• learn how to use addition to find probabilities mutually

exclusive
•In this
usesection
the factyou
that will … probability of all possible mutually
the total Key word
• exclusive
learn howevents
to useisaddition
1. to find probabilities mutually
exclusive
• use the fact that the total probability of all possible mutually
There are 25 balls,
exclusive numbered
events is 1. from 1 to 25, in a bag.

12 Probability
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
One ball is taken out at random. Here are some possible events:
There are 25 balls, numbered from 1 to 25, in a bag.
•12 Probability
F: The number on the ball is a multiple of 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
• S: The number on the ball is a multiple of 7
One ball is taken out at random. Here are some possible events:
• N: The number on the ball is a multiple of 9
•GettingF: Thestarted
number on the ball is a multiple of 5
• 12.1 Mutually exclusive events
These events are mutually exclusive. This means only one of them can
S: The number on the ball is a multiple of 7
happen at one time. The multiples of 5 in the bag are 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25,
•1 N: TheTheprobability
number on it the
willball
rainistomorrow
a multipleisof0.15. 9
so the probability of event F, P(F) = 5 = 1 . Similarly, the probability
Work out the probability it will 25not 5rain tomorrow.
These events
InS,this 3are mutually
section you willexclusive.
… This means only 2 one of them can Tip word
Key
of 2 P(S)
A
happen at one =
coin isand the
flipped probability
and a dice of
is N,
rolled.P(N) = .
25 time. The multiples of 5 in the bag25are 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25,
• learn how and to P(F) means the
so the a Copy
probability of use addition
complete
Fevent
doesF,not this
P(F) to find
=table = probabilities
5 of 1 outcomes.
1 4
. Similarly, the probability mutually
Tip
The probability that happen 25 is 15 − 5 = 5 . The probability that probability
exclusive of
3 total Tip
Sof•does use
not =
S, P(S) the 3 Hfact
happen 1 isthat
and the the = 22 . probability
1 −probability of H N,4P(N)of 2 possible mutually
= all . event
H 1 = F.
head and 1,
exclusive 25 events 25 is 1. 25 25
T1 1 T 6you get 12.1 Mutually P(F) means
T 6exclusive
= tail andthe
6
events
What is the probability
The probability that F does that F notorhappen
S happens? is 1 − This= 4means
. The probability that probability of
5, 10, 15, or 5 5
S does bnot20,Work25, 7,out
happen 141the
is − 321. =There . are
probability
22 of8 numbers, so the probability of Tip
There are 25 balls, numbered 25 from
25 1 to 25, in a bag. event F.
F or S, P(F ior S)head = 8and. There 6 is an easier way to work this out: just add
1WhatWorked 4 example
2 3is the 6 7 25812.1
5probability 9that10F or 11 S 12 13 14This
happens? 15 means
16 17you18get19 20 21 22This 23works
24 25
the ii tail
probabilities of and
the an odd number.
separate events.
5,A10,
One 15,is20,
ball taken 7,
out14atorrandom.
25,sections in21. There are are
Here 8 numbers, so the events:
some possible probability of because the
• 3 spinner
P(F or
has
A spinnerS) = has
P(F)85 + P(S)
different
different = 5 colours.
coloured
+ 3
= sectors.
8 In 50 spins it lands Tip
events are
•FThe or F:
S,probability
on
P(F
The or S) =
rednumber of 25
13 times. on. There
landingthe ballonis red
an
is aeasier
25 0.35.way
ismultiple
25 25Theoftoprobability
5work this out: just add
of landing on blue is 0.2.
••the S: This works
mutually
aThe number on the ball isevents.
3a multiple
Theprobabilities
probability
P(S or Work
N) =ofof the
P(S)
out +separate
landing
the P(N) on=gold
experimental +is20.1.= 5 of = 17 of landing on red.
probability exclusive.
because the
25 25 25 5
•• Work N:
P(F
b The
orIf
out number
S)
the = P(F) on
probability
each colour+5 the of3ball
P(S)
is = 5is
landing
equally a multiple
+ 3
on=
likely,
8 of 9
work out the theoretical events are
2 10 25 2
•
These P(F or Sare
events N) = +exclusive.
or mutually + 25 =This
25 =means only one of them can
probability of landing3 on red.
25 25 25 25 5 mutually
• a P(S
happen
red or
at
blue
oroneN)time.
= P(S) The + P(N)
multiples= of + 52 in= the 5 1
=bag are 5, 10,
2 15,
3 20 and 25, exclusive.
The4b probability
Work out
neither bluethat
nornone
gold.of F or25S or25 25 5 is 1 − =
N happens
5 1 5 5
so the a probability 3 of event F, P(F) = 10 = b2. Similarly, the probability
• P(F or51S+or 5
N) = 5 + 3 + 2 = 25 =5 1 3
5
×
5 Tip
3 25 25 25 25 5 2
ofAnswer
S, P(S) = and the probability of N, P(N) = .
325 1 3 251 2 3
c
The probability + that none of F or S or N d happens × is 1 − = P(F) means
The a probability
Probability
8 4that of red or blue
F does not=happen
probabilityis 1 −of1 8red
= 4 .4+Theprobability
5probability
5 of blue = 0.55the
that = 0.35probability
+ 0.2
5 5 of
Sb doesProbability
not happen ofisblue
1 − or 3 gold
= 22 . = 0.2 + 0.1 = 0.3 event F.
25 25
So the probability of neither is 1 − 0.3 = 0.7
What is the probability that F or S happens? This means you get
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 7, 14 or 21. There are 8 numbers, so the probability of
8
Tip
F Exercise 12.125
or S, P(F or S) = . There is an easier way to work this out: just add
This works
the
1 probabilities
The probability of the separateteam
a football events.will win its next match is 60%. because the
• P(F probability
The or S) = P(F)it +will P(S)draw = 5is + 15%.
3
= 8 events are
252 25 25 25
Work out the probability it will lose. mutually
• P(S or N) = P(S) + P(N) = 3 + 2 = 5 = 1 exclusive.
2 You roll a fair dice. 25 25 25 5
•252 Work
P(F orout
S or = 5 + 3 +
theN)probability
2
= 10 = 2
of rolling
25 25 25 25 5
a a3 b an even number
The probability that none of F or S or N happens is 1 − 2 = 3
c a 3 or an even number. 5 5
3 Here are 10 numbered cards.

