lesson
contains the inequalities of sides and angles.

OBJECTIVES
After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:
1. write indirect proofs in paragraph form
2. state and apply the inequality theorems and corollaries for one triangle
3. state and apply the inequality theorems for two triangles

COURSE MATERIAL

Definition: ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 < ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷 𝑖𝑓 ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 < ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷
∠𝑨 < ∠𝑩 𝑖𝑓 𝑚∠𝑨 < 𝑚∠𝑩

PROPERTIES OF INEQUALITY
1. Trichotomy Property
For every x and y, only one of the following conditions holds:

 𝑥<𝑦
 𝑥=𝑦
 𝑥>𝑦
2. Transitive Property

If 𝑎 < 𝑏 and 𝑏 < 𝑐 then 𝑎 < 𝑐

3. Addition Property

If 𝑎 < 𝑏, then 𝑎 + 𝑐 < 𝑏 + 𝑐

4. Multiplication Property

If 𝑎 < 𝑏, then 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐

37
 ∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 is an external angle

Corollary 5.1: If a triangle has one right angle, then its other angles are acute

Theorem 5-2:
If two sides of a triangle are unequal, then the measures of the angles opposite these
sides are unequal, and the greater angle is opposite the greater side.
Theorem 5-3:
If two angles of a triangle are unequal, then the measures of the sides opposite these
angles are also unequal, and the longer side is opposite the greater angle.

̅̅̅̅ < 𝑌𝑍
𝑋𝑌 ̅̅̅̅, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∠𝒁 < ∠𝑿

̅̅̅̅
𝑌𝑍 > ̅̅̅̅
𝑋𝑌 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∠𝑿 > ∠𝒁

Theorem 5-4:
TRIANGLE INEQUALITY THEOREM: The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle
is greater than the length of the third side.

̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 + ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 > ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶

38
 Theorem 5-5:
THE HINGE THEOREM - If two sides of one triangle are congruent, respectively, to
two sides of a second triangle, and the included angle of the first triangle is larger than the
included angle of the second, then the third side of the first triangle is longer than the third
side of the second.

Theorem 5-6.
CONVERSE HINGE THEOREM - If two sides of one triangle are congruent respectively
to two sides of a second triangle, and the third side of the first triangle is longer than the third
side of the second, then the included angle of the first triangle is larger than the included
angle of the second.

HINGE THEOREM CONVERSE OF HINGE THEOREM

3
5

̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐵𝐶
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 : 𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ , 𝑅𝐶
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑅𝐶,
̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝑅 = 3, 𝐵𝑅 = 5
∠𝐴𝐶𝑅 < ∠𝐵𝐶𝑅

References: https://www.mathplanet.com/education/geometry/triangles/inequalities
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/geometry/triangles/triangle-inequalities-sides-and-
angles
https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Geometry/SegmentsAnglesTriangles/SATHinge.html
http://www.geocities.ws/ibgeometry/theorems.html
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/geometry/triangles/the-triangle-inequality-theorem

39
Examples:
1. The measures of two sides of a triangle are 7 and 12. Find the range of possibilities for the
third side.

Solution: 7 + x > 12, so x > 5

2.

We are given that the two triangles have two congruent sides, and that AC has length 7
inches and DF has length 6 inches. We can use the
converse of the hinge theorem to conclude that ∠ABC is
larger than ∠DEF, because ∠ABC is opposite the
longer third side.

3. Given: K is not a point on l

̅̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝑀 ⊥ 𝑙
L is a point on l different from M

Prove: ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝑀 < ̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝐿

Statements Reasons
1. ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝑀 ⊥ 𝑙 1. Given
2. ∠𝐾𝑀𝐿 is a right angle 2. Definition of perpendicular
3. 𝑚∠𝐾𝑀𝐿 = 90° 3. Definition of right angle
4. ∆𝐾𝑀𝐿 is a right triangle 4. Definition of right triangle
5. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝐶𝐷𝐴 5. Corollary 5.1
6. 𝑚∠𝐾𝐿𝑀 < 90° 6. Definition of acute angle
7. 𝑚∠𝐾𝐿𝑀 < 𝑚∠𝐾𝑀𝐿 7. Substitution principle
8. ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝑀 < ̅̅̅̅
𝐾𝐿 8. Theorem 5-1

40
ACTIVITIES
1. Using the figure below, which is longer, AC or DF? Verify.

2. Supply proof to complete the table.

̅̅̅̅ is the median of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶
Given:𝐵𝐷
̅̅̅̅ > 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅

Prove: 𝑚∠𝐴𝐷𝐵 > 𝑚∠𝐵𝐷𝐶

Statements Reasons
̅̅̅̅
1. 𝐵𝐷 is the median of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 1. Given
̅̅̅̅
2. 𝐷 is midpoint of 𝐴𝐶 2.
̅̅̅̅
3. 𝐴𝐷 ≅ 𝐷𝐶 ̅̅̅̅ 3.
4. 4. Reflexive property
̅̅̅̅ > 𝐵𝐶
5. 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ 5. Given
6. 𝑚∠𝐴𝐷𝐵 > 𝑚∠𝐵𝐷𝐶 6.

41
 QUADRILATERALS

OVERVIEW
A quadrilateral is a polygon with four sides. There are seven quadrilaterals, some that are
surely familiar to you, and some that may not be so familiar.

OBJECTIVES
After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:
1. Apply the definition of a parallelogram and the theorems about properties of a
parallelogram
2. Determine when a parallelogram is a rectangle, rhombus, and/or square.
3. Apply the definitions and identify the properties of a trapezoid and an isosceles
trapezoid.

COURSE MATERIAL

A parallelogram, as the name suggests, is a simple quadrilateral whose opposite

sides are parallel. Thus, it has two pairs of parallel sides. Moreover, the opposite angles
in a parallelogram are equal and its diagonals bisect each other.

