The theory of projection
Projection Methods
Projections
Perspective or
Parallel
OrthographicOrthographic
Linear Aerial Oblique
Perspectives Perspectives Projections ProjectionsProjections
Projection Method
Perspective or Central
Projections
Linear Perspectives Aerial Perspectivesectives
Projection Methods
Parallel Projections
Oblique
Orthographic Projectionsrojections
Axonometric
Projections
Multiviewtiview
Projectionsctions
The attributes of each projection methodethod
Projection theory
Line of Sight (LOS)
A LOS is an imaginary ray
of light between an
observer's eye and an
object.
Projection theory
In perspective projection, all
LOS start at a single point
Projection theory
In parallel projection, all LOS
are parallel and no start point
(infinitive viewpoint)
Projection theory
• A plane of projection is an imaginary
flat plane upon which the image
created by LOS is projected.
Multiview projection planeses
1. The frontal plane of projection is the plane onto which the
front view of multiview is projected.
Multiview projection planeses
2. The top view is projected onto the horizontal plane of projection,
which is a plane suspended above and parallel to the top object.
Multiview projection planeses
3. The right side is projected onto the right profile plane of
projection, which is a plane that is parallel to the right side of the
object.
Advantage of multiview drawinging
It produce the true dimensions !!!
Distorted angle
Distorted dimension Multiview drawing
The six principal of views
1. The front view
2. The top view
3. The right side view
4. The left side view
5. The rear view
6. The bottom view
The six perpendicular plane of viewsviews
Conventional view placementent
Conventionally, the standard views used in a three-view
drawing are the top, front, and right side view. Because the
other three principal views are mirror image and do not add to
the knowledge about the object.
Projection dimensions
The width
dimension is
common to the front
and top views. The
height dimension is
common to the front
and side views.
The depth
dimension is
common to the top
and side views.
Projection arrangement
The arrangement of views may
vary as long as the dimension
alignment is correct.
First-Angle Projectionjection
First angle projection is the
standard in Europe and Asia.
Third-Angle Projection
Third angle projection is the
standard projection for the
United States and Canada.
Profile plane
The difference
between first
and third angle
projection is
the placement
of the object
and the
projection
plane
The principal projection
planes and quadrants used to
create first- and third- angle
projection drawings
Pictorial comparison between first- third
angleangle projection techniques
First angle projection
The dihedralal anglesangles
First angles projection box
First angle projection
First angles projection box
Box unfoldinglding
First angle projection
Box unfolding
Box unfolded show
relative position of view
Placement of 1st
angle of view
Third angle projection
The dihedralal anglesangles
Third angles projection box
Third angle projection
3rd angles projection box
Box unfoldingding
Third angle projection
Box unfolding
Box unfolded
show relative
Placement of 3rd angle of view position
of view
The rule of orthographic
projection principles
1. Alignment of features
2. Distances in related views
3. True length and size
4. Foreshortening
5. Configuration of planes
6. Parallel features
7. Edge views
Rule 1: Alignment of featuresres
Every point or feature in
one view must be aligned
on a parallel projector
• For example, the hole in
the block is an example
of a feature shown in one
view and aligned on
parallel projectors in the
adjacent view
• Adjacent views are two
orthographic view placed
next to each other such that
the dimension they share in
common is aligned, using
parallel projectors.
hole feature
Rule 2: Distances in related viewsews
Distances between any two
points of the feature in
related views must be equal
• For example, the
distance between surface
1 and surface 2 is the
same in the top view as it
is in the right side view.
• Two views that are
adjacent to the same view
are called related views
Rule 3: True
length and size
Features are true
length or true size
when the lines of sight
(LOS) are
perpendicular to the
For example edge 1-2 in the top and right side
feature
view is a normal edge (or true-length line)
An inclined line is parallel to a plane
of projection, but inclined to the
adjacent planes, it appears
foreshortened in the adjacent planes.
For example line 3-4 is inclined and foreshortened in the top and right side view, but
true length in the front view, because it is parallel to the frontal plane of projection
Rule 4: Foreshortening
Features are foreshortening
when the line of sight are not
perpendicular to the features
• For example oblique line 1-2 is
not parallel to any of the
principal planes of projection of
the glass box.
• An oblique line is not parallel to
any principal plane of projection
Rule 5: Configuration of planes Oblique
surface
Areas that are the same feature will always
be similar in configuration from one view to
the next, unless viewed on edge
Incline
surface
Surface B and C are an example of the Rule of Configuration of planes
Rule 6: Parallel features
Parallel features will always
appear parallel in all views
For example, at surface C,
lines 3-4 and 5-6 are parallel in
all views (front, top and right).
Also, edge 3-6 and 4-5 are
parallel in both the top view
and the right view.
Rule 7: Edge view
Surfaces that are parallel to the
lines of sight will appear on edge
and be represented as lines.
For example, surface A, C, D
and F are parallel to the line
of sight and will appear as on
edges which represented as
lines at projected front view.
Example of normal face projectionn
A normal face projects on all three principle image planes.
(follow the rule of edges view)
Creating a
tree-view
sketch
Example of representing filleted and rounded cornerscorners
Example of Runouts
Representing the intersection of two cylinderslinders
Small cylinder Large cylinder
(same size)
Representing the intersection btw aa
cylinder and a prism
Small prism Large prism
Representing the intersection btw a
cylinderlinder and a hole
Representing the intersection btw a
cylinderlinder and a slot
Center lines
Good & Poor Orientationn
The major surface are parallel or The surface are not parallel to the
perpendicular to the sides of the sides of the glass box produces views
box (projections planes) with many hidden lines.
End