2 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 5

250 A card is chosen at random.

Find the probability that the number on the card is
a 2
#MarianYr9CR b 5 1
c 2 or 5 d neither 2 nor 5.
4 A bag contains a large number of coloured balls. The balls are yellow,
252 green, brown, blue and pink.
 b neither blue nor gold.
12.1onMutually
The probability of landing on red is 0.35. The probability of landing exclusive events
blue is 0.2.
Answer
The probability of landing on gold is 0.1.
a Probability
Work of red or blue = probability of red + probability of blue = 0.35 + 0.2 = 0.55
out the probability
Worked example 12.1of landing on
b
a red or blue of blue or gold = 0.2 + 0.1 = 0.3
Probability
A spinner
the has sectionsof
in neither
differentis colours.
b So
neither probability
blue nor gold. 1 − 0.3 = 0.7
Exercise 12.1 (page
The probability 253)
of landing on red is 0.35. The probability of landing on blue is 0.2.
Answer
[Q1 –12]
The probability of landing on gold is 0.1. 12.1 Mutually exclusive events
Exercise
Work 12.1
out the
a Probabilityprobability of landing
of red or blue on
= probability of red + probability of blue = 0.35 + 0.2 = 0.55
1ab The probability
Probability
red or blue of blue a football
or goldteam= 0.2will win=its
+ 0.1 0.3next match is 60%.
Worked example 12.1
b The probability
So the
neither blue noritgold.
probability will draw isis15%.
of neither 1 − 0.3 = 0.7
A spinner
Work out hasthe sections in different
probability it will colours.
lose.
Answer
2 TheYou roll a fairofdice.
probability landing on red is 0.35. The probability of landing on blue is 0.2.
Exercise
The
a Work out12.1
probability
Probability ofprobability
theof landing
red onof=gold
or blue is 0.1. of red + probability of blue = 0.35 + 0.2 = 0.55
probability
rolling
1 Work
b The probability
aProbability
out a football
of blue
a 3the probability orofgold team
= 0.2will
landing win
+ 0.1
on b=its
0.3next
an match
even is 60%.
number
a The
cSo probability
redthe probability
a 3blue
or or an even it will
of draw isis15%.
neither
number. 1 − 0.3 = 0.7
Work
3 b Here neither out
arebluethe nor gold. cards. lose.
probability
10 numbered it will
2 You roll a fair dice.
Exercise
Answer
Work 2 out12.1 2 probability
the 2 of 2rolling 3 3 4 5 5 5
1 a The probability
aProbability
a3 of reda football
or blue team will win
= probability its an
b of next
red +match
even is 60%.
number
probability of blue = 0.35 + 0.2 = 0.55
A
b The card
cProbability is chosen
probability
a 3 or an of evenat
blue random.
it will
or draw
number.
gold = is 0.2
15%. + 0.1 = 0.3
3 Find
Work
HereSo the the
out
are probability
thenumbered
10 ofthat
probability
probability the number
it will
cards.
neither is 1lose. on=the
− 0.3 0.7card is
2 a roll
You 2 a fair dice. b 5
c 2 2out
Work or 5the2 probability2 of 2rolling 3 d neither 3 2 nor
4 5. 5 5 5
Exercise
4 A
a baga3 12.1
contains a large number of coloured balls. The
b an even number balls are yellow,
1 green,
A
c card
The a brown,
3isor an blue
chosen
probability and pink.
aatfootball
even random.
number. team will win its next match is 60%.
3 P(yellow)
Find the
Hereprobability
The = numbered
10 0.1 itP(green)
are probability willthat the
cards.
draw =is0.25
15%. P(brown)
number = 0.35
on the card is P(blue) = 0.05
a
A
Work ball2out
is taken out of the it
the probability bagwillatlose.
random.b 5
2 cWork
You 2out
ora5the
2 roll 2 probability
fair dice. 2 that
2 the ball 3dis neither
3 2 nor
4 5. 5 5 5
4 a
A bag contains
green or a
blue large
Work out the probability of rollingnumber of b
coloured balls.
brown The
or balls
yellow are yellow,
green,
A
ca card brown, blue and pink.
a 3is chosen
yellow, green atorrandom.
brown d an
b pinkeven number
P(yellow)
Find the = 0.1
probability P(green)
that the= 0.25
number P(brown)
on the = 0.35
card is P(blue) = 0.05
c a 3 or an even number.
A ball2 is taken out of the bag at random.
a b 5
3 Here are 10 numbered cards.
Work
c out
2 or 5 the probability that the ball is neither 2 nor 5.
d
a 253
4 A bag2 green 2or blue
contains a large
2 number 2 of coloured3b brown
balls.
3 or yellow
The 4balls are5 yellow, 5 5
green,
c brown,
yellow, blueor
green and pink.
brown d pink
P(yellow) = 0.1
A card is chosen at random.P(green) = 0.25 P(brown) = 0.35 P(blue) = 0.05
A
Find ballthe
is taken out ofthat
probability the the
bagnumber
at random.on the card is
Work2out the probability that the ball b
a is 5
253
ca green
2 or 5 or blue b
d brown
neitheror yellow
2 nor 5.
4 cA bagyellow,
contains green or brown
a large number of coloured d pink balls. The balls are yellow,
green, brown, blue and pink.
P(yellow) = 0.1 P(green) = 0.25 P(brown) = 0.35 P(blue) = 0.05
A ball is taken out of the bag at random.
Work out the probability that the ball is 253