A quadrilateral satisfying the below-mentioned properties will be classified as a

parallelogram. A parallelogram has four properties:

 Opposite angles are equal

 Opposite sides are equal and parallel
 Diagonals bisect each other
 Sum of any two adjacent angles is 180

42
 A rectangle is a quadrilateral with four right angles. Thus, all the angles in a
rectangle are equal (360°/4 = 90°). Moreover, the opposite sides of a rectangle are
parallel and equal, and diagonals bisect each other.

A rectangle has three properties:

 All the angles of a rectangle are 90°

 Opposite sides of a rectangle are equal and Parallel
 Diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other

Square is a quadrilateral with four equal sides and angles. It’s also a regular
quadrilateral as both its sides and angles are equal. Just like a rectangle, a square has
four angles of 90° each. It can also be seen as a rectangle whose two adjacent sides are
equal.

For a quadrilateral to be a square, it has to have certain properties. Here are the
three properties of squares:

 All the angles of a square are 90°

 All sides of a square are equal and parallel to each other
 Diagonals bisect each other perpendicularly

43
 A rhombus is a quadrilateral whose all four sides are equal in length and opposite
sides are parallel to each other. However, the angles are not equal to 90°. A rhombus
with right angles would become a square. Another name for rhombus is ‘diamond’ as
it looks similar to the diamond suit in playing cards.

A rhombus is a quadrilateral which has the following four properties:

 Opposite angles are equal

 All sides are equal and, opposite sides are parallel to each other
 Diagonals bisect each other perpendicularly
 Sum of any two adjacent angles is 180°

A trapezium (called Trapezoid in the US) is a quadrilateral which has only one pair
of parallel sides. The parallel sides are referred to as ‘bases’ and the other two sides
are called ‘legs’ or lateral sides.

A trapezium is a quadrilateral in which the following one property:

 Only one pair of opposite sides are parallel to each other

Theorem 6-1
MIDLINE THEOREM - The segment between the midpoints of a triangle is parallel to the
third side and half as long.

44
References: https://e-gmat.com/blogs/quadrilateral-properties-formulas-rectangle-
square-parallelogram-rhombus-trapezium-trapezoid/

https://www.varsitytutors.com/hotmath/hotmath_help/topics/quadrilaterals

Examples:

1. Given: ▱ABCD

Prove: ∠𝐴 ≅ ∠𝐶

Statements Reasons
1. ▱ABCD 1. Given
2. ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ∥ ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐶 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐷 ∥ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 2. Definition of parallelogram
3. ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐷 is diagonal of ▱ABCD 3. Definition of diagonal
4. ̅̅̅̅ is a transversal of parallel lines
𝐵𝐷 4. Definition of transversal
5. ∠1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠4, ∠3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠2 are alternate 5. Definition of alternate
interior angles interior angles
6. ∠1 ≅ ∠4 and ∠3 ≅ ∠2 6. PAI theorem
7. ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐵𝐷
𝐵𝐷 ̅̅̅̅ 7. Reflexive property
8. △ 𝐴𝐵𝐷 ≅△ 𝐵𝐷𝐶 8. ASA postulate
9. ∠𝐴 ≅ ∠𝐶 9. CPCTC

2. Given: Isosceles trapezoid XYZW with ̅̅̅̅

𝑋𝑌 ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑊𝑍

Prove: ̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅

𝑊𝑌 ≅ 𝑋𝑍

Statements Reasons
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑊𝑍
1. Isosceles trapezoid XYZW with 𝑋𝑌 ̅̅̅̅̅ 1. Given
2. ∠𝑋𝑌𝑍 ≅ ∠𝑊𝑍𝑌 2. Base angles of trapezoid are
congruent
3. ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑌𝑍
𝑌𝑍 ̅̅̅̅ 3. Reflexive property
4. ∆𝑋𝑌𝑍 ≅ ∆𝑊𝑍𝑌 4. SAS postulate
5. ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑊𝑌 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝑋𝑍 5. CPCTC

45
ACTIVITIES

1. Supply the reason for the following proof.

Given: ▱ABCD

̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐸𝐵
Prove: 𝐷𝐸 ̅̅̅̅ and 𝐴𝐸
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐸𝐶
̅̅̅̅

Statements Reasons
1. ▱ABCD 1. Given
2. ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ∥ ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐶 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐷 ∥ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 2.
3. ∠1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠4, ∠3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠2 are alternate 3.
interior angles
4. ∠1 ≅ ∠4 and ∠3 ≅ ∠2 4.
5. ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐶 5. Parallelograms have opposite
congruent
6. △ 𝐴𝐵𝐷 ≅△ 𝐵𝐷𝐶 6.
7. ∠𝐴 ≅ ∠𝐶 7.

2. Prove that the diagonals of a square are congruent.

Given: ∎𝐿𝑂𝑉𝐸 is a square with diagonals ̅̅̅̅

𝐿𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐸

Prove: ̅̅̅̅
𝐿𝑉 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐸

46
 CIRCLES

OVERVIEW
The circle is one of the more common geometric figures that you meet in daily life. This
shape is found not only in things humans make but also in nature. Among practical things in life,
you find this shape in furniture, table and kitchenware, clothing accessories and in technology
and transportation parts. In finer things in life, you see a circular shape in visual arts like in
paintings, sculpture, engineering and architecture, embroidery, mosaics and madalas, textile and
tile design. Circular movements are common as well in performing arts like dance and the martial
arts.
If this shape is widely used, it must possess interesting properties. You will find out more
details about circles as you explore them in this section.

