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Chapter 2

The document provides an introduction to functions in Python, covering concepts such as scope, including global and local scopes, as well as built-in scopes. It discusses nested functions, default arguments, and flexible arguments using *args and **kwargs. Additionally, it includes examples and exercises to practice these concepts.

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5 views28 pages

Chapter 2

The document provides an introduction to functions in Python, covering concepts such as scope, including global and local scopes, as well as built-in scopes. It discusses nested functions, default arguments, and flexible arguments using *args and **kwargs. Additionally, it includes examples and exercises to practice these concepts.

Uploaded by

ik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Scope and user-

defined functions
INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON

Hugo Bowne-Anderson
Instructor
Crash course on scope in functions
Not all objects are accessible everywhere in a script
Scope - part of the program where an object or name may be
accessible
Global scope - defined in the main body of a script

Local scope - defined inside a function

Built-in scope - names in the pre-defined built-ins module

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON


Global vs. local scope (1)
def square(value):
"""Returns the square of a number."""
new_val = value ** 2
return new_val
square(3)

new_val

<hr />----------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-3-3cc6c6de5c5c> in <module>()
<hr />-> 1 new_value
NameError: name 'new_val' is not defined

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON


Global vs. local scope (2)
new_val = 10

def square(value):
"""Returns the square of a number."""
new_val = value ** 2
return new_val
square(3)

new_val

10

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON


Global vs. local scope (3)
new_val = 10

def square(value):
"""Returns the square of a number."""
new_value2 = new_val ** 2
return new_value2
square(3)

100

new_val = 20

square(new_val)

400

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON


Global vs. local scope (4)
new_val = 10

def square(value):
"""Returns the square of a number."""
global new_val
new_val = new_val ** 2
return new_val
square(3)

100

new_val

100

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON


Let's practice!
INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON
Nested functions
INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON

Hugo Bowne-Anderson
Instructor
Nested functions (1)
def outer( ... ):
""" ... """
x = ...

def inner( ... ):


""" ... """
y = x ** 2
return ...

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON


Nested functions (2)
def mod2plus5(x1, x2, x3):
"""Returns the remainder plus 5 of three values."""

new_x1 = x1 % 2 + 5
new_x2 = x2 % 2 + 5
new_x3 = x3 % 2 + 5

return (new_x1, new_x2, new_x3)

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON


Nested functions (3)
def mod2plus5(x1, x2, x3):
"""Returns the remainder plus 5 of three values."""

def inner(x):
"""Returns the remainder plus 5 of a value."""
return x % 2 + 5

return (inner(x1), inner(x2), inner(x3))

print(mod2plus5(1, 2, 3))

(6, 5, 6)

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON


Returning functions
def raise_val(n):
"""Return the inner function."""

def inner(x):
"""Raise x to the power of n."""
raised = x ** n
return raised

return inner

square = raise_val(2)
cube = raise_val(3)
print(square(2), cube(4))

4 64

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON


Using nonlocal
def outer():
"""Prints the value of n."""
n = 1

def inner():
nonlocal n
n = 2
print(n)

inner()
print(n)

outer()

2
2

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON


Scopes searched
Local scope
Enclosing functions

Global

Built-in

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON


Let's practice!
INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON
Default and flexible
arguments
INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON

Hugo Bowne-Anderson
Instructor
You'll learn:
Writing functions with default arguments
Using flexible arguments
Pass any number of arguments to a functions

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON


Add a default argument
def power(number, pow=1):
"""Raise number to the power of pow."""
new_value = number ** pow
return new_value

power(9, 2)

81

power(9, 1)

power(9)

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON


Flexible arguments: *args (1)
def add_all(*args):
"""Sum all values in *args together."""

# Initialize sum
sum_all = 0

# Accumulate the sum


for num in args:
sum_all += num

return sum_all

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON


Flexible arguments: *args (2)
add_all(1)

add_all(1, 2)

add_all(5, 10, 15, 20)

50

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON


Flexible arguments: **kwargs
print_all(name="Hugo Bowne-Anderson", employer="DataCamp")

name: Hugo Bowne-Anderson


employer: DataCamp

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON


Flexible arguments: **kwargs
def print_all(**kwargs):
"""Print out key-value pairs in **kwargs."""

# Print out the key-value pairs


for key, value in kwargs.items():
print(key + ": " + value)

print_all(name="dumbledore", job="headmaster")

job: headmaster
name: dumbledore

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON


Let's practice!
INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON
Bringing it all
together
INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON

Hugo Bowne-Anderson
Instructor
Next exercises:
Generalized functions:
Count occurrences for any column

Count occurrences for an arbitrary number of columns

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON


Add a default argument
def power(number, pow=1):
"""Raise number to the power of pow."""
new_value = number ** pow
return new_value

power(9, 2)

81

power(9)

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON


Flexible arguments: *args (1)
def add_all(*args):
"""Sum all values in *args together."""

# Initialize sum
sum_all = 0

# Accumulate the sum


for num in args:
sum_all = sum_all + num

return sum_all

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON


Let's practice!
INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON

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