a green or blue b brown or yellow

c yellow, green or brown d pink

253

#MarianYr9CR 2
12 Probability

5 You roll 2 dice and find the total.

The probability of a total of 2 is 0.028
The probability of a total of 3 is 0.056
Work out the probability that the total is
12 Probability
a 2 or 3 b more than 3.
6 The temperature each day at midday can be low, average, high or
5 very
You high.
roll 2 dice and find the total.
probability
The forecast of a totalisof 2 is 0.028
for Monday
P(low) = 0.15 P(average)
The probability of a total of = 0.55 P(high) = 0.25
3 is 0.056
12 Probability
Work out out the
the probability
probabilitythat thatthethetemperature
total is on Monday is
a not
2 orlow3 bb low more or than
average3.
5 You roll
6 cThe temperature 2 dice and find the total.
very high. each day at midday can be low, average, high or
7 The probability
very
There high.
are 50 people of aintotal of 2There
a room. is 0.028are 7 girls, 13 boys and
19 women.
probability
The forecast The rest
for of of the people
a totalisof 3 is 0.056
Monday are men.
OneWorkperson
P(low) out the
= 0.15 is chosen
probability at random.
P(average) that
= 0.55the total is = 0.25
P(high)
12 Probability
Work
a 2out
or 3the
out the probability
probabilitythat thatthetheperson is more
b
temperature than 3. is
on Monday
6 aa anotchild
The temperature
low each day at midday can bb bealow,female
low average,
or average high or
5 c very
cYou rollhigh.
an adult
very2high.
dice and find the total. d a male.
8
7 TheThe
There letters
forecast
probability
are 50 of people
theof
for word
Monday
a in aMUTUALLY
total is
of 2 isThere
room. 0.028are
are written on boys
7 girls, 13 separate
andcards.
One
19 card
women.
P(low)
The is
= 0.15
probability chosen
The rest at
of aof random.
P(average) theof
total peopleWork
= 30.55 out the
areP(high)
is 0.056 probability
men. = 0.25 that the
letter on the card is
One
Workpersonout theis probability
chosen at random.
probability that the
that the total
temperature
is on Monday is
a M b U
Work
a out
2not 3the probability that the personbbis more
or low low orthanaverage
3.
c L d M, U or L
6 a c a child
very high.
The temperature each day at midday can be low, average, high or b a female
e not M, U or L.
7 cvery
Therehigh.
anareadult
50 people in a room. There are d 7 girls,
a male.
13 boys and
9 There
19 are red,
women. The white,
rest green
of the and
people black arecounters
men. in a box.
8 forecastoffor
The letters theMonday
word MUTUALLYis are written on separate cards.
AOne counter
card
person isischosen
taken
is out
chosen at random.
random.
at random.
at WorkP(high)
out the=probability that the
P(low) = 0.15 P(average) = 0.55 0.25
The
letter probability
on the cardtheis counter is red is 0.55.
Work out the probabilityprobability that that thethe temperature
person is on Monday is
The
a other
M three colours are all equally likely. b
a a child
not low bb U a female
low or average
Find
cc Lthe probability the counter is d M, U or L
an adult
very high. d a male.
ae not not red b red or white.
7
8 There areM,
The letters 50ofU or L.
people
the wordin aMUTUALLY
room. There are are7written
girls, 13onboys and cards.
separate
10
9 A There
19
Onespinner
are
women. has
red,
card isThe three
white,
chosen sectors
rest at green
ofrandom. labelled
and
the people black
Work A, B and
counters
are out C. in a box.
men.the probability that the
The