OBJECTIVES

After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:

1. Define a circle, and its parts.
2. Recognize inscribed and circumscribed circles
3. Apply theorems and solve problems and prove statements involving circle

COURSE MATERIAL
Definition: A circle is a set of points, each of which is of the same distance from a point called
center.
Any interval joining a point on the circle to the center
is called a radius. By the definition of a circle, any two radii
have the same length. Notice that the word ‘radius’ is being
used to refer both to these intervals and to the common
length of these intervals.
An interval joining two points on the circle is called
a chord.
A chord that passes through the center is called a
diameter. Since a diameter consists of two radii joined at
their endpoints, every diameter has length equal to twice
the radius. The word ‘diameter’ is use to refer both to these
intervals and to their common length.
A line that cuts a circle at two distinct points is called a secant. Thus a chord is the interval
that the circle cuts off a secant, and a diameter is the interval cut off by a secant passing through
the center of a circle center.

47
 Any line in the same plane as a circle and intersecting the circle at exactly one point is a
tangent. The point where a tangent line intersects a circle is the point of tangency.

Central Angles and Arcs

There are several different angles associated with
circles. Perhaps the one that most immediately comes to mind
is the central angle. It is the central angle's ability to sweep
through an arc of 360 degrees that determines the number of
degrees usually thought of as being contained by a circle.
Central angles are angles formed by any two radii in a
circle. The vertex is the center of the circle. In Figure 1, ∠ AOB
is a central angle.
An arc of a circle is a continuous portion of the circle. It consists of two endpoints and all
the points on the circle between these endpoints. The symbol is used to denote an arc. This
symbol is written over the endpoints that form the arc. There are three types of arcs:
 Semicircle: an arc whose endpoints are the endpoints of a diameter. It is named using
three points. The first and third points are the endpoints of the diameter, and the middle
point is any point of the arc between the endpoints.
 Minor arc: an arc that is less than a semicircle. A minor arc is named by using only the
two endpoints of the arc.
 Major arc: an arc that is more than a semicircle. It is named by three points. The first and
third are the endpoints, and the middle point is any point on the arc between the
endpoints.

THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
1. Two chords intersecting at an interior point

The product of the lengths of the segments of one

chord is equal to the product of the lengths of the segments of
other chord.

48
2. Two secant lines intersecting at an exterior point
The product of the length of an entire secant line and the external segment of the secant
line is equal to the product of the lengths of the other secant line and its external segment.

3. Tangent and secant lines intersecting at an exterior point

The product of the lengths of the secant line and its external segment is equal to the
square of the length of the tangent line.

4. A radius perpendicular to a tangent line

Every tangent line of a circle is perpendicular to the radius of the circle drawn through the
point of tangency

49
5. Diameter as perpendicular bisector
The diameter that is perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord and its two arcs.
Conversely, the diameter that bisects a chord is perpendicular to the chord. Consequently, the
perpendicular bisector of a chord which passes through the center of the circle is diameter of the
circle.

6. Central angles of equal circle

Central angles of the same or equal circles have the same ratio as their intercepted arcs.

7. Angles subtended on the same arc

Angles formed two points on the circle are equal to the other angles, in the same arc,
formed from those two points.

8. Lines of centers of tangent circles

The line of two tangent circles passes through the point of tangency. Hence the distance between
the two centers of externally tangent circles is 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 , the distance between the centers of
internally tangent circles is𝑟1 − 𝑟2 .

50
9. Central angle and its intercepted arc
The measure of a central angle is the angular measure of its intercepted arc. The
intercepted arc is measured by its central angle.

10. Inscribed angle

The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to one-half the measure of its intercepted arc.

51
11. Angle in a semicircle
The angle formed by constructing lines from the ends of a diameter of a circle to a point
on the circle is a right angle.

12. Cyclic quadrilateral

The sum of the products of opposite sides of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the product
of the diagonals.

13. Two intersecting tangents

The lengths of two tangents from the points of tangency on the circle to their point of
intersection are the same.

JH=FH

52
14. Angle formed by intersecting secant lines
The measure of the angle formed by two secant lines intersecting at an interior point is
one-half the sum of the angular measurements of the arcs intercepted by the angle and its vertical
angles.

If two secants intersect at an exterior point of a circle, the measure of the angle formed by
the secants is one-half the difference between the angular measurements of the intercepted arcs.

FORMULAS ON CIRCLES
The circumference of a circle is the perimeter of the circle. It can be obtained by the
formula:

𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟

The arc length of a circle with radius r and central angle 𝜃 (measured in radians) is given
by:
𝜋
𝑠= (2𝜋𝑟) or 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
360

The perimeter of a sector P is equal to the sum of the lengths of the subtended arc and
two radii.

𝑃 = 𝑟(2 + 𝜃) or 𝑃 = 𝑟𝜃 + 2𝑟

53
 The perimeter of a segment is the sum of the arc length s and the length of the chord L.

𝑃 =𝑠+𝐿

The length of the chord L may be obtained by the cosine law when the radius r and the
central angle are given. The equation derived for L is:

𝐿 = 𝑟√2(1 − cos 𝜃)

Areas of Circle, Sector, Segment and annulus

The area of a circle is determined by its radius. Thus, if the length of the radius is given,
one can always obtain the areas of the circle, the semicircle and the quarter circle by the
following formulas:

𝜋
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 or 𝐴 = 𝑑 2
4

Area of a semicircle:

1
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
2

Area of quarter circle:

1
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
4

Area of sector:

1 1
𝐴 = 𝑟 2 𝜃 or 𝐴 = 𝑟𝑠
2 2

Where s is the length f the arc and 𝜃 is expressed in radians

Area of a segment:

1
𝐴 = 𝑟 2 (𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
2

Where 𝜃 is expressed in radians

54
 Area of annulus region:

𝐴 = 𝜋(𝑟2 2 − 𝑟1 2 )

References:
http://amsi.org.au/teacher_modules/Circle_Geometry.html#:~:text=A%20circle%20is%20the%2
0set,radii%20have%20the%20same%20length.
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/geometry/circles/parts-of-circles
https://www.mathplanet.com/education/geometry/circles/advanced-information-about-
circles#:~:text=When%20a%20tangent%20and%20a,measures%20of%20the%20intercepted%
20arcs.
https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Geometry/Circles/CRArcLengthRadian.html#:~:text=The%20letter
%20%22s%22%20is%20used%20to%20represent%20arc%20length.&text=Notice%20that%20
arc%20length%20is,the%20circumference%20of%20the%20circle.