AOne probability
letter on the
counter
person card
isistakenof islanding
chosen on A is twice the probability of landing on B.
outatatrandom.
random.
Thea probability
The
Work M
probability of
thelanding
out the probability counter onisB
that red
the is person
twice
is 0.55.the
bis probability
U of landing on C.
Work
c other
The
a aLout
childthe
three probability
colours are of landing
all equally on likely.
each
bd letter.
aM, U or L
female
ce
Find not M, U or L. the counter is
theadult
an probability d a male.
9
8 a There
The notarered
letters red,
of thewhite,
word green and black counters
MUTUALLY redinor
b written
are a white.
on box.
separate cards.
10 A One card ishas
counter
spinner ischosen
taken
threeout at random.
at random.
sectors WorkA,out
labelled the probability
B and C. that the
letter on the
The probability of card is
thelanding
counteron is A
redis istwice
0.55.the probability of landing on B.
a M
other three of
The probability colours
landing areon allBequally bthe probability
is twicelikely. U of landing on C.
cFind Lthe probability the counter is d M, U or L
Work out the probability of landing on each letter.
e not
not M,
red U or L.
254 a b red or white.
9 There are red, white, green
10 A spinner has three sectors labelled A, B and C.and black counters in a box.
AThecounter
probability is taken of out
landingat random.
on A is twice the probability of landing on B.
The probability the
The probability of landing on counter is red
B isistwice
0.55.the probability of landing on C.
The
Workotherout thethree colours are
probability ofall equallyonlikely.
landing each letter.
Find the probability the counter is
a not red b red or white.
10 A spinner has three sectors labelled A, B and C.
254
#MarianYr9CR 3
The probability of landing on A is twice the probability of landing on B.
The probability of landing on B is twice the probability of landing on C.
Work out the probability of landing on each letter.
 19 women. The rest of the people are men.
One card is chosen at random. Work out the probability that the
One person is chosen at random.
letter on the card is
Work out the probability that the person is
a M b U
a a child b a female
c L d M, U or L
c an adult d a male.
e not M, U or L.
8 The letters of the word MUTUALLY are written on separate cards.
9 There are isred,
One card white,
chosen at green
random.andWork
blackoutcounters in a box.that the
the probability
A counter is taken
letter on the card is out at random.
The
a probability
M the counter is red is 0.55. b U
The
c other
L three colours are all equally likely.d M, U or L
Find
e the M,
not probability
U or L. the counter is
9 aTherenotarered
red, white, green and black counters b red in aorbox.
white.
10 A
A spinner
counter has threeout
is taken sectors labelled A, B and C.
at random.
The probability the
The counter on
of landing is red
A isistwice
0.55. the probability of landing on B.
The other three colours are all equally
The probability of landing on B is twice likely.
the probability of landing on C.
Find the
Work outprobability the counter
the probability is on each letter.
of landing
a not red b red or white.
10 A spinner has three sectors labelled A, B and C.
The probability of landing on A is twice the probability of landing on B.
The probability of landing on B is twice the probability of landing on C.
Work out the probability of landing on each letter.