Examples:

1. What is the area of a circle with a circumference of 18𝜋𝑐𝑚?

Given the circumference of a circle, you can compute for
the radius of a circle.

𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
18 = 2𝜋𝑟 𝐴 = 𝜋(9)2
𝑟 = 9 𝑐𝑚 𝑨 = 𝟐𝟓𝟒. 𝟒𝟕𝒄𝒎𝟐

2. Find the area of a sector bounded by a 60° central angle in a circle of radius 6 inches.

Plugging the values of 𝑟 = 6 and 𝜃 = 60° in to the formula of the area of the sector:
1
𝐴 = 𝑟2 𝜃
2
1 𝜋 𝜋
𝐴 = (6)2 (60 × ) → we multiply it to to make the measurement of the angle into
2 180 180
radian

𝑨 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟓 𝒊𝒏𝟐

55
3. A circle which has an area of 144π𝑐𝑚2 is cut into two segments by a chord that is 6 cm from
the center of the circle. What is the area of the smaller
segment?

If 𝐴 = π𝑟 2 then 144π = π𝑟 2
144π = π𝑟 2
144 = 𝑟 2
𝐫 = 𝟏𝟐
6 𝜃
= cos
12 2
𝜃
= 60°
2
∠𝑨𝑶𝑪 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎°
1
𝐴 = 𝑟 2 (𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
2
1 𝜋 𝜋
𝐴 = (12)2 [(120 × ) − sin (120 × )]
2 180 180
𝑨 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟏𝟔 𝒄𝒎𝟐

4. The tangent AB and the secant BCD are drawn to a circle from the same exterior point B. If
the length of the tangent is 8 inches and the external segment of the secant is 4 inches, then
what is the length of the secant?
You can obtain the answer by the theorem on Tangent and secant lines intersecting at an
exterior point on circles.

𝐴𝐵2 = (𝐵𝐶)(𝐵𝐷)

82 = (4)(𝐵𝐷)

𝑩𝑫 = 𝟏𝟔 𝒊𝒏

5. The distance between any teo centers of the three coplanar circles that are externally tangent
to each other are 20, 24, and 28 cm. Find the area of the smallest circle
Suppouse 𝑟1 < 𝑟2 < 𝑟3 then, you get the
following equations:
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = 20

𝑟1 + 𝑟3 = 24
𝑟2 + 𝑟3 = 28

Solving the three linear equations simultaneously yields:

𝑟1 = 8𝑐𝑚, 𝑟2 = 12𝑐𝑚 and 𝑟3 = 16𝑐𝑚

56
 Therefore the area of the smallest circle is,
𝐴 = 𝜋(8)2

𝑨 = 𝟔𝟒𝝅𝒄𝒎𝟐

6. In circle O, the radius is 8 inches and minor arc is intercepted by a central angle of 110

degrees. Find the length of minor arc to the nearest integer.

𝜋
𝑠= (2𝜋𝑟)
360

110
𝑠= (2𝜋(8))
360
𝒔 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟔 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔

ACTIVITES

I. True or False

1. The measure of the central angle is equal to the measure of the intercepted arc.

2. If two arcs are congruent, an inscribed angle od one arc is congruent to an inscribed
angle of the other arc.

3. A point which is the midpoint of two chords of a circle is the center of the circle.

4. If two chords are not congruent, the shorter chord is closer to the center.

5. A tangent of a circle is parallel to the radius drawn to the point of tangency.

II. Find the arc length of the following:

1. 2.

57
 3. r = 18 cm, θ = 60° 4. r = 14 ft, θ = 19π 12

III. Solve the following:

1. Find the area of the sector:

2. Peter and his partner are conducting a physics experiment on pendulum motion. Their 30 cm
pendulum traverses an arc of 15 cm. To the nearest degree, how many degrees of rotation did
the pendulum swing?
3. Ashley has a sprinkler that has several varieties of coverage. The quarter-circle sprinkler head
sprays water a distance of up to 20 feet from the head. What area will be covered by the spray of
the quarter-circle sprinkler head to the nearest square foot?
4. Mom baked a Dutch apple pie in a 9-inch pie pan. She cut the pie into 6 equal pies so that
everyone gets the same sized piece.
a. Determine the central angle created by two pieces of pie.
b. Determine the area covered by each piece of pie to the nearest tenth of a square inch.
c. Determine the circumference of the original pie to the nearest tenth of an inch.
d. If a piece of pie had an arc length of 9 8  , determine the area of the piece of pie to the
nearest tenth of a square inch. What would be the central angle of this piece of pie?

58
 POLYGONS

OVERVIEW
Understanding polygons is important in mathematics. You will certainly be required to
learn about shapes at school but understanding the properties of shapes has many practical
applications in professional and real-life situations too.

OBJECTIVES
After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:
1. recognize and name polygons
2. calculate diagonals, interior angles and sum of interior angles of a polygon
3. apply the formulas in solving problems involving areas of triangle, quadrilateral, and
composite figures

COURSE MATERIAL

Definition: A polygon is a closed figure where the sides are all line segments. Each side must
intersect exactly two others sides but only at their endpoints. The sides must be noncollinear
and have a common endpoint.

PARTS OF A POLYGON
Side or edge – one of the line segments that make up the polygon
Adjacent side – are pairs of side that share a common point
Vertices – are the endpoint of each side of the polygon
Adjacent vertices – are endpoints of a side

59
 Diagonal – is a line segment joining two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon
Interior angle – angle formed by two adjacent sides inside the polygon
Exterior angle – an angle that is adjacent to and supplementary to an interior angle of the
polygon

A polygon is usually named after how many sides it has, a polygon with n-
sides is called a n-gon.
Sides Polygon
3 triangle
4 quadrilateral
5 pentagon
6 hexagon
7 heptagon
9 nonagon
10 decagon

A regular polygon is a polygon in which all sides are congruent and all the angles
are congruent.

A concave polygon is a polygon that has at least one interior angle whose measure is
greater than 180∘:

A convex polygon is a polygon in which every interior angle has a measure less than
180∘.

The number of diagonals in a convex polygon with n sides is given by formula:

𝑛(𝑛 − 3)
𝐷𝑛 =
2 60
Example: Find the diagonals of a polygon with sides:

a. n=10 a. n=7 a. n=8

𝑛(𝑛 − 3) 𝑛(𝑛 − 3) 𝑛(𝑛 − 3)

𝐷𝑛 = 𝐷𝑛 = 𝐷𝑛 =
2 2 2
10(10 − 3) 7(7 − 3) 8(8 − 3)
𝐷10 = 𝐷7 = 𝐷8 =
2 2 2
𝑫𝟏𝟎 = 𝟑𝟓 𝑫𝟕 = 𝟏𝟒 𝑫𝟖 = 𝟐𝟎

The interior angles of a regular polygon can be solved using the formula:
180°(𝑛 − 2)
𝐼𝐴 =
𝑛

The sum of interior angles of a regular polygon can be solved using the formula:
𝑆𝐼𝐴 = 180°(𝑛 − 2)

Examples:

Find the interior angle and sum of interior angle of a regular polygon whose side is 20

180°(𝑛 − 2) 𝑆𝐼𝐴 = 180°(𝑛 − 2)

𝐼𝐴 =
𝑛 𝑆𝐼𝐴 = 180°(20 − 2)
180°(20 − 2) 𝑺𝑰𝑨 = 𝟑𝟐𝟒𝟎°
𝐼𝐴 =
20
𝑰𝑨 = 𝟏𝟔𝟐°

References: https://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/polygons.html
https://www.mathplanet.com/education/geometry/points,-lines,-planes-and-angles/polygons
https://youtu.be/HqzxcjnFCaU

PERIMETER AND AREAS OF POLYGONS

 Triangle
Perimeter

𝑃 = 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐

61
 There are several ways to find the area of a triangle.

When we know the base and height:

𝑏ℎ
𝐴=
2

Example: What is the area of this triangle?

𝑏ℎ
𝐴=
2

20(12)
𝐴=
2

𝑨 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎

There's also a formula to find the area of any triangle when we know the.

"𝒔" (𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒇 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑠=
2
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂:
𝐴 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

Example: What is the area of a triangle where every side is 5 long?

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
Calculate for s: 𝑠=
2
5+5+5
𝑠=
2
𝒔 = 𝟕. 𝟓

Solve for Area: 𝐴 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

𝐴 = √7.5(7.5 − 5)(7.5 − 5)(7.5 − 5)
𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟑 𝒄𝒎

When we know two sides and the included angle (SAS), there is another formula (in fact
three equivalent formulas) we can use. Depending on which sides and angles we know, the
formula can be written in three ways:

62
 1
𝐴= 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶
2
1
𝐴 = 𝑏𝑐 sin 𝐴
2
1
𝐴 = 𝑐𝑎 sin 𝐵
2

Examples: Find the area of this triangle:

We know angle C = 25º, and sides a = 7 and b = 10.

1
𝐴= 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶
2
1
𝐴 = (7)(10) sin 25
2
𝑨 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟖

References: https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/trig-area-triangle-without-right-angle.html

https://byjus.com/maths/area-of-a-triangle/

 Quadrilateral

A quadrilateral is a polygon we obtain by joining four vertices, and it has four sides and four
angles. There are two types of quadrilaterals⁠ — regular and irregular quadrilaterals. Some
examples of the quadrilaterals are square, rectangle, rhombus, trapezium, and parallelogram.

Perimeter

𝑃 =𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
a, b, c and d : side of quadrilateral 63
 Fun Facts
 The term quadrilateral is a combination of words Quadri + Lateral which means “four sides”.

 Except for square, all the quadrilaterals are irregular quadrilaterals. They are also known as
“Quadrangle” and “Tetragon” (four and a polygon).

 The sum of all the angles within a quadrilateral is always 360°.

The area of a polygon refers to the space occupied by the flat shape. It is the combined sum
of the area of the regular and irregular triangles within.

Area of a parallelogram

To evaluate the area of a parallelogram, draw a perpendicular from one of the vertices to the
base. This perpendicular is the height. Thus, the area will be the product of base and height.

𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 𝑏ℎ

Example: Find the area of the parallelogram

𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 𝑏ℎ

𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = (12)(6)

𝑨 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎 = 𝟕𝟐 𝒄𝒎

Area of a rhombus
To find the area of a rhombus, we divide the quadrilateral into two equal isosceles triangles
using the two diagonals.