254
12.1 Mutually exclusive events

11 There are counters of four different colours in a bag. A counter is

254 taken out at random.
This table shows the probabilities of different colours.
12.1 Mutually exclusive events
Colour gold silver bronze white
Probability 0.05 0.15 0.55
11 There are counters of four different colours in a bag. A counter is
Find
takentheoutprobability
at random.that the counter is
a gold or b notcolours.
silverthe probabilities of different gold 12.1
Tip
Mutually exclusive events
This table shows
c silver or bronze. ‘Between 1 and
Colour gold silver bronze white
12 A calculator 11generates
There areacounters
randomofnumber between
four different colours in a bag. A counter is 100 inclusive’
Probability taken 0.05out at0.15
random. 0.55 means 1 and
1 and 100 inclusive.
Find the
Find This table
the probability
probability thatshows
the the probabilities
the counter
number is is of different colours. 100 are included
a Colour gold silver b bronze goldwhite Tipthe possible
in
a agold or silver
multiple of 10 b anot
multiple of 11 numbers.
Probability 0.05 0.15 0.55
cc asilver or bronze.
multiple of 10 or 11 d not a multiple of 10 or 11. ‘Between 1 and
12 A calculator generates a random numbercounter
Find the probability that the is
between 100 inclusive’
Tip
1 and
Think like
a
100a inclusive. gold
mathematician
or silver b not gold means 1 and
c silver or bronze.
Find the probability the number is 100 are included
‘Between 1 and
13 You want12to put black, white
A calculator and
generates yellownumber
a random counters in a bag.
between 100 inclusive’
in the possible
a a multiple1of and10100 inclusive. b a multiple of 11 means 1 and
numbers.
One counter will be chosen at random. 100 are included
c a multipleFind
of 10theorprobability
11 d not
the number is a multiple of 10 or 11.
You want P(black) = 1 and P(white) = 2 in the possible
a 4
a multiple of 10 3 b a multiple of 11 numbers.
a likeWork
Think out
c P(yellow).
a mathematician
a multiple of 10 or 11 d not a multiple of 10 or 11.
b What is a suitable number of counters of each colour to put in the bag?
13 You want
Give to putlike
Think black,
a reason for whiteanswer.
your and yellow counters in a bag.
a mathematician
One counter13 will
Yoube
wantchosen at random.
to put black, white and yellow counters in a bag.
You want P(black) = 1 and P(white) = 2at random.
One counter will be chosen
4 3
Summary
a checklist
Work outYou want P(black) = 1 and P(white) = 2
P(yellow). 4 3
Ibcan What is aasuitable
use addition Work out out
to work P(yellow).
number probabilities
of counters of mutually
each colourexclusive
to put events.
in the bag?
Give a b
reason What
for is
youra suitable
answer. number of counters of each colour to put in the bag?
I can use the fact that the total probability for mutually exclusive events is 1.
#MarianYr9CR Give a reason for your answer. 4

Summary checklist
Summary checklist
I can use addition
I can to
usework outtoprobabilities
addition of mutually
work out probabilities exclusive
of mutually events.
exclusive events.