𝑑1 𝑑2
𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠 =
2

Using base and height

𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠 = 𝑏ℎ

Using base and one of its angle

𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠 = 𝑏 2 sin 𝜃

64
Example: Calculate the area of a rhombus having diagonals equal to 6 cm and 8 cm.
𝑑1 𝑑2
𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠 =
2
(6)(8)
𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠 =
2
𝑨 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒖𝒔 = 𝟐𝟒 𝒄𝒎𝟐

Calculate the area of a rhombus if its base is 10 cm and height is 7 cm

𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠 = 𝑏ℎ
𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠 = (10)(7)
𝑨 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒖𝒔 = 𝟕𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟐

Area of rectangle

𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝑏ℎ

Example: Find the area of a rectangle whose side is sides are 10 and 5.

𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝑏ℎ
𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = (10)(5)
𝑨 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝟐

Area of square

𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 𝑠2

Example: Find the area of a square whose side is 14 units.

𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 𝑠2
𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 142
𝑨 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 = 𝟏𝟗𝟔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝟐

Area of trapezoid

1
𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ
2

As can be seen in this diagram, this is a trapezoid with bases 10 and 5 and height 8.

65
 1
𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ
2
1
𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑 = (10 + 5)8
2
𝑨 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒛𝒐𝒊𝒅 = 𝟔𝟎

References: https://www.splashlearn.com/math-vocabulary/measurements/area-of-a-
quadrilateral
https://byjus.com/maths/area-of-rhombus/

 Areas of Composite Figures

A composite plane figure is a plane figure made up of different geometric figures whose
areas can be determined

The area of a composite figure is equal to the sum of the areas of its individual parts. For
figures containing holes or cavities, first consider the area of the whole figure without the hole.
The remaining area is obtained by subtracting the area of the hole from the area of whole figure

Example: Find the area of the following composite figure:

66
 Solution: The figure can be divided into a rectangle and triangle as shown below

Area of a triangle: Area of rectangle: Total area:

1 𝐴 = 𝑙𝑤 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 + 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
2 𝐴 = (14)(12)
1 𝐴 = 168𝑐𝑚2 𝐴 = 48 + 168
𝐴 = (12)(8)
2 𝐴 = 216𝑐𝑚2
𝐴 = 48𝑐𝑚2

ACTIVITES
1. Use the diagram below to answer the questions.

a. ls the polygon convex or concave?

b. how many diagonals can be drawn from vertex A?
c. How many sides does the polygon have?
d. What is the name of the polygon?

2. Find the number of sides of each of the two polygons if the total number of sides of the polygon
if the total number of sides of the polygon is 15, and the sum of the diagonals of the polygon is
36.

3. Give the number of the diagonals formed determine what polygon is involved:

a. 44
b. 35
c. 90

4. Find the altitude and the area of an equilateral triangle whose side is 8cm long.

67
5. Find the area and permeter of an equilateral triangle if its altitude is 5 cm.
6. The base of an isosceles triangle and the altitude drawn from one of the congruent sides are
equal to 18 cm and 15 cm, respectively. Find the lengths of the sides of the triangle and its
perimeter.
7. Find the area of the rhombus having each side equal to 17 cm and one of its diagonals equal
to 16 cm.
8. What is the area of a trapezoid with a height of 7, a base of 5, and another base of 13.
9. Find the areas of:

68
 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME OF SOLIDS

OVERVIEW
The lateral surface of an object is all of the sides of the object, excluding its base and top
(when they exist). Surface area is the sum of the areas of all faces (or surfaces) on a 3D shape.
The volume of an object is a measure of the amount of space occupied by that object

OBJECTIVES
After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:
1. Identify the parts of prisms, and pyramids
2. Find the lateral areas, total areas, and volumes prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones and
spheres

COURSE MATERIAL

A polyhedron (polyhydra or polyhedrons in plural) is a solid

which is bounded by polygons joined at their edges. The bounding
polygons are the faces of the polyhedron, the intersection of theses
faces are the edges, and the intersection of these edges are the
vertices.
The cube prism and pyramid are examples of polyhedron
but cylinder, cone and sphere are not polyhedron.

 Prism
A prism is a polyhedron that contains two congruent polygons that lie on two parallel
planes. The faces that are contained in the parallel planes are referred to as base of the prism.
The remaining planes are called lateral faces; these lateral faces are all parallelograms. The
intersection of the lateral faces are referred to as the lateral edges.

Prism is named according to the type of polygon of the base.

69
 The altitude (height) of the prism is the perpendicular segment connecting the bases.

Surface area and volume:

LATERAL SURFACE AREA
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒

𝐿𝐴 = 𝑃𝑒

TOTAL SURFACE AREA

𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐿𝑆𝐴 + 2𝐵 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑆𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

VOLUME
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚

Example:
1. A right prism has a square base and a lateral edge which measures 10 cm. Find the volume
of the solid if the lateral area is 120 𝑐𝑚2 .

Solution:
The area of rectangle is :
120
𝐴= (We divided it into four since the rectangle lateral faces are four)
4
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎𝒄𝒎𝟐

70
 In the figure x represent one side of the base then:
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 10𝑥
30 = 10𝑥
𝒙=𝟑

The volume of the square prism is therefore:

𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
𝑉 = (3)2 (10)
𝑽 = 𝟗𝟎𝒄𝒎𝟐

In the figure shown, the trough has trapezoidal ends which lie in parallel planes. The top of the
trough is a horizontal 6 ft. by 16 ft and the depth of the trough is 4 ft.

a. How many cubic feet of water can it hold?

b. How many cubic feet of water does it contain when the depth of water if 3 ft.?
c. What is the area covered by the water (wet portion of the container) with this height

Solution:

a. The volume of the container follows the formula for the volume of the prism with the
base as the area of a trapezoid and height as the length of the trough.
1
Base Area:𝐵 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) + ℎ
2
1
𝐵 = (6 + 4) + 4
2
𝑩 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒇𝒕𝟐
Volume of container: 𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
𝑉 = (20)(16)
𝑽 = 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝒇𝒕𝟑

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 b. Referring to the figure, first compute the value of the upper width on the water surface
using similar triangles.
𝑥 3
=
𝐵𝐶 4
𝑥 3
=
1
(6 − 4) 4
2
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒇𝒕

𝑧 = √32 + (0.75)2
𝒛 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟗𝒇𝒕

𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 4 + 2𝑥

= 4 + (2)(0.75)
= 𝟓. 𝟓 𝒇𝒕
1
𝑉𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = [ (4 + 5.5)(3)] (16)
2
𝑽𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟐𝟐𝟖𝒇𝒕𝟑

c. The wet portion of the container is the total surface based on the volume occupied by the water.
Thus the area to be consider consists of areas of two trapezoids, and the areas of two congruent
rectangles, and the rectangular bottom base.
1
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 2 [ (4 + 5.5)(3)] + 2(3.09)(16) + (4)(16)
2

𝑻𝑺𝑨 = 𝟏𝟗𝟏. 𝟑𝟖 𝒇𝒕𝟐

Cubes

A cube is a three-dimensional figure with six equal square faces.

Diagonal of a cube:

𝑑 = √3𝑠

The area of each side of a cube is s2.

𝐿𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 4𝑠 2
𝑇𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 6𝑠 2

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 If s is the length of one of its sides, then the volume of the cube is s × s × s

𝑉 = 𝑠3

Example:

1. Find the surface area and volume of a cube with a side of length 3 cm.

𝑆𝐴 = 6𝑠 2 𝑉 = 𝑠3
𝑆𝐴 = 6(3)2 𝑉 = (3)3
𝑺𝑨 = 𝟓𝟒𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝑽 = 𝟐𝟕𝒄𝒎𝟑

2. A cube has an edge equal to the diagonal of another cube. Find the ratios of their volumes
and their total surface areas.
Solution:

Let x be the length be the edge of the

smaller cube. The formula for the diagonal of a cube
𝑑
is 𝑑 = √3𝑥 so 𝑥 =
3 √

Volume of the smaller cube

𝑉 = 𝑠3
𝑑3
𝑉 =
√3
3
𝑑
𝑉 =
3√3
Therefore, the ratio of these volumes:
𝑉𝐵 𝑑3
=
𝑉𝑆 𝑑 3
3√3
𝑽𝑩
= 𝟑√𝟑
𝑽𝑺

Total surface area of bigger cube:𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 6𝑠 2 B

𝑑3 2
Total surface area of smaller cube:𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 6( )
3√3
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 2𝑠2
𝑇𝑆𝐴𝐵 6𝑠 2
Ratio of total surface area: =
𝑇𝑆𝐴𝑆 2𝑠 2
𝑻𝑺𝑨𝑩
=𝟑
𝑻𝑺𝑨𝑺

73
Pyramids

A pyramid is a solid with a polygon base and connected by triangular faces to its vertex.
A pyramid is a regular pyramid if its base is a regular polygon and the triangular faces are all
congruent isosceles triangles.

Since the base of a pyramid is a polygon, the surface area of a pyramid is determined
using the method of finding the surface area of polygon. The surface area of the sides of a pyramid
is computes using the formula for the area of a triangle. The lateral surface area is the sum of
the areas of the individual triangles. The sum of the lateral surface area and the base is the total
surface area if the pyramid.

LATERAL SURFACE AREA

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
1
𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝑃𝑙 𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2

TOTAL SURFACE AREA

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐵 + 𝐿𝑆𝐴 𝐿𝑆𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

VOLUME
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
1
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
3

Example:
1. An inverted square pyramid has a side of 9, height equal to 8m and the top edge equal to 3m.
Initially, it contains water to depth of 5 m. What is the initial volume of the water in the tank? Find
the lateral area and surface area of the pyramid.
1
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
3
1
𝑉 = (3)2 (8)
3
𝑽 = 𝟐𝟒 𝒎𝟑

74
By similar volumes, you can obtain the volume of water 𝑉𝑤
3
𝑉𝑤 ℎ𝑤
=( )
𝑉𝑝 ℎ𝑝
𝑉𝑤 5 3
=( )
24 8
𝑽𝒘 = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟔 𝒎𝟑

1 𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐵 + 𝐿𝑆𝐴
𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝑃𝑙
2 𝑇𝑆𝐴 = (3)2 + 54
1 𝑻𝑺𝑨 = 𝟔𝟑
𝐿𝑆𝐴 = (4 × 3)(9)
2
𝑳𝑺𝑨 = 𝟓𝟒𝒎𝟐

Cylinders
The surface of a cylinder is composed of two circular bases and the lateral face of the
cylinder. In a cylinder, try to cute the cylindrical surface trough

The net of a solid cylinder consists of 2 circles and one rectangle. The curved surface
opens up to form a rectangle.

75
 LATERAL SURFACE AREA

𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

TOTAL SURFACE AREA

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋ℎ ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + ℎ)
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐶(𝑟 + ℎ)

VOLUME

𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Oblique cylinder:
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑉 = (𝐵 sin 𝜃)𝑙 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟

Example

1.The lateral surface area of a right cylinder tank is 48𝜋 𝑚2 and its volume is 72𝜋 𝑚3 . Find the
altitude of the tank.

Lateral surface area Volume Using elimination method in

𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ equation 1 and 2
24
48𝜋 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 72𝜋 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 𝑟= (from equation 1)
ℎ
𝑟ℎ = 24 (1) 𝑟 2 ℎ = 72 (2) Plug it in to equation 2
24
𝑟= 𝑟 2 ℎ = 72
ℎ 24 2
( ) ℎ = 72
ℎ
576 = 72ℎ
𝒉=𝟖

Cones

A circular cone has a circular base, which is connected by a curved surface to its vertex.
A cone is called a right circular cone, if the line from the vertex of the cone to the center of its
base is perpendicular to the base.

The net of a solid cone consists of a small circle and a sector of a larger circle. The arc
of the sector has the same length as the circumference of the smaller circle.

76
 Surface Area

𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + 𝑙)

Volume

1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3

Example:
A right circular cone with an altitude of 25 cm and a base diameter of 20 cm rests on the top of a
right circular cylinder of the same base and 30 cm high.
a. Find the lateral area and the volume of the cone.
b. Find the total surface area and the volume of the composite solid.

Solution:
20
a. Since the bases of the cone and the cylinder coincide, the r is equal to = 10𝑐𝑚.
2
Knowing the radius and the height, you can now compute for the volume of the cone. Thus,

1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3
1
𝑉 = 𝜋(10)2 (25)
3

77
 To compute the lateral area, you need to determine the slant height from the right
triangle above.

𝑙 = √(25)2 + (10)2

𝒍 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟗𝟑 𝒄𝒎
Hence the lateral area is
𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙

𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋(10)(26.93)

𝑳𝑺𝑨 = 𝟖𝟒𝟔 𝒄𝒎𝟐

b. The volume of the composite solid is equal to the volume of the cone plus the volume
of the cylinder
Volume of cylinder: Volume of composite solid:
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 𝑉 = 2618 + 9425
𝑉 = 𝜋(10)2 (30) 𝑽 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟑𝒄𝒎𝟑
𝑽 = 𝟗𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎𝟑

Spheres

A sphere is a solid with all its points the same distance from the center.

Surface Area

𝑆 = 4𝜋𝑟 2

Volume

4
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3

78
 A hemisphere is half of a sphere. Thus the volume of a hemisphere is given by:

2
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3

Example

1. Find the surface area of a sphere whose volume is 972𝜋𝑐𝑚3

Solution

4
Using the formula 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
4
972𝜋 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
𝒓 = 𝟗 𝒄𝒎
Hence the surface area is
𝑠 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝑠 = 4𝜋(9)2
𝒔 = 𝟑𝟐𝟒𝝅 𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟕. 𝟖𝟖 𝒄𝒎𝟐

2. Find the volume of a hemispherical shell in which the outer and inner surface areas are
128𝜋𝑖𝑛2 and 50𝜋𝑖𝑛2 respectively.
Solution:

Find the length of the inner radius:

50𝜋 = 2𝜋𝑟 2
𝒓𝟏 = 𝟓 𝒊𝒏
Solve the outer radius as follows:
128𝜋 = 2𝜋𝑟 2
𝒓𝟐 = 𝟖 𝒊𝒏
Hence the volume is:
2
𝑉 = 𝜋(𝑟2 3 − 𝑟1 3 )
3
2
𝑉 = 𝜋(83 − 53 )
3
2
𝑉 = 𝜋(387)
3
𝑽 = 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝝅 𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟖𝟗𝟓. 𝟑𝟓 𝒊𝒏𝟑

79
References: https://www.mathplanet.com/education/geometry/area/the-surface-area-and-the-
volume-of-pyramids-prisms-cylinders-and-
cones#:~:text=The%20surface%20area%20is%20the,is%20measured%20in%20cubic%20units
https://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/prisms.html
https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/solid-geometry.html
https://www.mathopenref.com/cylinder.html

ACTIVITIES
Answer the following:
1. Find the volume of a right triangular prism in which the height is 100 cm and which a right
triangle with a hypotenuse 30 cm in length and an angle of 60°.
2. A right prism has a square base and a lateral edge of 8 cm. Find the area of the base if the
lateral area is 96 𝑐𝑚2
3. A right prism has a square base and a lateral edge of 10cm.Find the volume and total surface
area if the lateral area is 120𝑐𝑚2 .
4. A cube has one face that is equal to the total surface area of another cube. Find the ratio of
their volumes.

5. The total surface area of a cube is 150 𝑖𝑛2 . Find the measure of an edge and a diagonal of the
cube.
6. An edge of a cube of ice measure 20 inches. The ice melts until it weighs half as heavy as the
original size. Find the dimension of the new ice cube.
7. Find the area of a regular triangular pyramid with a slant height of 9m has a volume equal to
50 𝑚3 . Find the lateral area of the pyramid.
8. The inverted pyramid tank has an equilateral triangular base 3 ft. on a side and an altitude of 7
ft. What will be the wetted area of the pyramid is the depth of the water is 4 ft.?

9. If the lateral area of a right circular cylinder is 90𝑐𝑚2 and its volume is 225 𝑐𝑚3 , find its radius.
10. A cylindrical log of radius 60 cm and length 800 cm is to be cut to form a wood with a square
cross section. Find the largest volume of the wood that can be obtained. Express the volume in
cubic meters.
11. The most economical proportion for a right circular cone is to have its height three times as
long as its base diameter. What lateral area of the cone would produce a volume of 100 𝑚3

12. A right circular cone has a lateral area of 1280𝜋𝑓𝑡 2 and a base area of 512 𝜋𝑓𝑡 2 . Find the
volume.

80
13. An inverted right circular conical tank has an altitude equal to 7 inches and a base with radius
1.25 inches. Find the dimensions and the volume of a similar tank whose volume is three times
as much as the first conical tank.

14. To make a steel ball bearing, a cylindrical slug is heated and

pressed into a spherical shape with the same volume. Find the
radius of the ball bearing below.

15. If three small spheres each have a radius of 250 cm, and the large sphere has a surface area
of 2,500 m2, how much of the volume of the big sphere is not occupied by the small spheres?

81